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case study on flood in assam and bihar

Introduction

North-east India has been witnessing unusually heavy rainfall since the beginning of May. That has resulted in one of the worst floods ever recorded in Assam. As of 3 July, flood has affected 1,835,551 people in 26 out of the state’s 35 districts and it submerged 471.98 square kilometers (47,198.87 hectares) of cropland. [1] About 200 people have died so far. Earlier on 22 June the floods had affected 5,457,601 people in 32 districts and submerged 990.26 square kilometers (99,026 hectares) of cropland. [2] Recurring floods in Assam and their devastating impacts has raised serious questions about the efficacy of current flood adaptation measures that relies primarily on grey infrastructure (or engineering solutions) such as embankments. As floods are projected to intensify as the world gets warmer, a combination of grey infrastructure and green infrastructure (or nature-based solutions) can help Assam and other flood-prone states of India adapt to its impact more effectively in the coming years.

Floods and its Impact on Assam

Assam is one of the most flood-prone states in India and it experiences up to three to four waves of flooding every year. In all, 31,050 square kilometers (3,105,000 hectares) or 39.58% of its total land area is vulnerable to flooding each year. [3] Assam’s vulnerability to flood stems from a complex web of climatic, hydrological and social factors. The state is located in a region that is known for extreme rainfall. For example, while India received an average rainfall of 61.1 millimeters during the first 17 days of the current monsoon season from 1-17 June, the north-east region received 220.3 millimeters, 39% above normal. [4] In contrast, northwest India, central India and southern India reported deficit rainfall of 63%, 57% and 24% respectively. The high density of rivers further exacerbated Assam’s vulnerability to floods. The state has over 125 rivers, a significant numbers of which originated from the hills and mountains of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya (both extreme rainfall hotspots) as well as countries like Bhutan and China. The most well-known among these rivers is the Brahmaputra which originated as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Southwest Tibet. Beyond this, a combination of other factors such as poor or inadequate drainage/channel capacity, high silt load in rivers, encroachment of riverine areas, deforestation/watershed degradation, loss/destruction of wetlands, corruption, etc. have contributed to Assam’s flood woes. Floods have a significant negative impact on Assam’s economy as it loses an estimated Rs. 200 crores every year due to it. [5] This is probably an underestimate and the true economic costs of floods are likely to be many times higher. Furthermore, floods have also washed away 4,270 square kilometers (4,27,000 hectares) of land or 7.40% of the Assam’s total land area since 1950. It continues to wash away 80 square kilometers (8,000 hectares) of land every year. It has also destroyed critical infrastructures that are essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions such as roads, bridges, railway tracks, etc.

case study on flood in assam and bihar

Limitations of Current Adaptation Measures

As is the case with other flood-prone states in India, grey infrastructure - so called because it is usually built with concrete - such as embankments (also known as levees or dykes) are the preferred form of flood adaptation in Assam. Embankments are walls constructed along the banks of rivers to prevent flooding. According to reports, since the 1950s, Assam has built 423 embankments along the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. [6] Of these, 295 are believed to have outlived their intended lifespan. It is therefore not surprising that they are being breached regularly and are even damaged and destroyed. During the post-flood reconstruction phase, government agencies often resorted to simply fixing damaged or destroyed embankments and do not build them back better. As such, they continue to remain vulnerable to future floods. Embankments themselves are also known to exacerbate Assam’s flood problems. For example, floods caused by embankment breaches are often more severe than the regular flooding of rivers and it spread over a more expansive area. Embankments also obstruct flood waters from retreating back into rivers once floods have subsided. Despite these limitations, Assam continues to remain fixated on embankments. One major reason for this is the vested interests of engineers, contractors and politicians for whom embankments are “big business.” Alluding to this, one expertopined that “Assam has increasingly moved towards becoming an ‘embankment economy’ - the construction of embankments along the Brahmaputra has become a business involving contractors for construction, maintenance and repair.” [7] He further lamented that “Floods actually mean a lot of money to a lot of people and many feed off the contractor lobby.” [8]

Rethinking Adaptation

The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) observed in the first installment of its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) that was released on 9 August 2021 that “…the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events have increased since the 1950s over most land area” and that “human-induced climate change is likely the main driver.” [9] Thus, as climate change tips toward full-blown crisis, north-east India faces the prospect of more extreme rainfall. For Assam, that meant more intense and severe flooding. In the face of this challenge, a diversified approach to flood adaptation that included both grey and green infrastructures should be explored. In other words, both engineering solutions and nature-based solutions should be a critical part of Assam’s flood defence toolbox. Nature-based solution is an umbrella term that refers to “actions to address societal challenges through the protection, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, benefiting both biodiversity and human well-being.” [10] Such solutions may include the following:

  • Protecting, restoring or managing natural forests in catchment areas (in upstream/headwaters and along rivers): Upstream forest slows and retains surface water runoff. It also reduces soil erosion and landslides.
  • Protecting and restoring wetlands: Wetlands act as natural sponges. They absorb floodwaters during wet periods and release them during dry periods.
  • Maintaining or enlarging natural floodplains: Floodplains are natural flooding outlets for rivers and provide more room to spread out.

Implementing these could prove to be challenging because it will require actions to be taken across jurisdictional boundaries. For example, managing floods in the Brahmaputra River effectively through nature-based solutions will necessitate the adoption of a basin-wide approach. That in turn will require greater cooperation and coordination of efforts between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and other neighbouring states. However, the priorities, interests and values of these states may not align necessarily and may even be in conflict with each other. But this is not completely insurmountable. Although Arunachal Pradesh andMeghalaya are less vulnerable to flooding than Assam owing to their hilly terrain, they are highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall-induced landslides and mudslides. Given this, it is imperative that Assam and its neighbouring states convene a regional plan to jointly address the challenges of not only floods but also landslides and mudslides sustainably through nature-based solutions.

The ongoing floods in Assam should be seen as a wake-up call that finally galvanizes action on adaptation. Although engineering solutions such as embankments still have a role to play in mitigating floods, they are no longer sufficient. Nature-based solutions therefore have an obvious place in Assam’s flood defence toolbox and provide a powerful complement (or alternative) to engineering solutions. Working alongside engineering solutions, nature-based solutions will boost the overall resilience at all levels of flooding.

[1] “Assam Daily Flood Report as on 03-07-2022 at 4:00 PM.” Flood Reporting and Information Management System (FRIMS). Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA). July 3, 2022. http://www.asdma.gov.in/pdf/flood_report/2022/Daily_Flood_Report_03.07.2022.pdf [2] “Assam Daily Flood Report as on 17-06-2022 at 4:00 PM.” Flood Reporting and Information Management System (FRIMS). Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA). June 22, 2022. http://www.asdma.gov.in/pdf/flood_report/2022/Daily_Flood_Report_22.06.2022.pdf [3] Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation. 2021. “Flood Management in the Country including International Water Treaties in the field of Water Resource Management with particular reference to Treaty/Agreement entered into with China, Pakistan and Bhutan.” Standing Committee on Water Resources (2020-2021). Seventeenth Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha Secretariat. August. New Delhi. http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Water%20Resources/17_Water_Resources_12.pdf [4] Kalita, Prabin. “Northeast rain: ‘Wettest places on earth’ live up to reputation with highest rain in 56 years.” Times of India. June 18, 2022. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/wettest-places-on-earth-live-up-to-reputation-with-highest-rain-in-56-yrs/articleshow/92265984.cms [5] “Assam Losing ₹200 Crore Annually Due to Floods: Economic Survey.”NDTV. August 20, 2014. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-losing-rs-200-crore-annually-due-to-floods-economic-survey-650610 [6] “Banking on national embankment policy.” The Sentinel. April 5, 2022. https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/banking-on-national-embankment-policy-586094 [7] Sharma, Ashima. “The Mising and the Miyah have learnt to live with the Brahmaputra. Can Assam?” The Third Pole. September 30, 2021. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/livelihoods/adapting-to-brahmaputra-floods-assam-mising-miyah/ [8] Karmakar, Rahul. “In Assam, a trail of broken barriers.” The Hindu. August 2, 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-assam-a-trail-of-broken-barriers/article32244695.ece [9] International Panel; on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. “Summary for Policymakers.” In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf [10] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2020. “Ensuring Effective Nature-based Solutions.” Issues Brief. July. https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/iucn_issues_brief_-_nbs_standard_eng.pdf

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case study on flood in assam and bihar

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Unprecedented flood cripples Assam, massive loss of life and property reported

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  • Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May and then again in June, which crippled cities and rural areas.
  • Silchar, the second largest city of Assam faced its worst flood in living memory with more than 80% of the city being inundated.
  • Assam received excess rainfall in the premonsoon season from March to May this year– 672.1 mm instead of an average of 414.6 mm, the highest in ten years. This is the primary cause behind the devastation, though human-caused disturbances have aggravated the situation.

On the edge of the National Highway 31 in Assam, where floodwater had completely submerged the paddy fields, 43-year-old Rahisuddin was waiting with his wife and five children. Rahisuddin, a resident of Kakoti Gaon, under the Raha subdivision of Nagaon district in the state was waiting for a boat to go back to his village and check on his house. His family, along with most other Kakoti Gaon residents, had left the village after the first wave of flood in May and was now living, with their cattle and whatever belongings they could bring with them, in makeshift camps made of tarpaulins.

He was bargaining with a boatman who was ferrying people at a fare of Rs. 20 per person. “Won’t give anything more than Rs. 10 per person,” Rahisuddin told the boatman. When asked why he was going back to his village now, he told Mongabay-India that he wanted to take a chance to see if the water has receded a bit. “We left the village after the first wave of flood in May and for the last one month, we have been moving from one place to the other. Like most people in my village, I work as a daily wager and catch fish sometimes, but now because of the flood, I don’t have any employment.”

“Initially, we took shelter at Chapormukh railway station as it was not flooded. Then we moved here to the highway for the last 15 days. It is very difficult living like this with my children. So if the situation in the village improves a bit, I will go back to my house,” Rahisuddin said.

When Rahisuddin managed to reach his mud house with a tin roof, he found the rooms flooded with water up to his chest. When Mongabay-India contacted him over the phone the next day, he said it was impossible to stay there. “We are staying near the railway track on the Chapormukh railway station. Hundreds of other families are also staying at the railway station now.”

Rahisuddin and his family are one of the millions who have been hit by this year’s flood in Assam. As per the latest flood bulletin released by the Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA), 31,54,556 people in 2,675 villages in 26 districts are currently affected. As many as 3,12,085 people are currently staying in 560 relief camps across the state. The death toll so far is 151.

Supply for the people affected by people at Raha. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

Flood is an annual occurrence in Assam with Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood Commission) calculating 39.58 % of the total area of the state as flood-prone. The state also has 9.40% of the total flood-prone area of the country. Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May affecting parts like Barak Valley, NC Hills and Hojai and then again in June, which crippled most of Lower Assam along with Barak Valley. The pre-monsoon floods impacted rural districts like Barpeta, Nagaon, Morigaon, Nalbari, Kamrup (rural) etc. as well as urban areas such as Silchar, the second largest city of Assam, which had 80% of its area was inundated.

Assam received 62% above normal rainfall in the pre-monsoon season from March to May this year: 672.1 mm instead of an average of 414.6 mm, the highest in ten years. The excess rainfall is behind the devastation with human-caused disturbances aggravating the situation. Assam’s neighbour Meghalaya recorded 93% above normal rainfall in the same season.

Climate scientist Partha Jyoti Das said more data is needed to do event attribution (to climate change) but climate change, as per model projections, is likely to cause more frequent, heavy to extremely heavy, rain episodes in the northeast region. “Therefore, there is a high likelihood that we are already observing extreme rainfall events in our part of the world.”

Bhupen Goswami, former director of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) said climate change is definitely a factor contributing to the heightened impacts of the extreme event.

The aftermath of flood at Dwarband. Photo by Dharmendra Tiwari.

“Earlier, if extreme weather events were happening every 100 years, then now maybe they will happen every ten years. But floods in Assam are also a result of bad management of dams. The flood which is affecting Barpeta and other places of Lower Assam is because of water released from dams in Bhutan and the impact was aggravated by the heavy rain. The meteorological community gave a good forecast this year that there are going to be intense spells of rain. So, keeping that in mind, the release of water from dams should have been planned better,” Goswami told Mongabay-India.

Guwahati under water

Thirty-four-year-old Dhaneswar Das, who ran a paan (betel leaf) shop in the lanes of Rukmini Nagar in Guwahati was unable to open his shop for seven straight days as waist-high flood water had inundated most parts of his lane. Das devised a novel way to sell his stuff and keep his kitchen running during the extreme rainfall event. He built a raft with bamboo and kolgos (banana tree stems) and started selling items like packaged mineral water bottles, candles, match sticks and betel nuts. “Not just me, many other people had come up with such makeshift rafts in our lane. Some people were selling vegetables on these rafts while some people were using them to navigate through the flooded bylanes,” he said.

On June 13, heavy rainfall had hit the city and after a week of continuous rain, a large chunk of Guwahati was submerged. As boats were seen in areas like Rukmini Nagar and Hati Gaon, netizens started dubbing the city “Venice”. On June 19, when Mongabay-India visited Rukmini Nagar, most of the area had waist-deep or knee-deep water. Anup Deka, a resident of Rukmini Nagar said that earlier, the area saw flash floods but floodwater never remained in the locality for such a prolonged period. Deka, who is an auto van driver by profession, said, “I couldn’t take out my vehicle for seven days. The water reached my bed. and I had to send my family away to a safer location.”

Four people in Boragaon, Guwahati, died due to landslide. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

While flash floods are not new for the biggest city of northeast India, Guwahati, this year’s deluge exacted a heavy toll. The rainfall also caused severe landslides in many of the hills surrounding the city and in one tragic incident at Boragaon, four construction workers were buried in the debris of their makeshift accommodation. The incident happened on the night of June 13 and a family which was occupying the next room had a close shave. Shivam Sarkar, narrating that ordeal told Mongabay-India, “We heard a loud sound at night and came out and saw  large chunks of mud crashing on our room. Next day, the Deputy Commissioner asked us to shift to another location and we have now taken up a rented house elsewhere.”

As landslides were reported in quite a few hills around Guwahati, many people whose homes were destroyed took shelter in the relief camps set up by the district administration.

A flooded street in Anil Nagar, Guwahati. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

Engineer J. N. Khatanair, also the technical advisor of Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA), said that unplanned city growth due to heavy human influx with uncontrolled construction activities are the main reason behind flood in Guwahati.

“The present flood experienced in Guwahati is human-caused. Massive unauthorised human habitation taking place in the hill area with deforestation haphazardly taking place has also played a major role in aggravating the flood situation in the city,” he said.

Silchar submerged

Silchar, the second most populous city of Assam after Guwahati, resembled a set from a disaster movie, with more than 80% of its area submerged since last week. Like Guwahati, Silchar residents are also not alien to flash floods triggered by heavy rainfall.

However, when the water level started increasing on June 21, nobody in Silchar had even imagined what was to follow. On June 22, almost the entire city was inundated. While the rainwater from neighbouring hilly states like Manipur and Mizoram added to the flooding, breaching the Bethukandi dyke on Barak river was primarily responsible for Silchar’s fate.

“My father suffers from hypertension and needs his blood pressure medicine daily. However, stock of one of his medicines finished, and it had to be procured anyhow. There is a pharmacy hardly 200-300 meters from our residence, but no pharmacy nearby was open that day. My brother had to wade through 5-6 km of chest-high flood water before finally finding a pharmacy and my father’s medicine,” recounts Nilotpal Bhattacharjee, whose family lives in Kanakpur, a severely affected locality in Silchar.

Thirty-four-year-old Bhattacharjee, an academic and journalist currently in Tezpur, is having sleepless nights worrying about his aged parents and younger brother back home. Silchar’s residents have questioned the government for the lack of timely intervention.

About 80 percent of Silchar was submerged last week. Photo by Subhadeep Dutta.

“Despite having information, the government didn’t repair that embankment,” said Krishanu Bhattacharjee, who is also the convenor of the Silchar Chapter of India March for Science. He further said it is the need of the hour to make wetlands near Silchar like Mahisha Beel and Malini Beel encroachment free. Cachar Cancer Centre, the premier cancer facility in Barak Valley, established in 1996, also faced a major problem when the campus and parts of the hospital building were waterlogged.

Speaking to Mongabay-India, Kalyan Chakraborty, founder and Chief Administrative Officer of the hospital, told Mongabay-India, “The entrance of the hospital is flooded, so we are transporting patients on makeshift rafts. Currently, 140 patients are admitted to the hospital along with 200 staff. We are grateful to the administration and civil society for helping us with supplies so that we could take care of all these people.”

H. P. S Kandari, Commandant of 1st Battalion of NDRF, told Mongabay-India that the magnitude of the flood combined with the city’s large population was scuttling disaster response efforts in Silchar. “We have 22 units in Assam, of which nine are in Silchar. In some areas, the current is too strong. Maintaining our equipment is sometimes difficult because we don’t know what is beneath when we ply our boat in these waters. So, sometimes our boats get punctured. We have mobile workshops to repair such damage though it is not always possible to send mobile workshops everywhere at such short notice. We are working without rest in this situation to ensure we can reach everyone needing help.”

No respite in rural Assam

On a portion of the road which connects Nagaon district’s Raha to Jakhalabandha, one can see a cluster of small tents that have now become the home of Podumoni and Kakati Gaon village residents. Hafizuddin, who came from Podumoni, has been living with his family of ten in a small tent for the last ten days that he had never seen such a devastating flood before. “This is bigger than 2004 (flood),” he said.

The village residents say their houses were submerged because water was released from three dams- Umrangshu, Karbi Longpi and Khendong. Not just the village residents, but many government officials have also been unable to return home after the floods.

A house dilapidated after the flood, at Dwarband. Photo by Dharmendra Tiwari.

Parishmita Saikia, Flood Officer at Raha Circle Office, has been living in her office for the last 15 days. “My house is 7-8 km from Raha. I have heard that water has also entered my house, but I have been unable to go to check on my parents. I have to stay till three at night because there is so much paperwork involving the relief work. There is a colleague’s house nearby where I go and freshen up sometimes,” said Saikia.

The NDRF is assigned the task of sending relief to some of the worst affected areas. Mongabay-India encountered one such team at Raha. Inspector Milan Jyoti Hazarika, who was leading the team, said that while he hails from Lakhimpur, known for its floods, the event he witnessed this year will be unmatched for its intensity. “In Chapormukh, we rescued people whose houses were completely submerged, and somehow they had taken shelter on the roof,” Hazarika said.

Sofiqul Islam, who conducts boat clinics at the chars or riverine islands of Barpeta district, said that in Lower Assam, the havoc was mainly created by the swollen tributaries of the Brahmaputra like Jiabharali and Pagladia. He also expressed concern over waterborne diseases affecting the flood victims once the floodwater recedes.

Criticising the government approach towards flood management in the region by constructing embankments, independent researcher Mirza Zulfiqur Rahman said, “Flood management in this region means constructing embankments which are nothing but merrymaking for contractors. Since the 1950 earthquake, we are constructing risks (embankments and dams) in the landscape without properly mapping the floodplains. Even small dams like Kopili, Ronganodi and Umrangshu can create huge havoc.”

“If you remove even one boulder from the river bed, it will have an impact. These boulders act as cushions, and the floodwater will come in much higher intensity in their absence. The interventions we are doing on the ground can lead to catastrophic events. Entire northeast India is sitting on a veritable pack of cards, ready to collapse. The way this government responds to climate change shows that they are not even keen to acknowledge this issue. They are piling double the infrastructure of what our landscape can absorb,” Rahman added.

A flood relief camp at Raha. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) has plans like developing climate-resilient villages to combat floods. Elaborating on this, Mandira Buragohain, Project Officer (Knowledge Management and Climate Change), ASDMA said, “We are planning to come up with climate-resilient villages in Assam which will have a raised platform, handpump built on an elevated structure, community cowsheds and also we will do capacity building of women and youth. We will be setting up flood shelters in Bihpuria, Majuli and Barpeta where around 500 people can take shelter.”

When asked if the challenges are more this time, she said, “2020 was also very challenging because along with the flood, there was also a raging pandemic. However, this year the flood is more intense.”

Banner image : A shop set on a raft in Guwahati. Assam has 9.40 percent of the total flood-prone area of the country. Photo by Nabarun Guha.

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Disaster Risk Governance and Response Management for Flood: A Case Study of Assam, India

  • First Online: 05 August 2017

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case study on flood in assam and bihar

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Flood and erosion in the State of Assam, India, is menacing and probably the most acute and unique in the country. Every year due to successive waves of floods, most of the areas in the valley of Assam remain submerged for a considerable numbers of days. Regular flooding added with persistent erosion causing land loss of thousands of hectares resulting to hundreds of people landless virtually destabilize the socio-economic development of the state. It has been observed that every year, the mighty Brahmaputra River is eroding more than 2000 ha of land. Subsequent to the National Policy for Flood in 1954 by the Government of India, flood control activities in the State of Assam started taking place. As envisaged in the National Policy for Flood, the state could take short-term as well as long-term measures for flood mitigation, but to get the immediate relief to the flood-ravaged state, construction of embankments as short-term measures had been widely adopted. In the state as a whole, the total area eroded by Brahmaputra, Barak and their tributaries since 1954 is 3.86 lakh hectares, which constitute 7% of the total area of the state.

The recurrence incidence of extensive floods takes place because of the occasional failure of the existing flood prevention structures, which have outlived their lives. Regular flooding added with unabated erosion causing land loss of thousands of hectares resulting to hundreds of people landless virtually destabilize the socio-economic development of the state. It has been observed that every year, more than 2000 ha of land is being eroded by the Brahmaputra annually.

The present study will analyse the comprehensive approach towards disaster risk reduction for effective disaster governance that is a combination of actions including mitigation activities for specific hazards. A comprehensive approach towards disaster risk reduction for effective disaster governance is a combination of actions including mitigation activities for specific hazards (Pal et al. 2013 , 2017 ). The present study highlights the flood management and response mechanisms already in existence in the State of Assam, one of the most multi-hazard-prone states in India.

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Pal, I., Singh, S. (2018). Disaster Risk Governance and Response Management for Flood: A Case Study of Assam, India. In: Pal, I., Shaw, R. (eds) Disaster Risk Governance in India and Cross Cutting Issues. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3310-0_8

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Assam Floods: Why Ganga-Brahamputra region is flood Prone?

Syllabus: Disaster Management

Context: Six more people died in Assam floods, raising the toll to 58. Over 24 lakh are affected across 30 districts, with rivers flowing above danger levels.

The floods in Assam have led to severe consequences:

  • Loss of Wildlife : Over 130 wild animals, including 6 rare one-horned rhinos in Kaziranga National Park, have died. Other casualties include 117 hog deer, 2 sambar deer, a rhesus macaque, and an otter. Kaziranga hosts the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinos.
  • Infrastructure Damage : Extensive damage to roads and infrastructure has hindered rescue and relief efforts.
  • Displacement of People: More than 2 million people have been displaced, forcing many to seek shelter in relief camps, straining resources and management.

Wha is Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta ?  

The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta , encompassing the states of Assam, Bihar, and West Bengal and covers more than 105,000 km 2 . It stands as a geographical marvel with its intricate river networks. However, this deltaic region is not just a testament to natural beauty but also bears the brunt of annual floods

Ganga-Brahamputra region

Key factors contributing to the vulnerability of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta to annual floods:  

Natural Factors:

  • Eg : These rivers drain 75% of the total basin runoff in only 3 months of the monsoon.
  • Eg : The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, of 80 km from east of the Madhupur tract (Bangladesh) to the west of it.
  • Eg : Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950 in Assam increased flood frequency in the delta due to subsidence.
  • Tidal influence : The Ganges Delta experiences high tides, creating backwater effects that impede drainage and worsen flood inundation.
  • Eg : 2021 Cyclone Yaas caused massive floods.

Anthropogenic Factors:

  • Eg : Sundarbans flooding attributed to these.
  • Eg : Bihar floods from are particularly severe due to encroachment of floodplains.
  • Eg : Inadequate and weak embankments are annually breached in Bihar-West Bengal floods.
  • Poor Urban Planning : Urbanization without proper water management and flood zoning increases runoff and exposes more people to risks.

Strategies can be implemented to mitigate the risks associated with these floods:

  • Eg : Flood Early Warning System ( FLEWS ) in Assam by its state disaster management authority.
  • Eg : Red River Delta Rehabilitation Project restored over 100,000 hectares of mangroves and wetlands which can be replicated here.
  • Eg : Coastal Embankment Improvement Project ( CEIP ) in Bangladesh part of the delta.
  • Eg : Community Preparedness and Adaptation of “Living with Floods” under Flood Risk Mitigation and Management.
  • Eg : Integrated Rice-Fish Farming System ( IRFFS ) promoted by the World Food Programme.

NDMA Guidelines for Floods:

Avoid building in flood-prone areas unless you elevate and reinforce your home. Elevate furnace, water heater, and electrical panel if susceptible to flooding. Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent flood water backup. Contact officials about flood barriers being constructed in your area. Seal basement walls with waterproofing compounds.
Listen to radio/TV for information. Be aware of flash flooding – move to higher ground immediately if at risk. Be aware of areas known to flood suddenly.
Secure your home – bring in outdoor furniture, move items upstairs. Turn off utilities if instructed. Do not walk or drive through moving floodwater.

Conclusion :

As seen above, many factors are natural and inevitable to certain extent, thus, mitigating the risks associated with annual floods in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta requires a holistic and integrated approach that combines physical infrastructure, sustainable land-use practices, community engagement, and international cooperation.

Insta Links:  

  • Assam Floods

Prelims Link:

Which of the following is/are tributary/tributaries of Brahmaputra?

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:

  • The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
  • River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
  • River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

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Monsoon floods threaten hundreds of thousands in eastern India

The Brahmaputra and other rivers across Assam and Bihar states burst their banks after incessant downpours.

case study on flood in assam and bihar

Floodwaters are rising across eastern India, where hundreds of thousands of people are stranded on the roofs of their homes or have fled to higher ground as more torrential rain fell.

Incessant downpours for more than a week made the Brahmaputra and other rivers burst their banks across Assam and Bihar states.

Up to two metres (6.6 feet) of water has submerged many villages.

Experts say the annual floods are getting worse because of climate change. Authorities released water at one dam, fearing the walls would collapse.

Tens of thousands of people are stuck in villages cut off by the floods and the Assam governments said more than 400,000 had been moved to higher ground.

Sixteen-year-old Anuwara Khatun said she and her family have spent nearly a week on the roof of their home at Ghasbari in the state’s Morigaon district.

“The water level has been rising for five days now,” she told the AFP news agency by telephone from her stricken village on the banks of the Brahmaputra.

“A lot of families are stuck on their roofs. There is a shortage of essential supplies so we only eat once a day. There is no hygiene here.”

Santosh Mandal moved his family to a sandbank in Bihar’s Supaul district after his village was flooded.

“There is no clean water to drink, food to eat and the children are crying for milk. We are praying for help because the government has yet to send relief,” Mandal said.

The Bihar government has sent rescue boats to get people to safety but these are concentrated in the worst-hit districts.

The Bihar and Assam governments said more than 12,000 people were in relief camps.

The Bihar government opened up the Valmiki Gandak dam, warning people in nearby villages to move away, after 160mm (six inches) of rain fell in 24 hours.

The floods have also threatened the Kaziranga National Park in Assam, a UNESCO World Heritage-listed reserve that is home to the largest concentration of rare one-horned rhinoceroses.

About 70 percent of the 430sq km (166sq mile) park is underwater, threatening its rhinos as well as elephants and wild boar.

Himanta Biswa Sarma, Assam’s chief minister, on Monday made an “urgent appeal” for traffic to avoid a key highway through the reserve.

He said animals that seek shelter on the highway were now at risk.

Content Search

Flood situation improving in bihar & assam.

  • Govt. India

Flood situation is improving in Bihar and Assam with water levels in many rivers receding. In Bihar, after receding of water level of major rivers, flood situation is slightly improving in several areas. Rescue and relief work has, however, been intensified.

Threat of epidemic is looming large in flood-affected areas, and the state administration has suspended the leaves of medical staff. The floods have claimed nearly 80 lives so far in the state.

More than 55 lakh people across 12 districts of the state have been affected due to the floods. 26 teams of the National Disaster Response Force, State Disaster Response Force and SSB have been deployed to carry out rescue and relief operations.

Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar yesterday held a meeting with senior officials to tackle the situation. The state government has declared compensation of 6000 rupees to each flood victim family.

In Assam, too, water levels are receding in many rivers. 28 out the 33 districts of the state are still submerged. Over 57 lakh people have been displaced by the floods. The Brahmaputra river continues to flow above the danger mark but the situation is gradually improving.

Related Content

Flood hazard atlas - bihar - a geospatial approach, new homes for the victims of karnataka flood 2019, caritas india initiates livelihood for 150 flood victim women in assam, india: monsoon rains and floods final report dref n° mdrin024.

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Urban flood risk assessment and mapping using gis-dematel method: case of the serafa river watershed, poland.

case study on flood in assam and bihar

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. study area, 2.2. methodological approach, 2.3. dematel method.

  • Determining the direct-influence matrix;
  • Normalizing the direct-influence matrix;
  • Obtaining the total-relation matrix—direct and indirect impact;
  • Determining the cause–effect diagram or the influential relation map (IRM);
  • Determining the weights of factors.

2.4. Factors Used in Assessing Flood Risk—Literature Review

3.1. factors, 3.1.1. lulc.

  • Built-up areas: single-family housing, multi-family housing, sealed and unsealed roads, sealed and unsealed squares, railway areas, landfills, and other built-up areas;
  • Greenery areas: allotment gardens, agricultural areas, low-greenery areas, and high-greenery areas;
  • Surface water.
  • the ratio of built-up areas,
  • the ratio of greenery areas.

3.1.2. Elevation

3.1.3. slope, 3.1.4. population density, 3.1.5. distance from river, 3.1.6. soil, 3.1.7. ndvi, 3.2. factor analysis using the dematel method determining factor weights, 3.3. designation of areas at risk of flooding in the serafa river catchment area, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

ReferenceSlopeLULCElevationRainfallDrainage DensityDistance from RiverSoilTWINDVIPopulation DensityOther Factors Used
[ ]xxxxxx xxxgeomorphology, road density, GDP, NDMI, and others
[ ]xxxxx xx aspect, lithology, curvature, SPI, and others
[ ]xxxx x xdistance to emergency services, literacy rate, distance to education facilities, irrigated area, and others
[ ]xxxxxxx xxflow accumulation, geomorphology, road density, distance to emergency services, and others
[ ]xxxx xxxx aspect, geology, curvature, SPI, and others
[ ]xxxxxx xx SPI, flow accumulation, distance to road, geomorphology, and others
[ ]xxxxxxxxx lithology, SPI, TRI, plan curvature, and others
[ ]xxxxxxxx lithology, curvature, SPI, flow accumulation, and others
[ ]xxx xxx xxaspect, geology, distance to road, plan curvature, and others
[ ]xxxxxxx xflow accumulation, road density, literacy rate, employment rate, and others
[ ]xxxx x xdistance to road, road density, river density, metroline density, and others
[ ]xxxxxxxx geology, curvature, geomorphology, TRI, and others
[ ]xxxx xxx aspect, curvature, SPI, STI, and others
[ ]xxx xxxx aspect, curvature, SPI, normalized differences built-up index, and others
[ ]xxx xxxx aspect, curvature, flow accumulation, STI
[ ]xx x xx aspect, curvature, SPI, distance to road, and others
[ ]xxxxxxxx curvature, flow accumulation, metroline proximity
[ ]xxxx xx aspect, lithology, geomorphology, vegetation density, and others
[ ]xxxxxx xxroad density, GDP, building density
[ ]xxxxxx aspect, distance to road, distance to urban drainage, CN
[ ]xx xx aspect, lithology, SPI, profile curvature, and others
[ ]xx xx aspect, lithology, plan curvature, profile curvature, and others
[ ]xxxxxx x geology, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater table
[ ] x xdistance to emergency, proportion of vulnerable population; dependent population (age), low rise buildings, and others
[ ]x xx x xxxdistance to road, distance to emergency services, NDWI
[ ]xxxx xx x flow accumulation, distance to road
[ ]xxxxxxxx x-
[ ]xxxxxxx geology
[ ]xxxxxxx lithology
[ ]xxxxxxx geology
[ ]xx xxxx xflood depth
[ ]xxxxx xx flow accumulation
[ ]xxxxxxx -
[ ]xxxxxxx -
[ ]x xxx x geomorphology, NDWI
[ ]xxxxx x -
[ ]xxx xx profile curvature
[ ]xxxxx x -
[ ]x x x x CN, direct runoff depth at 50-year return period
[ ]xxxxx x -
[ ]xxxxxx -
[ ]xxx x x -
[ ]xxx x x -
Total42403833313030191111
FactorF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9
SlopeF1002234121
ElevationF2403414312
LULC—the ratio of built-up areasF3200443402
LULC—the ratio of greenery areasF4004043401
NDVIF5000001012
TWIF6000220002
Population densityF7204441011
Distance from riverF8102321204
SoilF9102240210
FactorF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9R
SlopeF10.0320.0000.1540.1750.2530.2330.1170.1070.1261.197
ElevationF20.2220.0000.2650.3260.2770.3040.2570.0910.2031.945
LULC—the ratio of built-up areasF30.1230.0000.1170.2770.3420.2220.2560.0420.1741.554
LULC—the ratio of greenery areasF40.0470.0000.2440.1160.3140.2020.2420.0320.1271.325
NDVIF50.0100.0000.0220.0270.0390.0540.0210.0490.1040.326
TWIF60.0110.0000.0350.1090.1360.0270.0340.0130.1080.473
Population densityF70.1230.0000.2590.2720.3310.1500.1110.0760.1371.459
Distance from riverF80.0830.0000.1800.2260.2440.1250.1770.0340.2381.308
SoilF90.0730.0000.1520.1600.2760.0720.1500.0680.0691.020
C0.7240.0001.4281.6882.2111.3891.3660.5131.287
Factorr + c r + c
SlopeF11.9210.472
ElevationF21.9451.945
LULC—the ratio of built-up areasF32.9810.126
LULC—the ratio of greenery areasF43.013−0.364
NDVIF52.536−1.885
TWIF61.862−0.916
Population densityF72.8250.093
Distance from riverF81.8210.795
SoilF92.307−0.267
Factorr + c
SlopeF11.92115%
ElevationF21.94516%
LULC—the ratio of built-up areasF32.98124%
LULC—the ratio of greenery areasF43.01324%
NDVIF52.53620%
TWIF61.86215%
Population densityF72.82523%
Distance from riverF81.82115%
SoilF92.30719%
Flood Risk LevelArea
(km )(%)
Very low0.41–0.614.26%
Low0.61–0.8215.822%
Moderate0.82–1.0219.928%
High1.02–1.2322.832%
Very high1.23–1.439.713%
Total72.419%
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Natkaniec, W.; Godyń, I. Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case of the Serafa River Watershed, Poland. Water 2024 , 16 , 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182636

Natkaniec W, Godyń I. Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case of the Serafa River Watershed, Poland. Water . 2024; 16(18):2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182636

Natkaniec, Wiktoria, and Izabela Godyń. 2024. "Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case of the Serafa River Watershed, Poland" Water 16, no. 18: 2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182636

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  1. Floods in Assam: The Case for Rethinking Adaptation

    That has resulted in one of the worst floods ever recorded in Assam. As of 3 July, flood has affected 1,835,551 people in 26 out of the state's 35 districts and it submerged 471.98 square kilometers (47,198.87 hectares) of cropland. [1] About 200 people have died so far. Earlier on 22 June the floods had affected 5,457,601 people in 32 ...

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  5. Flood Exposure and Social Vulnerability during 2020 Assam Floods

    The study exhibited that a substantial proportion of IGBP (40,929 km 2) was inundated primarily in Bangladesh (9.09% of the total inundation), Assam (8.99%), and Bihar (6.29%) during June-July 2020.

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    Unprecedented flood cripples Assam, massive loss of life and property reported. by Nabarun Guha on 30 June 2022. Assam faced two severe waves of flood this year, the first one in May and then again in June, which crippled cities and rural areas. Silchar, the second largest city of Assam faced its worst flood in living memory with more than 80% ...

  8. Situation Report

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  9. India: Floods Final Report (DREF n° MDRIN026)

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  11. Assam floods: Rising water displaces tens of thousands in ...

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  12. The 2016 flood of Bihar, India: an analysis of its causes

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  15. Disaster Risk Governance and Response Management for Flood: A Case

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  20. Assam Floods: Why Ganga-Brahamputra region is flood Prone?

    Syllabus: Disaster Management . Source: TH Context: Six more people died in Assam floods, raising the toll to 58.Over 24 lakh are affected across 30 districts, with rivers flowing above danger levels. The floods in Assam have led to severe consequences:. Loss of Wildlife: Over 130 wild animals, including 6 rare one-horned rhinos in Kaziranga National Park, have died.

  21. Monsoon floods threaten hundreds of thousands in eastern India

    The Bihar and Assam governments said more than 12,000 people were in relief camps. The Bihar government opened up the Valmiki Gandak dam, warning people in nearby villages to move away, after ...

  22. Flood situation improving in Bihar & Assam

    Flood situation is improving in Bihar and Assam with water levels in many rivers receding. ... The state government has declared compensation of 6000 rupees to each flood victim family. In Assam ...

  23. Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case

    This paper develops a method integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Decision-Making Trials and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) for the analysis of factors influencing urban flood risk and the identification of flood-prone areas. The method is based on nine selected factors: land use/land cover (LULC: the ratio of built-up areas, the ratio of greenery areas), elevation, slope ...