the earth essay in english 100 words

English Compositions

Short Essay on Our Planet Earth [100, 200, 400 words] With PDF

Earth is the only planet that sustains life and ecosystems. In this lesson, you will learn to write essays in three different sets on the planet earth to help you in preparing for your upcoming examinations.

Short Essay on Our Planet Earth in 100 Words

Earth is a rare planet since it is the only one that can support life. On Earth, life is possible for various reasons, the most essential of which are the availability of water and the presence of oxygen. Earth is a member of the Solar System. The Earth, along with the other seven planets, orbits the Sun.

One spin takes approximately twenty-four hours, and one revolution takes 365 days and four hours. Day and night, as well as the changing of seasons, occurs due to rotation and revolution. However, we have jeopardized our planet by our sheer ignorance and negligence. We must practise conservation of resources and look after mother earth while we have time.

Short Essay on Our Planet Earth in 200 Words

Earth is a blue planet that is special from the rest of the planets because it is the only one to sustain life. The availability of water and oxygen are two of the most crucial factors that make life possible on Earth. The Earth rotates around the Sun, along with seven other planets in the solar system. It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation, and approximately 365 days and 4 hours to complete one revolution. Day and night, as well as changing seasons, are all conceivable due to these two movements. 

However, we are wasting and taking advantage of the natural resources that have been bestowed upon us. Overuse and exploitation of all-natural resources produce pollution to such an alarming degree that life on Earth is on the verge of extinction. The depletion of the ozone layer has resulted in global warming. The melting of glaciers has resulted in rising temperatures.

Many animals have become extinct or are endangered. To protect the environment, we must work together. Conversation, resource reduction, reuse, and recycling will take us a long way toward restoring the natural ecosystem. We are as unique as our home planet. We have superior intelligence, which we must employ for the benefit of all living beings. The Earth is our natural home, and we must create a place that is as good as, if not better than, paradise.

Short Essay on Our Planet Earth in 400 Words

Earth is a unique planet as it is the only planet that sustains life. Life is possible on Earth because of many reasons, and the most important among them is the availability of water and oxygen. Earth is a part of the family of the Sun. It belongs to the Solar System.

Earth, along with seven other planets, revolves around the Sun. It takes roughly twenty-four hours to complete one rotation and 365 days and 4 hours to complete one revolution. Rotation and revolution make day and night and change of seasons simultaneously possible. The five seasons we experience in one revolution are Spring, Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, and Winter.

However, we are misusing resources and exploiting the natural gifts that have been so heavily endowed upon us. Overuse and misuse of all the natural resources are causing pollution to such an extent that it has become alarming to the point of destruction. The most common form of pollution caused upon the earth by us is Air Pollution, Land Pollution, Water Pollution, and Noise Pollution.

This, in turn, had resulted in Ozone Layer Depletion and Global Warming. Due to ozone layer depletion, there harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun are reaching the earth. It, in turn, is melting glaciers and causing a rise in temperature every year. Many animals have either extinct or are endangered due to human activities.

Some extinct animals worldwide are Sabre-toothed Cat, Woolly Mammoth, Dodo, Great Auk, Stellers Sea Cow, Tasmanian Tiger, Passenger Pigeon, Pyrenean Ibex. The extinct animals in the Indian subcontinent are the Indian Cheetah, pink-headed duck, northern Sumatran rhinoceros, and Sunderban dwarf rhinoceros.

The endangered animals that are in need of our immediate attention in India are Royal Bengal Tiger, Snow leopard, Red panda, Indian rhinoceros, Nilgiri tahr, Asiatic lion, Ganges river dolphin, Gharial and Hangul, among others. We have exploited fossil fuels to such an extent that now we run the risk of using them completely. We must switch to alternative sources of energy that are nature friendly. Solar power, windmills, hydra power should be used more often, and deforestation must be made illegal worldwide.

We must come together to preserve the natural environment. Conversation, reduction, reuse and recycling of the resources will take us a long way in rebuilding the natural habitat. We are as unique as our planet earth. We have higher intelligence, and we must use it for the well-being of all living organisms. The Earth is our natural abode, and we must make a place as close to Paradise, if not better.

Hopefully, after going through this lesson, you have a holistic idea about our planet Earth. I have tried to cover every aspect that makes it unique and the reasons to practise conversation of natural resources. If you still have any doubts regarding this session, kindly let me know through the comment section below. To read more such essays on many important topics, keep browsing our website. 

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• Paragraph Writing
• Paragraph On Earth

Paragraph on Earth - Check Samples for 100, 150, 200, 250 Words

For so many years, Earth has been the only planet that made life possible. Now, due to overpopulation and other reasons, the Earth is in the process of depletion. Owing to this condition, scientists and astronauts are trying to find neighbouring planets that could support life. Read through the article to learn more about the Earth and the need to conserve the planet. You can also try writing a paragraph on Earth after you have gone through the sample paragraphs given in the article.

Table of Contents

Paragraph on earth in 100 words, paragraph on earth in 150 words, paragraph on earth in 200 words, paragraph on earth in 250 words, frequently asked questions on paragraph on earth.

The Earth is the third planet from the sun. It is also called the blue plane. The Earth is the only planet that supports life because of the availability of air, water, and gases needed for survival. The climate of the Earth is mild. However, due to the overuse and wastage of resources, the planet is in danger, and global warming is increasing. This is affecting the survival conditions for human beings and all living things. In order to save our Earth, we will have to take major steps to conserve what is left on the planet because life is not possible on other planets.

The sphere or spheroid-shaped Earth is the third planet in the solar system and is the only life-supporting planet. When seen from the Earth’s outer surface, it looks blue in colour due to the presence of water and hence is called the blue planet. The Earth provides all its inhabitants with the basic amenities which are required for survival. The sad fact is that human beings have been exploiting all the resources which have been made available to us all this while mindlessly. If this continues, we will put ourselves and all living things in great danger. It is high time we took steps to save our planet. Afforestation, using biodegradable products and reducing pollution are some measures you could take to preserve the beauty and quality of life on Earth.

The third planet from the sun is the Earth. Because of the availability of air, water, and gases required for survival, the Earth is the only planet that sustains life. The planet has all the necessary amenities and a mild climate that is suitable for all the inhabitants of the planet. The underlying concept of harmony is at the heart of the Earth’s living processes. There is perfect coordination between the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and the many levels and realms of life. Because of this coordination and synchronisation, we are able to live a healthy life on Earth.  However, there has been massive exploitation of resources due to various anthropogenic activities, and now, it has become a threat to our planet. It is so disheartening that the gifts of nature are being mishandled and exploited,  thereby threatening our survival on the whole. So, it is important that all of us understand the need to preserve our natural resources and see to it that our future generations also get to enjoy what we do.

The Earth, spherical in shape, is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system and is the only one that has sustainable living conditions. Because of the existence of water, the Earth appears blue when viewed from outer space, earning it the nickname “blue planet.” We must be extremely cautious about its preservation because life is not possible on any of the planets other than Earth.

Earth has provided us with all of the essential resources we require for living, but we have been exploiting these resources since the beginning. It has now become a major concern as it has led to the depletion and total destruction of the plant on the whole. Unprecedented and unexpected natural calamities like forest fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and cyclones are the effects of our actions. There has been a perfect balance in the ecosystem, but activities such as deforestation, disposal of sewage and waste into water bodies, improper waste management systems, etc., have disturbed this. Australia’s ‘Black Summer’ bushfires of 2019-20 that killed almost one to three billion animals and destroyed many million hectares of native vegetation is an example of the kind of damage the planet is bound to face if we do not take measures to curb the effects of pollution and other activities.  This is the only way we can restrain from putting the life of the entire planet in jeopardy. There is no more time to be wasted thinking of actions to be taken, you have to step out and act now if you want to continue living on this sustainable and all-providing planet.

How are resources on our Earth depleting?

The resources on our Earth are depleting due to overpopulation, global warming, pollution, etc. The ice is melting; forests are burning, fields are empty and dry, the oceans are unstable, and the water is not clean – all these are signs that our resources on Earth are depleting, and it is high time to save our Earth.

Why is the Earth called a blue planet?

The Earth is called the blue planet because, when observed from outer space, it seems to be blue in colour due to the amount of water present.

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Essay on Earth

After getting tired from work, the place where we go and relax is our home. Home is not only a physical space it is a place where we get comfortable. Apart from our brick and stone houses the global house that gives shed to every living thing is our Mother Earth. We think that we cannot live without food or without sleep but do we live without Earth? Not only home, Earth provides us with all the necessity to survive. To know more about this planet and its importance, let us discuss Earth in detail.

Earth Essay in English

Here, we are presenting long and short essays on Earth in English for students under word limits of 100 – 150 Words, 200 – 250 words, and 500 – 600 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in English. These provided essays will also be helpful for students preparing for different competitive exams.

10 Lines Essay on Earth (100 – 120 Words)

1) Planet Earth is positioned third from the Sun in solar system.

2) The only known planet to support life in solar system is Earth.

3) It looks bright blue and green in color.

4) It ranks fifth in size among the planets of our solar system.

5) The shape of Earth is sphere.

6) The core, crust, and mantle are the three layers of Earth.

7) About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

8) It takes 24 hours for the Earth to complete one rotation on its axis.

9) The Earth takes about 365.25 days to orbit the Sun.

10) We should protect our Earth to live a healthy life on it.

Essay on Earth (250 – 300 Words)

Introduction

Earth is said to be the fifth largest planet in our solar system. It is the only planet which is capable of supporting life. According to scientists, Earth was created many millions of years ago. With its vast and diverse ecosystems, Earth is a unique and beautiful planet that has been home to a wide array of species for billions of years.

Earth: Supporting Lives

Earth is a planet like no other, uniquely capable of supporting a vast array of life forms. On Earth, the conditions necessary for life are provided by elements such as air, water, and land. Our planet’s atmosphere works as a protective shield, keeping the exact balance of gases required for breathing. The planet Earth is inhabited not just by humans but also by millions of other plant and animal species.

Layers of Earth

There are three main layers of the Earth. The topmost or the outer layer is the crust made up of minerals and rocks. The mantle is made up of solid rock that is hot and full of iron and magnesium. Lastly, the Earth’s core is at its heart. This layered structure keeps the Earth stable and helps natural processes like plate tectonics and volcanic activity happen.

The Earth is a unique and amazing planet that has all the right conditions for life to grow. But as we all know that life is not possible on any of the other planet, it is our duty to conserve Earth. We should take proper steps to ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and the coming generations.

Long Essay on Earth (500 Words)

Earth is the ultimate mother, nurturing and supporting all life on this planet. Just like a mother provides nourishment to her children, the Earth provides the resources and conditions necessary for life. It offers us food, water, and shelter, just as a mother does. Just as a mother sacrifices her own needs for the well-being of her children, the Earth has endured countless changes and challenges to ensure the survival of the diverse species that call it home.

A Look at Mother Earth

The term ‘Earth’ originated from the Germanic word meaning “the ground,” and millions of years ago, it was formed in a corner of the Milky Way galaxy. Our home planet, Earth, is the fifth largest of all the planets in the solar system. It is located in the third position from the Sun. The earth makes a full rotation around the sun in the course of 364 days and 6 hours. In 24 hours, the planet rotates on its axis just as it does in revolution. Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, which encompasses oceans, rivers, and seas, among others. The Earth consists of three layers – the core, mantle, and crust – with the outermost layer being the one we inhabit, composed of rocks.

What Makes Earth Unique

Among the planets in our Solar System, Earth is unique in its ability to sustain life. It’s ideal positioning relative to the Sun, neith er too close nor too far, along with the presence of essential elements, has allowed for the formation of landforms and bodies of water. The atmosphere works as a shield, blocks harmful radiation from the sun, and keeps temperatures stable. Consequently, life on Earth has thrived, with water bodies housing aquatic creatures like fish, whales, and seahorses, while landforms provide habitats for plants, animals, and insects.

Human Impact on Earth’s Environment

Human activities have had a damaging impact on the Earth, disrupting the natural balance with nature. Overexploitation of resources has negatively affected the planet and its inhabitants. Unfortunately, human activities, such as pollution and environmental damage, are causing rapid harm to the Earth, posing a threat to our own survival. From the burning of fossil fuels to deforestation and industrialization, humans have significantly altered the Earth’s ecosystems. Moreover, the extinction of animals and birds and the degradation of our surroundings suggest that we are heading towards a bleak future. To ensure the survival of humanity, it is crucial to protect and care for the Earth.

It has always been our duty to safeguard the planet we inhabit, but rather than fulfilling our responsibilities, we often act selfishly, contributing to the pollution of our environment. It is crucial for us to collaborate in efforts to plant more trees and reduce the use of plastic. All living organisms rely on the Earth for their existence, so we should use the resources provided by nature responsibly. Additionally, we must limit our reliance on non-renewable resources to provide a better planet for the generations to come.

I hope the above provided essay on earth will be helpful in understanding the Earth and its importance.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Earth

Ans. Earth is called a Blue Planet due to the presence of about 71% water in it.

Ans. Every year 22 April is celebrated as the Earth Day.

Ans. Earth is about 4.54 billion years old.

Ans. Earth is referred to as mother Earth because just like a mother, Earth gives us life and everything to survive.

Ans. It is expected that Earth will survive more four billions years from now.

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Essay on Save Earth: Samples in 100, 150 and 200 Words

• Updated on  
• Nov 11, 2023

There is a popular saying that goes, ’You don’t bite the hand that feeds you. Well, then why harm the planet that is providing for you?’ We all should know that our planet Earth is the only planet where life can exist. Our planet provides us with basic necessities such as water, air, food to eat, and much more. So if you want to save our planet Earth for yourself and for the coming future generations then do give this blog a read. Today we will be talking about how you can save your planet Earth by taking all the required measures. We have also listed some sample essay on Save Earth which will help you to talk about the same in public. 

Table of Contents

• 1 Why is Saving Earth so Important?
• 2 Essay on Save Earth in 100 Words
• 3 Essay on Save Earth in 150 Words
• 4 Essay on Save Earth in 200 Words

Why is Saving Earth so Important?

Our planet Earth is the only planet that provides us with raw materials, oxygen, food which we need for fuel, and other essential materials.  

There are a number of reasons why saving the Earth is so important:

• Our Earth is the only planet that supports life. Despite signs of organic molecules and water on other planets and moons, life is only known to exist on Earth. There would be nowhere else for us to go if not Earth.
• Our Earth provides us with basic necessities such as medicine, food, clean water, and air to breathe. 
• The combustion of fossil fuels releases harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which traps heat and warms the earth. Rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and more extreme weather events are just a few of the negative effects of climate change that are already being felt.

Also Read: Essay on Social Issues

Essay on Save Earth in 100 Words

The only planet in the cosmos that is known to sustain life is Earth. Since it is our home, we must take care of it.

There are numerous reasons why protecting the planet is crucial. To begin with, it is our only place of residence. There won’t be somewhere else for us to go if we destroy Earth. Second, Earth gives us food, water, air, and shelter—everything we require to survive. Third, a wide variety of biodiversity exists on Earth, which is vital to human health.

Unfortunately, the health of Earth is being threatened by human activity. Among the difficulties we confront are deforestation, pollution, and climate change.

To save the Earth, we can all do our part. Here are some actions you may take:

• Cut back on the use of fossil fuels. Make more of an effort to walk or bike, drive less, and take public transit wherever you can.
• Make the switch to alternative energy sources like wind and solar energy.
• At home, use less energy and water.
• Reduce trash via composting and recycling.
• Encourage companies and groups that are engaged in environmental protection.

Both our own life and the survival of future generations depend on saving the planet. We can contribute to ensuring that our planet is healthy and habitable for many years to come by acting now.

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Essay on Save Earth in 150 Words

Since the Earth is our home, it is up to us to preserve it. However, the health of the planet is in danger due to human activity. Among the difficulties we confront are deforestation, pollution, and climate change.

The most important environmental issue of our day is climate change. Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, which causes the earth to warm. Among the detrimental repercussions of climate change that are already being felt are rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and an increase in extreme weather occurrences.

Pollution poses a serious threat to Earth as well. Among the materials we use to damage the air, water, and land are chemicals, plastics, and trash. Not only can pollution harm humans and wildlife, but it can also ruin ecosystems.

Deforestation is another issue. In this, the trees are removed and instead, buildings are constructed.  Forests filter water in addition to providing habitat for species and regulating the climate. Deforestation is one of the primary causes of both climate change and biodiversity loss.

We must take action to safeguard Earth from these threats. We can potentially reduce our carbon footprint by switching to renewable energy sources and consuming less energy. We can also reduce pollution by using less plastic, recycling, and composting. We can also safeguard forests by planting trees and promoting sustainable forestry practices.

Preserving the planet is essential for our own existence as well as that of future generations. To keep our world safe, each of us has a responsibility.

Also Read: Essay on Unity in Diversity in 100 to 200 Words

Also Read: How to Prepare for UPSC in 6 Months?

Essay on Save Earth in 200 Words

The only planet in the solar system where humanity can survive is Earth. Since our planet gives us access to fundamental essentials like clean water, fresh air, and food to eat, it is our duty as humans to make sure that it is habitable for future generations.

We can see that, among all the urgent problems, one of the most significant ones that affect humanity is climate change. Among the detrimental repercussions of climate change that are already being felt are rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and an increase in extreme weather occurrences.

Pollution is another major problem. The majority of the materials that are key to pollution of the air, water, and land are harmful chemicals, plastics that are carelessly thrown away, and other materials. This is not only harmful to humans and wildlife but also to the environment. 

Deforestation is the third main issue; it is the removal of trees for construction or other purposes, like agriculture. One of the main contributors to both climate change and biodiversity loss is deforestation. Consequently, we need to act to defend Earth from these dangers. 

We hope this essay on Save Earth helped you with some knowledge of some of the pressing issues we face on a daily basis and what we can do to save our planet. 

Related Articles

We can conserve the globe by avoiding contamination of the Earth and its natural resources, including the air and water.

Reducing carbon emissions is the first step towards saving our planet. This can be done by using environmentally friendly resources, conserving water and following the Reduce, Reuse and Recycling practices.

Clearing forest areas for agricultural, human settlement or any other commercial activities is known as deforestation.

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay-writing page and follow Leverage Edu ! 

Malvika Chawla

Malvika is a content writer cum news freak who comes with a strong background in Journalism and has worked with renowned news websites such as News 9 and The Financial Express to name a few. When not writing, she can be found bringing life to the canvasses by painting on them.

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Home — Essay Samples — Science — Earth Science — The Beauty of Earth: An Essay on the Magnificence of Our Planet

The Beauty of Earth: an Essay on The Magnificence of Our Planet

• Categories: Earth Science

About this sample

Words: 598 |

Published: Mar 8, 2024

Words: 598 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

The natural wonders of earth, the diverse inhabitants of earth, preserving the beauty of earth.

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Geography Notes

Essay on the earth: top 8 essays on earth.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Earth’ for class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Earth’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Earth

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Energy Intercepted by the Earth

Essay # 1. Origin of the Earth :

The earth came into existence between 5000 to 6000 million years ago from condensed form of a cloud of gases. By studying the hot, luminous gases of the sun, we find that sun is made of the same basic elements that are found by chemical analysis of earth’s material. In fact all the stars which have been studied seem to have the same elements.

Origin of Continents and Basins :

At present the crust of the earth is largely made up of two different kinds of materials of rocks called granite and basalt. The average specific gravity of the earth is 5.5 while that of granite and basalt is 2.7 and 3.0, respectively. Granite is typically found in continental areas and the ocean floors are made of basalt.

If rafts of basalt and granite could be imagined as floating on a very heavy plastic material, the elevation of continents could be imagined as being due to the lower specific gravity of granite in the continents and the greater specific gravity in the basins.

We do not know just how the surface of the crust became separate into granite and basaltic sectors. One theory is that while the earth was still liquid, masses of granite, like flocks of foam, floated in a still liquid basaltic sea.

When the crust was solidified, the granite masses projected to form the continents. Another hypothesis holds that the continents have been growing throughout earth’s history by building of successive thick mountain ranges.

Essay # 2. Composition of the Earth :

The outer envelopes of the gaseous material surrounding the earth are called atmosphere. Under the atmosphere is our earth on which we live. That part of the earth, which is in the form of a land, is known as the earth’s crust. It also includes the highest peaks of mountains and floors of the oceans. Part of the land, which is visible on the Globe, is called the Lithosphere (Greek, Litho = Stone).

We know that nearly 75 per cent of the whole surface of the earth is covered with natural waters like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers etc. Which is in the form of more or less, a continuous envelope around the earth.

This envelope of water is called Hydrosphere (Greek, Hudous = Water). Thus, Lithosphere and Hydrosphere in a combined form is known as the Earth’s crust. Under the Earth’s crust is the interior of the Earth. It is further sub-divided into three shells. Depending upon the nature, the material is made up as shown in the Fig. 1.1.

The earth is composed of different rocks. In an ordinary sense the term rock means something hard and resistant but the meaning of the word has been extended so as to include all natural substances of the Earth’s crust, which may be hard like granite or soft like clay and sand.

It has been estimated that 95 per cent of the Earth’s crust is made up of primary i.e., first formed (Igneous) rocks which is mostly composed of Granite having Quartz, Feldspar, Biotite mica and Hornblende in varying proportions the remaining 5 per cent of the crust is made up of Secondary (Sedimentary or Metamorphic) rocks (as shown in Fig. 1.2). The Earth’s crust is in the form of a very thin layer of solidified rocks and is heterogeneous in nature.

These rocks may be classified on the basis of their density into the following two groups:

1. Sial (Si = Silicon and A1 = Aluminium) having density 2.75 to 2.90.

2. Sima (Si = Silicon and Ma= Magnesium) having density 2.90 to 4.75.

It has been estimated that the Sial rocks are about 70 per cent of the Earth’s crust, which include chiefly Granite and Silica. These rocks are generally on the upper regions of the crust.

Sima rocks include heavy and dark coloured rocks like Basalts. In these rocks, the percentage of Silica is reduced and Magnesium attains the next importance in place of Aluminium of Sial rocks. These rocks are generally found on the floors of the Oceans and beneath Sial rocks.

It is the part of the earth below the crust and surrounding the core. The imaginary line that separates the lithosphere from the mantle is known as ‘Moho’ (Mohorovicic discontinuity). Because of high temperature and great pressure, the mineral matter in this part is the molten condition.

It is the innermost layer of the earth; it extends from below the mantle (Gutenberg discontinuity) to the central part of the earth.

On the basis of earthquake waves, the core has been further divided into two cores:

(a) Outer core.

(b) Inner core.

The outer core is 2,250 km thick and surrounds the core. It is believed that it is still in molten condition.

The inner core is also called ‘Nife’ because it consists of Nickel and iron. Its thickness is about 1,228 km. It is very hard in nature.

Essay # 3. Motions of the Earth :

The earth is held in space by combined gravitational attraction of sun and other heavenly bodies and has motions that are controlled by them.

The two principal motions of earth are:

1. Rotation of earth about its axis

2. Revolution of earth around sun

(i) Rotation :

The earth rotates upon an imaginary axis, which owing to the polar flattening is the shortest diameter. The earth rotates from west to east (in anti-clockwise direction) and it takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. During this period most of the places on the sphere are turned alternately towards and away from the sun, have experienced a period of light and darkness.

This causes day and night. This unit of time is called solar day. The direction of rotation (west to east) not only determines the direction in which the sun and stars rise but is also responsible for the direction of prevailing winds and ocean currents.

Importance of earth’s rotation :

The effects of the earth’s rotation are of great importance to the environment. The rotation indirectly accounts for the diurnal changes in weather such as warming up during daytime and cooling down at night. Thus the rotation affects diurnal rhythm, day light, air temperature, air humidity and air motion. Plants and animals respond to this diurnal rhythm. Green plants store energy during day and consume some part of heat during night.

Rotation of earth turns both air and water in one direction. The flow of air and water are turned towards right in the northern hemisphere towards left in the southern hemisphere. This phenomenon is called the coriolis effect. It is of great importance in studying the earth’s systems of winds and ocean currents.

(ii) Revolution :

The path of the earth around the sun is called orbit and the rotating earth revolves in a slightly elliptical orbit about the sun from which it keeps an average distance of 150 million km.

The time required for the earth to pass one complete orbit fixes the length of the year and this journey takes a few minutes less than 365 1/4 days (365.242 solar days). Earth revolves around the sun in anticlockwise direction. The rate of earth’s revolution is more than 1,06,260 km/hour.

Importance of revolution :

The rotation and revolution of earth are of great significance in meteorology. The rotation indirectly accounts for the diurnal changes in weather such as warming up during daytime and cooling down at night. Seasonal changes are dependent on the revolution of earth. When the earth is at perihelion (January 3), the sun is close to the earth, as a result greater intensity of solar radiation is received at the earth surface.

This position occurs during winter season. When the earth is at aphelion, the earth is farthest from sun, as a result the heat received at the earth surface is less. This occurs during summer season (July 4). However, the distance between sun and earth varies only about 3 per cent during one revolution.

As the earth moves forward in its orbit, its axis remains inclined at 23 1/2° from the perpendicular to the plane of the earth’s orbit. This tilt of 23 1/2° does not change throughout the year as the earth revolves around the sun.

It causes the change in seasons regularly through spring, summer, autumn and winter because of the inclination of the earth’s axis, constant direction of tilt of that axis and revolution of the earth around the sun.

Sidereal day :

The true rotation time is called sidereal day. It is denoted by ‘S’.

The number of hours, minutes and seconds in a sidereal day are given below:

Lengths of the day :

Earth receives solar radiation from the sun during day time. Day length can be defined as the total time between sunrise and sunset. Length of the day is partly controlled by the latitude of the earth and partly by the season of the year. The day length at the equator is about. 12 hours throughout the year, whereas at the poles it varies between 0 and 21 hours from winter to summer.

Solar radiation received at any location of the earth depends upon the day length. Maximum amount of solar radiation is received in the higher latitude during summer solstice because it is period of continuous day.

The amount of solar radiation received during the December solstice in southern hemisphere is theoretically greater than that received in the northern hemisphere during the June solstice. The equator has two radiation maxima at the equinoxes and two minima at the solstices.

Length of the day plays an important role in the life cycle of the crop plants. In fact, day length indicates the photoperiod available for the growth of the crop plants. Every plant requires different photoperiod for the initiation of flowering. On the basis of day length, plants can be divided into different categories. The plants which require less than 10 hours day length, are called short day plants.

If the requirement of the plants is greater than 14 hours day length, then these are called long day plants. In between these two types, there are intermediate plants, which require photoperiod of 12 – 14 hours. However, the plants which are not affected by day length, are called day neutral plants.

Essay # 4. Movement of the Earth:

Many changes on the crust of the earth can be seen as a result of the works of internal forces in the earth’s interior. The works of internal forces are generally called earth movement. Sometimes, the earth movement may be very very slow and sometimes it may be sudden.

It is believed that originally the landmasses were united together in the form of a great landmass known as Pangaea. In course of time the Pangaea had broken into several pieces and drifted into different directions. The drifting is called Continental Drift and the theory was propounded by Alfred Wagner. The northern part of the landmass was known as Laurasia.

Eventually it had broken down to form North America, Europe and Asia. About 120 million years ago, the southern part of India, East Africa, Madagascar, Australia, South Africa, South America and the Antarctica were together and formed the single landmass known as ‘Gondwana land’. The ‘Gondwana land’ started breaking into several pieces and India took its present shape about 60 million years ago.

During the last million years, the Himalayas had risen to its present height due to earth movements. Similarly, it has been proved that the Aravallies and the Vindhyas in the middle of India were once at the bottom of the sea.

The forested areas near Bombay harbour, the Mahabalipuram temple in the sea, submergence of a vast area of nearly 5000 sq km in the Runn of Kutch during 1819 and a land of about 1500 sq km raised to a height of several metres, are some of the results of the earth movement.

The earth movements which bring about vast changes are called Tectonic movements. It has been already mentioned that earth movements may be very slow and sudden.

Slow Movements :

The slow movements of the earth’s crust are due to various chemical and physical reactions that take place at the earth’s interior. The movement may be so slow that its result may not be seen on the surface during 100 to 200 years.

The raising of the eastern coastal plain up to a height of 15-30 metres, the existence of coal beds below the sea level in the Sundarban Delta, the existence of a forest near the Bombay harbour and submergence of a vast area in the Runn of Kutch are some of the Indian examples of slow earth movement.

A change in sea level in its advance or retreat with respect to adjacent land is relative to each other. When the sea advances to land, it is generally called a Positive Movement and the land advancing against the sea is known as Negative Movement.

On the basis of the structural changes that are caused by the tectonic movement, the earth movements may be grouped into two classes:

(i) Vertical or Epeirogenic Movement

(ii) Horizontal or Orogenic Movement.

Vertical Movement :

Due to earth movement some parts of earth surface may be raised or sunk with respect to the surrounding areas. This type of movement is known as Vertical Movement. When a part of the earth’s crust is raised in relation to its surrounding area, it is known as uplift. In the same way when a portion is sunk in relation to its surrounding areas, it is called subsidence.

Earth movement of this type, when takes place over extensive area generally leads to the building up of continents and Plateaus. That is why, this type of movement is also known as Epeirogenic movement or Continent building movement. As a result of their movement, the horizontal arrangement of the earth’s crust remains almost undisturbed.

Millions of years ago there used to be a continent where we find Atlantic Ocean today. In the beginning of the earth’s history such movements had been more frequent and the present-day arrangement of the continents might have been the result of this movement.

Horizontal Movement :

The forces of horizontal movement affect tangentially. It involves both the forces of compression and tension. These two types of movements are related to each other. Compression in one part of the crust is bound to produce tension at another place. The compression leads to the bending of horizontal layers into a shape known as fold.

The tension is responsible for breaking of rock layers with subsequent sliding or displacement. It is known as fault. The processes of making folds and faults are known as folding and faulting.

When two horizontal forces act towards a common point from opposite directions folding takes place. Deep within the earth, this force tends to cause bending of rock strata. Like seawaves, rocks are thrown into upfolds and downfolds. The upfolds are called anticlines and the downfolds are known as synclines.

When two forces act horizontally in opposite directions from a common point, it generates tension and the process is known as faulting. As a result, the rocks break along a line which is known as fault line. The faulted rocks may be thrown upwards or slided downwards.

The mountains over the surface of the earth owe their origin to the process of folding and faulting. That is why, the horizontal movement is also known as orogenic or mountain building movement. The Himalayas on the northern border of India, the Alps of Europe, the Rockies of the North America and the Andes of South America are some of the newly folded mountain ranges of the world.

Aravallies, Ural, Tiensan and Appalachia are some of the old folded mountains of the world. Similarly, the Black Forest of Germany, the Voges of France, the Vindhyas and the Satpura of India are some of the examples of fault or block mountains of the world.

Plate Tectonics :

Plate tectonics is the most modern theory about the formation of folded mountains. According to this theory, the world has been divided into six major plates and several smaller plates. Each of the plates is composed of crust up to a depth of 100 km from the surface of the earth.

Due to the forces at the earth’s interior, these plates are moving in different directions. As a result of rubbing of the two plates, the folded mountains have been formed at the edges of the plates.

The six major plates are:

(1) Pacific Plate

(2) North American Plate

(3) South American Plate

(4) African Plate

(5) Eurasian Plate

(6) Indo-Australian Plate.

The smaller plates are:

(a) China Plate

(d) Nazca Plate

(c) Cocos Plate

(b) Antarctic Plate

(e) Caribbean Plate

Where plates separate and new ocean floor is created, mid-ocean ridges are the boundaries. The plates are rigid. Their boundaries are marked by earthquakes and often by volcanoes. Where plates collide and overlap, young mountains, arcs and trenches are the boundaries.

Sudden Movement :

Sudden movement of the earth crust can be noticed during earthquake. Some parts of the land surface of New Zealand were raised by about 3 metres during the earthquake of 1885. Similarly, some areas of Japan sank by about 6 metres during 1891 earthquake. Recently, during the earthquake of 1950, the bed of the Brahmaputra River had been raised leading to various changes in the valley.

Essay # 5. Interior of the Earth :

To know exactly about the interior of the earth is more difficult than that of taking photograph of other planets with the help of satellites or by walking on the surface of the moon. It has not been possible till today to collect direct evidences about the structure of the earth.

However, geographers and geologists have collected indirect evidences about the structures and composition. On the average, the radius from the centre to the surface of the earth is 6320 km but, the deepest mine in the world in South Africa is about only 4 km deep and man could dig up to a maximum depth of 6 km in search of oil.

In other words, man has been able to get direct evidences about the structure and composition of the earth’s interior up-to a depth not more than 5 to 6 km from the surface.

The knowledge beyond this limit is based primarily on indirect scientific evidences. The indirect evidences are based on temperature and pressure inside the earth, density of materials and behaviour of earthquake waves. Still uncertainty persists. On the basis of the different scientific observations it has been concluded that there exists different layers inside the earth.

Temperature and Pressure of the Earth’s Interior :

The hot and molten lava, ash, smoke that come out at the time of volcanic eruption as well as the hot water springs are some of the evidences which confirm that interior of the earth is having a very high temperature. It has been found from mining operations also that the temperature increases at the average rate of 1°C per 32 metres depth.

At this rate of increase of temperature, the rocks at great depth of the earth’s interior should be in molten state. Actually, this was the view earlier that the crust of the earth is floating on a massive molten materials.

But, the study of earthquake waves has indicated that the temperature does not increase uniformly from the surface to the centre of the earth. The rate of increase in temperature is not uniform. Scientists also have proved that the main reasons of increase in temperature are the fusion of radio-active materials and other chemical reactions. The tremendous pressure from the overlaying materials makes the melting point higher.

On the basis of this, in upper 100 km, increase of temperature is estimated to be 12°C per km; in the next 300 km it is 2°C per km and below it 1°C per km. At this rate the temperature at the core of the earth is estimated to be 6000°C.

At this temperature, the materials in the central part of the earth’s interior should have been at gaseous state but due to tremendous pressure from the outer layers, the materials assume liquid properties and acquire properties of solid or plastic state. Therefore, the earth behaves mostly as solid down to a depth of 2900 km because of tremendous pressure.

Density and Composition of the Earth’s Interior :

By studying the speed and path of earthquake waves, temperature and pressure conditions inside the earth, scientists are of the opinion that the physical properties, density and composition of the materials are different at varying depths. The structure of the earth is therefore layered. The earth consists of three layers, one inside the other like an onion. They are the crust, the mantle and the core.

The topmost layer of the earth is solid, the thinnest, and the lightest and is known as Lithosphere. The lithosphere has again two layers-outer part immediately below the newer sedimentary formation, popularly known as crust and the inner part of greater strength. The crust of the earth is composed of sedimentary and granitic rocks.

The inner layer of lithosphere has basaltic and ultra-basic rocks. While the outer layer of lithosphere is found mainly under continents, the inner layer is found partly under oceans. The average density of lithosphere is 2.65 to 2.90. ‘Silica’ and ‘Aluminium’ are abundant. Therefore, it is popularly known as SIAL (Silica + Aluminium). The average thickness is 8 to 100 km.

Below this top layer is the layer of basalt rock which is heavier than the topmost layer. The density varies from 3.1 to 5.00. It assumes the properties of solid and partly plastic materials. The average thickness of this layer is 100 to 2900 km. In this layer, Silica and Magnesium elements predominate and it is popularly known as SIMA (Silica + Magnesium).

The SIMA also has two layers—Inner silicate layer at the top with average thickness of 100 to 1700 km and Transitional zone of mixed metals and silicates with an average thickness of 1700 to 2900 km. These two SIMA layers are also known as MANTLE. The surface that separates crust and mantle is known as Mohorovicic Discontinuity or simply MOHO.

Finally, the innermost layer exists at the central core of the earth with density 5.1 to 13.00. It is composed of the heaviest mineral materials. This central mass is mainly made of ‘nickel’ and ‘iron’ therefore known as NIFE (Nickel + Ferrous). The core contains 1/3 of the entire mass of the earth.

The materials of this part may be in liquid, plastic or even solid state due to tremendous pressure from above. It has also two layers-outer metallic core with average thickness of 2900 to 4980 km and inner metallic core between 4980 to 6400 km. The inner metallic core is also known as Barysphere (Fig. 2.4).

The three layers of the earth have been called by different geologists in different manners. German scientist Gracht called them SIAL, SIMA and NIFE. Jeffrey called them as Top, Middle and Lower layers while Professor Holmes called them the Crust, the Substratum and the Core. The relationship has been mentioned in Table 2.2.

From Table 2.2, it can be estimated that crust of the earth forms less than 1 per cent; mantle 16 per cent and 83 per cent makes the core. The earth being a spherical body has materials of varying densities at varying depths.

Materials of the Earth’s Crust :

The word ‘Lithosphere’ means a sphere of rocks. The upper portion of lithosphere is referred to as the crust of the earth. Down to depth of nearly 16 km from the surface under the continents, 95 per cent of the materials that form the crust consist of rocks and the rest 5 per cent minerals.

The term rock refers to hard masses of earth’s crust as well as loose and soft particles like sand and clay. The rocks are formed of the mixture of various minerals. All rocks do not have same chemical composition and structure.

But, every mineral has its own chemical composition and physical properties. The minerals generally occur in the form of crystals. The rocks and minerals are generally composed of certain chemical elements like oxygen, silica, aluminium, iron and calcium, etc.

Each mineral usually contains two or more simple substances called elements. There are about 2000 minerals but only 12 are common all over the earth. These 12 minerals are basically responsible for the formation of rocks.

Mineral may be defined as a naturally occurring non-living solid substance possessing certain physical properties and definite chemical composition. The minerals may be either elements or compounds and also metallic or non-metallic.

The most abundant elements in nature are silicates, carbonates, chlorides, sulphates and oxides. As much as 87 per cent of the minerals of the earth’s crust are silicates and 59 per cent of the rocks are formed of the minerals of silica group.

The distribution of minerals in the earth’s crust is as follows (Table 2.3):

Minerals are of two types -Rock forming and Ore forming:

It is one of the most abundantly available minerals in earth’s crust. It has two elements— Silicon and Oxygen. They unite together to form a compound, known as carbonate of lime. It is transparent in its pure state. However, quartz may be of different colours when it is mixed up with other elements. Its hardness is 7, specific gravity 2.65. Quartz is hexagonal and its structure is SiO 2 (Silicon dioxide).

Feldspar is one of the important elements of rock and nearly 50 per cent of the earth’s crust is composed of feldspar. It is made of silicates of aluminium, potassium, sodium, calcium and oxygen. Feldspar is of two types—Orthoclase and Plagioclase.

Orthoclase has specific gravity of 2.57, its hardness is 6 and structure is Ca 2 SiO 4 (Calcium Silicate). The specific gravity of plagioclase feldspar is 2.60 to 2.74, hardness is 6 to 6.5 and the structural formula is Na 2 OAl 2 O 6 SiO 2 (Sodium Aluminium Silicate) and CaOAl 2 O 3 2SiO 2 (Calcium Aluminium Silicate).

Mica is formed of the elements of hydrogen, potassium, aluminium, magnesium, iron and silicon. Mica is of two types—Black Biotite and White Muscovite. Mica is found in thin sheets.

Its hardness is 2.5 to 3, specific gravity is 2.70 to 3 and the structural formulae are:

Black Biotite – (AlFe) 2 (MgFe) (HK) 2 (SiO 4 ) 3

White Muscovite – K 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2 2H 2 O. (Potassium Aluminium Silicate)

Calcite is formed of the chemical composition of calcium, magnesium, carbon dioxide and oxygen. It is white in colour, it may take other colour also. Its hardness is 3, specific gravity 2.70 and structural formula is CaCO 3 (Calcium Carbonate).

Magnetite :

It is composed of Silicon, Iron and Oxygen. Its hardness is from 5.5 to 6.5 and specific gravity is 5.19. Magnetite is not transparent and chemical formula is Fe 3 O 4 (Ferros Ferric Oxide).

Haematite :

Haematite is also made up of Iron and Oxygen. Its hardness is 5.5 to 6.5, specific gravity is 4.9 to 5.3 and structural formula is Fe 2 O 3 (Ferric Oxide).

Graphite is another mineral made of carbon. Its hardness is 1.5 to 2, specific gravity is 2.15 and structural formula is C (Carbon).

In addition to the above, there are many other rock and ore forming minerals. The minerals that form with oxygen are called oxides. Quartz, Magnetite, Limonite (2Fe 2 O 3 ) 3 , (Ferric Oxide), Cromite (FeOCr 2 O 3 ), Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) belong to oxide group.

The minerals that form of Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen are called carbonates. Calcite (CaCO 3 ) (Calcium Carbonate), Dolomite (CaMg) (Calcium Magnesium), Cidarite (FeCO 3 ) (Ferrous Carbonate) ‘etc.’ belong to this group. Mineral salt (NaCl) belong to chloride group and Gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) (Hydrated Calcium Sulphate) are of sulphate group.

The minerals that have only one element are known as Native Minerals, Gold, Silver, Lead, Copper, etc., belong to this group.

The Rocks :

In terms of origin, the rocks can be classified into two main varieties, namely, Igneous rocks and Sedimentary rocks. But when these rocks are subjected to prolonged fluctuations of temperature and pressure, they are transformed to a new variety which is termed as metamorphic rocks.

Essay # 6. Theories of the Earth:

There are several hypotheses about the origin of the universe and the earth. In 1755, German philosopher Immanuel Kant put forward a theory that a spherical mass of gas called Nebula was rotating and its size was like that of the sun.

Due to rotation and cooling through radiation, the outer portion became denser and rings were thrown out. In course of time, these rings condensed into planets while the remnant continues as the sun (Table 2.1).

In 1796, Laplace- a great French Mathematician supported the Nebular hypothesis. However, there are several criticisms against Laplace’s theory and the most important one is that rings cannot condense into planets.

Kelvin’s Nuclear clots Hypothesis and Chamberlin and Moulton’s Planetesimal Hypothesis are other two hypotheses relating to the origin of the earth. However, they also lack in certain aspects of acceptability.

Tidal Hypothesis :

Looking from different angles, the Tidal Hypothesis of Jean and Jeffreys – well-known scientist of England has been found to be more acceptable. According to this hypothesis, the sun was a big and extensive mass of gas moving in space. Once, another much larger star happened to come closer to the sun and due to gravitational pull of this star a tide occurred on the surface of the sun.

As a result, protuberances of material from the sun came out towards the approaching star and in course of time it gave birth to earth and other planets of the solar system (Fig. 2.1).

There are several points in favour of Jean and Jeffreys (Tidal Hypothesis):

(1) If the density of the sun increases from its surface towards the interior, it is quite natural that the protuberances come out from the surface like a filament having lesser density. Naturally, the protuberances produced by the passing star should have been thicker in the middle and thinner at both the ends. The arrangement of the planets in the solar system is also like a cigar-middle portion bigger and tapering towards the two ends.

When the passing star had gone far away, the filament has been broken into pieces and due to the gravitational force of the sun started rotating around the sun. The planets of bigger size in the middle and smaller size towards the two ends can be seen in Fig. 2.2. Mercury is the smallest and nearest to the sun, Jupiter, the largest is in the middle.

(2) The arrangement of the satellites of respective planet also confirms the validity of this hypothesis. Saturn, the second largest planet has the largest number of 18 satellites and Jupiter, the largest planet has 16 satellites. Uranus and Neptune have 17 and 8 satellites respectively.

(3) Lastly, on the basis of this hypothesis it can be seen that bigger planets remained in the gaseous state for a longer time and have helped in formation of more number of satellites than that of the smaller planets which condensed quickly and did not have scope for formation of satellites.

This hypothesis is also known as Hit and Run Hypothesis or Catastrophic Hypothesis or Tidal Action Hypothesis.

Tidal Disruption Theory :

The earth and planets and their satellites were all part of the sun or another sun like star at that time. There are many theories regarding the formation of the solar system and our earth. One is the tidal disruption theory by Jaans and Jeffereys. This theory states that in the beginning sun was hot and in a gaseous state.

A big star moved across, which caused the tidal disruption of hot gas and it left the sun with a revolving arm or a filament of hot gas, like a spiral nebula .The cooling of filament broke up the sun into masses which began to contract toward nuclei forming planets. The gaseous planets and their satellites continued to revolve as they did after the star passed away. Gradual cooling formed liquids and final solids.

The more volatile material of the earth remained in the gaseous state and formed our atmosphere, originally much deeper and of a higher temperature than now. As the atmosphere cooled, the water vapour condensed and formed clouds. As cooling continued, rain fell and oceans formed.

Steady State Theory:

Another theory which can be considered as alternative to the Big Bang Theory is the Steady State Theory. It is propounded by Hoyle. Here, Hoyle propounded that the Universe remained of the same size at any given point of time. However, this theory has been discarded after evidences of expanding universe.

Big Bang Theory :

Another recent and most convincing proposition regarding the origin of the universe including the planet earth is the Big Bang Theory or Expanding Universe Theory. Eduin Hubble provided evidence of expanding universe in 1920. The theory assumes that the universe began from huge mass of atoms called primeval atoms or cosmic eggs having a state of infinite density.

The universe initiated its origin 15 million years ago when a dense mass of material exploded in the so-called big bang. The explosion sent all of the materials of the universe outward in a cosmos that is still expanding. All of the galaxies, planets, asteroids, and other bodies in the universe were formed from the gas and dust of this extraordinary explosion.

This theory was put forward by an astronomer cum priest named George Lamaitre in 1927. It is felt that the expansion of the universe will continue for a long time. After that perhaps the expansion will slow down. At any point of time, if similar condition prevails the stimeval atoms may become active again and another explosion (big bang) may take place.

Although many scientists contributed to the development of this theory, it was George Gamow who coined the term Big Bang in 1946. Gamow with RA Alpher envisaged a high temperature state in the beginning of the universe.

Evolution of the Earth and Life forms :

The evolution of the earth can be described as follows in terms of various stages. In the initial stages the earth was barren, rocky and hot. It had thin layers of hydrogen and helium. During the period of 4000 million years till now the earth had been through several processes and life evolved.

From the top of the atmosphere to the centre of the earth different density materials have formed different layers. The process of separating denser materials from the lighter materials is called differentiation. The present atmosphere contains water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and small quantity of oxygen. Plants are the major sources of oxygen on earth.

The oceans formed within 500 million years from the formation of the earth. Life began approximately 3000 million years ago. The process of photosynthesis began between 2500 and 3000 million years ago. The first life of the earth was confined to oceans in the form of small bacteria. The evolution of life from bacteria to modern man is shown by Geological Time Scale expressed in terms of Eons, Era, Period and Epoch.

Essay # 7. Numerical Facts about the Earth :

The earth is spherical in shape with a bulge at the middle and a slight flattening at the poles. The equatorial radius is 6374 km and the polar radius is 6357 km. The mean distance from the sun is 150 million km.

Continental Drift Theory :

The making of the continents began 200 million years ago (during the Persian period) with the split of gigantic landmass known as PANGEA. Two continents laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south were formed. Later on, these were sub divided into smaller parts approximately the shapes of Africa, Eurasia North and South America, Australia and Antarctica as we know today. This theory is known as continental drift theory.

Continents and Oceans of the World :

During Persian period, outer surface of the earth was broken into 10 major and a number of minor sections called plates. It is on these plates that continents rest. The rifts between the plates were filled with molten material from the mantle pushing the plates to either side and farther and farther as the material continued to seep through. Since this material was heavier, it levelled off below sea level forming ocean floors as water from the pacific flowed in.

A continent is a large, continuous area of land on the earth. All continents together constitute less than one-third of the earth’s surface, more than two-third of the earth’s surface are covered with water. Two third of the continental land mass is located in the northern hemisphere.

There is no standard definition for the number of continents in the world. By most standards, there are a maximum of seven continents Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, north America and south America. In Europe, many students are taught about six continents, where north and south America are considered to form one America.

Many geographers and scientists now refer to six continents, where Europe and Asia are combined, called Eurasia, because they are one solid land mass. By the definition of a continent as a large continuous area of land, the pacific islands of Oceania are not a continent, but one could say, they belong to a continent e.g. Oceania is sometimes associated with the continent of Australia.

Essay # 8. Energy Intercepted by the Earth :

Radius of the earth = r

Area of the earth = π r 2

Solar constant = S

Total energy intercepted by the earth in unit time = π r 2 S

= 6.37 x 10 21 cal day -1

Surface area of the earth = 4 π r 2

If this energy is spread uniformly over the full surface of earth, then the energy received per unit area per unit time (Q S ) can be given as follows:

But the distribution of solar radiation over the earth surface is not uniform, annual value at the equator is 2.4 times that at the poles. Incident solar energy at the surface depends upon geographic location, orientation of the surface, time of the day, time of the year and atmospheric conditions i.e. clear, cloudy, foggy etc..

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Essay on Earth for Students & Children in English [Easy Words]

January 4, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Earth: Existence of Earth can be counted from many millions of years ago. Almost 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water bodies like oceans, seas and large rivers. The land composition is only about 30%. Earth is the third planet and moves around the Sun in orbit. The only planet having life-forms on it is Earth. The equatorial diameter of Earth is 12,756 km.

Essay on Earth 200 Words in English

Below we have provided Mother Earth Essay in English, suitable for class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8.

The Earth is the third closest planet to the sun and is a part of seven other planets in the solar system . It is also the fifth most massive planet in the system and is said to have been formed over 4 billion years ago. As far as we are aware, no other celestial object in the solar system apart from Earth can bear life. This is because around three-fourths of the planet’s surface is covered by water.

Because of this, it is also known as ‘The Blue Planet’ or ‘The Blue Marble’. The water on Earth allows for the nourishment of plant and animal life. Millions of species reside on our planet, with the population of humans specifically being over 7 billion people. The Earth provides us with multitudes of natural resources like oil, metals, precious stones and minerals. However, these resources are limited, and humans should be careful to conserve these resources.

And yet Earth’s natural resources are depleting rapidly. They are being used in a manner that is harmful to the health of everything on the planet. Due to human greed, Earth’s pollution levels are increasing at a dramatic pace. The safety of the Earth is a significant risk due to polluted waters that kill aquatic life and the holes in the ozone layer that protect us from the sun’s harmful rays. The Earth is our only home, and we must put forward all our efforts to preserve it.

10 Lines Essay on Earth in English

• Earth is one of the eight planets that are part of the solar system, which means it revolves around the sun.
• As far as we are aware, Earth is the only planet with life on it in the entire solar system.
• The Earth is said to have been formed over 4 billion years ago and is the fifth largest planet in the system.
• Around three-fourths of the planet’s surface is covered by water, which is why it is also known as ‘The Blue Planet’ or ‘The Blue Marble’.
• Many people debate whether the Earth is flat or round- it is actually a spheroid, which means it is flat on the top and bottom and round on the sides, like an orange.
• Millions of species reside on the earth, with the population of humans specifically being over 7 billion people.
• The Earth provides us with multitudes of natural resources like oil, metals, precious stones and minerals.
• However, these resources are limited, and humans should be careful to conserve these resources.
• Due to human greed for success and power, the Earth’s pollution levels are increasing at a dramatic pace, and the safety of the planet is at major risk.
• The Earth is our only home, and we must put forward all our efforts to preserve it.

Essay on Earth

Earth is the planet where we live. It is the third planet among the eight planets of Sun and fifth largest among them. It is the only planet where human and other species can live. Essential substances like air, water and land supports life on earth.

Like other planets earth also moves around the Sun in a fixed way called orbit. It takes 364 days and 6 hours to complete a round around the Sun. Which we count as a year.

Earth is made up of three layers that is core, mantle and crust. The center is called Core which generally very hot. The outer layer is call crust and in between core and crust, the middle part is known as mantle. We live on outer layer which is made of rocks.

Along with human earth is home to millions of species and plants. The presence of water on the surface of the earth and air in the atmosphere makes life possible here. As only livable planet of the sun we should respect and protect our earth from our wrong practices.

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Essay On Earth – 10 Lines, Short And Long Essay For Kids

• Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Earth For Lower Primary Classes
• 5 Lines On The Earth For Children
• 10 Lines On The Earth For Kids
• A Paragraph On Earth For Children
• Short Essay On Earth In English For Kids
• Long Essay On Earth In English For Children

Amazing Facts About Earth For Kids

• What Will Your Child Learn From The Essay On Earth?

The Earth plays a vital role in our lives. It provides us with habitat, water, food, etc. The Earth came into existence millions of years ago, and there have been billions of animals and humans that have walked the same Earth as we do now. The Earth is home to over 5 million species of plants and animals, most of which have still not been identified or recorded. Essay on Earth in English is a common subject in schools as it is an important topic for children to think about and discuss. The Earth can be studied and written about in many different ways; you can write about it in terms of climate change, species, land formation, water composition and even the formation of the solar system and Earth’s position in it. The possibilities are endless! Here, we will discuss essay on Earth for class 1, 2 & 3 for kids.

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Earth For Lower Primary Classes 

Essay writing is an important skill that children must excel at as it helps them in life. Making their foundations strong helps to develop their skills and focus on improving the content of their essays. While writing essays, there are a few key points that one must remember –

• The language must be simple and comprehensible. 
• Teach words and sentences that your child understands and will be able to write when not assisted. 
• Focus on the very basics, as this is for a lower primary class; children aren’t expected to write in detail.  
• A good place to start would be what the Earth means to us as humans. What the Earth provides us with.  
• Take care of the format of the essay. If in paragraph form, ensure that each paragraph is neither too short nor too long. 
• Be clear about the direction of the essay in the beginning to ensure consistency. 
• Keeping track of the word limit is key. 

5 Lines On The Earth For Children 

For young children, we will stick to the very basics in this form of the essay. We will note down five basic points about the Earth we live on. We will progressively increase the intensity.  

• The Earth orbits the Sun, which is the centre of our Solar System. 
• Earth is the 3rd planet in our Solar System out of eight in total. 
• It is the only planet which supports life. 
• It has both land and water bodies. 
• It has rivers, valleys, mountains, hills, forests, oceans, plains and beaches.  

10 Lines On The Earth For Kids 

Now that we have some basics laid down, we can start adding more details. If we closely observe the essay lines above, we can see the flow of information. We start off with the position of the Earth in the Solar System and then come down to the geographical features of the Earth. Now, we can go into more detail for an essay for class 1 and 2.

Here’s how to describe Earth in a few lines –

• Our Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. 
• The Sun is the centre of the Solar System, with eight planets revolving around it. 
• Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun, and it has one Moon. 
• It is the only planet in our Solar System which is suitable for sustaining life. 
• The composition of the Earth’s surface is 70% water and only 30% land. 
• Water bodies such as oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers and seas make up 70% of the water content on Earth. 
• Landforms such as mountains, hills, plateaus and plains are the four major types of land we see on Earth. 
• The water bodies are home to aquatic animals such as fishes of different species and mammals, crustaceans, reptiles and more.
• Landforms are home to plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates such as lizards, elephants, eagles, sunflowers, and of course, us humans! 
• The Earth provides land and aquatic animals with food, water and shelter. We would not have existed without the Earth! 

A Paragraph On Earth For Children 

Now that we are comfortable with writing essays (information) in a numeric form, we can move along to writing essays in paragraph form. Below is a short paragraph on Earth.

Millions of years ago, the Earth was formed in one small corner of the galaxy named the Milky Way. The Big Bang caused the formation of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, and other bodies, such as dwarf planets (Pluto!). The Earth is the only planet in our Solar System which could sustain life. This is due to its strategic position; it is not too close to the Sun, nor is it too far away from the Sun. This, coupled with the right elements, allowed landforms and water bodies to form. This, in turn, supported the evolution of life on Earth. Indeed, the Earth is one of a kind! 

Short Essay On Earth In English For Kids 

Moving on to a slightly longer form of essay, we can start adding in more information and maybe even add paragraphs. Since you have limited words, be choosy about what you wish to write and what you wish to omit. Below is an essay for class 1, 2 and 3 on Earth.

The Milky Way galaxy is home to many stars, planets and planetary systems. One such planetary system is our Solar System. Our Solar System has eight planets, of which Earth is the fourth. The Earth rotates on its axis, which causes days and nights. It also revolves around the Sun in a fixed orbit, which causes the change in seasons.

The strategic position and movement of the Earth support the millions of species of plants and animals that inhabit it. The right elements and external forces allowed the formation of land and water bodies which provide homes and nutrients to the millions of species on the planet.

Water bodies such as oceans, rivers and lakes are homes to aquatic animals like fishes, whales and sea horses. Landforms are home to plants, animals and insects. However, in more recent times, we humans have been overusing our resources as well as polluting the environment, which is negatively affecting the planet and our co-habitants. We must strive to save the planet now before it is too late. 

Long Essay On Earth In English For Children 

Lastly, we will discuss and look at long-form essay for class 3. Since we have more words to play with, we can start going in-depth and look at specific topics. We can also add sub-heads and paragraph breaks. We will first start with an introduction, followed by the subheads.

The Earth is unique. It is indeed one of a kind. When the Big Bang occurred, the right elements, temperature and pressure (among other factors) created the Earth. Subsequently, the topography and the organisms emerged. Years of evolution have brought us to today, where we can study and understand not only the Earth but also other planets and galaxies.  

What Is Earth? 

The word ‘Earth’ is a Germanic word which simply means “the ground.” Earth is the only planet known that homes and nurtures living organisms such as ourselves. It is the fifth largest planet in our Solar System. It is also the only planet which has water on its surface. About 71% of the Earth’s surface is water, while the remaining 29% is land. It has one natural satellite, the Moon. 

Origin Of The Planet Earth 

The beginning of our Universe was the Big Bang. It was too hot, but it slowly cooled down. Different particles started bumping into each other, eventually forming common elements. Our solar system was formed roughly 8.7 years after the Big Bang. All solar systems begin in the same way – from Nebulas. Collapsing of dust and gas molecules within the nebulae causes the formation of planets and stars. The gravitational pull comes into action here and pulls the gas molecules and dust particles together. As these particles increase in size, the attraction between the molecules increases. This eventually forms a planet. However, the planet was still too hot to sustain life. Eventually, the planet began cooling down. The oceans are where the origin of life occurred. Slowly, evolution caused organisms to move onto land too. Over millions of years, the Earth has gone through many cycles of heating up and cooling down. This has resulted in mass extinctions and the wipeout of civilizations and organisms. However, planet Earth has managed to give birth to new organisms and help them evolve every single time. 

Different Layers Of The Earth 

The Earth is made up of three layers – The Crust, The Mantle and The Core 

1. The Crust  

This is the outer-most part of the Earth. It is mostly made up of solid rock and minerals. It is about 40km in thickness and is only 1% of the Earth’s mass. However, this part of the Earth harbours all known life in the Universe.  

2. The Mantle 

This is the middle part of the Earth. It is about 2900kms in thickness, and it consists of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich solid rock. The Crust and the Mantle make up the lithosphere, which is broken into plates, both large and small.  

3. The Core 

The core is the innermost part of the Earth. It is further divided into two parts – the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The temperatures here can rise upwards of 50,000 C.  

Motion Of The Earth 

The Earth has mainly two motions – Rotation and Revolution.  

1. Rotation

The Earth rotates on its axis in a clockwise motion. It takes the Earth 23.9 hours to complete one rotation on its axis. The rotation of the Earth causes the change in day and night. 

2. Revolution

The Earth revolves around the Sun in a fixed orbit in an anticlockwise direction. It takes the Earth 365 days, 6 hours, and 9 minutes to complete one rotation around the Sun. The revolution of the Earth causes the change in seasons.  

How Can We Protect The Mother Earth? 

There are many ways we can protect our Earth. Some ways are: 

• Be conscious about overusing and overexploiting resources. 
• Conserve energy, both fuel and electricity. 
• Do not pollute your surroundings, especially with plastic. 
• Remember the 3Rs – Reuse, Recycle and Reduce. 
• Strive to conserve your local flora and fauna.  

Below are something amazing facts about our Earth for kids:

• The name ‘Earth’ comes from the old English and Germanic words that mean ‘the ground’.  
• The Earth orbits around the sun at a whopping speed of 30 kilometres per second!  
• The Earth’s diameter is 12,800 kilometres, making it the 5 th largest planet in our solar system.  
• The Earth is the only planet known to support life. The availability of abundant oxygen and water makes this possible.  
• Due to the Moon slowing down Earth’s rotation, the days on Earth are, in fact, getting longer!  

What Will Your Child Learn From The Essay On Earth? 

Your child will learn a lot about our planet, its origins, its movements, etc. The essay on planet earth will also help your child learn how to write a good composition with perfect techniques. This article takes you through essay writing in a step-by-step manner.

1. Why Planet Earth Is Called A Blue Planet? 

Planet Earth is called the Blue Planet because 71% of its surface is covered with water. 

2. When Is World Earth Day Celebrated? 

World Earth Day is celebrated on 22nd April every year.  

Essay On The Sun for Kids Save The Earth Essay for Lower Primary Class Children 10 Lines, Short and Long Essay on Environment for Kids

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Essay on Our World

Students are often asked to write an essay on Our World in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Our World

What is our world.

Our world is the place where we live. It is a big ball floating in space. It has land, water, air, and many kinds of plants and animals. People live all over the world in different countries.

The Land and Seas

The world has seven big pieces of land called continents. Between these lands are oceans. The land has mountains, valleys, and flat areas. The seas are deep and full of fish and other sea creatures.

Weather and Climate

Our world has different kinds of weather. Some places are hot, some are cold. Rain, snow, and sunshine happen because of the weather. Climate is what the weather is like over a long time.

People and Cultures

Many people live on Earth. They speak different languages and have different traditions. This is called culture. People eat different foods, wear different clothes, and celebrate different festivals.

Animals and Plants

250 words essay on our world, our beautiful planet.

Our world is a wonderful place. It is full of different lands, waters, and skies. The Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only place we know that has life. It has seven big land parts called continents and five large water parts called oceans.

The Variety of Life

Many types of living things call Earth their home. From tiny bugs to huge whales, life is everywhere. Trees and plants grow in many places and help make the air we breathe. Animals live on land, in water, and in the air. People live all over the world in cities, towns, and villages.

The Changing Seasons

Our world has seasons because our planet tilts as it goes around the sun. Some places have four seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter. Each season has its own kind of weather and changes in nature. In spring, flowers bloom. Summer brings warmth and sunshine. Fall makes leaves change color. Winter covers many places with snow.

Our Shared Home

Earth is a shared home for all of us. We must take care of it. This means not littering, recycling, and saving water. Everyone can help, even kids. By taking care of our world, we make sure it stays beautiful and safe for all living things, including us, for a very long time.

500 Words Essay on Our World

Our world is a wonderful place filled with all sorts of amazing things. It’s like a giant home that we all share with people, animals, plants, and many other living things. The world has different parts, like the land where we walk and build houses, the sky where birds fly and clouds float, and the oceans that have fish and other sea creatures.

The Blue Oceans

Our planet is mostly covered by water, which is why it looks blue from space. The oceans are home to thousands of creatures, from tiny fish to huge whales. The water in the oceans also helps to keep our world’s climate just right, so it’s not too hot or too cold. We also use the oceans to travel from one place to another and to find food.

The Sky Above Us

When we look up, we see the sky. During the day, it’s bright because of the sun, which gives us light and warmth. At night, the sky changes and becomes dark, but it’s still beautiful with the moon and stars. The sky also gives us weather, which can be sunny, rainy, or snowy.

Living Things

Taking care of our world.

It’s important to take care of our world because it’s the only one we have. We need to make sure that we don’t harm the environment. This means not polluting the air and water, and not cutting down too many trees. We should also try to use less energy by doing simple things like turning off lights when we’re not using them.

Learning and Exploring

There’s so much to learn about our world. By reading books, going to school, and talking to different people, we can learn about other cultures and places. Exploring can be as simple as visiting a park near your home or as big as traveling to another country.

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Essay on Nature for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Nature Essay: Nature is an integral part of our lives. But even while we appreciate the blessings she bestows on us, we forget that we are plundering her treasures and thereby denying our children the pleasure of enjoying nature in all her abundance and variety.

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Find very simple and easy to understand essay on nature. Bring some creativity in the education of your lovely kids, children and students who are studying in nursery, KG, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Nature is the most important thing for our life and our kids should know about this. So motivate their learning through following nature essay.

Long and Short Essay on Nature in English

Nature essay in 100 words.

We live on the most beautiful planet, Earth which has very clean and attractive nature full of greenery. Nature is our best friend which provides us all the resources to live here. It gives us water to drink, pure air to breathe, food to eat, land to stay, animals, plants for our other uses, etc for our betterment. We should fully enjoy the nature without disturbing its ecological balance. We should care our nature, make it peaceful, keep it clean and prevent it from the destruction so that we can enjoy our nature forever. Nature is a most precious gift given by the God to us to enjoy but not to harm.

Nature Essay in 150 words

Nature is the most beautiful and attractive surrounding around us which make us happy and provide us natural environment to live healthy. Our nature provides us variety of beautiful flowers, attractive birds, animals, green plants, blue sky, land, running rivers, sea, forests, air, mountains, valleys, hills and many more things. Our God has created a beautiful nature for the healthy living of us. All the things we use for our living are the assets of nature which we should not spoil and damage.

We should not destroy the originality of the nature and should not imbalance the ecosystem cycle. Our nature provides us beautiful environment to live and enjoy so it is our responsibility to keep it clean and away from all the damages. In the modern era, many selfish and bad activities of the human being have disturbed the nature to a great extent. But we all should try to maintain our nature’s beauty.

Nature Essay in 200 words

The nature is everything around us which surrounds us with beautiful environment. We see and enjoy it every moment. We observe natural changes in it, hear it and feel it everywhere. We should take full advantage of the nature and go out of home for the morning walk daily to breathe pure air and enjoy morning beauty of nature. All though the day it changes it beauty like in the morning when sun rises everything looks bright orange and then yellowish. In the evening when sun sets it again becomes dark orange and then light dark.

The nature has everything for us but we do not have anything for it even we are destroying its property day by day to just fulfill our selfish wishes. In the modern technological world lots of inventions are getting launched daily without its advantage and disadvantage to the nature. It is our responsibility to save the declining assets of our nature to make possible the existence of life forever on the earth. If we do not take any step towards nature conservation, we are keeping our future generations at danger. We should understood its worth and value and try to maintain its natural shape.

Nature Essay in 250 words

Nature is the most precious and valuable gift to us from the God to live our life here on the earth. Nature makes our life easy by providing all the required resources for daily living. We should thankful to our nature for helping, caring and nurturing us like a mother. We can enjoy the sweet sound and scenery of the nature if we peacefully sit in the early morning in the garden. Our nature is adorned with lots of scenic beauty which we can enjoy anytime. Earth has geographical beauty and known as the city of garden or heaven. But it is sad to say that such beautiful gifts of God are declining day by day due to the technological advancement and high level of ignorance of the human beings.

Nature is like our real mother which never harms us but always nourishes us. Walking in the lap of nature in the early morning makes us healthy and strong as well as keeps us away from many lethal diseases like diabetes, chronic heart diseases, high blood pressure, liver problem, digestive system ailments, infections, brain disease, etc. It is good for our health to hear the soft sound of the birds, rattle of the breeze, sound of running fresh air, sound of running water in the river, etc in the early morning. Most of the poets, writers and people used to of yoga and meditation are seen in the early morning in the garden to re-energize their body, mind and soul.

Nature Essay in 300 words

Nature is the most important and integral part of the lives of everyone. Everyone has been blessed with the true love of God in the form of beautiful nature. We should never miss the pleasure of enjoying the nature. Nature has been the most favourite topic of the works of many famous poets, writers, painters and artists. Nature is the beautiful creation of the God which he blessed to us as a precious gift. Nature is everything which surrounds us like water, air, land, sky, fire, river, forests, animals, birds, plants, sun, moon, stars, sea, lake, rain, thunder, storm, etc. Nature is very colourful and has both living and non-living things in its lap.

Everything in the nature has their own power and uniqueness provided by the God. It has its many forms which are changing by season to season and even from minute to minute such as sea looks bright blue in the morning but by noon it looks emerald green colour. Sky changes its colour all through the day from pale pink at sunrise, dazzling blue in late morning, bright orange in evening at sunset and purple by twilight. Our mood also gets changed according to the nature such as happy and hopeful at sun shine, rainy season and spring season. We feel heartily happy at moonlight and little bored and tired in high sun light.

Nature has some powerful transformative power which changes our mood and behaviour accordingly. Nature has power to recover the patients from their diseases if they are provided with the required and pleasant environment. Nature is very essential for our healthy life so we should keep it clean and conserve it for our future generations. We should cut trees and forests, should not despoil the ocean, rivers, should not make hole in ozone layer, should not increase green house effect, global warming and many more through our selfish activities. We should get fully aware about our nature and try our best to keep it natural so that it can nourish life on the earth forever.

Nature Essay in 400 words

Nature is the natural environment which surrounds us, cares us and nourishes us every moment. It provides us a protective layer around us to prevent from the damages. We are not able to survive on the earth without nature like air, land, water, fire and sky. Nature includes everything around us like plants, animals, river, forests, rain, lake, birds, sea, thunder, sun, moon, weather, atmosphere, mountain, desserts, hills, ice, etc. Every form of nature is very powerful which has ability to nourish as well as destroy us.

Now a day, everyone has less time to enjoy nature. In the increasing crowd we forgot to enjoy nature and improve health. We started using technological instruments for our health fitness. However it is very true that nature has power to nourish us and fit us forever. Most of the writers have described the real beauty and advantage of the nature in their writings. Nature has ability to make our mind tension free and cure our diseases. Because of technological advancement in the life of human being, our nature is declining gradually which needs a high level of awareness to keep it in balance and to conserve natural assets.

God has created everything very beautifully seeing which our eyes can never be tired. But we forgot that we too have some responsibility towards our nature to relationship between nature and human beings. How beautiful scenery it looks in morning with sunrise, songs of birds, sounds of lakes, rivers, air and happy gatherings of friends in the evening in garden after a long day of crush. But we forgot to enjoy the beauty of the nature in just fulfilling our duties towards our families.

Sometimes during our holidays we spend our whole day by watching TV, reading news paper, playing indoor games or on the computer but we forgot that outside the door we can do something interesting in the lap of nature ad natural environment. Unnecessarily we left on all the lights of home, we use electricity without need which ultimately increases the heat in the environment called global warming. Our other activities like cutting trees and forests increase the amount of CO2 gas in the environment causing green house effect and global warming.

If we want to be happy and healthy always we should try our best to save our planet and its beautiful nature by stopping our foolish and selfish activities. In order to keep ecosystem in balance we should not cut trees, forests, practice energy and water conservation and many more. Ultimately we are the real user of the nature so we should really take care of it.

Essay on Nature FAQs

What is the nature essay.

A nature essay is a written piece about the natural world, often describing its beauty and significance.

What is nature in simple English?

Nature, in simple terms, refers to the outdoors, including plants, animals, and the environment around us.

What is nature 5 points?

Nature comprises trees, rivers, animals, mountains, and the sky. It's where we find beauty and life.

What is the beauty of nature?

The beauty of nature is seen in its landscapes, from colorful sunrises to lush forests, evoking awe and serenity.

What can I write about the beauty of nature?

You can write about breathtaking sunrises, calming lakes, diverse wildlife, and the peace nature brings.

How do you describe a nature walk?

A nature walk is a leisurely stroll in the outdoors, appreciating the scenery and observing plants and animals.

What is the purpose of a nature walk?

The purpose of a nature walk is to connect with nature, enjoy its tranquility, and learn about the environment.

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Climate Change Essay for Students and Children

500+ words climate change essay.

Climate change refers to the change in the environmental conditions of the earth. This happens due to many internal and external factors. The climatic change has become a global concern over the last few decades. Besides, these climatic changes affect life on the earth in various ways. These climatic changes are having various impacts on the ecosystem and ecology. Due to these changes, a number of species of plants and animals have gone extinct.

When Did it Start?

The climate started changing a long time ago due to human activities but we came to know about it in the last century. During the last century, we started noticing the climatic change and its effect on human life. We started researching on climate change and came to know that the earth temperature is rising due to a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect. The warming up of earth surface causes many ozone depletion, affect our agriculture , water supply, transportation, and several other problems.

Reason Of Climate Change

Although there are hundreds of reason for the climatic change we are only going to discuss the natural and manmade (human) reasons.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Natural Reasons

These include volcanic eruption , solar radiation, tectonic plate movement, orbital variations. Due to these activities, the geographical condition of an area become quite harmful for life to survive. Also, these activities raise the temperature of the earth to a great extent causing an imbalance in nature.

Human Reasons

Man due to his need and greed has done many activities that not only harm the environment but himself too. Many plant and animal species go extinct due to human activity. Human activities that harm the climate include deforestation, using fossil fuel , industrial waste , a different type of pollution and many more. All these things damage the climate and ecosystem very badly. And many species of animals and birds got extinct or on a verge of extinction due to hunting.

Effects Of Climatic Change

These climatic changes have a negative impact on the environment. The ocean level is rising, glaciers are melting, CO2 in the air is increasing, forest and wildlife are declining, and water life is also getting disturbed due to climatic changes. Apart from that, it is calculated that if this change keeps on going then many species of plants and animals will get extinct. And there will be a heavy loss to the environment.

What will be Future?

If we do not do anything and things continue to go on like right now then a day in future will come when humans will become extinct from the surface of the earth. But instead of neglecting these problems we start acting on then we can save the earth and our future.

Although humans mistake has caused great damage to the climate and ecosystem. But, it is not late to start again and try to undo what we have done until now to damage the environment. And if every human start contributing to the environment then we can be sure of our existence in the future.

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Essay on National Flag in English for School Students and Children

Essay on Our National Flag: On the occasion of the 76th Indian Independence Day get here the long and short essays on the national flag of India. The essays are given in English for school students and children.

Essay on National Flag in 100 Words

Essay on national flag in 150 words.

The Indian flag, also known as the Tiranga, is a powerful emblem of our nation. Its three colours - saffron, white, and green - stand for courage, purity, and faith respectively. The Ashoka Chakra at the centre symbolizes the 'wheel of law' and represents peace and progress.

The Indian flag was adopted on July 22, 1947, just before India gained independence. It has been a source of inspiration and unity for the people of India. The flag is flown on all national and important days, and it is a symbol of our country's sovereignty and integrity.

It is essential to respect the national flag. We should always treat it with dignity and honour. Singing the national anthem with pride and respect while the flag is hoisted is a mark of true patriotism. The Indian flag is not just a piece of cloth; it is a symbol of our nation's spirit and aspirations.

Essay on National Flag in 200 Words

The Indian flag, often called the Tiranga, is a symbol of our country’s freedom and unity. It is a rectangular flag with three colours: saffron, white, and green. The top saffron colour stands for courage and sacrifice. The white middle band represents purity and peace. The green colour at the bottom shows faith and prosperity. In the centre of the white band, there is a blue wheel called the Ashok Chakra. It has 24 spokes and shows the ‘Dharma Chakra’ or ‘Wheel of Law’. 

A national flag is not just a mark of a country but is a symbol of pride and strength. Every country on this globe has a national flag that gives them recognition at the international level. India is the only country that keeps respect and honour for their tiranga. Indians take pride in wearing tricolour clothes and flaunt their national flag full of confidence and courage. Getting this freedom to host our national flag was not easy. Hundreds of freedom fighters fought for it, and many sacrificed their lives to make this day come true. 

We all know about the fight for Indian independence that was fought for hundreds of years and took many sacrifices. But nothing goes in vain; on August 15, 1947, India got its independence from British rule. This was the result of violent fights fought by Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and many others. The non-violence and satyagraha also played a significant role in Indian independence. On this day, we must remember all those who fought for us and made this come true so that we all can breathe freely and have our fundamental rights. Be humble to each other and respect the efforts our elders have made. Happy Independence Day!

The team of Jagran Josh hopes that this information will help you write an essay on tiranga in English. The essay on har ghar tiranga must include all the details about the Indian national flag. Let's educate our new generation about the national flag of India by making them write an essay on the national flag.

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• What are the rules for displaying the Indian National Flag? + There are specific guidelines for displaying the Indian National Flag, such as not allowing it to touch the ground, not using it as a costume, and ensuring it is not damaged or disrespected. These rules are outlined in detail in the Flag Code of India.
• When was the Indian National Flag adopted? + The Indian National Flag was adopted on July 22, 1947, just before India gained independence.
• Who designed the Indian National Flag? + Pingali Venkayya, a freedom fighter, designed the Indian National Flag.
• What do the colours of the Indian Flag represent? + The Indian flag consists of three colours: saffron, white, and green. Saffron represents courage and sacrifice, white signifies purity and peace, and green denotes faith and chivalry.
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