assignment to disaster

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Assignment to Disaster

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Title: Assignment to Disaster

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Publication Date: 1955

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy of Medicine; Committee on the Future of Nursing 2020–2030; Flaubert JL, Le Menestrel S, Williams DR, et al., editors. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2021 May 11.

The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity.

• Hardcopy Version at National Academies Press

8 1 Nurses in Disaster Preparedness and Public Health Emergency Response

By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail. —Benjamin Franklin, writer, philosopher, politician

In the past decade, 2.6 billion people around the world have been affected by earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and other natural disasters. Nurses have been and continue to be pivotal in safeguarding the public during and after these disasters, as well as public health emergencies—most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. They educate and protect people, engage with and build trust with the community, help people prepare and respond, and foster resilience to help communities fully recover. But fundamental reform is needed in nursing education, practice, research, and policy across both health care and public health settings to ensure that all nurses—from front-line professionals to researchers—have the baseline knowledge, skills, abilities, and autonomy they need to protect populations at greatest risk and improve the readiness, safety, and support of the nursing workforce.

The increasing frequency of natural and environmental disasters, along with public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the critical importance of having a national nursing workforce prepared with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to respond. COVID-19 has revealed deep chasms within a fragmented U.S. health care system that have resulted in significant excess mortality and morbidity, glaring health inequities, and an inability to contain a rapidly escalating pandemic. Most severely affected by these systemic flaws are individuals and communities of color that suffer disproportionately from the compound disadvantages of racism, poverty, workplace hazards, limited health care access, and preexisting health conditions that reflect the role of social determinants of health (SDOH) and inequities in access to health and health care that are a primary focus of this report. As natural disasters and public health emergencies continue to threaten population health in the decades ahead, articulation of the roles and responsibilities of nurses in disaster preparedness and public health emergency response will be critical to the nation’s capacity to plan for and respond to such events.

As described in the conceptual model framework developed by the committee to guide this study (see Figure 1-1 in Chapter 1 ), strengthening nurses’ capacity to aid in disaster preparedness and public health emergency response is one of the key ways to enhance nursing’s role in addressing SDOH and improving health and health care equity. This chapter explores the contribution of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and across sentinel historical events and describes the impact of natural disasters and public health emergencies on SDOH and health and health care equity. It also illuminates the multiple and systemic challenges encountered by nurses in these past events, and identifies bold and essential changes needed in nursing education, practice, and policy across health care and public health systems and organizations to strengthen and protect the nursing profession during and after such events. Only when equipped with the salient knowledge, skills, and abilities can nurses be fully effective in helping to protect the well-being of underserved populations, striving for health equity, and advocating for themselves and other health care workers.

• ROLES OF NURSES DURING NATURAL DISASTERS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES

The ability to care for and protect the nation’s most vulnerable citizens depends substantially on the preparedness of the nursing workforce. The myriad factors related to national nurse education and training—licensure and certification, scope of practice, mobilization and deployment, safety and protection, crisis leadership, and health care and public health systems support—together define nursing’s capacity and capabilities in disaster response. The nursing workforce available to participate in U.S. disaster and public health emergency response includes all licensed nurses (licensed practical/vocational nurses [LPN/LVNs] and registered nurses [RNs]), civilian and uniformed services nurses at the federal and state levels, nurses who have recently retired, and those who volunteer (e.g., National Disaster Medical System, Medical Reserve Corps, National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters, and American Red Cross [ARC]). Each of these entities plays a critical role in the nation’s ability to respond to and recover from disasters and large-scale public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. 2

Nurses’ General Roles in Disasters

Across a broad spectrum of clinical and community settings and through all phases of a disaster event (see Figure 8-1 ), nurses, working with physicians and other members of the health care team, play a central role in response. Before, during, and after disasters, nurses provide education, community engagement, and health promotion and implement interventions to safeguard the public health. They provide first aid, advanced clinical care, and lifesaving medications; assess and triage victims; allocate scarce resources; and monitor ongoing physical and mental health needs. Nurses also assist with organizational logistics by developing operational response protocols and security measures and performing statistical analysis of individual- and community-level data.

Disaster nursing timeline. SOURCE: Veenema, 2018.

Beyond these contributions, nurses activate organizational emergency operations plans, participate in incident command systems, oversee the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and provide crisis leadership and communications, often at risk to their own health. In the community, they open and manage shelters; organize blood drives; and provide outreach to underserved populations, including by addressing social needs. Nurses also assist with care for the frail elderly ( Heagele and Pacqiao, 2018 ; Kleier et al., 2018 ), assist with childbirth to ensure that women have healthy babies during a disaster ( Badakhsh et al., 2010 ; de Mendoza et al., 2012 ; Role of the nurse, 2012 ), and work to reunite families separated during response activities. Disasters place unprecedented demands on health care systems and often test nurses’ knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal commitment as health care professionals.

Nurses’ Roles in Pandemics and Other Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Nurses’ roles in pandemics and other infectious disease outbreaks are multifaceted and may include

• supporting and advising in epidemic surveillance and detection, such as contact tracing;
• working in point-of-distribution clinics to screen, test, and distribute vaccines and other medical countermeasures;
• employing prevention and response interventions;
• providing direct hospital-based treatment for impacted individuals;
• educating patients and the public to decrease risk for infection;
• providing health systems and community-based leadership; and
• counseling and supporting community members to assuage fear and anxiety ( Veenema et al., 2020 ).

Public health nurses have helped coordinate and implement disaster plans ( Jakeway et al., 2008 ), and it was a school nurse working in Queens, New York, in 2009 who first observed and then notified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about the H1N1 outbreak ( Molyneux, 2009 ).

Infectious disease outbreaks have been occurring more frequently and at a higher intensity over the past few decades ( Fauci and Morens, 2012 ; Lam et al., 2018 ). Both the health care system and individual front-line health care workers must be adequately prepared to respond to such events ( Imai et al., 2008 ; Lam et al., 2018 ; Siu, 2010 ). Preparedness at the system level includes understanding the capacity of a hospital or health care system in advance of a potential public health emergency, including workforce capacity and capabilities and access to PPE, medical supplies, medical gases, and ventilators. It also requires having an action plan that includes the essential elements of managing the challenges such an event may impose on the institution ( Siu, 2010 ; Toner et al., 2020 ; WHO, 2018 ). However, the preparedness of the U.S. health care system to manage a pediatric surge during a pandemic has been recognized as lacking ( Anthony et al., 2017 ). Preparedness for front-line workers includes clinical skills and knowledge for providing care for patients and protecting the public from becoming ill ( Lam et al., 2018 ; Ruderman et al., 2006 ; Shih et al., 2007 ).

Response plans and nurses’ willingness to respond will vary based on the amount of information available about the pathogen and its transmission, the severity of the disease, and the public’s attitude toward the outbreak ( Chung et al., 2005 ; Lam and Hung, 2013 ; Lam et al., 2018 ; Shih et al., 2007 ). When certain aspects of the disease are uncertain or the information is inconsistent, nurses become less confident and more anxious about performing their duties during an outbreak ( Lam et al., 2018 ; Shih et al., 2007 ). The more severe the disease outbreak, the more likely it is that nurses will be prone to greater anxiety and fear of infection ( Koh et al., 2012 ; O’Boyle et al., 2006 ). Even if this fear does not stop them from working during the outbreak, they are more likely to have a negative attitude and decreased morale when caring for infected patients. Nurse attitudes can also be strongly impacted by the mass media and news outlets ( Lam et al., 2018 ; Shih et al., 2009 ). During disease outbreaks, the media will focus on the number of deaths and the severity of the disease, making it challenging for nurses to maintain a positive attitude when working with patients. Perceptions of the disease created in the media can also cause panic in the general public, which directly affects front-line nurses both in health systems and in the community ( Lam and Hung, 2013 ; O’Boyle et al., 2006 ; Shih et al., 2007 , 2009 ).

The disaster nursing timeline (see Figure 8-1 ) and many state, local, and organizational response plans are based on the single occurrence of an acute event. It is important to note that infectious disease outbreaks are slow-moving disasters with multiple waves that create unique challenges for health system response. There is much to be learned from the events of 2020 and the devastating sequence of events that unfolded during the COVID-19 response.

Nurses’ Roles in the COVID-19 Pandemic

In December 2019, the novel coronavirus known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in China. By March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, which was to become the worst public health emergency in more than 100 years, with more than 120 million cases detected worldwide and 30.5 million cases confirmed in the United States as of April 1, 2021. 3 Nurses have performed a variety of roles during the COVID-19 pandemic, while health care organizations and hospitals have had to treat innumerable patients across the United States for COVID-related illness alongside other complex and serious conditions ( Veenema et al., 2020 ).

Roles and responsibilities for nurses shifted rapidly to accommodate patient surges and the sudden unanticipated demand for health care services. Nurses were required to take on multiple new roles (e.g., non–critical care nurses asked to care for patients critically ill with COVID-19), provide end-of-life care, and serve as a means of vital communications between hospitalized patients and their families ( Veenema et al., 2020 ). These shifts may have lowered the skill mix in intensive care units (ICUs) below required standards, with potential risks to patients’ safety and quality of care ( Bambi et al., 2020 ). As of April 1, 2021, 552,957 people in the United States had died from COVID-19, 4 including an estimated 551 nurses. 5 Evidence gathered from nurses throughout the pandemic reveals the multiple challenges they have encountered during the pandemic response. Nurses have reported inadequate supplies of PPE, insufficient knowledge and skills for responding to the pandemic, a lack of authority for decision making related to workflow redesign and allocation of scarce resources, staffing shortages, and a basic lack of trust between front-line nurses and nurse executives and hospital administrators ( ANA, 2020a , b ; Mason and Friese, 2020 ; Veenema et al., 2020 ).

Nurses have experienced significant psychological and moral distress during the pandemic ( Altman, 2020 ; Labrague and De Los Santos, 2020 ; Pappa et al., 2020 ; Shechter et al., 2020) . Results of a survey conducted by the American Nurses Association ( ANA, 2020a ) reveal that 87 percent of nurses were afraid to go to work, 36 percent had cared for an infectious patient without having adequate PPE, and only 11 percent felt well prepared to care for a patient with COVID-19. A follow-up survey conducted by ANA (2020c ) revealed that intermittent shortages of PPE for nurses persisted 7 months into the pandemic, particularly for those working in smaller rural hospitals, home care, and palliative care. Nurses were asked to extend and reuse N95 masks long after CDC’s recommended guidelines, leading ANA to request that the Defense Production Act (DPA) be invoked to produce N95 masks ( Lasek, 2020 ). In particular, nurses working in long-term care facilities, home care, palliative care, and small rural hospitals were particularly vulnerable as caregivers in environments with high risk and high mortality ( ANA, 2020c ).

The mental health burden of the pandemic on nurses has been profound (see Chapter 10 ). Nurses of Asian/Pacific Islander (API) descent have experienced discrimination from patients who have refused care from them or made disparaging remarks about their ethnic origins. The Asian Pacific Policy and Planning Council released a report on August 27, 2020, detailing 2,583 incidents of discrimination against APIs in the United States from March 19 to August 5, 2020 ( Attacks against AAPI community , 2020). The psychological and mental health implications for nurses of API descent represent one of the many challenges nurses have faced during the pandemic.

Nurses’ Response to Human-Caused Disasters

In addition to natural disasters and public health emergencies, the United States is currently experiencing significant increases in gun-related violence, civil unrest against systemic racism, and social upheaval associated with growing political polarization (see Box 8-1 ). Active shooters in hospitals, school shootings, and random acts of foreign and domestic terrorism have forced a widening aperture for national preparedness, and nurses are involved in responding to the care needs of victims of these events ( Lavin et al., 2017 ).

Pulse Nightclub Shooting.

DISASTERS’ IMPACT ON POPULATION HEALTH

A disaster is defined as “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts” ( UNISDR, 2017 ). More than 2.6 billion people globally have been affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and heat waves, in the past decade, and these disasters have led to massive injuries, mental health issues, and illnesses that can overwhelm local health care resources and prevent them from delivering comprehensive and definitive medical care ( WHO, 2020 ). During 2019 alone, the United States experienced 14 separate billion-dollar disasters, including inland floods, severe storms, two hurricanes, and a major wildfire event ( Smith, 2020 ). Disaster planning for emergency preparedness is, then, imperative. In the near future, such factors as climate change and climate change–related events, including global warming and sea-level rise; the depletion of resources and associated societal factors; and the growth of “megacities” and populations shifts ( IFRC, 2019 ; UN, 2016 ) are likely to converge to increase the risk of future disasters ( IPCC, 2012 , 2014 ; Watts et al., 2018 ). Human-caused disasters, such as school and other mass shootings and random acts of terrorism, create additional hazards for human health.

Health Inequities in Disasters

While disasters impact populations, research has shown that those impacts are not equally distributed. Disasters often amplify the inequities already present in society and harm high-risk and highly vulnerable communities far more than others ( Davis et al., 2010 ). Although every person who is exposed to a disaster is impacted in some form, the disproportionate impact on high-risk and highly vulnerable populations, including the elderly, individuals with disabilities, the immunosuppressed, the underserved, and those living in poverty, is unequivocal ( Maltz, 2019 ; UNISDR, 1982 ). Severe and morbid obesity, the complex causes of which are rooted in SDOH, also creates increased vulnerability to disasters. In fact, the intersection of SDOH, severe or morbid obesity, and disaster vulnerability is postulated to create “triple jeopardy” for these individuals ( Gray, 2017 ).

Health and health care disparities, such as lack of access to primary care and specialty providers, the presence of comorbid conditions, and lack of health insurance, together with poverty, not only put people at increased risk for injury or death during disasters but also are often exacerbated during a disaster. For example, more than 4,600 excess deaths are believed to have resulted from Hurricane Katrina because of interruptions in medical care and basic utilities, which especially impacted those with chronic conditions who required medical equipment powered by electricity ( Kishore et al., 2018 ). This number was much higher than the number of people who died as a direct result of the hurricane and indicates how quickly chronic conditions can revert to acute medical emergencies, greatly increasing the mortality of those most underserved.

Studies show that although the majority of Americans are considered unprepared for the occurrence of a disaster, those of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and lower educational attainment are generally less prepared than their wealthier and more educated counterparts in part because of the costs associated with preparedness actions, such as obtaining insurance and taking measures to prepare for earthquakes ( SAMHSA, 2017 ). In a national household survey, for example, 65 percent of respondents said they had no disaster plans or had plans that were inadequate ( Petkova et al., 2016 ). And according to national survey data from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), fewer than half of Americans are familiar with local hazards, less than 40 percent have created a household emergency plan, and only about half (52 percent) have disaster supplies at home ( FEMA, 2014 ).

When communities are warned about impending disasters, research shows that those of lower SES may be less likely to respond because of the cost and resources associated with evacuation ( Thiede and Brown, 2013 ). When a disaster strikes, a range of impacts continue to affect those of lower SES compared with those of higher SES more severely, including homelessness, physical injuries, and financial effects. Families of lower SES are more likely to experience greater impacts from disasters, including damage to their homes from strong winds, floods, or earthquakes because of their homes’ lower construction quality and increased likelihood of being located in flood-prone areas; lack of insurance coverage; insufficient savings; and lack of understanding of the governmental systems that provide aid to victims ( Hallegatte et al., 2016 ). They may not know how to access aid and may feel uncomfortable working with these systems, especially if they are undocumented immigrants in fear of being deported. Families may even be unable to reach assistance centers because of a lack of transportation and child care or the inability to miss work. Those of lower SES are more vulnerable to homelessness after a disaster and experience extreme difficulty in obtaining housing loans to help them rebuild their damaged homes ( SAMHSA, 2017 ). This plethora of hardships experienced by people of lower SES and people of color during and after a disaster also leads to an increased likelihood of experiencing depression and posttraumatic stress.

Relationship to Race and Ethnicity

Health inequities seen in natural disasters and infectious disease outbreaks are often directly related to race and ethnicity. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionate effect on Black, Hispanic, and American Indian populations, who have experienced greater levels of suffering and death. Long-standing racial and ethnic inequities in access to health care services prior to the pandemic have translated into disparities in access to COVID-19 testing and treatment (Duke Margolis Center for Health Policy, 2020 ; Poteat et al., 2020 ). Zoning laws and low income levels have disadvantaged some racial and ethnic groups and contributed to living conditions that have made it difficult for individuals to socially distance ( Davenport et al., 2020) . The added burdens of chronic disease and persistent underfunding of American Indian health systems have resulted in the nation’s Indigenous population being at high risk of poor outcomes from the disease ( AMA, 2020 ). COVID-19-related unemployment and economic devastation have impacted all communities, with Black and Hispanic workers experiencing the highest rates of COVID-19 infection ( BLS, 2020 ). Box 8-2 describes how one county in Texas became a COVID-19 “hotspot.”

COVID-19 in Hidalgo County, Texas.

Nurses’ Roles in Addressing Disparities

In the future, nurses could play a role in helping to address these disparities before, during, and after a disaster. Community resilience, which “refers to community capabilities that buffer it from or support effective responses to disasters,” is of growing importance in disaster preparedness, particularly in underresourced areas ( Wells et al., 2013 , p. 1172). This concept engages the community in disaster planning, such as creating “community emergency response teams” and helping families compile their own disaster preparedness kits ( Wells et al., 2013 ). When adequate in number, public health and school nurses can help with these community engagement activities and advance preparedness in at-risk populations, such as low-income families and the homebound elderly ( Spurlock et al., 2019 ). Some disasters may not call on nurses to use technical clinical practice skills, but rather their skills in networking, communications, creation of partnerships, resource identification, and assessment, as well as their understanding of SDOH that result in increased vulnerabilities to a disaster event. Disasters often limit or eliminate access to transportation; access to care, food, and shelter; and employment. By understanding how these factors affect a person’s health and well-being and related potential resources, nurses can help build community resilience ( Heagele, 2017 ). Additionally, nurses can play a role in advocating for a health equity approach in preparation for future pandemics that addresses historical and current structural as well as systemic racial prejudice and discrimination that result in health disparities.

Equitable access to and distribution of tests, treatments, contact tracing, and vaccines especially for underserved populations, is instrumental to the success of the response to COVID-19 as well as future pandemics. Nurses’ capacity to advance health equity in the United States includes supporting fair, equitable, and transparent allocation of vaccine during the nation’s COVID-19 vaccine campaign and future infectious disease emergencies. Nurses’ awareness of the relationship between the historical experience of individuals and communities and how SDOH impact trust in the health care system and vaccine hesitancy is a precursor to the critically important work of framing community health education and messaging to counter misinformation. With this understanding, nurses can be trusted sources of health information and work actively to educate their communities, particularly in the areas of preventing disease spread and dispelling vaccine-related misinformation. Nurses should be able and willing to participate in all of these activities during an ongoing pandemic ( Martin, 2011 ).

NURSES’ ROLE IN SHELTERING DURING DISASTERS

During disasters, nurses staff shelters that house people displaced by these events. Shelters are critical in disaster response, providing temporary housing for those displaced by such events as earthquakes and hurricanes (see Box 8-3 ). During Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in 2008, more than 3,700 patients were treated by nurses in shelters for acute and chronic illnesses ( Noe et al., 2013 ). After Hurricane Katrina in 2006, nearly 1,400 evacuation shelters were opened to accommodate 500,000 evacuees from the Gulf region ( Jenkins et al., 2009 ). People who receive care in shelters, including children, the elderly, and those with chronic medical conditions, are often economically disadvantaged and highly vulnerable to a disaster’s health impacts ( Laditka et al., 2008 ; Springer and Casey-Lockyer, 2016 ). For example, one study of evacuees living in Red Cross shelters after Hurricane Katrina found that nearly half lacked health insurance, 55 percent had a preexisting chronic disease, and 48 percent lacked access to medication ( Greenough et al., 2008 ). Nurses can help ensure that such evacuees receive appropriate care, including for physical and mental illnesses, and help prevent unnecessary deaths that may result from disruptions in health care services.

Lessons Learned from Nurses’ Role in Evacuation During Hurricane Sandy.

After a disaster, people must often spend extended periods in shelters until they can find alternative housing, greatly affecting their social, mental, and physical well-being. For example, studies have found that disaster victims are at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder, and the close proximity to others in which they must live in shelters, combined with poor infection control, greatly increases the potential for infectious disease outbreaks in these settings. The health needs of those residing in shelters long-term are often much greater than the needs of those who suffer acute injuries, such as traumas (e.g., penetrating wounds, bone fractures), from the disaster itself. For example, a review of more than 30,000 people treated in shelters after Hurricane Katrina found that most of the care provided was “primary care or preventive in nature, with only 3.8 percent of all patients requiring referral to a hospital or emergency department” ( Jenkins et al., 2009 , p. 105). An assessment conducted after Hurricanes Gustav and Ike identified similar postdisaster health care needs within shelters ( Noe et al., 2013 ).

Historically, nurses have delivered care to shelter populations, perhaps most familiarly in working with ARC. For example, ARC nurses at a shelter housing Hurricane Katrina evacuees set up hand sanitizing stations to help prevent infectious disease outbreaks. ARC nurses have worked to understand the functional, physical, and mental health needs of displaced persons; ensure that shelters are safe environments; and “maximiz[e] the effectiveness of nurses and other licensed care providers in disaster shelters” ( Springer and Casey-Lockyer, 2016 ).

NURSES’ PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTER RESPONSE

Critical lessons learned during the response to prior infectious disease outbreaks, such as the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus outbreak, the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, and the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, were not applied to workforce planning for future infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19 ( Hick et al., 2020) . These prior public health emergencies illuminated glaring gaps in emergency preparedness and workforce development and the harmful effects on nurses, and multiple calls to improve nurse readiness for pandemic response have been issued (Catrambone and Vlasich, 2017; Corless et al., 2018 ; Veenema et al., 2016a ).

Basic knowledge about health system emergency preparedness is generally lacking among nurses, including school nurses, who, as discussed above, are expected to play key roles during public health emergencies ( Baack and Alfred, 2013 ; Labrague et al., 2018 ; Rebmann et al., 2012 ; Usher et al., 2015 ). For example, in a survey of more than 5,000 nurses across the Spectrum Health system, 78 percent of respondents said they had little or no familiarity with emergency preparedness and disaster response ( ASPR, 2019 ). Similarly, studies evaluating curricular content in U.S. schools of nursing ( Charney et al., 2019 ; Veenema et al., 2019 ) and globally ( Grochtdreis et al., 2016 ) disclose a notable absence of health care emergency preparedness content and little evidence that the few students who receive instruction in this context achieve competency in these skills. Furthermore, the willingness of individual nurses and other health care providers to respond to disasters is variable, and research suggests that many feel unequipped to respond ( Connor, 2014 ; Veenema et al., 2008 ) or to keep themselves safe ( Subbotina and Agrawal, 2018 ).

This educational gap is striking given that studies have shown that the more knowledgeable nurses are about infectious disease manifestation, transmission, and protection, the more confident and successful they will be when working during an outbreak ( Liu and Liehr, 2009 ; Shih et al., 2009 ). Moreover, nurses who have previous experience working with an infectious disease outbreak are more confident and better prepared during a subsequent outbreak ( Koh et al., 2012 ; Lam and Hung, 2013 ; Liu and Liehr, 2009 ), more knowledgeable about infection control and prevention measures, and more skilled in treating those with such infectious diseases. Nurses with a strong sense of their professional value—those who believe their role as a nurse is not just a job but a responsibility to serve and protect the public—are more likely to work during an infectious disease outbreak ( Koh et al., 2012 ). Their outlook often causes them to struggle in balancing their duty as a nurse to provide care with their personal safety and health during an outbreak ( Chung et al., 2005 ).

Gaps in education and training are evident in nursing leadership as well ( Knebel et al., 2012 ; Langan et al., 2017 ; Veenema et al., 2016b , 2017 ). Nurse leadership, an important component of nurses’ roles (see Chapter 9 ), is essential in any organization experiencing a disaster ( Samuel et al., 2018 ). Thus, greater effort to develop and evaluate training programs for nurse leaders is warranted. Such programs can cultivate communication, business, and leadership competencies, and these nurse leaders, in turn, can improve health care’s response, outcomes for patients, staff well-being, and the financial stability of hospitals ( Shuman and Costa, 2020 ). Results of the April 2020 ANA survey indicated gaps in crisis leadership resulting in a lack of trust between nursing and hospital leadership and front-line nursing staff.

Areas in which action needs to be taken to advance national nurse readiness for responding to disasters, including pandemics, are detailed below. First, however, it is critical to identify and understand the gaps in the U.S. health care system both within and outside of the nursing workforce that have contributed to an ongoing lack of disaster readiness ( Veenema et al., 2020 ). A range of factors that influence nursing workforce development and nurses’ safety and support during disasters extend across the governmental, system (e.g., large regional health systems), and organizational (e.g., individual hospitals, clinics, and other types of health care settings) levels. Aggressive actions taken now to transform nursing education, practice, and policy across health care and public health systems and organizations can improve the readiness, safety, and support of the national nursing workforce for COVID-19 as well as future disasters. The factors reviewed below that affect nurse preparedness include government strategies, research funding, education and accreditation, responsibilities of hospitals and health care organizations, and the role of professional nursing organizations. The interactions among nurses, health care institutions, and government have been identified as crucial to an effective pandemic response ( Lam et al., 2018 ).

Government Strategies

The federal government has wide-ranging responsibilities for disaster preparedness and response across various agencies. The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) “leads the nation’s medical and public health preparedness for, response to, and recovery from disasters and public health emergencies” ( HHS, 2019 ). ASPR’s many roles during these events include coordinating the HHS Emergency Support Functions, overseeing the National Disaster Medical System, supporting the Hospital Preparedness Program, and maintaining and distributing the Strategic National Stockpile. 6 ASPR’s strategies for identifying risks and informing preparedness and response efforts also include the National Biodefense Strategy and the National Health Security Strategy. Federal response strategies and frameworks beyond those of ASPR include FEMA’s National Response Framework and CDC’s Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities.

Concern has been expressed that the above federal strategies may not accurately reflect and incorporate the capacity of the nursing workforce to respond to disasters. Veenema and colleagues (2016a) identify the need for a systematic review of national policies and planning documents addressing disasters to ensure that they elevate, prioritize, and address the practice of disaster nursing in federal, state, and local emergency management operations. For instance, the 2017–2022 Health Care Preparedness and Response Capabilities provides a framework for health care coalition capabilities, including health care and medical readiness, health care and medical response coordination, continuity of health care service delivery, and medical surge ( ASPR, 2016 ). Noteworthy, however, is that many of the capabilities outlined in this framework depend on a trained nursing workforce.

Ensuring that nurses are educationally prepared and available will be instrumental to success in mass vaccination and other disaster-related efforts. In terms of local government decisions, for example, school nurses are responsible for safe reentry of children to K–12 education during disasters. Lessons learned from the reopening of schools in other jurisdictions and other countries, as well as CDC guidance, can inform the incorporation of such practices as pandemic public health interventions into schools. The roles and responsibilities expected of nurses within existing local, state, and federal preparedness and response strategies need to be clarified to equip nurses with the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to execute those roles safely and to build and maintain them across the nursing workforce. Additionally, nursing expertise that draws on both clinical and public health nursing knowledge can actively inform policy makers from the local to the federal levels to ensure nurses’ robust preparation for and response to disasters.

Research Funding

Scientific evidence is foundational to the delivery of safe, high-quality nursing care to individuals and communities affected by a disaster, yet data suggest that this evidence base is underdeveloped ( Veenema et al., 2020 ). Research gaps have been identified ( Stangeland, 2010 ), and priorities related to disaster nursing have been articulated ( Ranse et al., 2014 ). A 2016 consensus report articulates specific recommendations for advancing research on disaster nursing, including the articulation of a research agenda based on a needs assessment to document gaps in the literature, nursing knowledge and skills, and available resources; expansion of research methods to include interventional studies and use both quantitative and qualitative designs; and an effort to increase the number of PhD-prepared nurse scientists serving as principal investigators on disaster research projects ( Veenema et al., 2016a ).

However, funding for this work has been insufficient. Support for public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) research in general has repeatedly stopped and restarted, resulting in an evidence base comprising one-off studies. There has been little funding for academic public health emergency programs since 2015, with the exception of CDC’s Center for Preparedness and Response’s Broad Agency Announcement for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Applied Research, and no funding for academic disaster nursing. Overall funding for disaster research has declined since 2009 ( NASEM, 2020 ). A report recently released by the National Academies ( NASEM, 2020 ) concludes,

A report recently released by the National Academies concludes the public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) response field is currently “relying on fragmented and largely uncoordinated efforts,” ( NASEM, 2020 , p. 7) often with no clear linkage to overall system goals. Collectively, these deficiencies have contributed to a field based on long-standing practice not evidence-based practices ( NASEM, 2020 ). To address these deficiencies, the PHEPR field needs a coordinated intergovernmental, multidisciplinary effort with defined objectives to prioritize and align research efforts and investments in a research infrastructure to strengthen the capacity to conduct research before, during, and following public health emergencies ( NASEM, 2020 ).

Education and Accreditation

In 2017, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) enacted the Emergency Preparedness Rule, which established requirements for planning, preparing, and training for emergencies ( CMS, 2016 , 2019 ). The rule was intended to advance health care preparedness, but it did not address the preparedness of the nursing workforce. The rule was designed to promote preparedness at the health care organization level, allowing the organization flexibility in testing and training for staff, including nurses. Accreditors are required to ensure that the criteria for the rule are met, but they do not evaluate the level of knowledge among staff or require additional training or workforce development. Gaps in nursing’s emergency preparedness within these organizations can occur even if they have met the CMS emergency preparedness criteria.

Maintaining adequate and safe staffing levels during a disaster needs to be a key consideration in the development of a workforce emergency strategy. The Joint Commission has a vested interest in nursing workforce issues, viewing nursing as part of its mission to support high-quality and safe care for the public. The Joint Commission has produced recommendations designed to increase the professionalism of nursing and diversify the nursing workforce, and it has implemented measures to improve the safety and quality of nursing care practices. While The Joint Commission does not specifically require reporting of nurse-to-patient ratios, it does have some related metrics around patient outcomes (The Joint Commission, 2020 ). The lack of metrics that specifically measure whether facilities have the plans, procedures, and human resources needed to surge the workforce during a disaster leaves them vulnerable to staffing shortages and increases the likelihood that they will need to turn to a crisis standards of care staffing model.

Fundamental and seismic change also is required in nursing education if the profession is to keep pace with the increasing numbers of natural disasters and public health emergencies. The major threats to global human health (climate change, air pollution, influenza, emerging infectious diseases, vaccine hesitancy) ( WHO, 2019 ) receive minimal coverage in most nursing school curricula. COVID-19 represents a harbinger of public health emergencies to come, highlighting the vital role of disaster response education and training for nurses. Yet, repeatedly, empirical evidence shows that nurses are ill prepared to respond to these events ( Charney et al., 2019 ; Labrague et al., 2018 ; Veenema, 2018 ). Overall, the preparedness of the nursing workforce is a factor in prelicensure education and lifelong learning inclusive of training (e.g., regular drills and exercises). Nursing preparedness requires that all organizations employing nurses, from schools of nursing to hospitals to other health-related organizations, engage in this agenda. To equip nurses to respond to future disaster events, schools of nursing need to produce nurses capable of providing culturally meaningful care, using data to drive health decisions, and addressing SDOH to optimize population health outcomes (Duke Margolis Center for Health Policy, 2020 ). And as noted earlier, PhD-prepared nurse scientists are essential to conduct disaster research and educate a cadre of future nurse researchers and educators to sustain and advance the field. Nursing curricula need to be updated to reflect the realities of these increasing threats to human health.

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) establishes the standards for curriculum for academic nursing programs through a series of Essentials documents that are currently being revised and are targeted to be released in early 2021 (see Chapter 7 for more detailed information). Population health competencies that specifically address disaster response are included in the revised Essentials , and their addition has the potential to drive transformational change across academic programs. Greater emphasis on disaster and public health emergency response competencies and skills should have beneficial effects for nurses during disasters, including greater resilience, increased practical and theoretical knowledge, a broader view of the “clinical and organizational big picture,” and reduced psychological impact in case of sudden reassignment to a different clinical setting ( Bambi et al., 2020 ). While all schools need to increase content in general disaster preparedness, it is also worth considering incorporating additional hazard-specific content to build capacity for nurses to respond to the kinds of emergencies that are most likely in the geographic area where they will live and practice. Schools of nursing can expand their use of educational technology, including telenursing and virtual simulations to increase interprofessional disaster training opportunities in partnership with community disaster response agencies.

The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) Standards and Professional Nursing Guidelines Standards for Accreditation of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing Programs are applied at accreditation site visits to schools of nursing ( AACN, 2011 ) to confirm that academic programs align with Essentials . CCNE evaluators’ confirmation of the adoption of the new Essentials standards on incorporating disaster response content into education and training programs could produce evidence of graduates’ related clinical competence ( Veenema et al., 2020 ).

Disasters, including such events as the COVID-19 pandemic, interrupt academic progression and student mastery of clinical competencies and can delay graduations. Schools of nursing and state boards of nursing would be well served to establish options for supporting clinical rotations in the health care setting, such as expanding the role of virtual or simulated learning and alternative, nontraditional sites for clinical placements. Working with clinical and community partners, schools of nursing would benefit from establishing back-up plans to ensure that academic programs continue during public health emergencies. A particular emphasis on addressing health care equity in the face of disaster would be of prime importance.

Responsibilities of Hospitals and Health Care Organizations

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed profound problems with the financing and delivery of American health care, presenting both challenges and opportunities for nursing, and has exposed systemic vulnerabilities that afflict the well-being and resilience of nurses and other health professionals. Hospitals and other organizations employing nurses, nurse leaders, physicians, and others have a responsibility to create a safe working environment for nurses, ensuring adequate staffing levels, access to appropriate levels of PPE, and physical and mental health support services for protracted disaster events. Hospital administrators and nursing and medical executives need to be held accountable for having policies in place to ensure a safe working environment for nurses during disaster response. Hospital disaster plans need to accommodate changes in clinical duties and nurse staffing to meet demand, and identify alternative nurse staffing resources to aid in the response. Long-term care facilities, home care agencies, and community health clinics need to include the same accommodations.

Nurse executives in various health and health care organizations across communities can work together to plan for circumstances that may require surging nurses across settings to meet emerging health care needs. Nurses well educated in addressing SDOH would be of particular value in contributing to the development and implementation of preparedness and response strategies that meet the needs of diverse high-risk, high-vulnerability populations. Stockpiling and procurement of adequate supplies (e.g., testing supplies, PPE, medical gases) are critical for keeping nurses safe at work. Health system leaders, mandated to have emergency management response plans in place, can ensure that all disaster and pandemic response plans address training content, including issues of health equity and communication with and protection of their workforce.

The Role of Professional Nursing Organizations

Professional nursing organizations have an important role in ensuring that their members and the profession at large have the expertise and support to respond to unanticipated events that threaten the health of the public. These organizations have advocated for the support and protection of nurses during past disasters and continue to do so today. The Tri-Council for Nursing (Tri-Council) is an alliance of five nursing organizations focused on leadership for education, practice, and research. Working with specialty nursing organizations, such as the Emergency Nurses Association and the Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations, the Tri-Council could advocate for a broad and forward-thinking national plan to advance disaster nursing and PHEPR. A special emphasis should be the care of individuals, families, and communities that are disproportionally affected by disasters. Nursing organizations uniting around the COVID-19 response can use this experience to establish a foundation for preparing the profession to meet future disaster-related challenges.

• CONCLUSIONS

COVID-19, while historic, is but one example of the significant burden imposed by disasters and public health emergencies on the health of populations, health care professionals, and nurses in particular. The pandemic has created multiple challenges, particularly for managing its effects across diverse and highly vulnerable populations, and exacerbated existing health inequities. Future natural disasters and infectious disease outbreaks will present similar, if not greater challenges for the nursing profession. Bold, anticipatory action is needed to advance nurse readiness for these events.

Conclusion 8-1: The nation’s nurses are not currently prepared for disaster and public health emergency response. Conclusion 8-2: A bold and expansive effort, executed across multiple platforms, will be needed to fully support nurses in becoming prepared for disaster and public health emergency response. It is essential to convene experts who can develop a national strategic plan articulating the existing deficiencies in this regard and action steps to address them, and, most important, establishing where responsibility will lie for ensuring that those action steps are taken. Conclusion 8-3: Rapid action is needed across nursing education, practice, policy, and research to address the gaps in nursing’s disaster preparedness and improve its capacity as a profession to advocate for population health and health equity during such events.

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This chapter was commissioned by the Committee on the Future of Nursing 2020–2030 ( Veenema, 2020 ).

For the sake of brevity, the term “disaster” is used throughout the remainder of this chapter to refer to both natural disasters and public health emergencies.

See https://gisanddata ​.maps ​.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index ​.html# ​/bda7594740fd402994 23467b48e9ecf6 (accessed April 1, 2021).

See https://gisanddata ​.maps ​.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index ​.html# ​/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 (accessed April 1, 2021).

See https://www ​.theguardian ​.com/us-news/ng-interactive ​/2020/dec/22 ​/lost-on-the-frontline-our-findings-to-date (accessed March 18, 2021).

See https://www ​.phe.gov/about ​/aspr/Pages/default.aspx (accessed June 4, 2021).

• Cite this Page National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy of Medicine; Committee on the Future of Nursing 2020–2030; Flaubert JL, Le Menestrel S, Williams DR, et al., editors. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2021 May 11. 8, Nurses in Disaster Preparedness and Public Health Emergency Response.
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• DISASTERS’ IMPACT ON POPULATION HEALTH
• NURSES’ ROLE IN SHELTERING DURING DISASTERS
• NURSES’ PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTER RESPONSE

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Disaster Recovery Plan Examples and Essential Elements for Your Plan

What is a disaster recovery plan.

A disaster recovery plan defines instructions that standardize how a particular organization responds to disruptive events, such as cyber attacks, natural disasters, and power outages. A disruptive event may result in loss of brand authority, loss of customer trust, or financial loss.

The plan is a formal document that specifies how to minimize the effects of disaster scenarios, and help the organization minimize damage and restore operations quickly. To ensure effectiveness, organize your plan by the location and the type of disaster, and provide simple step by step instructions that stakeholders can easily implement.

Disaster recovery plan examples can be very useful when developing your own disaster recovery plan. We collected several examples of plans created by leading organizations, and a checklist of items that are essential to include in your new plan.

In this article:

IBM’s Disaster Recovery Plan

The council on foundations, micro focus, recovery time objective (rto) and recovery point objective (rpo), hardware and software inventory, identify personnel roles, list of disaster recovery sites, remote storage of physical documents and storage media, disaster response procedures, identify sensitive data, define a communication plan for disaster events, physical facility needs, run disaster recovery drills.

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This article is part of a series on Disaster Recovery .

Disaster Recovery Plan Examples

For more background on how to build a plan from scratch, read our guide to disaster recovery plans and disaster recovery solutions .

Created by : IBM Pages : 13

The aim of a disaster recovery plan is to guarantee prompt response to any disaster or emergency impacting information systems, while mitigating its impact on business operations. Once you’ve compiled the information outlined in this topic collection, securely store your document in an off-site location that’s both safe and accessible.

Main sections:

• Major goals of a disaster recovery plan – Details the major goals of a disaster recovery plan.
• Personnel – Use the tables in this topic to record your data processing personnel. You can include a copy of the organization chart with your plan.
• Application profile – Use the Display Software Resources (DSPSFWRSC) command to complete the table in this topic.
• Inventory profile – Use the Work with Hardware Products (WRKHDWPRD) command to complete the table in this topic.
• Information services backup procedures – Use these procedures for information services backup.
• Disaster recovery procedures – For any disaster recovery plan, these three elements should be addressed.
• Recovery plan for mobile site – This topic provides information about how to plan your recovery task at a mobile site.
• Recovery plan for hot site – An alternate hot site plan should provide for an alternative (backup) site. The alternate site has a backup system for temporary use while the home site is being reestablished.
• Restoring the entire system – Learn how to restore the entire system.
• Rebuilding process – Assess damage and begin the reconstruction of a new data center.
• Testing the disaster recovery plan – In successful contingency planning, it is important to test and evaluate the plan regularly.

Go to template

Community foundations have established themselves as vital pillars of community support, particularly during times of crisis and disaster. In the event of emergencies or disasters, it’s essential for the Foundation to be thoroughly prepared to swiftly and efficiently assist itself, enabling it to extend aid to others effectively.

Main sections :

Disasters are occurrences that surpass the response capacities of a community and/or its existing organizations. Risks to be taken into account encompass those stemming from natural hazards, neighboring entities, built environments, political or social unrest, as well as risks associated with IT and data security.

The Foundation CEO, an appointed representative, or their successor, may initiate this Plan when it becomes essential to oversee and organize a response to a disaster. The decision to activate it will be reached through consultation with members of the Incident Response Team.

The individuals listed below will assume responsibility for the designated tasks. A checklist for each person is included.

A template of the individuals on the response team and their contact info.

The detailed list of the response team individuals and their responsibilities.

A Business Impact Analysis is conducted to identify the tasks and functions crucial for the Foundation to remain operational.

A chart that delineates the vital operational procedures for each departmental function.

Each Foundation should uphold a separate document retention policy, outlining all crucial business records and documents, along with guidelines for their retention.

The Public Relations and Communications Coordinator will inform Foundation personnel about plan activation and event status through the listed means.

A chart of all the Personnel and Board contact information, including emergency contact information.

The decision to evacuate the building will be made by the Foundation’s management or the Incident Commander. This is a template of an evacuation procedure.

During a disaster or emergency, the Incident Response Team will assemble at a designated physical site called the Emergency Operations Center (EOC). From this hub, the IRT will oversee the recovery process. While the primary EOC may be situated on-site, the alternate EOC should be located off-site.

In the event of a disaster, this lists business functions that are allowed to be performed off-site and at which locations.

Preparation beforehand is the initial stage for effective disaster recovery. Advance planning is especially crucial in streamlining the IT recovery process, making it simpler, smoother, and quicker.

Download .PDF template

Created by: Evolve IP Pages: 17

Whether you’re overseeing your DR plan internally or delegating it to a managed service provider, the document should encompass comprehensive, precise, and current information regarding your organization’s IT operations. The DR Plan should present this data in a lucid and organized manner, readily understandable and – crucially – actionable during an emergency. Your employees or service provider should be able to follow the document and respond swiftly to ensure availability is restored according to the company’s established service level agreements.

• Emergency Contact Form – A template of all the individuals in the organization that might be required during a disaster and their contact information.
• External Contacts – A template of all the individuals outside of the organization that might be required during a disaster and their contact information.
• Notification Network – A template of an organization chart, or contact tree, of who needs to be notified.
• Disaster Management Team
• Network Team
• Server Team
• Applications Team
• Data & Backups – This section delineates the locations of all the organization’s data and specifies where backups are stored. Utilize this information to identify and recover data in the event of a disaster.
• Restoring IT Functionality – In the event of an actual disaster requiring the organization to activate this plan, this section will serve as a frequent reference point, as it contains all the information detailing the process for recovering the organizaitons information system.
• IT Systems – A list of all the IT systems in the organization and the components that need to be brought back online after a disaster.
• Network Equipment – A list of all the Network equipment (routers, switches, load balancers, VPN devices, firewalls, servers, etc).
• Severity One System – This section is to prioritize each system’s components based on severity, providing the necessary information for bringing each system back online.
• Plan Testing & Maintenance – This section lays out the steps for regularly testing the plan and maintaining the plan to ensure its effectiveness.
• Recovery Completion Form – Form for when the process is complete. This is the responsibility of the DR Lead.

When disaster strikes, businesses face significant challenges. One key aim of business planning is to minimize the impact on product and service delivery when such disruptions occur. Ensuring business continuity is paramount in these circumstances. An IT disaster recovery plan serves as a cornerstone of the broader business continuity strategy. The ultimate goal of business continuity is to maintain a baseline level of service while working towards restoring normal operations. Failure to implement a disaster recovery plan puts the company at risk of losing customers to competitors, jeopardizing funding, and potentially having the necessity of its products or services questioned and deemed unnecessary.

The primary goal of the disaster recovery program is to create, validate, and document a meticulously designed and readily comprehensible plan. This plan aims to assist the company in swiftly and efficiently recovering from unexpected disasters or emergencies that disrupt information systems and business operations.

Templates for key organizational contacts and information, key external contacts and information, as well as corresponding notification calling trees.

Covers plan updating, plan documentation storage, backup strategy, and risk management.

Covers alert, escalation and plan invocation, plan triggering events, assembly points, activation of emergency response team, disaster recovery team, emergency alert, escalation, and DRP activation, emergency alert, DR procedures for management, contact with employees, backup staff, recorded messages/updates, alternate recovery facilities/hot site, personnel and family notification,

Covers media contact, media strategies, list of media team, and rules for dealing with media.

As components of the company’s disaster recovery and business continuity strategies, several insurance policies will have been implemented. These often encompass errors and omissions insurance, directors & officers liability insurance, general liability insurance, and business interruption insurance. This will be a list of insurance policies, coverage, contact details, etc.

Covers financial assessment, financial requirements, legal actions, and DRP exercising.

As components of the company’s disaster recovery and business continuity strategies, several insurance policies have been implemented. These encompass errors and omissions insurance, directors & officers liability insurance, general liability insurance, and business interruption insurance.

• Suggested Forms

Things You Must Include in Your Disaster Recovery Plan Checklist

A disaster recovery plan must make it clear what are your organization’s:

• RTO —the maximal time your organization can tolerate for recovering normal operations in case of a disaster (for example, recovery within 30 minutes, 2 hours, 12 hours)
• RPO —the maximal amount of data your organization can afford to lose (for example, an hour of data, 3 hours of data, one day of data)

For a plan to be effective, you must have a comprehensive, up-to-date inventory of your IT assets. Categorize them into the following categories:

• Critical —assets without which your business cannot operate
• Important —applications that are used at least once per day and can disrupt normal operations
• Unimportant —applications that are used less frequently than once per day

Ensure that your disaster recovery plan addresses all critical assets, and as many as possible of the important and unimportant assets, in that order.

The plan should define who in the organization is responsible for disaster recovery processes, with their names and contact details. Critical responsibilities include:

• Ongoing backups and maintenance of business continuity systems
• Responsibility for declaring a disaster
• Responsibility for contacting third-party vendors
• Responsibility for reporting to management and liaising with customers, press, etc.
• Responsibility for managing the crisis and recovering from it

A disaster recovery plan must specify where the company’s assets are located, and where each group of assets will be moved if a disaster occurs. There are three types of sites:

• Hot sites —a fully functional data center with IT equipment, personnel and up to date customer data.
• Warm sites —a functional data center that allows access to critical systems only, without up-to-date customer data
• Cold sites —used to store backups of systems or data, but without the ability to immediately run operational systems

Most organizations have a large quantity of physical documents and/or storage media like DVDs, external hard drives or backup tapes, which must be protected in case of a disaster. Unexpected loss of this data can be detrimental to the business or result in compliance violations. Therefore, copies of all critical documents must be stored in a remote location.

A key element of a disaster recovery plan is a documented procedure for responding to a catastrophic event. The first few hours of an event are critical, and staff should know exactly what to do to minimize damage to organizational systems, and recover systems to resume normal operations.

A DR procedure should include clear action steps, in simple and unambiguous language, including how to fail over to the disaster recovery site and ensure that recovery is successful.

Related content: Read our guide to disaster recovery policy

All organizations maintain sensitive data, which may also be subject to compliance requirements, such as Personally Identifiable Information (PII), credit cardholder data, or other valuable data like intellectual property (IP).

A disaster recovery plan must identify how this sensitive data is securely backed, and who should have access to the original copy and the backups, both during normal operations and in the event of a disaster.

When disaster strikes, a company must have a clear plan for delivering essential information to affected parties, including:

• Vendors and suppliers
• Compliance authorities

The communication plan should include elements like public relations (PR), communication on the company websites, and social media. When there is a clear channel of communication with stakeholders about an event, customers and other stakeholders will feel reassured and will be more likely to continue their relationship with the company.

In case of a physical disaster like a flood or earthquake, there will be a need to restore physical facilities. The disaster recovery plan should specify what is the minimal facility that will enable the company to restore normal operations—including office space, location, furniture needed, computing and IT equipment.

Disaster recovery plans might look great on paper, but fail when they are needed most. To avoid this from happening, run a drill and test your plan in a realistic scenario. Learn the lessons from the drill and update the plan to make it clearer and more effective for all parties involved. Disaster recovery plans must be updated at least once per year.

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A Community Approach to Disaster Preparedness and Response

Photo credit: CDC with free to use license from www.unsplash.com

The dramatic and tragic events of Hurricane Katrina (2005), Hurricane Sandy (2012), various hurricanes in the 2017 season, and the impact of COVID-19 have highlighted the need for coordinated community-based volunteer efforts to prepare for, and respond to natural, and any, disaster. When natural disasters occur, they underscore the problems and shortcomings associated with coordinating outside logistics and show a clear need for local volunteers to be ready to act as the first line of response to such catastrophes. When reflecting on Hurricane Katrina, for example, t his was most obvious in the first weeks after the hurricane hit land. Volunteers and active community residents were the rescuers, caretakers, and in many cases, the final comforting companions to the dying. They were the first, and often the only, line of response that would exist for weeks. Preparing for natural disasters in advance helps a community immediately address physical-health problems, lowers the risk of mental stressors on residents, and helps the community recover faster (Johnston et al., 2022).

Government officials have immediately called on local citizens to volunteer their time, money, and sweat equity to address these massive natural disasters. The routine threats from hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding, and other natural disasters to communities in the United States and elsewhere are well documented and predicted. Given the trends of climate change increasing the probability of large natural disaster events, careful crisis and emergency planning strategies are required in every community. These principles can also be applied to non-natural disaster situations, such as terrorism. When disasters do occur, citizen groups and coordinated efforts of local volunteers can respond to lessen the impacts and "build back better." Local residents will be the first responders. Many communities are caught off-guard due to a variety of preparedness levels when a disaster hits (Johnston et al., 2022). The process of organizing local residents to act as first responders in a community must take place before, during, and after such catastrophic events occur for it to have maximum effectiveness (Ryan et al., 2020).

Importance and Role of Community in Disaster Preparation and Recovery

In recent years, emphasis has been placed on the role of the community in disaster recovery, particularly on the importance of local knowledge, action, participation, and control in determining the nature of disaster response (Brennan, et al, 2022). It is logical that the local community should be the first line of defense in preparing and responding in the event of disaster (Gamboa-Maldonado, et al., 2012). Local residents and groups can best identify their immediate needs, coordinate preparations, supplement official response efforts, implement emergency response programs, and contribute to local decision making for future events. Similarly, local communities can provide a sense of connection, and decrease the isolation and abandonment that is often felt among residents in times of disaster. Such capacity for providing these community services does not always exist but can be cultivated and should be encouraged.

In all communities, a variety of groups exist with diverse skills and abilities combined with personal and professional experiences that are essential to successful preparation and response to disasters (Brennan, et al, 2022; Gamboa-Maldonado et al., 2012). Included are resident groups with needed professional and trade skills for damage control and assessment (engineers, environmental scientists, architects, contractors, and skilled laborers); disaster preparedness and response training (VFW, retired military/national guard/police); medical, psychological, and social service delivery experience (health practitioners, counselors, religious/civic groups); and longtime residents who have witnessed previous responses to natural disasters. Effective community responses connect these diverse groups and develop action plans to meet common needs. Successfully linking local organizations, citizens, and leaders provides a strong network for local citizens and groups to become actively involved in local preparedness and response efforts. To be most effective, this process of capacity building must take place before disasters occur and continue during and after such catastrophic events.

The Role of Extension in Community Responses to Disaster

Extension and other community developers can be the facilitators of community preparedness and response to a disaster. Such community developers can provide training at a variety of levels to facilitate such citizen involvement. For example, community development/civic engagement training should be the cornerstone of all community-based disaster response programs. Such training provided by Extension and other community development educators would provide an understanding and framework for including broad based local representation into long-term emergency response and other local efforts. These trainings should include skill development such as asset mapping, assessing local power structures, needs assessments, conflict resolution skills, management methods, and community profile development. Such training would also inform active citizens that their involvement is essential to local development well beyond times of disaster.

Similarly, more general grassroots mobilizations can plan for, respond to, and rebuild in the aftermath of disaster. Included would be active efforts to bring together diverse local groups, the formation of local groups for planning, establishment of formal long-term visioning and goal setting for disaster preparation/recovery, and recruitment of experienced local citizens to take direct action. Similarly, the establishment of alliances between local groups could set the stage for a more effective sharing of resources and responsibilities during times of crisis. Such alliances can include the identification of organizations or individuals to serve as liaisons between local grassroots efforts and more formal structures (state and federal response organizations, military/national guard, emergency response agencies). Extension programming and training can be a valuable resource in facilitating all these activities and skills.

Ways Community Volunteers Can Help

An organized community and volunteer response can help in several ways before, during, and immediately after the occurrence of disasters. They can:

• coordinate a more successful evacuation and transportation effort;
• provide some structure and order instead of chaos;
• aid in organizing resources for distribution before and after disasters;
• decrease the isolation and sense of abandonment that quickly engulfs disaster victims in the affected areas; and
• contribute to local connections and interaction that signals the development of community.

Local volunteers and community level action is essential to effective natural disaster preparation and response. They are particularly important because citizens are in many cases the first responders and have the greatest chance to save lives and provide support in the hours and days immediately after disaster occurrences. An effective community response diminishes some of the suffering and loss that occur during and after a disaster. Community and volunteer coordinators have an obligation to help facilitate community organization and preparation to aid fellow citizens in times of such great need. The only thing that is certain in these times is that local residents will be the first people capable of responding.

In these disaster settings, local volunteers and community organizations are presented with an opportunity to make a measurable impact on local well-being. The quality and extent of this response may hold the key to minimizing disaster effects, maintaining order, increasing hope, and maximizing recovery efforts. And much of the effectiveness of the response depends on the preparedness and organization of the communities in advance of disasters.

In the end, facilitating local involvement in disaster preparedness and response is about far more than the provision of basic and logistical needs. It ensures that local voices are heard, local struggles are recognized, and the dignity of local people is respected. With this capacity established, local citizens can respond and recover in a manner that improves local life. The response and rebuilding process will belong to the front line of disaster responders - community volunteers - who will reinvest in their communities.

References and Suggested Reading

Brennan, M., Phillips, R., Hales, B., & Walzer, N. (eds). (2022). Community Development in Times of Crisis: Creating Caring Communities. Routledge: New York.

Brennan, M.A., Flint, C., & Barnett, R. (2005). Community Volunteers: The Front Line of Disaster Response . Journal of Volunteer Administration. 23(4): 52-56.

Flint, C., & Brennan, M.A. (2006). The Rural Context of Disaster: Exploring the Role of Community Emergency Response Teams. Rural Realities.

Gamboa-Maldonado, T., Marshak, H. H., Sinclair, R., Montgomery, S., & Dyjack, D. T. (2012). Building capacity for community disaster preparedness: a call for collaboration between public environmental health and emergency preparedness and response programs . Journal of environmental health, 75(2), 24-29.

Johnston, K.A., Taylor, M. & Ryan, B. (2022) Engaging communities to prepare for natural hazards: a conceptual model. Nat Hazards 112, 2831-2851.

Ryan, B., Johnston, K. A., Taylor, M., & McAndrew, R. (2020). Community engagement for disaster preparedness: A systematic literature review . International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 49, 101655.

• Community and Leadership Development
• International Development
• Research Methods and Statistics
• Social Change/Social Movements
• Rural Sociology
• Environmental/Natural Resource Sociology

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9 – Complete Guide

Written By Avinash Sharan

Class 9 | projects 9, 13 comment(s), 10th may 2020, disaster management project.

It is mandatory to do a Disaster Management project for class 9 students every year.

According to CBSE, students studying in class IX have to submit a handwritten project on Disaster Management.

Topics will be provided by the school. The topic may be Natural Disasters or Man-Made disasters.

The purpose of giving this Disaster Management project to class 9 students is to make them prepared for any disaster.

Further, they can also spread awareness to the mass about the precautions to be taken at the time of National/Local Disasters.

Are you looking for a project on Tsunamis? Simply click the link https://shapingminds.in/project-on-tsunami/

To get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

“Project On Heat Stroke”- Understanding the Risks and Prevention

Things to be kept in mind while doing the project

Follow cbse guidelines strictly..

• Firstly, USE A-4 size file paper (one side ruled)
• Secondly, Use blue or black ink to write your project.
• Thirdly, design the cover page in such a way that it reflects your topic.
• Fourthly, write the Topic of the project, Name, Class, and Sec, and Roll no. on the cover page in bold letters.
• Use the bottom space for your Name, Class, and sec, Roll no.
• However, the project work should not be less than 15 pages (including the cover page)
• Be ready for Viva or written assignments based on your project.
• Utilize summer vacation / Lockdown time to complete your project.
• Lastly, do not use plastic covers.

Disaster Management Project Page-Wise With Subheadings

SEQUENCE OF PAGES: DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT 

will be your cover page with topics like

TOPIC: COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA and then show your creativity in designing the page.

Page No. 2:

Acknowledgment: (what should be written) see an example below.

Acknowledgment

From the core of my heart, I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me, for I have completed my project effectively and moreover on time. I am overwhelmed in all humility and grateful to acknowledge my depth to all those who helped me to put these ideas well. equally grateful to my ( NAME OF SUBJECT TEACHER ) for giving me moral support and guidance in doing this project. It would be an injustice if I do not thank my parents who helped me a lot in collecting data, pictures, and continuous help and support. With their able guidance, encouragement, and support, I could complete my project on time.

Thanking you,

( Name of the student)

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11 Points To Include In Your Industrial Disaster Management Project

11 Points You Must Include In Your Disaster Management Project On Climate Change

This page will be of Index as given in every textbook where the name of the chapters in the sequence is given along with page numbers. For example…….

                        INDEX

i) Introduction:   pg 4.

ii) How the disaster takes place…………pg 5

iii) Preparedness before disaster………….pg 6

iv) Preparedness during disaster………..pg 7 & 8

v) Preparedness after disaster…………….pg 9 & 10.

Page No.4 & 5:

a short description of COVID-19 and a brief history of how it spread. Take the help of Newspapers or the Internet. (minimum 2 pages i.e. pg 4 & 5):

Read about the seven most frequently asked questions on   International Date Line

Introduction – A brief History of COVID 19

Coronavirus actually belongs to the Coronaviridae family. It represents crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus, therefore, it was named as coronavirus. This virus is minute in size and causes the acute respiratory syndrome. These viruses were thought to infect only animals until the world witnessed a severe outbreak caused by SARS in Guangdong, China.

At the end of 2019, Wuhan- a fast-emerging business hub of China experienced an outbreak of coronavirus, killing more than 1800 and infected our 70 thousand individuals in just a span of 50 days. Health officials are still tracing the exact source of this new coronavirus, early findings (hypothesis) thought it may be linked to s seafood market in Wuhan. However, the first reported case came on 1st December, which had no link to the seafood market. Therefore, investigations are going on to find the exact reason for the originating and spread of COVID-19.

In 2003, an outbreak of SARS stands for the severe acute respiratory syndrome. An outbreak of SARS started in China and spread to other countries before ending in 2004. Coronavirus also known as COVID-19 seems to spread faster than the 2003 SARS and also may cause severe illness.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus as SARS- CoV 19 and the disease COVID-19.

The Disaster Management Project 2024 On Nuclear War

IF YOU ARE IN CLASS IX, THE FOLLOWING LINKS MAY BE HELPFUL TO YOU

Clear And Unbiased Facts About Project On Global Warming  

Project On Tsunami: 13 Pages You Must Include In Your Disaster Management Project

Page No. 6 & 7

Mention the causes and symptoms:

Coronavirus typically affects the respiratory tracts of birds and mammals including humans. Doctors associate them with the common cold, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome.

The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low.

However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. This is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill.

Empowering Women: Legal and Political challenges for women in West Asian countries

Common Symptoms

Researchers in China found that the most common symptoms among people who had COVID-19 include:

Loss of appetite

Shortness of breath and Mucus.

However, these symptoms usually begin 2 to 14 days after you come into contact with the virus.

There may be other symptoms as well such as sore throat, headache vomiting etc.

If you have any of these symptoms then

i) isolate yourself.

ii) stay away from others as much as possible.

iii) stay in a closed room and use a separate soap, towel, clothes, handkerchief and if possible toilet and bathroom.

If you are below 10 years of age or above 50 years of age with diabetes, blood pressure, weakness etc., then you are at a high risk of complications.

Therefore, immediately call your doctor and seek immediate medical help.

Page No. 8: 

The extent of damage : On this page, you have to mention the extent of damage done in different countries. Take the help of newspapers or the internet for the latest information. You can also show the spread of this virus in different countries on the world map with different colors.

Uncovering the Effects of Natural Disasters on Communities – A Disaster Management Project

Steps taken by the government to combat this disaster: You may explain:

i) Lockdown

ii) Precautions to be taken during the lockdown period like social distancing, sanitizing hands, etc.

Very Important for TERM II (Case study-based questions)

TERM II CLASS IX – GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET ON CLIMATE – SOLVED

Case Study Based Questions From Natural Vegetation And Wildlife – Term II (SOLVED)

Page No 10 & 11

Contribution of people who are involved in combating this disaster. In this page you can mention about the role of Doctors, Nurses, Police, people involved in maintaining cleanliness etc. in details along with images, drawings, pictures, newspaper cuttings etc on the left side of your page.

Page No. 12 

Lessons Learnt:

what lessons have you learnt from this disaster.

Page No 13 INCLUDE DO’S AND DONT’S IN YOUR DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

HEADING: Do’s and dont’s for next time to avoid such disasters.

Mention about a few things which can be done everyday to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Similarly Mention about a few things which you should not do to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Page No. 14:

Bibliography:  A bibliography usually contains about the websites you visited, the newspapers name from where you have collected the data or pictures, etc. Whichever book, magazine, shops or websites you have visited, you must mention about that.

Page No. 15:

Keep the last page of your project for teacher’s remarks and grade/marks.

6. Lastly, go for spiral bound cover and submit your project.

Just invest 1 day and 13 pages to complete your project on  Tsunami    as per CBSE norms.

THERE IS NO RULE FOR NUMBER OF PAGES BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 15. YOU MAY ADD FEW MORE PAGES ALSO IF YOU WANT. 

Follow Guidelines of CBSE   strictly on Disaster Management Project.

Was this article helpful to you? Please like , share and subscribe .

Do You Want To Do A Project On Man Made Disaster, Then Click On The Given Link.

Get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

“Project On Heat Stroke”- Understanding the Risks and Prevention

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13 Comments

Thank you ji

Thanku it really helps me

Bro you helped me alot

Thank you once again. Avinash Sharan.

I want disaster management on earthquake

very good this helped me in making my project

Welcome Purushottam.

It is very much helpful . Thank You so much Sir.

Thank you Bhoomi.

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Conclusion of Disaster Management

Disaster management is a critical field that involves the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response, and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

When writing a project, essay, or research paper on Disaster management, the conclusion holds a significant place. It is the final opportunity to impress upon the reader the importance of your work and the impact it could have on the field of disaster management.

Importance of Writing a good Conclusion

The conclusion of a disaster management project or essay serves several important purposes. It provides a succinct summary of the key points discussed, helping the reader to recall and understand the main arguments. Secondly, it offers an opportunity to emphasize the significance of the findings and their implications for the broader field of disaster management. Also, it can provide recommendations for future research or action, thereby encouraging further engagement with the topic.

How to Write Conclusion of Disaster Management?

• Begin by restating the thesis or main argument of your project or essay. This helps to remind the reader of the central focus of your work.
• Summarize the key points or findings that you have presented. Be concise and focus on the most important aspects.
• Discuss the implications of your findings for the field of disaster management. This could include potential improvements to disaster response strategies, new insights into disaster recovery, or suggestions for policy changes.
• If applicable, provide recommendations for future research or action. This could involve suggesting new areas of study, proposing changes to current disaster management practices, or advocating for policy reforms.
• Conclude with a strong, memorable statement that emphasizes the importance of your work and its potential impact on disaster management.

Disaster management is crucial for minimizing the impact of disasters on lives, property, and the environment. It involves a comprehensive approach encompassing risk assessment, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Collaboration among stakeholders is vital, including government agencies, NGOs, private sector, and local communities.

Effective disaster management requires strong legal frameworks, robust planning, and continuous monitoring. Investing in disaster management is an investment in sustainable development, saving lives, reducing economic losses, and protecting development gains. Prioritizing disaster management in policies and plans is essential for building resilient communities and reducing the impact of disasters.

Also Check:   Conclusion of Pollution

Conclusion of Disaster Management Essay

In conclusion, effective disaster management is crucial for minimizing the impact of disasters on communities and promoting rapid recovery. This essay has highlighted the importance of preparedness, response, and recovery in managing disasters. The implications of these findings for disaster management practices are significant, suggesting a need for increased investment in preparedness strategies and improved coordination between response and recovery efforts. Future research should focus on developing and testing innovative preparedness strategies to further enhance our ability to manage disasters.

Also Check:  Conclusion of Sustainable Development

Conclusion of Disaster Management Project

The project has demonstrated that the use of advanced technology can significantly enhance disaster response and recovery efforts. The findings underscore the importance of integrating technology into disaster management strategies. It is recommended that disaster management agencies invest in technological solutions and provide training to personnel to ensure effective utilization. Future projects could explore the potential of other emerging technologies in disaster management.

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Conclusion of earthquake example, conclusion of yoga and meditation, conclusion of social media, conclusion of waste management, conclusion for assignment, conclusion of artificial intelligence | how to write | with example.

It is a very innovative conclusion

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MLB Trade Rumors

Diamondbacks To Designate Tucker Barnhart For Assignment

By Nick Deeds | June 30, 2024 at 9:00pm CDT

The Diamondbacks are designating catcher Tucker Barnhart for assignment, according to Nick Piecoro of the Arizona Republic . Piecoro indicates that the move will clear space on the club’s roster for Gabriel Moreno to be activated from the injured list prior to the club’s next game against the Dodgers on Tuesday.

Barnhart, 33, made Arizona’s Opening Day roster as the primary backup to Moreno over Jose Herrera . The veteran has struggled mightily this year, however, slashing just .165/.283/.190 in 94 trips to the plate with the Snakes this season. That line includes a surprisingly strong 13.8% walk rate, but those decent on-base skills are outweighed by his massive 33% strikeout rate and complete lack of power (as evidenced by an ISO of just .025). When Moreno went on the IL with a sprained thumb, Herrera was called up to the big leagues to join Barnhart in the catching tandem, and evidently the club has decided that they’d prefer to leave the 27-year-old in the backup role once Moreno returns from the injured list on Tuesday.

The veteran backstop has struggled to be productive at the plate throughout the majority of his career, as evidenced by a career 78 wRC+ and a 68 wRC+ over the past five seasons. Barnhart has generally made up for that lack of offensive production with a strong glove behind the plate, even winning two Gold Glove awards during his tenure with the Reds. That aspect of his game has dried up in recent years, however. After regressing defensively during his time with the Cubs last year, Barnhart was below average by all three of Statcast’s defensive metrics for catchers: Blocks Above Average, CS Above Average, and Framing. Given that reality, it’s easy to see why Arizona would turn to Herrera, who is similarly limited on offense but appears to be a superior defender as compared to Barnhart at this stage of his career.

Taking Barnhart’s place on the roster will be Moreno, who last suited up for the Dbacks on June 21 and has been nursing a thumb sprain since then. The 24-year-old youngster is in his second season with Arizona after coming over alongside Lourdes Gurriel Jr. in the Daulton Varsho trade during the 2022-23 offseason. Moreno has performed solidly behind the plate in 172 games with the Diamondbacks, slashing .265/.330/.385 with a roughly league average 97 wRC+ and strong grades for his defense at catcher.

Once Barnhart’s DFA becomes official, the Diamondbacks will have seven days to either work out a trade involving the veteran or attempt to pass him through waivers. If he goes unclaimed on waivers, Arizona could attempt to outright him to the minor leagues as a non-roster depth option, but the 11-year MLB veteran has more than enough service time to reject such an assignment and test free agency.

Awful ball player

He used to be pretty decent. Multiple gold gloves. Multiple 10+ home run seasons. Age just caught up to him and now he can’t hit or catch lol

26 mins ago

He’s better at baseball than you or me. He’s also half a season shy of getting full pension for life. Hopefully he’ll make it. I just hope the Cubs don’t sign him again.

48 mins ago

Tucker lost whatever offensive ability he had when he left Cincinnati. He’ll land somewhere as depth though

10 seconds ago

He’d be an upgrade over Martin Maldonado.

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Cardinals avoid injury disaster with Willson Contreras return looming

By zach pressnell | jun 23, 2024.

The St. Louis Cardinals have been through quite a roller coaster of a season in 2024. They've seen some major high points as well as some major low points, but through it all, they've managed to stay in contention in the mediocre National League.

At the time of writing, St. Louis is five games out of first place in the NL Central and they currently hold one of the three NL Wild Card spots.

This would have been an unimaginable idea a few weeks ago, when the Cardinals were in the basement of the NL Central, seemingly out of the playoff race entirely. But, even after they lost their All-Star catcher, Willson Contreras, the Cardinals never lost hope.

And now, Contreras is nearing his return , where he looks to add to his .280/.398/.551 slash line in 2024. Contreras didn't clear his rehab assignment without a scare though.

Willson Contreras involved in collision at the plate, seemingly okay

Willson Contreras suffered a broken left arm earlier in the season. After sitting out for weeks, he's finally expected to return on Monday, just in time for a series with the Atlanta Braves.

But that isn't before a scary collision at the plate caused major concern for anybody affiliated with the Cardinals.

Willson Contreras was checked on by the trainer and Memphis manager in the last inning he's scheduled to catch of the evening after a bit of a collision at the plate with a base runner that involved the glove arm that he fractured in early May. He tried to field a throw from… — Brenden Schaeffer🎳 (@bschaeffer12) June 23, 2024

To have a baserunner, running at full speed, collide with the same arm that Contreras fractured less than two months ago is incredibly scary. Something like that could have gone terribly wrong for Contreras, sparking another injury or even a rebreak of the same fracture that he was healing from.

But Contreras came out on the other side of this scary collision, seemingly fine.

The Cardinals need the return of Contreras more than anything. When he was healthy, he was their best hitter. He held an OPS+ of 166 which is by far the highest on the team.

Contreras provides the Cardinals with another impact bat at the catcher position, which is something that can't be said for most of the league. If he returns to form, the Cardinals could begin to push themselves further and further up the National League rankings.

Baseball Reference still gives the Cards just a 13.6 percent chance to make the playoffs. St. Louis looks to make a mockery of this doubtful projection, with the return of Contreras boosting them in the right direction.

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Assignment to Disaster Paperback

• Language English
• Publisher Ulverscroft Large Print
• ISBN-10 0708974295
• ISBN-13 978-0708974292
• See all details

Product details

• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0708974295
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0708974292
• Item weight ‏ : ‎ 505 g

About the author

Edward s. aarons.

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Exciting Seattle Mariners' Reliever Gets Timeline For When He'll Start Rehab Assignment

Brady farkas | jun 29, 2024.

• Seattle Mariners

Seattle Mariners ' relief pitcher Gregory Santos took another major step forward in his recovery on Friday afternoon and it's led to some exciting news.

After throwing a 21-pitch live session at T-Mobile Park, we now know when Santos will begin his rehab assignment. He's been out all year with a lat issue.

Per @LookoutLanding on social media:

Justin Hollander says Gregory Santos will start a rehab assignment with Tacoma July 2nd

Justin Hollander says Gregory Santos will start a rehab assignment with Tacoma July 2nd — Lookout Landing (@LookoutLanding) June 28, 2024

Considering that Santos hasn't played in any games at all this year (he was injured in spring training), it's surprising to see him instantly come out of the gate at Triple-A, but Single-A Everett is on the road that day, so maybe this is just more about reducing travel than level of competition. Tacoma is home that day against Salt Lake City.

Given that Santos has been out all year, he'll require a lengthy rehab assignment that will have many more boxes to check. He'll need to show that he can throw all of his pitches, work on back-to-back days and show the ability to recover without discomfort. There has been hope that he'd be able to join the M's in July and that looks possible still at this point if everything goes well.

If and when Santos is able to join the team, he'll add another dimension to the back end of the bullpen for manager Scott Servais. He features an upper-90s fastball and has a ton of movement.

Here's what Ryan Bliss had to say after facing Bliss on Friday, per Curtis Crabtree:

Ryan Bliss faced Santos both in Tampa and here today and spoke highly of his stuff, especially his sinker. “It’s 98 with splitter movement. You just don’t see that. The ball drops out of nowhere. You don’t really see it. It’s something unique and it’s a really good pitch.”

Ryan Bliss faced Santos both in Tampa and here today and spoke highly of his stuff, especially his sinker. “It’s 98 with splitter movement. You just don’t see that. The ball drops out of nowhere. You don’t really see it. It’s something unique and it’s a really good pitch.” https://t.co/YY9OKLFh2V — Curtis Crabtree (@Curtis_Crabtree) June 28, 2024

The Mariners will play the Twins again on Saturday night at 7:10 p.m. PT.

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BRADY FARKAS