essay on india against corruption

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Corruption in India

06 Oct 2023
20 min read
GS Paper - 4
GS Paper - 2
Transparency & Accountability
Ethics and Human Interface
Ethics in Human Actions
Ethics in Private & Public Relationships

For Prelims: Corruption Perception Index , Transparency International , Democracy , Corruption

For Mains: Transparency & Accountability in Governance,Common Causes of Corruption and its Prevention in India.

What is the Context?

The Prime Minister of India, in his 76 th Independence Day address, targeted the twin challenges of corruption and nepotism and raised the urgent need to curb them . Also, Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2023 was released by Transparency International.

Overall, the index shows that control of corruption has stagnated or worsened in most countries over the last decade. India Corruption Perceptions Index was 40 index points in 2023.

What is Corruption?

Corruption is dishonest behaviour by those in positions of power . It starts with the tendency of using public office for some personal benefit.

Moreover, it is unfortunate that corruption has, for many, become a matter of habit. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social norm. Hence, corruption implies the failure of ethics.

What are the Reasons Behind Corruption in India?

L ack of Transparency : A lack of transparency in government processes, decision-making, and public administration provides fertile ground for corrupt practices. When actions and decisions are shielded from public scrutiny, officials may engage in corrupt activities with reduced fear of exposure.
A perception of impunity due to the inadequate punishment of corrupt individuals can encourage further corruption. When individuals believe they can get away with corrupt practices, they are more likely to engage in them.
Low Salaries and Incentives: Public officials, especially those in lower-ranking positions, are sometimes paid low salaries. This can make them more susceptible to bribery and other corrupt practices, as they may see corruption as a means to supplement their income.
India's complex economic environment, which involves various licences, permits, and approvals, can create opportunities for corruption. Businesses may resort to bribery to navigate this environment.
Political Interference: Political interference in administrative matters can compromise the autonomy of government institutions. Political leaders may pressure officials to engage in corrupt activities for personal or party gain.
Cultural Factors: There can be a cultural acceptance of corrupt behaviour in certain contexts, which perpetuates corruption. The notion that "everyone does it" can lead individuals to engage in corruption without feeling morally compromised.
Lack of Whistleblower Protection: Inadequate protection for whistleblowers can deter individuals from reporting corruption. The fear of retaliation can silence potential whistleblowers and allow corruption to thrive.
Social Inequality: Social and economic disparities can contribute to corruption, as individuals with wealth and power may use their influence to secure preferential treatment and engage in corrupt practices without repercussions.

What are the Reasons for the Prevalence of Corruption in Civil Services?

Politicisation of Civil Services: When civil service positions are used as rewards for political support or swapped for bribes , the opportunities for high levels of corruption increase significantly.
Lower Wages: Lowering wages for civil servants compared to those in the private sector. Certain employees may resort to taking bribes in order to compensate for the difference in wages.
Administrative Delays: Delays in the clearance of files are the root cause of corruption as common citizens are coerced to grease the palm of erring officials and authorities for expedited clearance of the files.
Colonial Legacy of Unchallenged Authority: In a society which worships power, it is easy for public officials to deviate from ethical conduct.
Weak Enforcement of Law: Various laws have been made to curb the evil of corruption but their weak enforcement has acted as a hindrance in curbing corruption .

What can be the Impact of Corruption?

To demand quality, one might need to pay for it. This is seen in many areas like municipality, electricity, distribution of relief funds, etc.
A crime may be proved as a benefit of the doubt due to a lack of evidence or even the evidence erased.
These low-quality services are all done to save money by the contractors and the officials who are involved.
These people sanction the funds for research to those investigators who are ready to bribe them.
Disregard for Officials: People start disregarding the officials involved in corruption and also the administrative set up which creates distrust in the system.
Lack of Respect for Government: Top brass leaders of the nation like the President or Prime Ministers lose respect among the public. Respect is the main criteria in social life.
Lack of Faith and Trust in Governments: People vote for a leader based on their faith in him/ her, but if leaders are found to be involved in corruption, people lose faith in them and may not vote next time.
Aversion for Joining the Posts Linked to Corruption : Sincere, honest, and hardworking people develop an aversion for the particular posts deemed corrupt.
A Decrease in Foreign Investment : Corruption in government bodies has led to many foreign investments going back from developing countries.
This leads to delays in investments, the starting of industries, and also growth.
Due to lack of proper roads, water, and electricity, the companies do not wish to start up there, which hinders the economic progress of that region.

Image: Changes in Levels of Corruption In India and Other Countries as per the Corruption Perceptions Index over the past decade.

What are the Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for Fighting Corruption in India?

Amendment of 2018 criminalised both bribe-taking by public servants as well as bribe-giving by any person.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 aims to prevent instances of money laundering and prohibits use of the 'proceeds of crime' in India.
The Companies Act, 2013 provides for corporate governance and prevention of corruption and fraud in the corporate sector. The term 'fraud' has been given a broad definition and is a criminal offence under the Companies Act.
The Indian Penal Code, 1860 sets out provisions which can be interpreted to cover bribery and fraud matters, including offences relating to criminal breach of trust and cheating.
The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 the Act precludes the person who acquired the property in the name of another person from claiming it as his own.
They perform the function of an "ombudsman” and inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.
Central Vigilance Commission: Its mandate is to oversee the vigilance administration and to advise and assist the executive in matters relating to corruption.
Amendments in 1964: The definition of ‘Public Servant’ under the IPC was expanded. The definition of ‘criminal misconduct’ was expanded and possession of assets disproportionate to the known sources of income of a public servant was made an offence.

What is the Importance of Ethics in Preventing Corruption?

Establishing Moral Boundaries: Ethical principles provide a framework for defining what is right and wrong. In the context of corruption, ethics set clear boundaries that distinguish acceptable behaviour from unethical or corrupt conduct.
Promoting Accountability: Ethics demand that individuals take responsibility for their actions and decisions. When people are guided by ethical principles, they are more likely to be transparent and accountable for their actions, reducing the likelihood of engaging in corrupt behaviour that could harm others.
Fostering Transparency: Transparency is a core ethical principle. Ethical organisations and individuals are more likely to operate openly and honestly, making it difficult for corruption to thrive in an environment where actions and decisions are subject to scrutiny.
Building Trust: Trust is a cornerstone of ethical behaviour. When individuals and institutions are perceived as trustworthy, they are less likely to engage in or tolerate corruption. A high level of trust in society reduces the temptation for corruption.
Encouraging Civic Virtue: Ethical values promote civic virtue, which encourages individuals to act in the best interest of society rather than pursuing personal gain at the expense of others. Civic virtue is a powerful deterrent to corruption.
Supporting Rule of Law: Ethical behaviour upholds the rule of law and respect for legal and regulatory frameworks. Corrupt practices often involve circumventing or violating the law, and adherence to ethics reinforces respect for legal norms.
Whistleblower Protection : Ethical organisations and governments prioritise protecting whistleblowers who report corruption. Ethical values encourage reporting unethical behaviour, which is vital for uncovering and addressing corruption.
Global Reputation: On an international scale, ethical behaviour is essential for a nation's reputation. Countries known for ethical governance and low corruption levels are more attractive to foreign investment and collaboration.
Long-Term Sustainability : Corrupt practices often provide short-term gains but can lead to long-term harm. Ethical behaviour is essential for the sustainable development and prosperity of societies.

What are Nolan Committee Recommendations on Standards in Public Life and Prevention of Corruption?

Nolan Committee in 1995 in United Kingdom outlined Seven Ethical and Moral values to be incorporated by the Public functionaries, Officials, Civil Servants, Bureaucrats, Civil Society and Citizens in order to weed out corruption:

Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest.
Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands.
Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.

What are the Recommendations of the Second ARC to Tackle Corruption?

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC), an advisory body in India, made several comprehensive recommendations to address the issue of corruption and improve the integrity and efficiency of the public administration. These recommendations aim to prevent corruption and enhance transparency and accountability in government operations. Here are some of the key recommendations made by the 2nd ARC:

Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014: The 2nd ARC recommended amendments to the Whistleblowers Protection Act to enhance protection and incentives for whistleblowers. This includes safeguarding them from harassment and providing financial rewards.
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): The 2 nd ARC recommended strengthening the CVC's role in preventing and combating corruption by giving it more independence, resources, and authority.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): The commission suggested measures to ensure the CBI's autonomy and effectiveness in handling corruption cases.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): The 2 nd ARC recommended the development of clear SOPs for government processes and services to minimise the discretionary powers of officials. This reduces the scope for corruption and arbitrary decision-making.
Use of Technology: Leveraging technology and e-governance can reduce human interface and discretion in government transactions. The commission encouraged the adoption of electronic methods to reduce corruption opportunities.
Police Accountability: The commission highlighted the need for comprehensive police reforms to enhance the integrity and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. This includes measures to increase transparency, accountability, and professionalism in the police force.
Community Policing: Promoting community policing can build trust between the police and the public, reducing opportunities for corruption and abuse of power.
Code of Ethics: The commission recommended the development of a code of ethics for public officials and employees to promote ethical behaviour.
Citizen Charters: Encouraging government departments to adopt citizen charters can enhance accountability and improve public service delivery.
Media and Education: The commission suggested using media and educational institutions to create awareness about the detrimental effects of corruption and the importance of ethical conduct.
Parliamentary Committees: Strengthening the role of parliamentary committees in scrutinising government operations and expenditure can help detect and prevent corruption.
Digital Transformation: The 2 nd ARC recommended a comprehensive digital transformation of government processes to reduce human intervention and opportunities for corruption.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q1. With reference to the ‘Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988 (PBPT Act)’, consider the following statements: (2017)

A property transaction is not treated as a benami transaction if the owner of the property is not aware of the transaction.
Properties held benami are liable for confiscation by the Government.
The Act provides for three authorities for investigations but does not provide for any appellate mechanism.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only

Q.2 Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)

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Corruption in India: Status, Causes & Impacts

From Current Affairs Notes for UPSC » Editorials & In-depths » This topic

The menace of corruption is the most talked-about issue in India which grapples the sphere of public debate very often. The phenomenon touches every human being from the one living in slums to the person occupying the highest echelons of the State system. Just like the fictional Voldemort, corruption grows at every utterance of it. In the words of Kautilya “Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey that finds itself in the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government assistant not to eat up, at least a bit of King’s revenue.”

This topic of “Corruption in India: Status, Causes & Impacts” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What is Corruption?

Transparency International (TI) defines corruption as “The abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs”

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What is the Status of corruption in India?

In 2021, the country was ranked 85th out of 180 in the Corruption Perceptions Index, with the lowest-ranked countries perceived to have the most honest public sector. Corruption is caused by a variety of factors, including officials stealing money from government social welfare programmes.
CPI, 2019 highlighted that unfair and opaque political financing, undue influence in decision-making and lobbying by powerful corporate interest groups, has resulted in stagnation or decline in the control of corruption.
As per the India Corruption Survey 2019, 51% of the respondents admitted to paying bribes. Rajasthan and Bihar fared the worst in the country with 78% and 75% of respondents admitting to paying bribes.

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What are the causes of corruption?

Inquiry into the causes of corruption presents a detailed picture of a socio-political-economic-administrative scenario that breeds corruption on a daily basis.

Legacy issues –
Rampant poverty and empty coffers of the government at the dawn of independence leading to chronic low salaries of the government officials.
Pre liberalization license permit raj catered by Monopolies and restrictive trade practices facilitated the corruption. The lack of economic freedom led to abuse of the system.
Necessities of development overshadowed vigilance procedures.
Political system
Use of black money in elections to win at any cost (breaching statutory spending limits) creates the need for the recovery of that cost through malpractices.
Election funding is not transparent making it prone to the usage of black money and funding based on quid pro quo.
It leads to crony capitalism, an unholy nexus between politicians and corporates.
Criminalization of politics- when the rule-breakers become rule makers, the casualty is the rule of law.
Economic structure
Low levels of formalization (merely 10%) of the economy breed black money.
Stringent compliance rules for entry and exit for businesses result in bribery.
Unequal distribution of wealth- Transparency International data suggests that corruption is directly proportionate to the economic gap in a nation.
Faulty process of liberalisation- we first opened ourselves to the world and then took to legislation for various sectors like FDI, resource auction making it easy for foreign companies to manipulate the system.
Legal lacunae
Archaic laws like IPC 1860 don’t capture the complexities of administration and lead to the escape of wrongdoers.
narrows down the definition of corruption,
increases the burden of proof
prior approval from the government for inquiry or investigation of officials
Lacunae in the Lokpal act and delays in the appointments both at the state and central levels.
Dilution of the RTI act and political misuse of CBI and other agencies.
Loopholes give discretionary powers to the officials making working prone to corruption.
Lack of resources, funding, infrastructure and manpower in the vigilance institutions.
Lack of incorporation of standard practices by organizations like Banks, sports organizations which results in multi-billion-rupee scams. E.g. Punjab National Bank scam, commonwealth scam.
Delays and dying away from the corruption cases at the judicial level due to lack of evidence or faulty investigation. It also showcases politician-public servant-judicial (lower levels) nexus.
Lack of protection to good Samaritans
Targeting of upright and non-corrupt officials and rewards to corrupt officials
Near non-existent whistleblowers protection
Social problems
The mindset of the citizenry that doesn’t look at the problems seriously and even accepts it as a necessary part of the system.
Illiteracy, poverty, and inability to understand complex procedures.
Increasing consumerism in the new middle class that is ready to bribe to get things done.
Failure of social morality, education system to inculcate the values.

What are the impacts of corruption?

Hindrances to developmental process
loss of wealth due to corruption and siphoning away of taxpayers’ money leave little to spend in the social sector.
many developmental projects cannot be completed or get dragged for decades because of red-tapism, corruption cases raising the expenditure
out of pocket expenditure by the poor to get things done creates a vicious cycle of poverty.
Corruption in the social sectors like PDS, health and education schemes lead to demographic disadvantage.
It misdirects developmental strategy from decentralized, directed projects to big-budget projects on account of crony capitalism.
Economic loss
Undermines ease of doing business
Corruption in the public services sector carries high risks for conducting good businesses. Companies are likely to unwanted red tapes, petty corruption, bribes for finalizing any procedures or deals.
Wrong allocation policies result in undervaluation of resources like Coal blocks, Hydrocarbon projects, Spectrum allocation. Eg. 2G scam, Coalgate. This mismanagement of resources leads to environmental degradation and exploitation.
Low tax collection due to tax authority- corporate corruption. It results in low spending in the capital building.
Corruption of financial sector officials like Banks, the stock market erodes the strength of the economy. E.g. PNB scam, PMC scam, Harshad Mehta scandal
Rising black money artificially enhances the market capability which is always at the risk of collapse.
Harmful to national security
We have a history of corruption in defense procurement and consequent litigation. It undermines the preparedness of the armed.
Corruption in the border security establishment creates problems of terrorist infiltration. Illegal migration has caused the issue of NRC implementation
Social sector losses
Corruption in government projects targeting poor and vulnerable section of the society increases the economic gap between the rich and the poor
Corruption is always paid by the poor. The loss of exchequer by the big scams are always recovered by higher taxes. It hampers intergenerational parity in taxation.
The corrupt system denies the poor a chance to improve their status rendering them eternally poor
On the political front, corruption is a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law.
It then leads to the loss of legitimacy of the political systems and gives free hand to non-state actors. E.g. Left-wing extremism
Judicial corruption too undermines its legitimacy.

Way forward

There is a need for windfall reforms in each and every section of the system to fight the menace. Every aspect of governance must be improved for efficiency, economy, and effectiveness .

Barring the criminals from even participating in the elections as suggested by the election commission.
Imposing limits on the overall expenditure of the political parties.
Making state funding of elections a reality.
Empowering ECI by giving legal force to MCC and making paid news a criminal offence.
Strengthening of autonomous institutions
Protecting the autonomy of CIC-giving him a constitutional status
Provision of required manpower, infrastructure, training of vigilance agencies
Eliminate overlapping of jurisdiction- e.g. Lokpal and CBI
Administrative reforms
Establishing the Civil Service Board to curb the excessive political control over the administration
Reducing the hierarchy levels in the governments
Conducting periodic sensitivity training for the civil servants
Simplifying the disciplinary proceedings and strengthening preventive vigilance within the departments to ensure corrupt civil servant do not occupy the sensitive position
Police and judicial reforms- implementation of Prakash Singh recommendations
Governance reforms
e-gov apart from advancing the good governance objectives of accountability and transparency also seeks to reduce the manual interface between state and citizen thus preventing the incidences of bribery
Drives like Digital India projects like Government e-Marketplace must be implemented.
Enactment of the right to service act. E.g. Rajasthan social accountability bill
Economic reforms
Negating legal lacunae in banking, stock market legislations.
Improving corporate governance by implementing corporate governance committee reports
Formalisation of the economy
Refining and speedy implementation of GST
Social sector improvements

As Transparency International chairman Delia Ferreira Rubio says, “People’s indifference is the best breeding ground to the corruption”. citizen empowerment is a basic need in the fight against corruption

Awareness of citizenry by training them in RTI act, Citizens charter, social audits.
Increasing democratization of the masses.
Curriculum reforms to inculcate values even in higher education by which youngsters acquire high standards of ethical mindset.

Integrity, transparency, and fight against corruption have to be part of the culture. They must be thought of as fundamental values of the society we live in. corruption should not be seen as cancer to be eliminated root and branch for now. A practical approach would be to see it at obsession to be cured. An incremental approach to the problem will lead to an achievable target-setting and faster completion. People should be aware that they can change the system. India against corruption movement of 2011 was not the last fight as we have seen and it cannot be either. There has to be continuous checks and balances in the system. Corruption can be tackled effectively. But it needs homegrown solutions that eliminate indigenous problems.

India has dropped to 82nd position in 2021, five places down from 77th rank last year, in a global list that ranks countries based on business bribery risks. The list by TRACE, an anti-bribery standard-setting organization, measures business bribery risk in 194 countries, territories, and autonomous and semi-autonomous regions.
A strict anti-corruption law is “necessary” because corruption is hollowing out the country, the Centre told a five-judge constitution bench of the Supreme Court, which was considering whether public servants can be prosecuted for bribery if bribe givers fail to record their statements or turn hostile.

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CORRUPTION IN INDIA The development of India and its people and the future is irreparably destroyed due to the massive corruption, bribery and influence peddling. The rule of law is ignored. India is faced with absolute lawlessness, no one is safe and no one’s property is safe. The Higher Judiciary to take stern action against the corrupt politicians, executives and the who’s who of India. In pandemic the leaders have failed its people and caused massive death. Ramesh Mishra Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

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Essay on Corruption in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Corruption in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Corruption in India

Introduction.

Corruption is a deep-rooted problem in India, affecting various aspects of life. It involves dishonest or illegal behavior by people in power, such as politicians and government officials.

The main cause of corruption is lack of transparency and accountability in the system. Other factors include poor law enforcement, lack of education, and poverty.

Corruption hampers economic growth and development. It also erodes trust in public institutions and undermines the rule of law.

To combat corruption, we need stricter laws, better enforcement, and more transparency in the system. Education and awareness can also play a key role.

250 Words Essay on Corruption in India

Corruption in India is an insidious issue that permeates every stratum of the society. It undermines the country’s progress, stifles economic growth, and exacerbates inequality. This essay delves into the causes, implications, and potential solutions to this endemic problem.

Causes of Corruption

The root causes of corruption in India can be traced to a myriad of factors. These include a lack of transparency in governance, weak law enforcement, and low public awareness. The absence of a robust system of checks and balances encourages a culture of impunity, enabling corrupt practices to flourish.

Implications of Corruption

Corruption in India has a profound impact on the nation’s socio-economic fabric. It hinders the optimal allocation of resources, impedes infrastructural development, and erodes public trust in institutions. Moreover, it exacerbates income disparity, pushing the marginalized further into the abyss of poverty.

Solutions to Combat Corruption

Addressing corruption requires a multi-pronged approach. Strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing transparency, and promoting public participation in governance are critical. The role of technology in fostering accountability cannot be overstated. Digital platforms can make governmental processes more transparent, thereby reducing opportunities for corruption.

Corruption in India is a grave issue that demands urgent attention. While the task is daunting, it is not insurmountable. With collective resolve, stringent measures, and the right use of technology, India can curb corruption, paving the way for a more equitable and prosperous society.

500 Words Essay on Corruption in India

Corruption in India is a deep-rooted issue that has plagued the country’s economic, social, and political fabric. It is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire illicit benefits.

The Prevalence of Corruption

Corruption in India is omnipresent, permeating all levels of the government and public service sectors. It manifests in various forms, including bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and cronyism. The Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index 2020 ranked India 86th out of 180 countries, indicating a high level of corruption.

Corruption in India is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. The lack of transparency and accountability in public administration, low salaries of government officials, and the absence of a robust legal framework to deal with corruption cases are some of the significant contributors. The culture of ‘speed money’ to bypass bureaucratic red tape further exacerbates the problem.

Impact of Corruption

The implications of corruption are far-reaching and detrimental to the nation’s progress. It hampers economic development by deterring foreign and domestic investments, escalating costs, and creating inefficiencies through the misallocation of resources. Socially, corruption fuels inequality and injustice by denying the deserving their rights and services. Politically, it undermines democracy and the rule of law by fostering a culture of impunity.

Combatting Corruption

Simultaneously, promoting transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government is crucial. Tools like the Right to Information Act empower citizens to hold the government accountable. Additionally, leveraging technology can streamline processes, reduce human intervention, and thereby, curb opportunities for corruption.

Corruption in India is a pervasive and complex issue that impedes the nation’s growth and development. While the government has initiated several measures to combat corruption, their effectiveness hinges on rigorous implementation and a collective societal effort to foster a culture of integrity and accountability. The fight against corruption is not just a legal battle but a moral one, demanding a shift in societal attitudes towards corruption and a commitment to ethical conduct.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Corruption in India: An Enduring Threat

Šumit Ganguly

Select your citation format:

Read the full essay here .

The self-styled Gandhian social activist Kisan Baburao “Anna” Hazare catalyzed a national anticorruption movement with his hunger strike to induce the Indian Parliament to pass a particular piece of anticorruption legislation known as the Jan Lokpal (or Citizen’s Ombudsman’s) Bill. The presence of freedom-of-information laws, effective anticorruption agencies, and a working and independent judicial system can promote transparency and accountability. These may in turn help to restore a modicum of faith that India’s democracy, rather than being a playground for corruption, can be counted on to work for and not against the interests of India’s citizens.

About the Author

Šumit Ganguly is Distinguished Professor of Political Science and holds the Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations at Indiana University, Bloomington, and is a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He is the author (with William Thompson) of Ascending India and Its State Capacity (2017) .

View all work by Šumit Ganguly

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Governance in India: Corruption

Protesters hold placards against corruption in the northern Indian city of Chandigarh, April 7, 2011.

It remains unclear whether mounting public anger and flagging growth can catalyze India to address widespread official corruption.

Backgrounder by Beina Xu

Last updated September 4, 2014 8:00 am (EST)

Introduction

With a booming economy throughout the 2000s, India was touted as one of the most promising major emerging markets. But that breakneck growth sputtered to a decade low in 2012, with many observers pointing to the corrosive effect of endemic corruption—including a spate of scandals under former prime minister Manmohan Singh—as a culprit. Perhaps more than India’s weak currency and rising inflation, the graft problem has undermined institutions and thwarted efforts to reduce poverty and catalyze sustainable growth in the world’s largest democracy. Public revelations of corruption, including major scandals in the telecommunications and coal industry, have galvanized a rising middle class with increased demands for better governance. The tide has spurred new political movements, and forced the government to address transparency and marshal reforms.

The Roots of Corruption

Corruption in India can be traced back to the country’s colonial past, analysts say. The British Raj period, beginning in 1858, excluded Indian citizens from political participation by dividing the country into districts with provincial governments controlled by a commissioner. The 1923 Official Secrets Act made it an offense for officials to reveal state information to citizens, ostensibly to protect military and government intelligence.

After India gained independence in 1947, the new regime implemented heavy economic regulations intended to develop domestic markets; the 1951 Industries Act, for instance, required all new industrial operations to obtain a license from the central government. The policy limited foreign investment and stifled competition, and bribery became part and parcel of doing business. The period up to 1991 was dubbed the “License Raj” as a result of the government’s excessive oversight of the economy. The poor often suffered most from the widespread corruption, which diverted large amounts of public revenue intended for public works, aid, and social welfare programs.

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“Historically, the roots of India’s corruption came from the proliferation of licenses,” says former CFR Senior Fellow for International Economics Jagdish Bhagwati. “The idea was to ensure economical use of resources, so you would not waste foreign exchanges. To this day, this is what Indians have been very aware of: that the institution of licenses and permits was responsible for creating corruption on a massive scale.”

The first major law to combat government malfeasance was the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) of 1947, enacted to prevent officials from cashing in on postwar reconstruction funding. Parliament also established the Anticorruption Bureau in 1961 to investigate violations of the PCA, which has since been amended twice (most recently in 1988). The latest revision was a direct response to the late-1980s Bofors scandal , in which then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and other politicians were accused of receiving large kickbacks in a weapons bid from Swedish arms company Bofors. Many observers considered the scandal to be a main reason the Gandhi-led Congress Party was voted out of power in 1989.

Under the PCA, bribery is punishable by a fine and up to five years imprisonment. But many analysts believe India’s sprawling bureaucracy and weak institutions—the police and judiciary were ranked as the second and third most corrupt institutions in India, respectively, after political parties—have thwarted convictions, and arguably increased incentives for bribery. In recent years, graft pervaded society from small-scale “harassment bribes” (payments for essential social services) to scandals on a national level. At least 42 percent of young Indians have paid a bribe, according to a 2012 Hindustan survey.

“There’s been corruption in India for thousands of years—it’s endemic—but what you see is the kind of corruption changing,” says Milan Vaishnav , a South Asia associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. “In the past two decades, there’s been a shift toward grand corruption: the recent scandals are just qualitatively and quantitatively bigger than anything we’ve seen. And a big reason for that is India’s rapid growth. Growth has expanded the possibilities for rent-seeking.”

A 2011 report from KPMG stated that 68 percent [PDF] of India’s total illicit capital loss happened after the country’s economic liberalization in 1991, indicating that the reform and rise of India’s economy has contributed to the transfer of “black money” abroad.

A Spiraling Problem

In 2013, India ranked ninety-fourth out of 176 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index , alongside Mongolia and Colombia and below neighbors like China and Sri Lanka. The country has steadily slipped since ranking seventy-second of 179 in 2007, when the report debuted. Several recent high-profile scandals have underscored the extent of the problem. In 2010, allegations emerged surrounding the gross misallocation of funds at the Commonwealth Games , which cost almost eighteen times its budget estimate. Reports surfaced of shoddy infrastructure and financial irregularities regarding contracts, and the scandal led to the resignation of two senior Congress Party members and other government officials. The Central Vigilance Commission cited the total misappropriation of funds to be around $1.8 billion .

There’s been corruption in India for thousands of years, but what you see is the kind of corruption changing.

Soon after, controversy mired the government again when an auditor’s report uncovered a massive telecom scam estimated to have cost the government some $39 billion, making it one of the largest cases of state corruption in Indian history. Telecom minister Andimuthu Raja, accused of orchestrating the sale of licenses below market value, resigned in 2010. (He was arrested in 2011, and was out on bail as of late 2013.) During the affair, outraged opposition parties shut down parliament for three weeks and prompted massive protests in Delhi .

Public anger escalated when the 2012 “ Coalgate ” scandal, in which an estimated $34 billion was lost, implicated the prime minister himself. The breadth of corruption has even touched the U.S. government, as cables released in 2011 by Wikileaks revealed that a Congress Party aide allegedly showed a U.S. diplomat chests of cash intended as a bribe to secure Parliament’s endorsement of a controversial 2008 U.S.-India nuclear deal.

The Fallout From Corruption

Public outrage peaked by the spring of 2011. A social activist named Anna Hazare emerged as a prominent organizer of the anticorruption movement, vowing a “fast unto death” unless the government established a new anticorruption agency (Lokpal) to review complaints at the highest level. Thousands of citizens took to his cause, and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)–led government announced in August that it would form a committee to draft the law. After stalling for months in Parliament, India’s lower house finally passed the bill in mid-December 2013 with both Congress and BJP’s support, ending Hazare’s nine-day hunger strike in a rare show of unity.

Mounting graft has stirred not only domestic worries, but has also tarnished the country’s image among international investors. Since 1947, India has lost hundreds of billions of dollars in illegal capital flows (tax evasion, corruption, bribery, kickbacks, etc.), and was ranked 134th of 189 countries in the World Bank’s 2014 Doing Business Report. At Davos in 2013, NGOs warned that the hefty investment needed for India’s infrastructure development could breed more corruption.

Some experts note that while there isn’t necessarily a direct correlation between corruption levels and India’s economic health, the nature of the graft has been corrosive to its growth. “The way corruption has been practiced in India has been particularly harmful,” says Bhagwati, who contrasts India’s rent-creating corruption , which carves out monopolies for cronies, with China’s profit-sharing system, which takes an interest in growth. “In the end, the corruption in India is of a form that undermines growth in our institutions. It’s a very expensive way to be corrupt.”

Campaigning for Reform

As India’s economy slowed , successive revelations of graft exacerbated public outrage at the inability of the former Congress-led government to mitigate corruption. In turn, the country saw an uptick of anticorruption rhetoric ahead of state elections in November and December 2013. The Aam Aadmi Party, led by activist Arvin Kejriwal, emerged as a new political party that got its start on an anticorruption platform, while the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also emphasized good governance. Meanwhile, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, who leads one of India’s poorest states, Bihar, also won accolades for his success in emphasizing good governance.

“What is new and politically relevant has been, in response to citizen outrage, the rise of parties explicitly focusing on governance,” says CFR’s Alyssa Ayres . “And most importantly, the transformation of campaigning from a mode that focused on a language of empowerment with an appeal to caste, to one focusing on good governance and delivering services to citizens.”

The BJP championed the clean track record of its leader Narendra Modi, whose reform efforts as chief minister of Gujarat, made his home state a key driver of national economic growth, and who went on to win the 2014 national election. Yet corruption remains rife in India’s political landscape. In 2012, criminal cases were pending against 31 percent of members of parliament and the legislative assembly. Campaign spending limits are low, driving expenditure underground and fostering reliance on “black money.” Many experts also point to Indian voters’ complex relationship with corruption; research from a wide range of states finds that political candidates often promote their criminality as an indication of their ability to defend the interests of their communities.

Prospects for Progress

India’s government has made a few attempts at the federal level to combat corruption. The 2005 Right to Information Act allows citizens to request access to any public record and, if approved, receive it within thirty days. The law, which can penalize noncompliance and requires authorities to digitize records, has been hailed as a pivotal achievement in the fight against corruption. The government is also considering moves to strengthen the national antigraft law, potentially introducing changes that would punish corporate failure to prevent bribery.

What is new and politically relevant has been the rise of parties explicitly focusing on governance.

An increasingly activist judiciary has also taken a stronger stance against corruption; in early 2011, the Supreme Court asked all trial courts in the country to fast-track corruption cases. The next year, it limited the amount of time the government had to decide whether or not to prosecute a public official for corruption. And in July 2013, the top court ruled that it was illegal for politicians convicted of crimes to continue holding office, although, in a highly controversial move, Singh’s cabinet withdrew the decree in October. Modi announced in an August 2014 speech that his government will initiate tough initiatives to battle corruption, likening the problem to a “disease.”

Technology has also helped. Some states like Gujarat have implemented online systems for state contract bids, allowing for greater transparency. Others have also put land records and death certificates online, while websites like IPaidaBribe.com expose graft associated with common public services. The government is also devising an electronic ID system , which would allow poor citizens to avoid intermediaries and receive aid directly through a bank account.

But technology can only do so much, says Jennifer Bussell , assistant professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkeley. Bussell notes that technology’s most important contribution has been granting citizens greater access to information. “Some combination of administrative reforms and local-level technology initiatives to help bring corruption to light—in addition to efforts by organizations like the Comptroller and Auditor General, which is exposing corruption at the highest levels of government—would help. You need all of these things.”

Transparency International India offers statistics and reports about the current state of corruption in India.

Accountability Initiative offers reports and policy briefs using publicly-available data collected from the Right to Information Act.

This CMS India Corruption Study [PDF] breaks down corruption statistics by state and public service.

This U4 Anticorruption Resource Center report gives an overview of India's corruption problem and efforts to address reform.

This Fair Observer article asks whether computerization of public service transactions could help curb petty corruption in India.

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Essay on Corruption 1000+ Words

Corruption is a grave issue that has plagued India for many years, hindering its progress and development. This essay will argue that corruption in India is a formidable challenge, undermining trust in institutions, siphoning resources away from essential services, and impeding the nation’s growth. We will delve into the causes and consequences of corruption, as well as potential solutions to address this pressing problem.

The Prevalence of Corruption

Corruption in India is alarmingly prevalent, with numerous cases reported at various levels of government and society. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, India consistently ranks low, indicating a high level of perceived corruption. This issue affects citizens from all walks of life.

Causes of Corruption

Corruption in India has deep-rooted causes, including the lack of transparency, bureaucratic red tape, and political influence. Experts opine that complex regulations and excessive discretion in decision-making provide fertile ground for corrupt practices. Additionally, poverty and low wages in some sectors may drive individuals to engage in corruption for financial gain.

Economic Impact

Corruption has a detrimental economic impact on India. Funds allocated for public projects and welfare schemes often get siphoned off through corrupt practices. This not only hampers the country’s economic growth but also perpetuates poverty and inequality, as resources meant for the marginalized are diverted.

Erosion of Trust in Institutions

Widespread corruption erodes trust in public institutions, including the government and the judiciary. When citizens lose faith in these institutions, it weakens the democratic fabric of the nation. People become disillusioned with the idea of justice and equitable governance.

Social Consequences

Corruption has severe social consequences, as it can lead to a breakdown of ethical values and moral degradation. When corruption becomes the norm, society suffers from a loss of integrity, hindering the nation’s social progress.

Impediment to Foreign Investment

Foreign investors may be hesitant to invest in a country known for its corruption. The perception of corruption can deter foreign investment, limiting opportunities for economic growth and job creation. This hinders India’s potential as a global economic player.

Legal Measures and Accountability

Efforts have been made to combat corruption through legal measures and accountability. Initiatives such as the Right to Information Act and the establishment of anti-corruption bodies like the Central Vigilance Commission aim to increase transparency and hold corrupt individuals accountable.

Public Awareness and Education

Educating the public about the negative consequences of corruption is crucial. Awareness campaigns and educational programs can empower citizens to resist corruption and report unethical practices.

Strengthening Institutions

To address corruption effectively, institutions must be strengthened. This includes reforms in the legal and judicial systems, as well as improvements in administrative processes to reduce bureaucratic red tape.

Encouraging Ethical Leadership

Promoting ethical leadership is vital to combat corruption. Leaders at all levels of government and society must lead by example, demonstrating integrity and accountability.

Conclusion of Essay on Corruption

In conclusion, corruption in India is a pressing issue that poses significant challenges to the nation’s progress and prosperity. It erodes trust in institutions, hampers economic growth, and has far-reaching social consequences. While legal measures and accountability mechanisms have been put in place, addressing corruption requires a collective effort. Public awareness, education, and strengthening institutions are essential steps toward curbing corruption in India. As a nation, India must unite to combat corruption, fostering a culture of integrity and accountability for a brighter future.

Also Check: 500+ Words Essay on Should Plastic be Banned

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Corruption In India Essay | Essay on Corruption In India for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Corruption In India Essay: There was a time when Gandhiji would say “My religion is based on truth and non-violence. Truth is my God and non-violence is a means of realising him.” Such were the principles of our political leaders at one time. Today what is more astonishing is that India has been ranked 94 on the Corruption Perception Index among 177 countries. While India is at the threshold of becoming superpower, the progress of the country is getting eaten up by the corrupt people of the country. Corruption is closely associated with bribery which means to give or to take profit for some illegal work. Corruption has progressively involved in every sphere of Indian society. Corruption is a cancer that is not restricted to any particular political party. It infects the whole society.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Corruption In India for Kids and Students in English

Given below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Corruption In India’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Corruption In India of 400-500 words. This long essay about Corruption In India is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Corruption In India of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.

Long Essay on Corruption In India 500 Words in English

Below we have given a long essay on Corruption In India of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.

Largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian Government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or National Rural Health Mission. Many of the biggest scandals involve high level government officials, including Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers in cases like 2G Spectrum Scam, 2010 Commonwealth Games Scam, Adarsh Housing Society Scam, Coal Mining Scam or Cash for Vote, Scam. Shockingly, all these scandals drained several hundred billions of the honest tax-payers and of Indian economy. Other daily sources of corruption include India’s trucking (heavy transport) industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways.

In government hospitals, corruption is associated with non-availability/duplication of medicines, getting admission, consultation with doctors and availing diagnostic services. There have been several cases of manipulation of officials of the Income Tax Department of India for relaxed prosecutions in exchange of bribes. Corruption is prevalent on a large-scale during election times and votes are bought with the help of l money.

According to a report (in 2008), 120 of India’s 523 Parliament members were accused of crimes. Politicians and criminals are the main cause of corruption in every country. Lack of ethical qualities and morality among administrators and politicians, illiteracy among people, poor economic infrastructure all these have tightened grip over corruption. Artificial scarcity created by people, vast size of population, complex laws and procedures to eliminate corruption discourage the people for taking steps against corruption.

Tolerance of people towards corruption has indeed fueled the strength and greed of wrongdoers. This was aptly quoted by Arshad Warsi, “Dealing with corruption and staying calm is a talent most of us in India have mastered and learned to live with”. The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery and the lack of transparent laws and processes. These are significant variations in level of corruption. Even media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss Banks.

Corruption is not only restricted to India, but is prevalent or to be precise is growing in many other countries today. The scams and scandals have caused Eurozone crises, the melting down of U.S. Economy and deflating politicians in the United Kingdom. Politicians advertise hugely at the time of elections, which are usually publicly funded campaigns.

The US military budget is bloated but perhaps half of it is spent on outsourced services, not on the military. The developed nations can still sustain this misfortune as they have strong economy, developed science and technology. But India is only crumbling and deteriorating under the burden of corruption. While speaking on corruption and other related problems Arvind Kejriwal once quoted “Political Revolution in India has begun Bharat jaldi badlega.” True, India has, and is taking steps to tackle this problem as they feel cheated for their valued contribution of funds and taxes. Under the leadership of Anna Hazare, who began ‘fast-unto-death’, the mass movement of people saw an expression of their collective anger against corruption.

Short Essay on Corruption In India 200 Words in English

Below we have given a short essay on Corruption In India is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act came into force from January 2014 to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries. The Right To Information (2005) Act that requires government officials to provide information requested by citizens has reduced corruption in some areas or atleast has opened up avenues to redress grievances.

Another Whistle Blowers Protection Act, provides a mechanism to investigate misuse of power by public servants, has received the assent of the President of India. But unfortunately is pending for notification by the Central Government. Role of media cannot be ignored especially in today’s times. Media can play a significant role to abolish corruption by exposing the scams and scandals, thereby awakening the citizens. Other measures are strict laws should be made; power to make policies in public interests should be vested with independent commission, people should have a right to question the elected representatives and get answers; funding of elections should be banned and persons with criminal records should be denied to contest elections. More and more courts should be opened for speedy justice. Lokpals and Vigilance Commissions should be more powerful and of independent nature so as to provide speedy justice.

India has every ability, talent and resource to be a developed nation, just some corrections here and there are needed. In one of movie ‘Nayak’ also this idea was emphasised wherein one person at the top political position was corrupt, he made his whole party full of corrupt people. Whereas another person with right intention, not only eradicated corruption, but changed the whole face and fate of his state.

Capital Punishment Essay Word Meanings for Simple Understanding

Prosecution – trial, action
Discretionary – mandatory, unrestricted
Monopoly – exclusive possession or control, full domination
Stashing – store secretly, put away, hide
Bloated – excessive in size, blown up
Crumbling – breakdown, collapse
Deteriorating – worsening, weakening
Avenues – opportunity, possibility, way
Grievances – complaints, objection
Vigilance – the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties
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Essay on Corruption: A roadblock to progress – A corruption-free system is transparent, trustworthy, and predictable.

Corruption, in a broad sense, could include everything that deviates from righteousness. But all of us have qualities like fear, selfishness, greed, laziness, and anger.

When the proportion of these qualities is significantly higher than the good ones like truthfulness, purity, and peacefulness, we tilt towards the wrong path.

The inherent nature of getting influenced by circumstances is the root cause of corruption. It has existed since time immemorial.

But honesty and integrity are essential in every sphere of life, ranging from relationships, workplaces, businesses, governance, and judiciary.

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The present view of corruption
Impact of corruption
Steps to tackle corruption

Essay on Corruption – The present view of corruption

Corruption is the abuse of power for private gains. We consider that the price of food grains, availability of drinking water, employment opportunities, shelter facilities, are essential requirements for every citizen.

But the government allocates a lot of money on infrastructure projects like building flyovers, renewing airports, and promoting businesses.

Have you ever thought about why this is so?
Why are we not able to eradicate social evils like poverty, illiteracy?

It is because corruption has become the norm, and we have learned to live with it. We are least bothered about the probity of our actions and that of others’ too. Consequently, there is a lack of integrity in financial, intellectual, moral grounds. Even after years of independence, we fear economic slowdowns, inequality, safety, and bias in our society.

We live in a world where there is bribery for purchasing government contracts, licenses, patents, evading taxes, etc. Abuse of entrusted powers, by low and mid-level officials for providing essential goods and services is widespread.

We tend to account for bribe along with the stipulated cost. But, high-level corruption in public and private sectors results in the manipulation of policies and rules that could adversely affect the public.

Top Related – Ten tips on writing a good essay

Essay on Corruption – Impact of corruption

Corruption affects every sphere of society . It causes inequality and instability. It is the reason for the situation where few people cannot meet their basic needs, whereas others make fortunes. Let us look in detail: the harmful effects of corruption in various sectors.

Impact of Corruption in Politics

Corruption in politics can have a number of negative effects . It can undermine the integrity of democratic institutions and the rule of law, leading to a lack of trust in the government and political system. This can discourage people from participating in the political process and lead to social unrest and instability.

Corruption can also distort the political process by allowing some individuals and groups to gain unfair advantages over others. This can lead to the appointment of unqualified or corrupt officials, or the adoption of policies that serve the interests of a small group rather than the general public.

Additionally, corruption can discourage foreign investment and damage a country’s reputation , leading to a decline in tourism and trade. This can have a negative impact on the economy and the well-being of the general population.

Overall, corruption in politics can have serious consequences for society and it is important for governments and other organizations to take steps to prevent and combat it.

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Impact of Corruption in Economy

Corruption can have a number of negative effects on the economy . It can create an uneven playing field for businesses , with some firms able to secure unfair advantages through corrupt practices. This can lead to misallocation of resources and distort the market , leading to inefficiencies and slower economic growth.

Corruption can also discourage foreign investmen t and damage a country’s reputation, leading to a decline in tourism and trade . This can have a negative impact on the economy by reducing the inflow of capital and the demand for goods and services.

In addition, corruption can undermine the rule of law and the integrity of institutions , leading to a lack of trust in the government and the economic system. This can discourage people from participating in economic activities and hinder the development of a healthy business environment.

Overall, corruption can have serious consequences for the economy and it is important for governments and other organizations to take steps to prevent and combat it.

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Impact of Corruption in Society

Corruption can have a wide range of negative effects on society . It can undermine the rule of law and the integrity of democratic institutions, leading to social unrest and instability. It can also divert resources away from their intended use, hindering economic development and exacerbating income inequality. Additionally, corruption can discourage foreign investment and damage a country’s reputation, leading to a decline in tourism and trade.

At an individual level, corruption can erode trust in government and public institutions, leading to a decrease in citizen engagement and participation. It can also disproportionately affect the most vulnerable members of society, who may be less able to access the resources and services that they need.

Overall, corruption can have serious consequences for both individuals and society as a whole, and it is important for governments and other organizations to take steps to prevent and combat it.

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Impact of Corruption in Environment

The politicians, administrative officials, and private companies degrade the environment for their benefits. The exploitation of natural resources and non-observance of the rules related to ecological balance result in unexpected consequences.

Activities like irregular mining, mindless deforestation can occur due to the bribes accepted by the officials.

Essay on Corruption – Steps to tackle corruption

We should sensitize the entire population and bring together all the people who want to fight corruption. We should calculate the total money lost due to corrupt practices and let everybody know about it.

It is high time that we keep track of the funds collected by the political parties. The income and assets of the politicians should be made public.

The Jan Lokpal bill was a game-changer in the fight against corruption. But as with other measures, it was tweaked to suit the corrupt people. The general public is so used to the malpractices that we now endure injustice and corrupt practices.

Businesses and people with a long term view don’t like to have fights with bureaucracy. Moreover, the punishment for corruption is not severe, and the conviction rates are low too. We should know that corruption is anti-national, anti-ecological, and anti-poor. We citizens should strive for a corruption-free society. Rooting out corruption can be a difficult task, but all citizens can come together and fight the menace.

There are several steps that governments and other organizations can take to tackle corruption:

1. Implement strong and effective laws and regulations : This can include laws that criminalize corruption and establish strict penalties for those who engage in corrupt activities.

2. Promote transparency and accountability : This can involve measures such as disclosing public officials’ financial assets, making government processes and decision-making more open and transparent, and establishing mechanisms for citizens to report corruption.

3. Build strong and independent institutions : This includes having a well-trained and professional civil service, an independent judiciary, and effective law enforcement agencies that are capable of investigating and prosecuting corrupt activities.

4. Foster a culture of integrity: This involves promoting ethical values and behaviors, as well as educating the public about the negative consequences of corruption.

5. Enhance international cooperation: This includes working with other countries to share information and best practices, and collaborating on efforts to investigate and prosecute corrupt activities that cross international borders.

6. Provide support to civil society and the media: A strong and independent media and civil society can play an important role in exposing corruption and holding those in power accountable. It is important to support and protect these groups so that they can carry out their work effectively.

Essay on Corruption in 250 words

Corruption is a pervasive and insidious problem that affects countries around the world . It refers to the use of power or position for personal gain, and can take many forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, and nepotism.

Corruption has a range of negative effects on society. It can undermine the rule of law and the integrity of democratic institutions, leading to social unrest and instability. It can also divert resources away from their intended use, hindering economic development and exacerbating income inequality. Additionally, corruption can discourage foreign investment and damage a country’s reputation, leading to a decline in tourism and trade.

There are a number of steps that governments and other organizations can take to combat corruption. These include implementing strong and effective laws and regulations, promoting transparency and accountability, building strong and independent institutions, fostering a culture of integrity, and enhancing international cooperation.

Overall, it is important for governments and other organizations to take a strong stance against corruption and work to prevent it from taking root in society. By doing so, we can create a more just and equitable world for all.

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Recently the International Anti-Corruption Day-2022 was organised by the CBI on ‘Anti-Corruption efforts – A sine qua non for Development and Security .

About the Corruption

Corruption refers to misusing public power for personal gain. It can be done by an elected politician, civil servant, journalist, administrator of a school, or anyone in authority.
Thus, the corruption definition applies to different forms .
Corruption in India is not limited to collusive high-level scams. Petty corruption, which affects the delivery of basic services and rights to people, is rampant.
India has the highest rate of bribery and use of personal links to access public services such as healthcare and education in Asia, according to a survey released by global civil society Transparency International .
India is in the 85th position among 180 countries in the Corruption Perception Index, 2021 .

Issues Linked to it

Corruption has a disproportionate impact on the poor and most vulnerable, increasing costs and reducing access to services, including health, education and justice.
Corruption encourages dysfunctionality in government, perpetrates economic inefficiency and can be a serious threat to national security .
the impact of corruption is especially heavy on common citizens, and even more on poorer and vulnerable persons in communities.
With technological development, there are opportunities to prevent corruption but also areas where corruption can be much more difficult to trace, particularly in fields like cryptocurrency .

Government initiatives:

Indian government has constituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) on black money.
It has enacted a comprehensive and more stringent new law – the Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015 .
There’s also a Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act , 2016, which empowers the authorities to attach and confiscate benami properties.
Law enforcement agencies such as CBI have done a great deal to reduce corruption.
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.
As the Prevention of Corruption Act saw limited success in preventing corruption in Government departments and prosecuting and punishing public servants involved in corrupt practices, an amendment was enacted (Amendment Act) and brought into force in 2018.
The Amendment Act attempted to bring the Prevention of Corruption Act in line with United Nations Convention against Corruption 2005, which was ratified by India in 2011.
The intent behind the enactment of the Act is to promote transparency and accountability in the working of Public Authorities.
The Act seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offense by a public servant.
It is provided by the Right To Information Act, 2005, it has been an important weapon for whistleblowers in previous years.
The RTI Act, 2005 is also called as a ‘twin sister’ of whistleblowing.
The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provided for the establishment of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States.
The Lokayukta is an anti-corruption authority constituted at the state level.
It investigates allegations of corruption and mal-administration against public servants and is tasked with speedy redressal of public grievances.
The Bill amends the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 in relation to the declaration of assets and liabilities by public servants.
It requires a public servant to declare his assets and liabilities, and that of his spouse and dependent children.

Suggestions & way ahead

Different steps can help in managing corruption and bringing it down.
Education is one of the most critical steps. It can help in reinforcing the correct business practices.
Mandatory education courses like anti-money laundering must be introduced.
Accountability mechanisms can also help in curbing corruption.
Furthermore, it can be easier to reduce corruption if reporting it becomes simple.
The senior employees in the management department must lead by example and cultivate an open and transparent culture.
Similarly, rewards and incentives must be granted to encourage people to cultivate an ethical culture.
There is a the need for real-time information sharing between law enforcement agencies.

has been observed annually, on 9 December, since the passage of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption on 31 October 2003 .

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Corruption in India: Bridging Research Evidence and Policy Options

India Policy Forum 11 (July 2015): 193-261

79 Pages Posted: 5 Nov 2015

Sandip Sukhtankar

Dartmouth College

Milan Vaishnav

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Date Written: April 27, 2015

Corruption has become an increasingly salient issue in India today, spawning both enormous interest from the media as well as a large amount of academic research. Yet there is a large gap between what has captured the media’s attention, the policy options under discussion, and the actual evidence base drawn from empirical research on corruption. We attempt to bridge this gap, directly addressing the particular challenges that corruption in India poses. Academic evidence supports the popular perception that corruption is widespread and endemic. However, we find that the costs of day-to-day corruption are just as large, if not larger, than those of the “scams” that dominate headlines. Further, we find that there is very little evidence to support the idea that greater transparency, information, and community based efforts have a significant impact on reducing corruption on their own. This is also true for some technological interventions, although those interventions – like direct benefit transfers – that bypass middlemen and corrupt officials have a much greater scope for success, as do interventions that transfer bargaining power to citizens and beneficiaries. We find much to commend in the sensible and wide-ranging legislative agenda to combat corruption, including the Right to Service and Public Procurement bills. However, what is most important for combating corruption is not the law on paper but the implementation of the law; the binding constraint, as always, is the government’s desire and ability to punish corrupt officials and politicians.

Keywords: corruption, India, policy, political economy

JEL Classification: D4, D73, H10, H40, H83, K42, O10

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Dartmouth College ( email )

Milan vaishnav (contact author), carnegie endowment for international peace ( email ).

1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 United States

HOME PAGE: http://milanvaishnav.com

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This repository provides metadata of IIMB Publications and aimed at creating and preserving an archive of Institution scholarship. IIMB Publications include Articles, Working Papers (FULL TEXT), Book Chapters published by Faculty, Doctoral Dissertations by FPM Scholars and Project reports of Students enrolled in various courses of IIMB.

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Title:	The India against corruption movement
Authors:
Keywords:	Corruption;Anti-corruption;India Against Corruption;IAC
Issue Date:	2015
Publisher:	IGI Global
Abstract:	Activists demanding the establishment of an anti-corruption watchdog or “Lok Pal,” launched the India Against Corruption (IAC) movement. This chapter documents how IAC's leaders made astute use of mass media and social media to draw India's urban middle classes out onto the streets to protest against corruption in government. IAC succeeded in pressurising the Indian government to involve its activists in an effort to formulate an anti-corruption bill. A section of IAC has since launched the Aam Aadmi (Common Man) party, which has met with initial electoral success.
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ISBN:	9781466681958 1466681950 9781466681965
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Corruption in India Essay

In this Corruption in India essay , we had discussed Corruption in India, its causes & how to stop corruption.

Corruption has become a serious problem in India, nowadays there is no sector in the country where corruption is in control.

It is spread in every corner of the country , which is the biggest drawback in the economic, social development of the country.

However, to end the problem of corruption, the government had demonetization the currency, endorsed many strict rules and regulations against black marketing.

In this article Essay on Corruption in India , we had provided the various essays in different word limits, which you can use as per your need:

Corruption in India Essay 1000 words:

Corruption means behaviour that is inappropriate and immoral.

When a person goes against the judicial system for the sake of selfishness and for the benefit of himself or else commits immoral acts for the purpose of harming someone, he is called corruption.

Corruption has completely got its roots in India and now it seems extremely difficult to eliminate it from the country.

Despite the economic and technological development in India. Due to corruption, India is still far behind developed countries.

Corruption has spread every corner of the country i.e. smallest officer, political leaders, evens peoples are also involved in corruption.

In order to fulfil their selfishness, people are scamming aggressively, which is reducing the country’s government revenue and delaying the economic and social development of the country.

Biggest and Popular Scams in India:

Indian soal allocation scam:.

The coal block was allocated erroneously between 2004 and 2009.

According to a CAG report, it caused a huge loss of about Rs 1 lakh 86 a thousand crores to the Government treasury.

2G spectrum Scam:

It was considered to be the largest economic scam in the country. In 2008, the CAG had questioned the allocation of spectrum in one of its reports.

In fact in the 2G spectrum scam, licenses were distributed to companies on first-come and first-served policy rather than auction.

In which, according to the CAG report, the government had to suffer a huge loss of about Rs 1 lakh 76000 crores. In this case, former Union Minister A. Raja was involved. Also, read Corruption in India Essay 500 words.

Waqf Board Land Scam:

Several acres of land were allotted illegally. According to a report, in the last 10 years, the Waqf Board occupied about 22 thousand properties and sold them to private institutions and people, causing a loss of about Rs 2 lakh crore to the government treasury.

Commonwealth Scam:

In 2010, a big scam was done in the Commonwealth Game in Delhi.

According to a report, about 70 thousand crore rupees were spent in Commonwealth Games, while in reality only half of it, and was spent on Commonwealth games and players.

Telgi Scam:

Abdul Karim Telgi, the main accused of the scam, was convicted, and in 2002, the scam came to light.

Actually, Telgi had a license to sell stamp paper, but he used it illegally and unfairly.

He had looting fake stamp paper and selling it to banks and institutions, a scam of around Rs 20,000 crores.

Satyam Scam:

There was a loss of about 14000 thousand crores in this scandal in 2009.

Bofors Scam:

The scandal was revealed in the 1980s and 90s.

In 1986, the Rajiv Gandhi government signed a deal to buy 400 guns.

Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was also accused in this scam.

In this, a scam of about 100 to 200 crores was done.

Fodder scam:

In 1996, the scam was revealed in which former Bihar Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav was involved, in which a scam of about 900 crores was done.

Apart from this, many other scams have been done, due to which the country has suffered financially.

It is because of these scams and corruption that problems like poverty, hunger are being born in our country today. Also, read Corruption in India Essay in 300 words.

Main Causes of Corruption:

In this modern age, everyone wants to live a life of ash, comfort and happiness.

While at times, to get these facilities, a sense of greed develops in the human being and they start doing wrong things which are like corruption. Causes of Corruption as follows:

Man’s attraction to material pleasures.
Increased man’s greedy and selfish tendencies.
Human desires increase.
The habit of living a happy and relaxed life.
Increasing corruption due to false charades and reputation.
Fall of moral values.
Giving more value to money.
The desire for a higher position and prestige on the strength of money
The desire to earn more money without working hard.
To gain a false social reputation.
Strict rules against corruption are not to be made.
Poverty, unemployment and increasing starvation.
Increase in population is also encouraging corruption.
Lack of patriotism.
The decline in human emotions and feelings.
Corruption is increasing due to the feeling of economic inequality among the people in society.
Increasing corruption in the race to move quickly.
Increasing corruption due to earning more profit.

Apart from this, there are many other reasons for increasing corruption, due to which its herbs are excavating.

On the other hand, to eliminate the problem of corruption, everybody has to fight together and improve their greedy nature, then control over it can be achieved. Also, read Corruption in India Essay FAQ .

How to Stop Corruption:

To end the problem of corruption in our country, we all must cooperate together, because the problem of corruption starts from one person in society and spreads throughout society.

Governments also take appropriate steps, after which the system works fine for a few days, but then later this problem starts to flourish due to man’s greedy tendency and longing to get materialistic pleasure.

To eliminate from the root, we are telling you some measures which are as follows:

To encourage and reward honest people.
Developing a sense of respect for moral values.
The need for sacrifice, hard self-control and self-reliance.
The habit of living with the truth.
The habit of living in fewer amenities.
There is a need to eliminate economic inequality.
Employees should be paid well.
Employment opportunities should be increased.
Control tax in population growth.
CCTV cameras should be installed in every department and offices.
Strict rules should be made against corruption.
Raise your voice against corruption.
By prohibiting black marketing and adulteration.
By making strict rules towards black money.

Conclusion:

The problem of corruption is constantly increasing, which is causing great harm to the economic and social development of the country.

Due to corruption, not only the morality and talent of our country is being violated, but also human sensibilities are being destroyed, which needs to be checked as soon as possible.

Also read: 1. Corruption Essay 2. Value education 3. Indian Culture Essay

Essay on Corruption in India 500 words:

Corruption is becoming a huge problem, due to which the country is not developing economically. Honest and talented people are not getting a chance to move forward.

Today, corruption has got its roots deep in every field, which is now very difficult to remove. If corruption increases, then there can be a lot of crisis for the country in the coming days.

Meaning of Corruption:

Corruption is made up of two words – Corrupt + Ethics. Corrupt means bad and Ethics mean behaviour.

Corrupted behaviour is called corruption, i.e. those who use their position and power in an immoral way to fulfil their desires, they are called corrupt.

At the same time, the number of corrupt people is increasing continuously in the country.

Today people in every field are using their money or their feelings unfairly for their benefit, which is causing corruption.

Effects of Corruption:

Corruption is taking place in every area, due to which the national character is being violated, along with it the country should not develop economically.

Poor and honest people are suffering due to the problem of ever-increasing corruption. Corruption is affecting the country and people in many ways. Some of the effects of corruption are described below:

The national, social and economic development of the country is being delayed.
The general public of the country is not getting proper benefits.
The problem of unemployment is taking a terrible form.
Poverty and starvation are increasing.
Inequality is being developed.
Real talent is being violated.
The graph of suicides is progressively increasing.
Adulterated goods are available in the market.
The number of inducements is increasing.
People are being exploited in the name of faith, religion and faith.
National character is being violated.
The needy and poor are not getting the benefit of government schemes.

Influence of Corruption:

Corruption is causing serious problems like poverty and hunger in the country, true talent is being destroyed, corrupt people are moving forward.
Moral values of human being are being disrupted.
The country is suffering financially.
Human sensations are coming to an end.
People are playing violently with other’s health and its progress and development for their own benefit.
The corruption is having a direct impact on the development of the country and the individual.

Corruption is a problem that needs to be overcome as soon as possible, because not only is our country financially lagging behind, it is also degrading the moral values of the country and promoting inhuman acts.

Also read: 1. Gender Equality Essay 2. Drug Addiction Essay 3. Essay on Unemployment

Corruption in India Essay 300 words:

Corruption has become the biggest problem in the country. Due to which the moral and social values of the country are being grossly violated, along with the reputation of the country are also being tarnished.

The biggest loss due to corruption is being done to the honest and truthful people of the country and hurting their sentiments, who want to pursue the right path on the strength of their talent.

The main reason for Corruption:

The increasing greed and excessively selfish tendency of man are promoting corruption.

Today people are wrongly hurting true people and are using their money in an immoral way in seeking to enjoy their material comforts.

Because of this, the problem of corruption is continuously spreading in the country.

Apart from this, people are wrongly earning money for their false reputation and appearance, which is leading to corruption.

Whether it is in the field of education, sports, recreation or any other field, from the smallest employees to the topmost officials in every field are also surrounded by allegations of corruption, people are wrongly seeking more money.

Are using their position and power, which is violating moral values.

How will control on Corruption:

Inspire honest people.
Emphasis should be given on the importance of moral values.
Educate more and more people.
Stringent rules against corruption by making laws.
Remove inequality in society.
Sacrifice and self-control.

Also Read, 1. Cashless Economy Essay 2. Corruption Free India Essay 3. Terrorism E ssay

Corruption in India is a need to curb corruption as soon as possible otherwise, our country will become financially weak and the country’s development will stop and crimes will get promoted.

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Essay on Corruption for Students and Children

500+ words essay on corruption.

Essay on Corruption – Corruption refers to a form of criminal activity or dishonesty. It refers to an evil act by an individual or a group. Most noteworthy, this act compromises the rights and privileges of others. Furthermore, Corruption primarily includes activities like bribery or embezzlement. However, Corruption can take place in many ways. Most probably, people in positions of authority are susceptible to Corruption. Corruption certainly reflects greedy and selfish behavior.

Methods of Corruption

First of all, Bribery is the most common method of Corruption. Bribery involves the improper use of favours and gifts in exchange for personal gain. Furthermore, the types of favours are diverse. Above all, the favours include money, gifts, company shares, sexual favours, employment , entertainment, and political benefits. Also, personal gain can be – giving preferential treatment and overlooking crime.

Embezzlement refers to the act of withholding assets for the purpose of theft. Furthermore, it takes place by one or more individuals who were entrusted with these assets. Above all, embezzlement is a type of financial fraud.

The graft is a global form of Corruption. Most noteworthy, it refers to the illegal use of a politician’s authority for personal gain. Furthermore, a popular way for the graft is misdirecting public funds for the benefit of politicians .

Extortion is another major method of Corruption. It means to obtain property, money or services illegally. Above all, this obtainment takes place by coercing individuals or organizations. Hence, Extortion is quite similar to blackmail.

Favouritism and nepotism is quite an old form of Corruption still in usage. This refers to a person favouring one’s own relatives and friends to jobs. This is certainly a very unfair practice. This is because many deserving candidates fail to get jobs.

Abuse of discretion is another method of Corruption. Here, a person misuses one’s power and authority. An example can be a judge unjustly dismissing a criminal’s case.

Finally, influence peddling is the last method here. This refers to illegally using one’s influence with the government or other authorized individuals. Furthermore, it takes place in order to obtain preferential treatment or favour.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Ways of Stopping Corruption

One important way of preventing Corruption is to give a better salary in a government job. Many government employees receive pretty low salaries. Therefore, they resort to bribery to meet their expenses. So, government employees should receive higher salaries. Consequently, high salaries would reduce their motivation and resolve to engage in bribery.

Tough laws are very important for stopping Corruption. Above all, strict punishments need to be meted out to guilty individuals. Furthermore, there should be an efficient and quick implementation of strict laws.

Applying cameras in workplaces is an excellent way to prevent corruption. Above all, many individuals would refrain from indulging in Corruption due to fear of being caught. Furthermore, these individuals would have otherwise engaged in Corruption.

The government must make sure to keep inflation low. Due to the rise in prices, many people feel their incomes to be too low. Consequently, this increases Corruption among the masses. Businessmen raise prices to sell their stock of goods at higher prices. Furthermore, the politician supports them due to the benefits they receive.

To sum it up, Corruption is a great evil of society. This evil should be quickly eliminated from society. Corruption is the poison that has penetrated the minds of many individuals these days. Hopefully, with consistent political and social efforts, we can get rid of Corruption.

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ACB registers disproportionate assets case against Telangana official, seizes properties worth Rs 6 crore

Hyderabad: The Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) of Telangana on Friday said it has seized properties worth about Rs six crore in a disproportionate assets (DA) case during searches carried out at the house of an official working in the Municipal Corporation Office in Nizamabad district and other places.

The case was registered against a Superintendent in-charge Revenue Officer after he allegedly acquired assets disproportionate to his known sources of income by indulging in corrupt practices and dubious means of earning income during his service, an ACB release said.

As this is an offence punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act, ACB Nizamabad Range registered an FIR and conducted searches at his house and various other places, the ACB said.

During the search operation, net cash of Rs 2.93 crore besides bank balance in the name of the accused officer, his wife and mother totalling 1.10 crore, gold worth Rs six lakh and 17 immovable properties worth Rs 1.98 crore, all worth about Rs 6.07 crore, were seized.

Further searches are continuing to unearth the assets, it said. The case is under investigation.

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Siddaramaiah denies opposition allegations in MUDA scam, says he will not budge

Karnataka chief minister siddaramaiah denied the opposition's accusations against him over the corruption in the allotment of 14 housing sites to his wife in mysuru..

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The BJP, JD(S) accuse Siddaramaiah of corruption, and demand his resignation
Siddaramaiah vows not to yield to opposition’s "evil intentions"
Siddaramaiah asserts he hasn’t accumulated properties during his time in power

Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah on Friday vowed not to yield to opposition allegations related to the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) scam, where he has been accused of corruption in the allotment of 14 housing sites to his wife in Mysuru. The accusations have been made by BJP and Janata Dal (Secular) leaders.

Speaking at a large rally in Mysuru, Siddaramaiah accused the JD(S) of attempting to weaken the Congress government in Karnataka by collaborating with the BJP at the Centre.

The rally, attended by the entire Congress cabinet, served as a counter to the ongoing march from Bengaluru to Mysuru, organised by the BJP and JD(S) leaders demanding Siddaramaiah’s resignation over the alleged scam.

In response to the rally, which will conclude in Mysuru on Saturday, Siddaramaiah said, "I will not budge, no matter how many padayatras BJP and JD(S) undertake with their evil intentions."

The chief minister denied the allegations by saying, "I have never sought to accumulate properties despite being in power for so long. My wife hasn’t attended a single public event, not even my swearing-in ceremony. People have elected me nine times without me spending a single penny of my own."

Siddaramaiah emphasised that he had not committed any wrongdoing and never will.

"BJP and JD(S) are trying all possible ways to destabilise the Govt and taint me. This will never be possible. For 10 days during Assembly session, they couldn't discuss anything properly, they didn't even allow me to answer. R Ashoka, despite being the LoP, didn't speak responsibly, and didn't even answer properly to what I asked," he said as quoted by ANI news agency.

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Joe Biden Issues a Stinging Dissent

The columns of the Supreme Court at night, illuminated by a red flash.

By Jamelle Bouie

Opinion Columnist

The Supreme Court is caught in a crisis of its own making.

There is the gross corruption of Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Samuel Alito, who have received millions of dollars in gifts and benefits from various billionaire benefactors .

There is the court’s open assault on the basic rights of tens of millions of Americans, exemplified in its decision to overturn the constitutional right to an abortion on the basis of a vague and inconsistent standard of “text, history and tradition.”

And there is the hubris of Chief Justice Roberts, who, the legal scholar Eric J. Segall writes, has “led the court to coerce both state and federal governments to abide by his personal preferences, whether or not positive legal sources supported those decisions and at times even when prior law quite clearly did not justify the chief’s opinions and votes.”

It is a testament to Roberts’s skill as a politician that he is often viewed as a modest and moderate judicial institutionalist when, in fact, he has used his position on the court to spearhead a remarkable campaign of judicial activism. In cases like Shelby County v. Holder in 2013 and the more recent West Virginia v. E.P.A., Roberts all but deployed novel constitutional doctrines (“equal state sovereignty” and the “major questions doctrine”) to achieve his preferred results. In just the last term, the Roberts court has rewritten the 14th Amendment to keep Donald Trump on the presidential ballot as well as radically expanded presidential power in direct contravention of the history, text and structure of the Constitution.

We have, in other words, a corrupt and lawless court that, led by its conservative majority, has put itself above the constitutional system as the exclusive arbiter of constitutional meaning. The Constitution means whatever the Roberts court says it means, even when that meaning conflicts with the basic principles of American democracy.

It is against this backdrop of institutional dysfunction and judicial arrogance that President Biden, fresh from his decision to leave the campaign trail in favor of his vice president, introduced his three-point package of Supreme Court reforms.

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Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus signs the oath book as the country’s head of the interim government in Bangladesh at the Ban...

Julhas Alam, Associated Press Julhas Alam, Associated Press

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Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/nobel-laureate-yunus-arrives-in-bangladesh-as-interim-leader

Yunus takes helm as Bangladesh’s interim leader, tasked with restoring peace and planning elections

DHAKA, Bangladesh (AP) — Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus took the oath of office as head of Bangladesh’s interim government Thursday after an uprising prompted former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to step down and flee to India.

The key tasks for Yunus now are restoring peace in Bangladesh and preparing for new elections following weeks of violence in which student activists led an uprising against what was considered Hasina’s increasingly autocratic 15-year rule.

Bangladesh’s figurehead President Mohammed Shahabuddin administered the oath to Yunus for his role as chief advisor, which is the equivalent to a prime minister, in presence of foreign diplomats, civil society members, top businessmen and members of the former opposition party at the presidential palace in Dhaka. No representatives of Hasina’s party were present.

READ MORE: Bangladesh’s prime minister quit and fled the country after weeks of protests. What’s next?

Sixteen other people have been included in the interim Cabinet with members drawn mainly from civil society and including two of the student protest leaders. The Cabinet members were chosen in discussions this week among student leaders, civil society representatives and the military.

Hasina quit on Monday after several chaotic weeks that began in July with protests against a quota system for government jobs that critics said favored people with connections to Hasina’s party. But the demonstrations soon grew into a bigger challenge for Hasina’s 15-year rule, as more than 300 people including students were killed amid spiraling violence.

Yunus, who was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize for his work developing microcredit markets, was in the French capital for the 2024 Olympics when he was chosen for the interim role, and returned home earlier Thursday to tight security at the airport in Dhaka.

In his first comments after his arrival, he told a news briefing that his priority would be to restore order. “Bangladesh is a family. We have to unite it,” Yunus said, flanked by student leaders. “It has immense possibility.”

On Wednesday in Paris, Yunus had called for calm and an end to all partisan violence.

Hasina’s son Sajeeb Wazed Joy, who acts as an adviser to his mother, vowed Wednesday that his family and the Awami League party would continue to be engaged in Bangladesh’s politics — a reversal from what he’d said earlier in the week after Hasina stepped down Monday and fled to India.

The president had dissolved Parliament on Tuesday, clearing the path for the interim administration.

On Wednesday, a tribunal in Dhaka acquitted Yunus in a labor law violation case involving a telecommunication company he founded, in which he was convicted and sentenced to six months in jail. He had been released on bail in the case.

Yunus has been a longtime opponent of Hasina, who had called him a “bloodsucker” allegedly for using force to extract loan repayments from rural poor, mainly women. Yunus has denied the allegations.

The chaos on Bangladesh’s streets continued after Hasina’s resignation on Monday. Dozens of police officers were killed, prompting police to stop working across the country. They threatened not to return unless their safety is ensured. The looting of firearms also was reported in local media.

The unrest began in mid-July with protests over the quota system, but grew into a broader challenge over an administration that was marked by human rights abuses, corruption, allegations of rigged elections and a brutal crackdown on opponents.

Joy, Hasina’s son, said in a social media post on Wednesday that his family would return to politics despite what he said have been attacks on the Awami League party over the past week. Many observers see Joy as Hasina’s successor in a dynastic political culture that dominates the South Asian nation’s politics.

“If we want to build a new Bangladesh, it is not possible without the Awami League,” he said. “The Awami League is the oldest, democratic, and largest party in Bangladesh.”

Overnight into Thursday, residents across Dhaka carried sticks, iron rods and sharp weapons to guard their neighborhoods amid reports of robberies. Communities used loudspeakers in mosques to alert people that robberies were occurring, and police remained off duty. The military shared hotline numbers for people seeking help.

The quick move to select Yunus came when Hasina’s resignation created a power vacuum and left the future unclear for Bangladesh, which has a history of military rule, messy politics and myriad crises.

Many fear that Hasina’s departure could trigger even more instability in the densely populated nation of some 170 million people, which is already dealing with high unemployment, corruption and a complex strategic relationship with India, China and the United States.

Hasina, 76, was elected to a fourth consecutive term in January, in an election boycotted by her main opponents. Thousands of opposition members were jailed before the vote, and the U.S. and U.K. denounced the result as not credible.

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India Defies the Odds: Making Federalism Work

Discovering the “State-Nation”

India’s Democracy at 70: Toward a Hindu State?

Governance in India: Corruption

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A Spiraling Problem

The Fallout From Corruption

Campaigning for Reform

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The Prevalence of Corruption

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Erosion of Trust in Institutions

Social Consequences

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Public Awareness and Education

Strengthening Institutions

Encouraging Ethical Leadership

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