gerrymandering reading and questions homework

Gerrymandering: One Person, One Vote?

October 2018

Students will:

• Understand the reasons for and process of redistricting after a census.
• Assess the motivations for and electoral consequences of gerrymandering.
• Identify and analyze the techniques political cartoonists use to express opinions and encourage critical thinking about contemporary issues.

Gerrymandering: Background Information

Washington Post video: What is gerrymandering?

GovTrak : Congressional Districts Map

Gerrymandering: Political Cartoons

Gerrymandering: Political Cartoons Slideshow

In the Classroom

1. Introduction — One of the key elements of a democracy is the idea that each citizen’s vote counts equally. Ask students if they have heard the term gerrymandering. What do they understand about its use and effects on democracy?

Distribute the handout “Gerrymandering: Background Information” to each student. Review page one of the reading with the class. Clarify any difficult vocabulary or concepts. Invite students to work alone or with a partner to try their hand at redistricting (page two of the handout). Circulate to converse with students about challenges they face in trying to draw fair districts.

Show the Washington Post video, which illustrates different ways of redistricting and shows examples from various states. Ask students to identify information that they believe to be important from the video. What information is new to them? It may be helpful to project  an image of redistricting examples from the Washington Post  during a quick debrief with the class.

What do districts look like in your state and/or a neighboring state? If computers are available to students, ask them to explore the GovTrack site . Alternatively, project the map so all students can view their state and/or nearby districts. (Note: you may have to zoom in to see district lines in large urban areas.) Have a brief discussion:

• Are all of the districts in your state similar in shape?
• Do you notice any irregularities?
• Share any additional observations with one another.

Instruct students to read page three of the handout, clarifying any difficult vocabulary or concepts. This page briefly reviews recent legal challenges to gerrymandering as well as ballot initiatives.

2. Analyzing Cartoons — Divide the class into groups of three or four students each. Distribute the handout, “Gerrymandering: Political Cartoons” to each student. Review the introduction with your class, emphasizing the techniques cartoonists use to convey opinions on political issues. Review the first cartoon, and answer the questions on the handout with your students to model the assignment. What techniques are being used? What is the message of the cartoon? How is this cartoon related to what the class knows about gerrymandering? Are there multiple ways in which the cartoon might be interpreted?

Assign two additional cartoons from the handout to each group and ask students to answer the questions on the handout. Tell students they should be prepared to share their analysis with the rest of the class.

3. Drawing Connections — As you project the rest of the cartoons from the slideshow, have each group present their analysis of their political cartoons. If multiple groups analyzed the same cartoons, you may wish to have them present together or on different questions from the activity, keeping in mind that different groups of students may interpret each cartoon differently.

As a class, discuss how cartoonists provide perspectives on political issues. Were students able to identify the message of each cartoon? If so, what were the cartoonists trying to express? Which techniques did students think most effectively got the message across? What do these cartoons say about gerrymandering and its effect on our democracy?

Ask if students noticed connections between or among cartoons. Did multiple cartoons present a similar message? Did any cartoons present contradictory perspectives or opinions? Did one cartoon build on another’s message in some way?

4. Discussing Effects on Democracy — If time permits, ask students to read the brief excerpts of the speech by Senator George Mitchell on page four of the handout “Gerrymandering: Background Information.”

To wrap up, invite students to discuss the following questions:

• Do you think redistricting is best handled by state legislatures or independent commissions?
• When challenges to redistricting occur, should courts or state legislatures be charged with resolving issues?
• How might gerrymandering undermine the ideal of one person, one vote?
• Do you think gerrymandering undermines confidence in democracy in the United States?

Extra Challenges

Team up with a math teacher to explore this Duke University resource that examines North Carolina’s 2012 election results.

Challenge students to conduct research to learn more about reform efforts. Are there reform efforts in your state? Do students agree that the organization’s approach or remedy will help to resolve issues? Learn more about November 2018 ballot initiatives by asking students to read the Economist article in the supplementary resources list.

Have students create their own political cartoons that reflect their opinion on gerrymandering.

Invite students to write letters to elected officials expressing their views on gerrymandering. They can find contact information for federal and state officials at usa.gov/elected-officials .

Supplementary Resources

Ballotpedia: State-by-state redistricting procedures

Vox card stacks: Gerrymandering, explained

Vox video: Gerrymandering: How politicians rig elections

Washington Post article: This is the best explanation of gerrymandering you will ever see

CNN video: How gerrymandering got its name

TED Ed video: Gerrymandering: How drawing jagged lines can impact an election

Economist article: Map scrap

New York Times article: The Great Gerrymander of 2012

KQED lesson plan: Gerrymandering and Your Right to Vote

       Vice article: This Font Is Made of Ridiculously Gerrymandered Congressional Districts

This  Teaching with the News  lesson was written by Amy Sanders, Choices Teaching Fellow.

• TeachableMoment

Can the Problem of Gerrymandering Be Ended?

Students learn what gerrymandering is and why it poses a problem for U.S. democracy, and consider recent attempts to combat the practice.

To The Teacher:

In the United States, we believe that each person has one vote and that each vote counts equally among all other votes. However, gerrymandering—the practice of drawing district lines for a political advantage—ensures that not all votes contribute equally to election outcomes. Particularly in the past decade, advanced computing and data gathering has turned the art of manipulating district borders into a science. And using this science, a particular party can be all but guaranteed a win on election day in a given area. 

Advocates for fairer elections argue that gerrymandering harms democracy in the United States in three ways: it decreases the value of some people’s votes while over-valuing other people’s votes, it cuts down on the number of competitive elections, and it decreases the incentive for politicians to compromise, thereby increasing partisanship and gridlock.

This lesson consists of two readings. The first reading explains what gerrymandering is and why it is a problem for democracy in the United States. The second reading looks at recent attempts to combat gerrymandering, particularly court challenges in California, Wisconsin, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Questions for discussion follow each reading.  

Reading One: What Is Gerrymandering and Why Is it a Problem?

In the United States, we believe that we each person has one vote and that each vote counts equally among all other votes. However, gerrymandering—the practice of drawing district lines for a political advantage—ensures  that not all votes contribute equally to election outcomes. Particularly in the past decade, advanced computing and data gathering has turned the art of manipulating district borders into a science. And using this science, a particular party can be all but guaranteed a win on election day in a given area. 

If a state or city’s population consistently votes 60 percent for one party over another, you might expect that the majority of elected officials in that area would be from the leading party. However, through gerrymandering, district boundaries can be drawn in such a way that the minority party wins a greater number of seats.

As mathematics professor and author Jordan Ellenberg wrote in a New York Times article published in October 6, 2017, “About as many Democrats live in Wisconsin as Republicans do. But you wouldn’t know it from the Wisconsin State Assembly, where Republicans hold 65 percent of the seats, a bigger majority than Republican legislators enjoy in conservative states like Texas and Kentucky.”

One might think that a district for a U.S. congressperson, for example, should follow already established geographical lines—such as the borders of a county or a division created by a river. However, gerrymandered district lines can be elaborately contorted so as to include more people likely to vote for one party and less for another.

The following diagram, from the Washington Post, shows some of the most extreme examples of congressional district gerrymandering across the country. In each example, the districts jump across established geographical lines and end up taking bizarre shapes that serve no purpose other than to increase partisan advantage.

[ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/05/15/americas-most-gerrymandered-congressional-districts/?utm_term=.791a84d91fd4 ]

Gerrymandering is hardly a new problem. Politicians have engaged in it for hundreds of years. Political scientist Brian Klaas described the term’s history in a February 10, 2017, article in the Washington Post:

The word ‘gerrymander’ comes from an 1812 political cartoon drawn to parody Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry’s re-drawn senate districts. The cartoon depicts one of the bizarrely shaped districts in the contorted form of a fork-tongued salamander. Since 1812, gerrymandering has been increasingly used as a tool to divide and distort the electorate. More often than not, state legislatures are tasked with drawing district maps, allowing the electoral foxes to draw and defend their henhouse districts.

Controversy around gerrymandering often comes down to three main issues. Fair elections advocates argue that gerrymandering: 1) decreases the value of some people’s votes while over-valuing other people’s votes; 2) cuts down on the number of competitive elections; and 3) decreases incentive for politicians to compromise.

As Klaas further argues, gerrymandering has resulted in uncompetitive elections across much of the country:

Last year [in 2016], only 17 seats out of 435 races were decided by a margin of 5 percent or less. Just 33 seats in total were decided by a margin of 10 percent or less. In other words, more than 9 out of 10 House races were landslides where the campaign was a foregone conclusion before ballots were even cast. In 2016, there were no truly competitive Congressional races in 42 of the 50 states.

While gerrymandering has long existed, evolving technology has dramatically changed how the practice affects elections. High-powered computers and access to demographic and voting data records allow politicians to predict how small changes to districting lines might alter electoral outcomes. As Ellenberg argues in the New York Times:

Gerrymandering used to be an art, but advanced computation has made it a science. Wisconsin’s Republican legislators, after their victory in the census year of 2010, tried out map after map, tweak after tweak. They ran each potential map through computer algorithms that tested its performance in a wide range of political climates. The map they adopted is precisely engineered to assure Republican control in all but the most extreme circumstances. In a gerrymandered map, you concentrate opposing voters in a few districts where you lose big, and win the rest by modest margins.... A new paper by a team of scientists at Duke paints a startling picture of the way the Wisconsin district map protects Republicans from risk…. To gain control of the State Assembly, the authors estimate, Wisconsin Democrats would have to beat Republicans by 8 to 10 points, a margin rarely achieved in statewide elections by either party in this evenly split state. As a mathematician, I’m impressed. As a Wisconsin voter, I feel a little ill.  

As gerrymandering has grown ever more sophisticated, opponents of the practice have stepped up their efforts to challenge it. This has resulted in a number of cases that are now working their way through the courts.

For Discussion  

• How much of the material in this reading was new to you, and how much was already familiar? Do you have any questions about what you read?
• According to the reading, what is gerrymandering, and what are its impacts on the U.S. political process?
• According to the reading, why is gerrymandering a more serious problem now than in the past?
• Fair elections advocates make three main arguments about why gerrymandering is harmful. Do any of those stand out to you as important? Can you think of other arguments for or against gerrymandering?  
• Has your congressional district been gerrymandered? If so, in whose interest were the lines drawn? If you don’t know, how might you find out?

Reading Two: Challenging Gerrymandering in Court

As gerrymandering has become more mathematically sophisticated, fair elections advocates are challenging the practice in both state and federal courts. Recent cases in California, Wisconsin, Maryland, and Pennsylvania against partisan gerrymandering have contributed to wave of highly partisan gerrymandered maps being overturned across the country.

In a February 22, 2018, article for the Los Angeles Times, the newspaper’s editorial board described court cases against gerrymandering in several states:

The U.S. Supreme Court is expected to decide two gerrymandering cases within the next few months. The court already aided the cause of reform with a 2015 ruling upholding the right of states to entrust the drawing of congressional district lines to independent commissions, as California does. But the cases before the court this term provide an opportunity for the justices to go dramatically further and rule that some gerrymanders are so extreme that they violate the U.S. Constitution. The first case, which was argued last October, involves a Republican-friendly map for the Wisconsin Assembly. The second, which will be argued March 28, focuses on a map fashioned by Democrats that allowed their party to capture a historically Republican seat in Maryland's House delegation. Looming over both cases is a 1986 Supreme Court decision holding that partisan gerrymandering could violate the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause if it intentionally and effectively discriminated against an identifiable political group, such as members of a political party....  

Lower courts have cited both the 14th and the 1st Amendment to the Constitution in upholding challenges to gerrymandered maps. As the Los Angeles Times further notes:

In striking down the Wisconsin map, a three-judge federal court said that the U.S. Constitution was violated if a redistricting plan is "intended to place a severe impediment on the effectiveness of the votes of individual citizens on the basis of their political affiliation," has that effect, and "cannot be justified on other, legitimate legislative grounds." The judges relied not only on the Equal Protection Clause but also the free-speech protections of the 1st Amendment. The 1st Amendment is at the center of an argument for lawyers challenging the Maryland map, which was designed by Democrats to eliminate a GOP-friendly seat long held by Republican Rep. Roscoe Bartlett. In their petition to the Supreme Court, the lawyers representing Republican voters argue that "citizens enjoy a 1st Amendment right not to be burdened or penalized for their voting history, their association with a political party or their expression of political views."  

In Pennsylvania, fair election advocates have based their case against a highly gerrymandered districting map on the state constitution. As law professor David S. Cohen wrote in a January 23, 2018 in Rolling Stone:

Yesterday, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court gave a big boost to [the effort to reduce partisan gerrymandering] by ruling the state's congressional map was unconstitutionally gerrymandered. Better yet, the ruling should be final and unreviewable by the U.S. Supreme Court. This was one of the most closely watched gerrymandering cases in the country. In every election since the state map was redrawn by Republicans in 2011, Republicans have won the same 13 of the state's 18 congressional districts, despite Pennsylvania voting for President Obama in 2012 by over 5 percent and only barely favoring President Trump in 2016 by less than 1 percent. The basic argument in the case is this: a state that is so evenly split (if not slightly favoring Democrats) can only have a congressional delegation so strongly Republican if the districts were gerrymandered in a way to intentionally diminish Democratic voices. Yesterday, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court agreed, ordering the legislature to re-draw the districts in a fair manner….  

What makes this case so important is that it was decided by a state supreme court on the basis of state constitutional law. Why's this important? Because when a state supreme court makes a decision on the basis of its own state's law, the U.S. Supreme Court doesn't review the case. It's as if a different country's court system decided a case under that country's law. The U.S. Supreme Court would have no say. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court made this clear yesterday saying explicitly that it reached its conclusion on the "sole basis" of the state constitution.

Projections based on past voting records suggest that the Pennsylvania’s new districts, drawn by the court since its initial ruling, could result in more contested elections and dramatically swing the political balance of the state in coming elections.

While the court’s decision in the redrawing of the Pennsylvania districts is a significant step towards more fair elections in the state, gerrymandering remains a significant problem. Political scientists warn that, if the Supreme Court reverses the lower court ruling in the case concerning Wisconsin’s political maps, we could witness a new wave of highly partisan gerrymandering when states draw new districts in 2020.  

• As the reading notes, some court challenges to gerrymandering are based on the 14th Amendment, which states that the U.S. government may not “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” What do you think of this argument? Do you think a given group living in a gerrymandered district might not be receiving equal protection under the law?
• Another approach is to argue against gerrymandering using the 1st Amendment, which states that Congress shall make no law “abridging the freedom of speech.” Would you consider gerrymandering a violation of free speech? Why or why not? Do you think this is a stronger or a weaker argument than using the 14th Amendment?
• Some opponents of gerrymandering are concerned that the practice is used to give one party the advantage over another. However, others are concerned that there are simply too many “safe” seats for politicians and too few elections that are truly contested. In a state that was divided evenly between supporters of two parties, do you think it would be fair if there were one “safe” seat that each party was heavily favored to win? Or do you think it would be preferable to have two districts with roughly the same numbers of supporters from each party, so that both elections were more hotly contested? What would be some of the pros and cons of each system?  
• How might everyday residents who are concerned about gerrymandering in their district (or anywhere) effectively advocate for their views?

—Research assistance provided by Ryan Leitner.

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What is gerrymandering?

Students will be able to ....

- Identify key components of gerrymandering, including redistricting, cracking, and packing. - View, listen, and discuss the issues involved with gerrymandering. - Analyze the impact of gerrymandering on the value of one person’s vote.

In order to ...

- Understand the ramifications of gerrymandering on representation and the legislative process in the U.S. government.

Time commitment

One class period (about 45 minutes)

PA Standards Met

5.2.(class).C. - Political leadership and public service

5.2.(class).D. - Citizen’s role in political process

5.3.(class).E. - Different processes for state, federal elections

Intro discussion and videos: Gerrymandering explained

Grab students attention with an important question. Then introduce redistricting and gerrymandering with one of these short videos.

Role playing as political consultant

Student handout that simply and graphically demonstrates what gerrymandering is and does.

Homework: Ask someone

Students can strike up a dialogue with family or friends... what do they know about gerrymandering?

Reading: Vox Cards: Gerrymandering

What is gerrymandering and how does it happen? Investigate these and other questions by reading through the Vox “cards”  here .

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What Should We Do About Gerrymandering?

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What is gerrymandering?

Fair elections are at the heart of American democracy, but many people argue that politicians have been undermining this American ideal through the practice of what is called gerrymandering. Gerrymandering has been described as the process of politicians picking their voters instead of the voters picking their politicians. In order to really understand this concept, you need to know how voting districts work.

Essentially states are split into different voting districts. For example, there are congressional voting districts– where voters from each district elect a person to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives.  These voting districts are based on population size , and every 10 years after the US census, voting districts are redrawn to make sure that each district has the same number of people. Otherwise, it wouldn’t be fair if one district has twice as many people as all the other districts, but still only gets one representative in the House. There are lots of different ways a state can be divided up into districts, so how do you decide where to draw the district lines?

In the case of gerrymandering, politicians from the party in power use census and voting data to make predictions about how people are likely to vote, and they draw districts in a way that ensures their political party will win the most voting districts overall. This allows political parties to win more districts even if they have fewer overall votes. For example, gerrymandering is probably the reason why in the 2016 election in North Carolina , democrats won 47% of the vote, but only ended up with 23% of the seats. Both republicans and democrats do it, and who draws the lines depends on which party is in power.

For the most part, gerrymandering for political purposes is allowed, but racial gerrymandering is illegal. According to the Voting Rights Act, you can’t draw districts in a way that disadvantages minority racial groups.  But many people, from both political parties feel that gerrymandering undermines the democratic process and they want  to find ways to stop it.  Some favor allowing computers to take over the redistricting — by programming algorithms to prioritize size and neat and tidy district shapes.  Some states, like California have independent bipartisan commissions in charge of redistricting. Since these commissions are bipartisan, they don’t have an incentive to gerrymander.

Learn More…

LESSON PLAN: Redistricting: How the Maps of Power Are Drawn  (The Lowdown/KQED)

ARTICLE: The Strange Geometry of Gerrymandering (The Lowdown/KQED)

ARTICLE: Gerrymandering, Explained (The Washington Post)

ABOVE THE NOISE , a new YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement.  Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for new episodes published every Wednesday on YouTube.

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What Is Gerrymandering? And How Does It Work?

Here’s what you need to know about the legal battle over the rigging of district maps to entrench a governing party’s political power.

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By Michael Wines

The Supreme Court ruled on Thursday that the federal courts cannot decide a question with momentous political consequences: Whether congressional district maps in Maryland and North Carolina that were drawn specifically to tilt political power in favor of one party — a practice known as partisan gerrymandering — are acceptable.

District courts had thrown the maps out as unconstitutional, but the decisions were appealed. When the Supreme Court heard arguments in the two cases in March, the justices seemed divided on partisan lines over key issues, much as they had during an earlier hearing on the Maryland case last year.

In the end, the Supreme Court decided, 5-4, that the question of partisan gerrymandering was a political one that must be resolved by the elected branches of government , and not a legal question that the federal courts should decide.

Here are answers to some common questions about rigged electoral maps, and the Revolutionary patriot for whom they are (perhaps unfairly) named.

What is gerrymandering?

It is a way that governing parties try to cement themselves in power by tilting the political map steeply in their favor. The goal is to draw boundaries of legislative districts so that as many seats as possible are likely to be won by the party’s candidates. Drafters accomplish it mainly through two practices commonly called packing and cracking.

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Gerrymandering

Jul 22, 2014

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Gerrymandering. One contiguous district in Illinois… . Warm Up:. From your homework reading, answer the following question. How did the Wesberry v. Stanford decision of 1964 affect redistricting? . Aim: How does gerrymandering skew congressional districts?.

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Presentation Transcript

Gerrymandering One contiguous district in Illinois…

Warm Up: From your homework reading, answer the following question. How did the Wesberry v. Stanford decision of 1964 affect redistricting?

Aim:How does gerrymandering skew congressional districts? Questions that you need to answer… • How can people use gerrymandering to disenfranchise groups? • (note: geographic & demographic manipulation) • How does Gerrymandering damage our democracy? Explain. • And, how can this system be reformed?

Introduction Today, we will focus on the issue of political redistricting. Gerrymandering and the system of redistricting is subject to a wide range of abuses and manipulation that encourages incumbents to draw districts which protect their seats rather than risk an open contest… We will play “The ReDistricting Game” to experience the realities of this system. This game will introduce you to the redistricting system, allow you to explore ways in which abuses can undermine the system, and provide information about reform initiatives.

Task Your job is to explore the different aspects of the redistricting system: • Fundamentals • Partisan Gerrymander • Bipartisan Gerrymander • Voting Rights Act • Reform As you navigate through the game, try to answer the following questions: • How does Gerrymandering damage our democracy? And, how can this system be reformed?

Process Go to the following link to get started with the game. You will first want to start on the “resources” page. This will provide you with additional information. Use the ‘learn more’ and ‘quotation’ tabs to uncover more information. THE GAME: http://www.redistrictinggame.org/ Resources Page: http://www.redistrictinggame.org/index.php?pg=game

Conclusion • How can people use gerrymandering to disenfranchise groups? • How does Gerrymandering damage our democracy? • And, how can this system be reformed? *Be prepared to hand-in your findings at the end of class.

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Crash Course - Gerrymandering Questions - GOOD FOR DISTANCE LEARNING

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Description

Have students watch "Crash Course: Gerrymandering" and follow along with this video guide. Or use this for homework so that students come in knowledgeable about the topic and ready to learn.

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