research writing experience

Princeton Correspondents on Undergraduate Research

Tips for Writing about Your Research Experience (Even if You Don’t Think You Have Any)

If you’re someone who hasn’t yet done formal research in a university setting, one of the most intimidating parts of the process can be simply getting your foot in the door. Just like the way your options can seem very limited when applying for your first job, asking for a research position when you have no “experience” can seem discouraging — maybe even to the point of causing you to question whether you should apply in the first place. With that being said, there are some simple tips you can employ when applying for research positions to highlight the link between your existing interests and the work of the position for which you are applying.

Illustrated resume on a desk being held by anthropomorphic tiger paws/hands. Tiger is wearing a suit. Desk is covered in writing/working items like pens, reading glasses, and coffee.

First things first: tailor not just your cover letter (for applications that ask for it) but your resume to the position for which you are applying. Even if you’re just sending a casual email to a professor to ask about the research that they’re doing, as a rule, it never hurts to attach your resume. I also like to think that submitting a resume even without being asked to shows that you’re serious about doing research, and have taken the time to put together a thoughtful inquiry into a position. If you’ve never written a cover letter or resume before, don’t fret. The Center for Career Development has some great online resources to help you create one from scratch. If you are looking for more individualized help, you can also schedule an appointment to get one-on-one feedback on your application at any stage in the writing process.

One of the things that I’ve found, however, is that the single-page format of a resume often isn’t enough space to include all of the information about every single thing you’ve ever done. Rather than trying to jam as many impressive accomplishments as you can onto a page, your goal should be to create a resume that gives a cumulative sense of your interests and experiences as they relate to the position for which you are applying. One of my favorite ways to do this is to create a “Research” section. “But Kate, what if I don’t have any research experience?,” you ask. Remember that paper you wrote about a painting by Monet in your favorite class last semester? Write the title down, or even a sentence or two that summarizes your main argument. The art museum you’re hoping to do research at will love knowing that your interest in their current exhibition on Impressionism is rooted in classes you’ve taken and the projects you’ve done in them, no matter how new you may be to a topic. Your interest in a specific research position has to come from somewhere, and your resume is an important part of demonstrating this to others.

What I would like to reassure you of is that it’s normal to be an undergraduate with very little research experience. The people reading your application —whether it be for an official program or even if it’s just a friendly email with a few questions— know that you are a student and will probably be excited to offer you guidance on how to get involved with more specific research projects even if all you have to offer at this point is enthusiasm for the topic. Working in a lab or with a professor on a research project is an opportunity designed to help you learn above all else, so it’s ok if you don’t know what you’re doing! It goes without saying that having little experience will make the final result of your research experience all the more worthwhile because of the potential to gain knowledge in ways you haven’t even imagined.

— Kate Weseley-Jones, Humanities Correspondent

How To Put Research On Your Resume (With Examples)

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Find a Job You Really Want In

Research experiences and skills are an incredibly important aspect of many job applications, so it’s important to know how to put them on your resume correctly. Hiring managers and recruiters want employees who can help drive innovation by being able to apply research skills to problem solve and come up with creative growth solutions. If you’re a job seeker looking to include your research skills on a resume , we’ll go over how to list research on resume, where you can include it on a resume, and give you some examples. Key Takeaways: If you don’t have traditional research experience, highlight the skills used for research that you’ve used in past jobs. Consider creating a separate research section in your resume if you have a lot of research experience or merge sections, depending on which section you want to bolster with research. Research experience is one of the best assets to include on a resume so be on the lookout for more opportunities. In This Article Skip to section What are research skills? Where to put research experience on your resume How to include research on your resume Examples of research on a resume How to put research on your resume FAQ References Sign Up For More Advice and Jobs Show More What are research skills?

Research skills are any skills related to your ability to locate, extract, organize, and evaluate data relevant to a particular subject. It also involves investigation, critical thinking , and presenting or using the findings in a meaningful way.

Depending on what job you’re applying for, research skills could make or break your ability to land the job. Almost every job requires some research skills and you probably already have some of those skills mastered by now.

For most careers, research is a vital process to be able to answer questions. “Research skills” are not a single skill, but multiple ones put together.

Some skills that are necessary for research are organization, problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, and specific technical skills, like coding, Excel, and copywriting.

Where to put research experience on your resume

Including research experience and skills on a resume can be incredibly flexible. When thinking about how to add it to your resume, you want to consider how the research experience adds to your resume.

Your research experience can be included in a few different sections of your resume. Some of those sections include:

Academic accomplishments

Research experience

Work experience/history

College activities

Volunteer work

Presentations and publications

Skills section

If you’ve had smaller research roles but no “official” research experience, you can highlight the skills associated with the types of research mentioned above in your job description under the work history section in your resume.

If your job history is a research position, then naturally, you would include research under the work history section. You can also merge your sections depending on what type of position you are applying for.

For example, you could create a “Research and Education” section or a “Research and Publications” section. If your research is not related to your education and you don’t have any publications, you can also detail it in a separate “Research” section in your resume.

How to include research on your resume

To include your research on your resume, you should gather all the necessary information and then quantify your accomplishments to fit into specific sections. Here is a more detailed list of how to write about research experience in resume:

Gather all the necessary information. The first step is to collect all of the important details like the title of the research project, the location of the research project, the principal investigator of the project (if applicable), and the dates of the project. You will list these details much like you would list a company you have worked for in the past.

Read the job description carefully. Every resume and cover letter you write should be tailored to the job you’re applying for. When a hiring manager puts a necessary qualification in their job posting, you must be sure to include it in your resume.

Make sure that you highlight the right types of research skills on your job applications and resumes.

Quantify your accomplishments. When describing your role on the project, you will want to summarize your accomplishments and deliverables. Hiring managers and recruiters love seeing numbers. When you write out the deliverables from your project, make sure you quantify them.

Incorporate into your work history section. If there were times when you used your research skills in your past employment opportunities, include them in your work experience section. You can also include publications, conferences you may have presented at, and any awards or recognition your research had received.

If you have completed research in an academic setting, then presentations (oral and poster) are an important part of the research process. You should include those details along with the titles of your publications.

Add to your research section. Other aspects of research that you can detail to make your application more competitive are adding skills specific to your project to the skills section of your resume.

These skills will vary depending on the subject matter, but some examples include coding languages, interviewing skills, any software you used and are proficient in using, managerial skills , and public speaking if you have presented your research at conferences.

Add research to your skills section. If the specific research you did is less important than the skills you used to perform it, highlight that in your skills section. That way, you don’t have to take up a lot of work or education history with slightly irrelevant information, but hiring managers can still see you have research skills.

Just be sure you’re more specific about a research methodology you’re an expert in because the skills section doesn’t give you as much room to explain how you leveraged these abilities.

Sprinkle research throughout your resume. If you have a lot of experience performing research in professional, volunteer, and educational settings, pepper it in a few different sections. The more hands-on experience you have with research, the better (for jobs that require research).

Examples of research on a resume

Let’s look at some examples of how research can be included on a resume:

University research example

EDUCATION Undergraduate Thesis, University of Connecticut, Dec. 2017-May 2018 Worked alongside UCONN English Department head Penelope Victeri to research the poetry of New England writers of the 20th century. Explored common themes across the works of Elizabeth Bishop, Wallace Stevens, and Robert Lowell. Performed online and in-person research on historical documents relating to each author , including information on the political, religious, and economic landscape of the US at the time. Analyzed poetic works of each author and drew on similar contemporary regional authors’ works. Prepared 20,000 words thesis entitled “Place, Allegory, and Religion: Three 20th Century New England Poets” and defended my written arguments to a panel of English professors.

Customer service research example

WORK EXPERIENCE Conducted interviews with 20 customers each week to gain insight into the user experience with company products Used Google analytics to determine which pages were driving most web traffic, and increased traffic by 11% Reviewed thousands of customer surveys and compiled findings into monthly reports with graphic findings Presented at weekly marketing meeting to inform marketing team of trends in customer experience with our products

Laboratory research example

RESEARCH Conducted experiments on rat brains by introducing various novel chemical compounds and levels of oxygen Ran electricity through brain slices to view interaction of different chemical compounds on active brain cells Prepared sterile samples for daily check and maintained 89% percent yield over the course of a 3-month study Presented findings in a final 15 -page research report and presentation to the Research and Development team

Examples of common research skills to list on your resume

Here are examples of research skills in action that you may have overlooked:

Searching for local business competition

Sending out customer satisfaction surveys

Summarizing current policies and laws in effect for a particular topic

Creating lesson plans based on current education standards

Reading literature reviews and implementing changes in clinical practice

Attention to detail

Problem-solving skills

Critical thinking

Project management skills

Communication skills

How to put research on your resume FAQ

Why are research skills important?

Research skills are important because they can help you identify a problem, gather information, and evaluate that information for relevancy. Including your research skills on a resume will show hiring managers that you have the ability to suggest new ideas and help their organization adapt and change as the industry changes.

What are research skills?

Some common research skills include:

critical thinking

Computer skills

Can I list research as a skill?

Yes, you can list research as a skill on your resume. Including your research skills in your resume can help show a potential employer that you have the ability to suggest new ideas and use critical thinking to find solutions to problems. Most research skills will use attention to detail, problem-solving, and project management skills.

California State University San Bernardino – Incorporating Research Project Experience on Your Resume

University of Missouri – How to Put Research on Your Resume

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Heidi Cope is a former writer for the Zippia Career Advice blog. Her writing focused primarily on Zippia's suite of rankings and general career advice. After leaving Zippia, Heidi joined The Mighty as a writer and editor, among other positions. She received her BS from UNC Charlotte in German Studies.

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How to List Research Experience on Your Resume

Applying for a role that requires research skills? Here’s how to list your research experience on a resume, with examples you can follow.

3 years ago • 7 min read

Research experience isn’t just for science and academia. Research is a valuable skill that’s required for a number of roles and industries, which means it almost certainly has a place on your resume. And no — that doesn’t mean writing “research” in your skills section and moving on.

Why you should list research experience on your resume

If you’re applying for a job that involves research, listing research experience is a no-brainer. Research-specific positions, scientific jobs like Research Assistants , Lab Assistants or Technicians, graduate school applications, and most jobs in academia all require evidence of research skills. Even outside these positions, research experience demonstrates valuable transferable skills, like critical thinking and attention to detail . Which is not to say that you need to include research experience on every resume — if it makes you a stronger candidate, include it, but if it isn’t relevant and doesn’t add anything else to your candidacy, leave it off.

Research experience resume example

Before we dive right in, here's a sample resume that emphasizes research skills. You can use this as a template or as inspiration to write your own resume from scratch.

Download: PDF | Google Docs

How to list research experience in your resume

Like a lot of desirable skills, research is a soft skill , meaning it’s not something you can claim as an objective fact on your resume without backing it up. What you can do instead is prove it — what previous role involved a lot of research? What resume accomplishments do you have that highlight your research experience? Showing how you used research skills in action is the best way to demonstrate the value you could bring to the company and role you’re applying for.

There are a number of ways you can highlight research experience on your resume:

In a dedicated section

In your work experience, in your education section, listing research publications, in a projects section, in your skills section, in your resume summary.

Let's take a look at each of these options in a little more depth. But first, let's look at an annotated example to help set the context.

How to list research experience on a resume - an annotated example

If you come from a research background, you might want to title your work experience ‘Research.’ Alternatively, you could create two experience sections — one titled ‘Work Experience’ and one titled ‘Research Experience’ — if you also have a lot of non-research experience but want to highlight your most relevant experience first. You can go into more detail when applying for a research-focused role by describing the project and specifying the nature of the research and your role in it.

Create a dedicated Research Experience section to emphasize the depth of your research experience.

More information: How to title different sections of your resume

Including research experience in your main work experience section is appropriate if it was paid work or if it was your most recent and relevant experience. List the employer — for example, the university or research department — job title, dates, and accomplishments, just like you would any other work experience.

List research in your work experience section using action verbs, accomplishments, and metrics.

More information: How to list your work experience on your resume

If you’re a current student or recent graduate, you can list your education section at the top of your resume. You can also make this section a little more comprehensive if you don’t have a lot of work experience, by including things like awards, coursework, and academic research.

If you undertook research as part of your studies and it demonstrates skills relevant to the job you’re applying for, list your research accomplishments in bullet points under the education section of your resume.

More information: The must-haves when writing your education on your resume

If you have a lot of publications that came out of your research, and you want to draw attention to them — and if they’re relevant to the job you’re applying for — consider creating a separate publications section . Formal publications like these are an excellent way to add credibility to your research experience.

List each publication in a new bullet point with the title, year, and name of the magazine, website, or journal. Academic publications can be listed more formally if it’s relevant, like if you’re applying for graduate school or a role in academia.

When it comes to listing research on your resume, like other soft skills, you need to show you’ve used this skill in your previous roles by showcasing your research related accomplishments. Upload your resume to the tool below to find out if your resume highlights your most relevant research experience and achievements.

If your research experience is less extensive or wasn’t quite relevant enough to include alongside your work experience or education, you can still highlight it in a projects section. Keep this brief and include 1-2 bullet points showcasing your key research accomplishments.

Projects section of a resume featuring accomplishments from research in bullet point format.

More information: How to list projects on a resume

Research skills can go in your skills section — as long as they’re hard skills. Steer clear of listing generic skills like “Research” — instead, use our keyword finder to look for relevant skills and keywords and include specific hard skills like data analysis, project management, software proficiency, and certifications.

You can also use the skills search tool below to get a list of hard skills relevant to the research-focused role you’re applying for.

More information: How to write a resume skills section

If you’re applying for a position where research experience is essential, consider emphasizing your experience by including a short resume summary at the top of your resume. This should include the title of the job you’re applying for and a brief overview of your background and key skills.

Resume summary highlighting relevant research experience/skills.

More information: Generate a summary for your resume

Examples of listing research experience on your resume

No matter where you choose to include it, always list research experience in concise, accomplishment-focused bullet points . These should follow the structure of action verb + what you did + what the result was. Here are some examples of resume bullet points you can use or modify to suit your own research experiences.

Highlight research projects

Assisted with cell development research projects as part of the Leukemia Research team — identifying cell changes, determining cell counts and coulter counters with 98% accuracy.

If you have significant research experience, describe it! The more relevant it is to the position you’re applying for, the more detail you can go into. Make sure to specify exactly what stages of research you worked on and what your contribution was.

Mention awards for your research

Awarded “Total Quality Award” in recognition of consistent high standards of quality work for research excellence (only 3 awarded in class of 500).

If the high quality of your work has been acknowledged by an award, early promotion , or similar outside recognition, include it! In addition to the name of the award or accolade, don’t forget to specify context (e.g. 'out of class of 500 people' to increase its credibility.

Demonstrate technical expertise

Created over 75 3D models with CAD tools such as Solidworks and ANSYS.

If you have experience with specific software or tools that you’ll be using in the position you’re applying for, include a bullet point accomplishment specifying how you’ve used them. While this isn't direct 'research' experience, it uses tools that are relevant to research projects — this is a good way of showing that you have research skill sets without having formal research experience.

Use 'research-focused' action verbs

Researched and edited two articles and one book chapter on prenatal substance abuse, policy implication of Human Genome Project.

Use action verbs like "Researched" or "Scoured" which clearly emphasize research skills. In some cases (like in this example), you can list publications in your bullet points itself. If you’ve authored academic papers, books, or articles, this is a great way to show the validity and importance of your research.

Include accomplishments related to research studies

Oversaw screening and recruitment of over 100 participants to study, liaised with laboratory personnel and site coordinators to ensure study is completed on time with 100% success.

Not all research positions involve pure research. Make sure you highlight appropriate related accomplishments, like managing research study participant data and enrolments or managing a team of research assistants.

Include accomplishments relating to research in your field

Conducted legal research; organized and analyzed data and evidence for over 50 cases annually.

If research is part of the job description, make sure you include at least one bullet point highlighting how you’ve used those skills in the past. Including metrics, like the number of cases you’ve researched, contextualizes your accomplishments and helps them stand out.

Conducted marketing research for both buy-side and sell-side resulting in 15 strong leads.

Research isn’t just limited to science and academia. Demonstrate your skills in action by the context and end results of your research, like the number of leads it generated or the increase in sales figures.

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How to Write About Experience: A Step-by-Step Guide

Whether you are writing a college application essay or creative nonfiction, this guide will help you how to write about experience.

There are many theories about how and why humans evolved to have an unparalleled capacity for language. One theory is that two million years ago, early humans developed language to describe their personal experiences with toolmaking to teach those skills to others.

When you write nonfiction about your own experience, in any format, you are doing something profound. You are creating an opportunity for empathy and learning.

Writing about your own experience may sound easy (after all, you’re the world’s foremost expert on yourself), but it isn’t always as simple as “Me name Oog. Me make knife by flaking chip from stone, see!” The personal essay writing process is full of risks and potential pitfalls. However, doing it well is within nearly anyone’s grasp if they follow a few basic steps.

Write About Tension and Conflict

Write about growth, write about something remarkable yet relatable, listing ten ideas, organizational revision, thematic revision, stylistic revision, proofreading, the bottom line on writing about experiences, what are some good topics for a life experience essay, what are examples of personal experiences, step 1: choose a topic.

If you’re old enough to write a personal essay, you’ve lived long enough to have a wealth of experiences to write about. You may think nobody would want to read about your boring life, but you’re wrong. The key is simply choosing the right experiences to write about.

In any piece of writing—a novel, a memoir, or even a college application essay—the number one way to keep a reader’s interest is to focus on two dynamics: tension and conflict. Ideally, this will include both external conflict (you versus an obstacle in the outside world) and an internal conflict (you versus yourself, emotionally speaking).

Conflict is essential for a good essay. Nobody wants to read about the dinner party you hosted where the food turned out great, the guests all got along, and someone helped you do the dishes before they left. Instead, they want to read about the dinner party you hosted where one guest threw a glass of wine in her husband’s face before storming out. Conflict makes every story more interesting.

Tension is different from conflict, but they are related. One form of tension is that uneasy period of waiting for the obviously inevitable conflict to occur. For example, suppose conflict is a glass of wine to the face.

In that case, tension is the wife slicing her steak viciously as she watches her husband play footsie with another woman, growing red-faced with anger, standing up to leave, realizing she has a glass of wine in her hand, throwing it, and the horrifying slow-motion sequence of red wine flying through the air on the way to her husband’s face.

Tension can take a variety of other forms. Foreshadowing can create tension. If you mention that the party ended with a glass of wine to the face, but you start by describing a party that is going smoothly, the reader’s curiosity about how the party went from A to point Z can create tension.

The subtext is another good strategy. If you can give the reader the feeling that not all is as it appears or that they know more than the characters do, the reader will wonder if and how the characters will figure it out and what conflict will result.

There are exceptions, but in general, readers find stasis boring and growth interesting. Even in the case of our caveman Oog describing his innovative stone tool construction technique, communicating about how you learned to do something important is intrinsically interesting. That is why 99% of protagonists in fiction (James Bond excluded) experience an arc of personal growth over the course of a story. Nonfiction is no different.

Phillip Lopate, an expert on the art of creative nonfiction, calls it the “double-perspective.” He explains , “In writing memoir, the trick, it seems to me, is to establish a double-perspective, which will allow the reader to participate vicariously in the experience as it was lived (the confusions and misapprehensions of the child one was, say) while conveying the sophisticated wisdom of one’s current self.”

This does not necessarily mean that your writing should contain anything as heavy-handed as an explicit lesson or moral. Instead, your goal should be to balance clarity and subtlety. The key is to show growth rather than merely telling the reader that you grew.

One of my mother’s favorite stories is about a “rubber” chicken. In this story, she, a newlywed, prepared a wonderful dinner to impress her in-laws. As she carried out a platter topped with a golden, steaming, juicy chicken that she had roasted to perfection, she tripped on a rug.

Everyone stared as the chicken launched off the platter, bouncing across the room like a rubber ball. Concealing her panic with an upbeat tone, she said, “Oops! I’ll be right back.” She picked the chicken up from the floor, took it into the kitchen, dusted it off, put it back on the platter, and walked back into the dining room. Beaming, she announced, “Good thing I roasted a backup chicken!”

It could have happened to anyone. Something like it (embarrassment at the moment you’re trying your hardest to impress someone) has happened to everyone. It is entirely relatable, but it is also remarkable. It is a story with tension and humor baked in (pardon the pun). The visual image of the chicken bouncing across the room is memorable. Listening to the story, I felt her triumph as she overcame her panic and devised a creative solution.

The point is you don’t need to have worked as a war zone medic or climbed Mt. Everest to write a compelling story about your own experience. You simply need to mine your memories for moments that will surprise your readers, spark an emotional response, and engage their empathy.

Step 2: Brainstorm and Build

How to write about experience? Brainstorm and build

Coming up with the base topic that will form the backbone of your essay is the easy part. The next step is to develop the idea into a draft.

If I had in mind that I wanted to write a story about my mother, I might start by thinking about how she is a kind and caring person. She grew up on a farm, and she taught me to read … BORING! When it comes to writing essays, the first idea is rarely the best idea.

One great strategy for digging deeper, to find the truly interesting story, is to make a list. Force yourself to make a list of at least ten different things you could write about that fit the subject.

Even if you love the second or third idea, press on and write at least ten bullet points. You may stick with the second idea, but it’s more likely that around idea eight or nine, you’ll start running out of steam, and then BAM! You’ll remember the rubber chicken.

Even if you already have the central spine of your story, you can use this technique to flesh it out. I might try to think of the top ten lessons I learned from hearing my mother’s rubber chicken story (stay calm, think fast, lie when necessary, don’t put throw rugs in the dining room, always cook a backup chicken, etc.). Just remember that your first idea will almost always be the most boring, obvious idea. Dig through the chaff until you get to the wheat.

Mind maps are a great way to brainstorm connections that will give your essay depth. Take your central idea and write it in the center of the page, and then circle it. For example, I might write “Rubber Chicken” in the middle as my starting point.

Then draw lines radiating away from the circle, and at the end of each line, write down an idea related (even if tangentially) to the central topic. For example, my second-level ideas might include connections like “Mom teaching me how to cook,” “Vegetarianism,” “When honest people lie,” “Overcoming humiliation,” and “Disastrous first impressions.” Write as many as you can.

Circle each second-level idea, then repeat the process. Then see if you can find connections between any second and third-level ideas and draw lines connecting them.

In going through this process, I might discover that rather than writing about my mother’s rubber chicken story itself, I really want to write about terrible first date experiences (connecting the humiliation and first impressions topics). I might realize that I can use the rubber chicken story as an anecdote that contrasts how I actually handled a disastrous blind date with how I wish I’d handled it.

These kinds of unexpected connections often result in the most innovative essays.

One of my favorite essays that I’ve written appeared in my mind, fully formed, after I read a truly stunning essay (Leslie Jamison’s “The Empathy Exams.”). I set the book down on the couch next to me and grabbed my laptop to start writing. When I finally stood up, five thousand words later, I had a free-write that, with editing, became a pretty strong essay.

It is rarely the case that a brain dump results in a structurally sound essay in the first draft. But even when the result is a hot mess that will never see the light of day, it is an extremely valuable exercise.

A no-thoughts-censored free-write uses the momentum of your internal, intuitive sense of narrative to help you uncover ideas that you would never have thought of simply by making lists or writing your first draft using a pre-determined structure and outline.

You might only save a sentence or two from your free-write to use in your actual essay. Still, the process of getting into a flow state, writing without constraints, simply letting your brain wander is an invaluable creative process. You might need to repeatedly free-write related themes to find the magical glue that holds your essay together.

Step 4: Revise, Revise, Revise

This section is not simply called “Revise” because the truth is virtually no great essays about your experience result from one writing session and one revision session. Therefore, revision should be viewed not as a single editing pass but as a series of them, each targeting a specific aspect of the essay.

It is crucial to find the proper structure for your topic. Once you do, you may need to rewrite substantial sections of your draft or write entirely new sections. Therefore, structural revision should always be the first editing pass you make to save yourself wasted time and effort (for example, time spent proofreading a section you end up cutting).

You can go with a standard structure, like chronological order, or using a “frame story” (for example, starting with a flash-forward to the ending, then moving back in time to tell the story in a chronological format), or the classic three-act structure (set-up, rising action, and climax/resolution).

You can also try a more creative or innovative structure. The “braided essay,” in which you have several distinct threads/stories that weave together, is a great choice.

You may need to try fitting your essay into several structures before you find the one that works best for describing your experience. Don’t be afraid to think outside of the box.

At the same time, don’t get so attached to a structural gimmick (reverse-chronological order, or present tense, or anything other than first-person, for example) that it distracts from the substance of your writing.

Once you have the general structure, consider how you’ve integrated your major themes. Do they cohere, or do they send the reader’s mind heading in too many directions? Are they too obvious, or are they too subtle? Can you find ways to represent your theme implicitly, using symbolic images?

For example, is there an anecdote you can swap out for a different one that addresses the theme more meaningfully?

If it turns out all of your content related to one theme is in the last third of your essay, consider how you can sprinkle it into the beginning. Or perhaps you’ll want to do the opposite.

Is your essay structured to build up to a huge and unexpected revelation? Maybe you want to cut out obvious hints about the revelation that slipped into the first half.

Only after the substance of the essay feels solid should you give serious attention to your sentence quality, but that doesn’t make it any less important. If you have any doubt about the power of style to elevate an essay, read one by David Sedaris, Virginia Woolf, Hunter S. Thompson, or James Baldwin.

When you’re editing for style, one of the best strategies is reading your essay aloud. Consider how your sentence length and structure affect pacing and emphasis.

Remember that you’re writing about your experience, so the authorial voice should sound like you . You can aim for a slightly elevated version of how you normally speak, but be careful not to elevate it too much. Many otherwise delightful essays have been ruined by overly formal diction or overuse of a thesaurus.

Revision is a great time to inject some humor. You might also do a little research and include a quotation that fits your theme or some factual information that contextualizes the personal experience you’re writing about.

Try to replace vague, mundane details with unusual, specific information. (My mother’s roasted chicken didn’t just fall to the floor, it bounced across the room like a rubber ball, for example.) Replace the passive voice with action verbs. Find good opportunities for figurative language, but don’t overdo it.

Only when your essay feels like it’s polished and firing on all cylinders should you bother to look for typos and formatting problems. Unfortunately, by this time, you will likely be unable to actually read your essay. Instead, your eyes will skip over it and read what you expect to see there rather than the words that are actually on the page.

That makes it extremely important to have a friend proofread your essay rather than doing it all yourself. The good news is, your essay should be so well-written at this point, from your previous rounds of editing, that it will be a pleasure for your friend to read for you.

There are certain essays and essay collections that stick with you. Sometimes it’s because the author had a truly extraordinary experience, but more often is because in reflecting on the subject, the author showed genuine insight into their own life that sparks the reader to have a new understanding of their own life.

With deliberate use of conflict, vivid detail, and the double-perspective, you can elevate your own experience and inspire others with your writing.

FAQs on How to Write About Experience

You can’t go wrong following the three guidelines described above (write about tension and conflict, write about growth, and write about something remarkable but relatable). However, the specific experiences you write about should be guided by the goal of the writing.

For example, if you’re writing a college application essay, make sure that you directly and specifically answer the prompt. If the application asks, “Describe a person you admire and why,” don’t forget to explain the why (not just what admirable thing the person did, but why that thing mattered to you personally). But even though the prompt doesn’t ask it, remember the overall Why? Why should they want a student like you at their university?

The same principle applies when writing about your work history and other relevant experience for a prospective employer. Perhaps above all, the university or hiring manager you’re writing for wants to see that you have the potential, under their guidance, to grow as an intellectual/professional and as a human being. So show them that you know how to grow.

Even if you’re writing an essay that is more creative, more literary, focusing on the double-perspective is often the easiest way to find an essay topic with enough meaningful substance to mine. Look for a past experience that is vivid in your memory (so that you can accurately and compellingly portray your younger self’s experience) but is also remote enough to show growth (by contrasting the at-the-time experience with a new perspective).

Trauma can be a tempting starting point for an essay, but be cautious. Unless you have sufficient distance and have done the hard work of processing and recovery, trauma can be just as challenging to read as it is to write. A good rule of thumb is that if you can’t write about your trauma without including at least a few moments of levity, you aren’t ready to write about it for others to read.

If you’re trying to write about your experiences and still struggling to come up with a subject, here are five great starting points: 1. Write about a time when you faced significant obstacles and overcame them. 2. Write about the end of a meaningful relationship, for better or worse. 3. Write about the first time you visited a place totally unlike your usual environment and what it showed you about your blind spots. 4. Write about a firmly held belief you used to have and what changed your mind. 5. Write about a habit that is important to you and how you formed it.

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, writing a significant research experience essay.

I've done some research during high school and want to showcase this experience on my college applications. Can you provide advice on how to write a 'significant research experience essay'? What should I include and how can I highlight the importance of my research? Any tips or suggestions are appreciated!

When writing a significant research experience essay for your college applications, the goal is to demonstrate your accomplishments, interest in the field, and ability to articulate complex ideas. Here are some tips to help you craft a compelling essay:

1. Start with an engaging hook: Begin your essay by piquing the reader's interest, for example by presenting a surprising fact, sharing an anecdote, or highlighting a unique perspective. The hook should be related to your research experience and give the reader a reason to continue reading.

2. Provide necessary context: Give a brief overview of the research project, including the objective, methodology used, and the team you worked with. It's important to establish the foundation of your essay and provide clarity to the readers about the significance of your work.

3. Emphasize your role and contributions: Detail the specific tasks you were responsible for and how you contributed to the overall success of the project. For example, you might explain how you utilized your problem-solving skills to develop a particular plan of action, or share how you worked with others to overcome challenges. Make sure to showcase your expertise and dedication through examples.

4. Highlight the impact and relevance of the research: Discuss the implications of your findings within your field and the broader scientific community. For example, consider explaining the potential applications of your research, or discussing further areas for investigation that the experience inspired you to think about.

5. Reflect on your personal growth: Share how this research experience shaped your academic and career interests, or influenced your perspective on the subject area. Discuss any skills or knowledge you gained and how they will be applicable to your future endeavors, be it in college or a professional setting.

6. End with a strong conclusion: Summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate the significance of your research. You may also want to briefly mention your future aspirations in the field, such as pursuing advanced degrees or working on more research projects.

Remember to revise, edit, and proofread your essay to ensure that it's polished, concise, and engaging. Additionally, ask for feedback from teachers, mentors, or peers who are familiar with your research to get their insights and suggestions on how to strengthen your essay. Or, if you want to get a more objective set of eyes on your essay, consider utilizing CollegeVine's Free Peer Essay Review tool, or submitting your essay for a paid review by an expert college admissions advisor through CollegeVine's marketplace. Sometimes, someone who isn't already familiar with your research experience can give you a clearer sense of how well your points are coming across.

By following these tips, your significant research experience essay can serve as a strong showcase of your abilities and passion for your field. Happy writing!

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Graduate School Applications: Writing a Research Statement

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What is a Research Statement?

A research statement is a short document that provides a brief history of your past research experience, the current state of your research, and the future work you intend to complete.

The research statement is a common component of a potential candidate’s application for post-undergraduate study. This may include applications for graduate programs, post-doctoral fellowships, or faculty positions. The research statement is often the primary way that a committee determines if a candidate’s interests and past experience make them a good fit for their program/institution.

What Should It Look Like?

Research statements are generally one to two single-spaced pages. You should be sure to thoroughly read and follow the length and content requirements for each individual application.

Your research statement should situate your work within the larger context of your field and show how your works contributes to, complicates, or counters other work being done. It should be written for an audience of other professionals in your field.

What Should It Include?

Your statement should start by articulating the broader field that you are working within and the larger question or questions that you are interested in answering. It should then move to articulate your specific interest.

The body of your statement should include a brief history of your past research . What questions did you initially set out to answer in your research project? What did you find? How did it contribute to your field? (i.e. did it lead to academic publications, conferences, or collaborations?). How did your past research propel you forward?

It should also address your present research . What questions are you actively trying to solve? What have you found so far? How are you connecting your research to the larger academic conversation? (i.e. do you have any publications under review, upcoming conferences, or other professional engagements?) What are the larger implications of your work?

Finally, it should describe the future trajectory on which you intend to take your research. What further questions do you want to solve? How do you intend to find answers to these questions? How can the institution to which you are applying help you in that process? What are the broader implications of your potential results?

Note: Make sure that the research project that you propose can be completed at the institution to which you are applying.

Other Considerations:

What is the primary question that you have tried to address over the course of your academic career? Why is this question important to the field? How has each stage of your work related to that question?
Include a few specific examples that show your success. What tangible solutions have you found to the question that you were trying to answer? How have your solutions impacted the larger field? Examples can include references to published findings, conference presentations, or other professional involvement.
Be confident about your skills and abilities. The research statement is your opportunity to sell yourself to an institution. Show that you are self-motivated and passionate about your project.

Home — Essay Samples — Education — Writing Skills — Personal Reflection on My Research and Writing Experience

Personal Reflection on My Research and Writing Experience

Categories: Academic Interests Writing Skills

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Office of Undergraduate Research

My first research experience: being open to the unexpected, by claire fresher, peer research ambassador.

Many things surprised me when I started my first research opportunity. I didn’t know what to expect. I had heard a few things from upperclassmen about their own experiences and had attended a couple presentations from OUR, which is what got me interested in research in the first place, but I had no idea what my personal research experience was going to be like.

Something I hadn’t expected was how many people there are in a research group to support you and how willing people are to help. When I started my research position, I was introduced to a graduate student that worked in the lab station right next to mine. She showed me around the lab space and set me up on my computer. She was always there to ask quick questions or help me with any problems I encountered, as were the other people using the lab space, even if they weren’t in my specific lab group.

After a few weeks, I was given a partner who was also an undergraduate and I was introduced to the other undergraduates in the lab who I met at our weekly lab meetings where I got to hear what everyone was working on. I personally loved having a partner who could help me on the specific project I was assigned since I didn’t want to interrupt the other people in the lab with every question I had when they had other similar projects they were working on.

There was definitely a learning curve when I first started since I had never seen anything like this before. I started with basic literature research and began getting a better look into the broad topic which made it easier to really dive into the specific project that I was working on. In the beginning the work seemed a little intimidating but once I got comfortable in the lab space and knew I had people that could help me it was a lot easier to really get going and get into the really interesting parts, which is actually discovering new and exciting things!

I think the most important thing that I went into research with was being open to anything, and not being set on one way of learning or doing things. This was beneficial since it allowed me to be able to learn something completely new and be open to doing things differently than I had done before.

Throughout the course of my research experience, I know that I have changed in many ways. I learned how to work independently, how to be more analytical in my work, and how to ask the important questions that led to new discoveries. Research really has taught me to be open to the unexpected, and even welcome it, since being open has made me into a better researcher and student.

Claire is a junior majoring in Mechanical Engineering and minoring in Mathematics. Click here to learn more about Claire.

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11.1 The Purpose of Research Writing

Learning objectives.

Identify reasons to research writing projects.
Outline the steps of the research writing process.

Why was the Great Wall of China built? What have scientists learned about the possibility of life on Mars? What roles did women play in the American Revolution? How does the human brain create, store, and retrieve memories? Who invented the game of football, and how has it changed over the years?

You may know the answers to these questions off the top of your head. If you are like most people, however, you find answers to tough questions like these by searching the Internet, visiting the library, or asking others for information. To put it simply, you perform research.

Whether you are a scientist, an artist, a paralegal, or a parent, you probably perform research in your everyday life. When your boss, your instructor, or a family member asks you a question that you do not know the answer to, you locate relevant information, analyze your findings, and share your results. Locating, analyzing, and sharing information are key steps in the research process, and in this chapter, you will learn more about each step. By developing your research writing skills, you will prepare yourself to answer any question no matter how challenging.

Reasons for Research

When you perform research, you are essentially trying to solve a mystery—you want to know how something works or why something happened. In other words, you want to answer a question that you (and other people) have about the world. This is one of the most basic reasons for performing research.

But the research process does not end when you have solved your mystery. Imagine what would happen if a detective collected enough evidence to solve a criminal case, but she never shared her solution with the authorities. Presenting what you have learned from research can be just as important as performing the research. Research results can be presented in a variety of ways, but one of the most popular—and effective—presentation forms is the research paper . A research paper presents an original thesis, or purpose statement, about a topic and develops that thesis with information gathered from a variety of sources.

If you are curious about the possibility of life on Mars, for example, you might choose to research the topic. What will you do, though, when your research is complete? You will need a way to put your thoughts together in a logical, coherent manner. You may want to use the facts you have learned to create a narrative or to support an argument. And you may want to show the results of your research to your friends, your teachers, or even the editors of magazines and journals. Writing a research paper is an ideal way to organize thoughts, craft narratives or make arguments based on research, and share your newfound knowledge with the world.

Write a paragraph about a time when you used research in your everyday life. Did you look for the cheapest way to travel from Houston to Denver? Did you search for a way to remove gum from the bottom of your shoe? In your paragraph, explain what you wanted to research, how you performed the research, and what you learned as a result.

Research Writing and the Academic Paper

No matter what field of study you are interested in, you will most likely be asked to write a research paper during your academic career. For example, a student in an art history course might write a research paper about an artist’s work. Similarly, a student in a psychology course might write a research paper about current findings in childhood development.

Having to write a research paper may feel intimidating at first. After all, researching and writing a long paper requires a lot of time, effort, and organization. However, writing a research paper can also be a great opportunity to explore a topic that is particularly interesting to you. The research process allows you to gain expertise on a topic of your choice, and the writing process helps you remember what you have learned and understand it on a deeper level.

Research Writing at Work

Knowing how to write a good research paper is a valuable skill that will serve you well throughout your career. Whether you are developing a new product, studying the best way to perform a procedure, or learning about challenges and opportunities in your field of employment, you will use research techniques to guide your exploration. You may even need to create a written report of your findings. And because effective communication is essential to any company, employers seek to hire people who can write clearly and professionally.

Writing at Work

Take a few minutes to think about each of the following careers. How might each of these professionals use researching and research writing skills on the job?

Medical laboratory technician
Small business owner
Information technology professional
Freelance magazine writer

A medical laboratory technician or information technology professional might do research to learn about the latest technological developments in either of these fields. A small business owner might conduct research to learn about the latest trends in his or her industry. A freelance magazine writer may need to research a given topic to write an informed, up-to-date article.

Think about the job of your dreams. How might you use research writing skills to perform that job? Create a list of ways in which strong researching, organizing, writing, and critical thinking skills could help you succeed at your dream job. How might these skills help you obtain that job?

Steps of the Research Writing Process

How does a research paper grow from a folder of brainstormed notes to a polished final draft? No two projects are identical, but most projects follow a series of six basic steps.

These are the steps in the research writing process:

Choose a topic.
Plan and schedule time to research and write.
Conduct research.
Organize research and ideas.
Draft your paper.
Revise and edit your paper.

Each of these steps will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. For now, though, we will take a brief look at what each step involves.

Step 1: Choosing a Topic

As you may recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , to narrow the focus of your topic, you may try freewriting exercises, such as brainstorming. You may also need to ask a specific research question —a broad, open-ended question that will guide your research—as well as propose a possible answer, or a working thesis . You may use your research question and your working thesis to create a research proposal . In a research proposal, you present your main research question, any related subquestions you plan to explore, and your working thesis.

Step 2: Planning and Scheduling

Before you start researching your topic, take time to plan your researching and writing schedule. Research projects can take days, weeks, or even months to complete. Creating a schedule is a good way to ensure that you do not end up being overwhelmed by all the work you have to do as the deadline approaches.

During this step of the process, it is also a good idea to plan the resources and organizational tools you will use to keep yourself on track throughout the project. Flowcharts, calendars, and checklists can all help you stick to your schedule. See Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , Section 11.2 “Steps in Developing a Research Proposal” for an example of a research schedule.

Step 3: Conducting Research

When going about your research, you will likely use a variety of sources—anything from books and periodicals to video presentations and in-person interviews.

Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary sources . Primary sources provide firsthand information or raw data. For example, surveys, in-person interviews, and historical documents are primary sources. Secondary sources, such as biographies, literary reviews, or magazine articles, include some analysis or interpretation of the information presented. As you conduct research, you will take detailed, careful notes about your discoveries. You will also evaluate the reliability of each source you find.

Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer’s Ideas

When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and decide which sources to cite in your paper. You will also have an opportunity to evaluate the evidence you have collected and determine whether it supports your thesis, or the focus of your paper. You may decide to adjust your thesis or conduct additional research to ensure that your thesis is well supported.

Remember, your working thesis is not set in stone. You can and should change your working thesis throughout the research writing process if the evidence you find does not support your original thesis. Never try to force evidence to fit your argument. For example, your working thesis is “Mars cannot support life-forms.” Yet, a week into researching your topic, you find an article in the New York Times detailing new findings of bacteria under the Martian surface. Instead of trying to argue that bacteria are not life forms, you might instead alter your thesis to “Mars cannot support complex life-forms.”

Step 5: Drafting Your Paper

Now you are ready to combine your research findings with your critical analysis of the results in a rough draft. You will incorporate source materials into your paper and discuss each source thoughtfully in relation to your thesis or purpose statement.

When you cite your reference sources, it is important to pay close attention to standard conventions for citing sources in order to avoid plagiarism , or the practice of using someone else’s words without acknowledging the source. Later in this chapter, you will learn how to incorporate sources in your paper and avoid some of the most common pitfalls of attributing information.

Step 6: Revising and Editing Your Paper

In the final step of the research writing process, you will revise and polish your paper. You might reorganize your paper’s structure or revise for unity and cohesion, ensuring that each element in your paper flows into the next logically and naturally. You will also make sure that your paper uses an appropriate and consistent tone.

Once you feel confident in the strength of your writing, you will edit your paper for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and formatting. When you complete this final step, you will have transformed a simple idea or question into a thoroughly researched and well-written paper you can be proud of!

Review the steps of the research writing process. Then answer the questions on your own sheet of paper.

In which steps of the research writing process are you allowed to change your thesis?
In step 2, which types of information should you include in your project schedule?
What might happen if you eliminated step 4 from the research writing process?

Key Takeaways

People undertake research projects throughout their academic and professional careers in order to answer specific questions, share their findings with others, increase their understanding of challenging topics, and strengthen their researching, writing, and analytical skills.
The research writing process generally comprises six steps: choosing a topic, scheduling and planning time for research and writing, conducting research, organizing research and ideas, drafting a paper, and revising and editing the paper.

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What is exactly meant by "research experience" in grad application?

I'm confused by what the term "research experience" actually means in a PhD application. The following examples come into my mind:

working as research assistant with university professor
publishing research papers in conferences
work in R&D division of company (industry research)

Do all examples of the list above count as research experience? Or which ones do? If so, what are they?

Which ones are more important and provide competitive advantage for getting accepted to good university?

graduate-admissions
terminology

3 I can confirm that RA experience and published work counted as research experience when I applied to my PhD. – user7112 Commented Jan 11, 2014 at 11:28

3 Answers 3

I would say all of those count as "research experience". Which ones will be most valued depends on the nature of the program you're applying to, and the exact nature of the work you did. In general, though, the more independent your work was, the better, and the more generic it was, the worse. So if you were a research assistant but all you did was photocopy documents, that will not earn you many points. If you were a research assistant who, e.g., conducted experiments, did fieldwork, participated in lab meetings, whatever, those will be worth more. If you actually contributed to the writing of papers or presentation at conferences, even better.

As a rule of thumb, the more that what you did was something other people could not have done (i.e., it required your special expertise, not just "more hands'), the "better" it is.

Most of the applicants for PhD positions (after bachelor, different for master) don't have much research experience or have even written a paper as first author, more common would be poster at a conference. So if you have to show something here over average, list it in your application.

As professors get sometimes over 100 applications for PhD positions, more importantly list in bullet points what you experience handling distinct scientific methods is (technical terminus and usage time, e.g. electron microscopy on biological objects for one year or matlab scripting on neural networks for 6 months) . As soon as you have worked for several weeks with a distinct technique, list it as research experience (name - object - duration)

This profile of your expertise is in the end to my experience more important to a professor/distinct position than a higher number of posters/papers of a distinct candidate, because it depends more on your team/advisor/co-workers if you publish before PhD a lot

It means during your undergraduate or after your undergraduate or in masters (if you are going for a PhD program), what did you do that counts as research.

In PhD application, the committee is looking for whether you already have warmed up for research or not because PhD is about taking a problem and doing research which only you could have done.

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Research Writing and Analysis

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Step 1: Seek Out Evidence
Step 2: Explain
Step 3: The Big Picture
Step 4: Own It
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Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
How to Synthesize and Analyze
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Conceptual Framework
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Research Writing: The 5-Step Approach

What is research writing?

Research writing involves f inding a topic, i dentifying a problem, g athering research, and l ogically presenting the evidence u sing scholarly writing conventions.

A circle graph of the 5 steps to research writing

How to improve research writing skills?

Implement a plan before and during the process to develop your research writing skills by following the five-step process.

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Last Updated: Aug 30, 2024 8:27 AM
URL: https://resources.nu.edu/researchtools

Writing for Inquiry and Research

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ISBN 13: 9781946011213

Publisher: University of Illinois Library - Urbana

Language: English

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Reviewed by Jason Parks, Professor of English, Anderson University on 9/1/24

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

While the introduction cited four specific writing projects covered in this book: an annotated bibliography, a research proposal, a literature review, and a research essay, the appendices and extra material at the end of each chapter provides even more than you might expect. I was immediately copying links and bookmarking pages once I read through each chapter. I would definitely use this in a first-year writing course.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Everything is clear, up to date, and unbiased. This was clearly put together by experts who understand the practical needs of college students.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

Everything in this book is recent and applicable to students currently (Fall 2024) writing research papers. There's even some discussion of AI, though updates will be needed as we continue to figure out how to integrate new technologies into approaches to writing instruction.

Clarity rating: 5

Everything is succinct and direct. Any jargon that is used (such as metadiscourse), includes videos and explanations. The videos are especially helpful in clarifying terms.

Consistency rating: 5

Everything is cohesive and consistent in terms of framework. While each chapter has a different focus, they all work together and point toward the same objectives of helping students make sense of the research and writing process.

Modularity rating: 4

Everything is well-organized and headings are clear. The videos were easy to access and all the links were well marked. I especially liked the additional sections at the end of the chapters that linked to more textbooks and writing center resources.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

Each chapter guides students through the process of compositing/creating a specific project. There were plenty of breaks between sections with charts, diagrams, and videos.

Interface rating: 5

The text was all consistent in terms of font, headings, and visuals. There were no complicated interfaces, mostly just simple scrolling through the information.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

Everything was professionally edited and clearly written.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The text was very neutral. The examples were not limited to and didn't favor any specific background, race, or ethnicity. The video links and other topics raised in the examples had plenty of variety.

I was especially impressed with the efficiency and level of expertise. Each chapter was paired down to key points and useful tips that are relevant to current research on first-year writing programs. I thought the videos were all helpful and easy to access. I also appreciated the extra links at the end of each chapter. I will definitely be using this in my first-year research courses this semester. There was only one link to the following OER resource that didn't work: Writing a Research Paper, A Potential Method for Jerry Rhodes, "The Main Steps of Research Paper Writing". Otherwise, you could share this with students right now. If I was going to write my own textbook for an introductory research course, this is definitely the kind of book I'd want to write. After 17 years of teaching first-year composition and research, I've seen the full range of first-year research and rhetoric textbooks, and I feel like this is the kind of resource that we need, although you'd definitely want to pair this with your own examples and materials, especially if you have specific themes and/or objectives for your classes. It's not prescriptive and is useful as guide/handbook for any of the individual projects, so the chapters can definitely be used separately.

Reviewed by Terry Lovern, Adjunct Instructor, Radford University on 5/27/24

The book is quite comprehensive, showcasing the experience from all the authors. The authors' interdisciplinary approach works well, adding to the text's depth and breadth. Incorporating explanatory videos in the sections is an excellent choice, which eliminates the need to add more tutorials via YouTube. It covers all the necessary steps for conducting and composing a research paper.

Although the authors leave out important topics like emergent digital technologies and plagiarism, they at least acknowledge those shortcomings as they advocate that writing is always a human-centric action. An instructor could easily supplement other materials to cover these missing topics though.

The authors focus on what they view as the most important, evergreen steps of research writing. This approach will help the text endure over time as opposed to needed constant updates for things like digital media. Technology could be supplemented with other OER texts or by the instructor.

The book is clear and concise. First-year students and instructors alike should have no problem following the text due to its well organized content.

The book has no consistency problems. The authors use a simple, easy to follow organization of topics; their accumulated experience with first-year writing keeps the content consistent.

Modularity rating: 5

The authors do an excellent job of breaking the research writing process into easy to use sections. Assigning them out of order in class would be confusing; however, an instructor could spend a week or longer on a chapter, adding anything else they feel is necessary.

Excellent organization. Each section is distinct and separate, but shows how the entire research process is connected and scaffolded. The appendices are also laid out well and organized.

No interface issues or problems with the text itself.

No discernible surface errors are in the text.

The book is fairly neutral, so any first-year student or instructor should be able to use it. The text contains nothing culturally insensitive or offensive and focuses on how to do research writing.

This would make a great text for anyone teaching the research writing component of first-year composition. The step-by-step structure makes it easy to scaffold and incorporate into a syllabus schedule. The book would also be excellent for mentoring TA's who are learning to teach the material and for new instructors who might want more structure to their course plans.

Reviewed by Angelica Rivera, Director, Northeastern Illinois University on 4/16/24

This book consists of a Preface, Introduction, Chapters I thru Chapter IV. and it also has an Appendix I to Appendix III. Chapter I covers the Annotated Bibliography, Chapter II covers the Proposal, Chapter III covers the Literature Review and Chapter IV covers the Research Essay. Each section is broken down into smaller sections to break down each topic. The book is written by 3 different authors who are experts in their field and who write about different writing genres. The authors are interdisciplinary in their approach which means students in various disciplines can use the manual to begin their inquiry process and continue with their research process. This book also has short videos that provide explanations, and references after every chapter to provide additional learning resources. Appendix I covers Reading Strategies, Appendix II covers Writing Strategies and Appendix III covers Research Strategies. Appendix I and Appendix II also have additional resources for reading and writing strategies. This book will help most first year students who are transitioning from high school to college.

This book is accessible for first year students who are in English, Composition or First year experience courses. However, the authors note that there are some limits to the topics addressed as the text does not cover research methods, databases, plagiarism and emerging writing technologies. The authors believe that writing is a human based process regardless of the tools and technologies that one uses when writing.

This book is well researched and will survive the test of time as it is accessible and will serve as a reference tool for a student who is looking to develop their writing question and develop their research approach.

This book is well researched, well organized and well written.

There was consistency throughout the text as all of the authors had experience with working with first year students and/or with the writing process.

The first 3 chapters can be assigned in any order but the fourth chapter should be the 4th step as that part consists of writing the actual research essay. This book is not meant to be used by itself and thus provides additional bibliographic sources and topics to further develop one’s knowledge of the writing process.

This book is written in the logical process of developing a research question and then conducting the research. An instructor can easily assign these chapters in chronological order and it will help the student to brainstorm to create their question and then follow the steps to conduct their research.

There were no issues with the books interface.

I found this manuscript to be well written and it contained no visible grammatical errors.

I found this book to be neutral and accessible to all students irrespective of their various backgrounds.

I give this book 5 stars because it helps students and instructors break down the research process into smaller steps which can be completed in a semester-long course in research writing.

Introduction
Chapter 1: Annotated Bibliography
Chapter 2: Proposal
Chapter 3: Literature Review
Chapter 4: Research Essay
Appendix I: Writing Strategies
Appendix II: Reading Strategies
Appendix III: Research Strategies

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Writing for Inquiry and Research guides students through the composition process of writing a research paper. The book divides this process into four chapters that each focus on a genre connected to research writing: the annotated bibliography, proposal, literature review, and research essay. Each chapter provides significant guidance with reading, writing, and research strategies, along with significant examples and links to external resources. This book serves to help students and instructors with a writing-project-based approach, transforming the research process into an accessible series of smaller, more attainable steps for a semester-long course in research writing. Additional resources throughout the book, as well as in three appendices, allow for students and instructors to explore the many facets of the writing process together.

About the Contributors

Jeffrey C. Kessler is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Illinois Chicago. His research and teaching interrogate the intersections of writing, fiction, and critical university studies. He has published about the works of Oscar Wilde, Henry James, Vernon Lee, and Walter Pater. He earned his PhD from Indiana University.

Mark Bennett has served as director of the University of Illinois Chicago’s (UIC) First-Year Writing Program since 2012. He earned his PhD in English from UIC in 2013. His primary research interests are in composition studies and rhetoric, with a focus on writing program administration, course placement, outcomes assessment, international student education, and AI writing.

Sarah Primeau serves as the associate director of the First-Year Writing Program and teaches first-year writing classes at University of Illinois Chicago. Sarah has presented her work at the Conference on College Composition and Communication, the Council of Writing Program Administrators Conference, and the Cultural Rhetorics Conference. She holds a PhD in Rhetoric and Composition from Wayne State University, where she focused on composition pedagogy, cultural rhetorics, writing assessment, and writing program administration.

Charitianne Williams is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Illinois Chicago focused on teaching first-year composition and writing center studies. When she’s not teaching or thinking about teaching, she’s thinking about writing.

For more than twenty years, Virginia Costello has been teaching a variety of English composition, literature, and gender studies courses. She received her Ph.D. from Stony Brook University in 2010 and is presently Senior Lecturer in the Department of English at University of Illinois Chicago. Early in her career, she studied anarcho-catholicism through the work of Dorothy Day and The Catholic Worker Movement. She completed research at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam and has published articles on T.S. Eliot, Emma Goldman, and Bernard Shaw. More recently, she presented her work at the Modern Studies Association conference (Portland, OR, 2022), Conference on College Composition and Communication (Chicago, Il, 2023) and Comparative and Continental Philosophy Circle (Tallinn, Estonia, 2022 and Bogotá, Columbia, 2023). Her research interests include prison reform/abolition, archē in anarchism, and Zen Buddhism.

Annie Armstrong has been a reference and instruction librarian at the Richard J. Daley Library at the University of Illinois Chicago since 2000 and has served as the Coordinator of Teaching & Learning Services since 2007. She serves as the library’s liaison to the College of Education and the Department of Psychology. Her research focuses on enhancing and streamlining the research experience of academic library users through in-person and online information literacy instruction.

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Research paper

How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.

Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.

This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.

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Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.

Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:

Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.

Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.

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There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.

You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.

You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.

Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:

A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.

Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.

Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.

Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
Are there any heated debates you can address?
Do you have a unique take on your topic?
Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?

In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”

A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.

The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.

You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.

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A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.

A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.

Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:

Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.

You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.

Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.

Paragraph structure

Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.

Example paragraph

George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.

Citing sources

It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.

You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.

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The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.

What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.

Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?

How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.

The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.

One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:

topic sentences against the thesis statement;
topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.

Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.

The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.

Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.

You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.

You should not :

Offer new arguments or essential information
Take up any more space than necessary
Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)

There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.

Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.

The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible. You can speed up the proofreading process by using the AI proofreader .

Global concerns

Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.

Fine-grained details

Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:

each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.

Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .

Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading or create an APA title page .

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Checklist: Research paper

I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.

My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.

My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .

My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .

Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .

Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.

I have used appropriate transitions to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.

My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.

My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.

My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.

I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.

I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .

I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).

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Scholarly Voice: First-Person Point of View

First-person point of view.

Since 2007, Walden academic leadership has endorsed the APA manual guidance on appropriate use of the first-person singular pronoun "I," allowing the use of this pronoun in all Walden academic writing except doctoral capstone abstracts, which should not contain first person pronouns.

In addition to the pointers below, APA 7, Section 4.16 provides information on the appropriate use of first person in scholarly writing.

Inappropriate Uses: I feel that eating white bread causes cancer. The author feels that eating white bread causes cancer. I found several sources (Marks, 2011; Isaac, 2006; Stuart, in press) that showed a link between white bread consumption and cancer. Appropriate Use: I surveyed 2,900 adults who consumed white bread regularly. In this chapter, I present a literature review on research about how seasonal light changes affect depression.

Confusing Sentence: The researcher found that the authors had been accurate in their study of helium, which the researcher had hypothesized from the beginning of their project. Revision: I found that Johnson et al. (2011) had been accurate in their study of helium, which I had hypothesized since I began my project.

Passive voice: The surveys were distributed and the results were compiled after they were collected. Revision: I distributed the surveys, and then I collected and compiled the results.

Appropriate use of first person we and our : Two other nurses and I worked together to create a qualitative survey to measure patient satisfaction. Upon completion, we presented the results to our supervisor.

Make assumptions about your readers by putting them in a group to which they may not belong by using first person plural pronouns. Inappropriate use of first person "we" and "our":

We can stop obesity in our society by changing our lifestyles.
We need to help our patients recover faster.

In the first sentence above, the readers would not necessarily know who "we" are, and using a phrase such as "our society " can immediately exclude readers from outside your social group. In the second sentence, the author assumes that the reader is a nurse or medical professional, which may not be the case, and the sentence expresses the opinion of the author.

To write with more precision and clarity, hallmarks of scholarly writing, revise these sentences without the use of "we" and "our."

Moderate activity can reduce the risk of obesity (Hu et al., 2003).
Staff members in the health care industry can help improve the recovery rate for patients (Matthews, 2013).

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CWP: Craft of Prose: Researching the White Paper

Getting started
News and Opinion Sites
Academic Sources
Grey Literature
Substantive News Sources
What to Do When You Are Stuck
Understanding a citation
Examples of Quotation
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Researching the Op-Ed
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Research the White Paper

Researching the white paper:.

The process of researching and composing a white paper shares some similarities with the kind of research and writing one does for a high school or college research paper. What’s important for writers of white papers to grasp, however, is how much this genre differs from a research paper. First, the author of a white paper already recognizes that there is a problem to be solved, a decision to be made, and the job of the author is to provide readers with substantive information to help them make some kind of decision--which may include a decision to do more research because major gaps remain.

Thus, a white paper author would not “brainstorm” a topic. Instead, the white paper author would get busy figuring out how the problem is defined by those who are experiencing it as a problem. Typically that research begins in popular culture--social media, surveys, interviews, newspapers. Once the author has a handle on how the problem is being defined and experienced, its history and its impact, what people in the trenches believe might be the best or worst ways of addressing it, the author then will turn to academic scholarship as well as “grey” literature (more about that later). Unlike a school research paper, the author does not set out to argue for or against a particular position, and then devote the majority of effort to finding sources to support the selected position. Instead, the author sets out in good faith to do as much fact-finding as possible, and thus research is likely to present multiple, conflicting, and overlapping perspectives. When people research out of a genuine desire to understand and solve a problem, they listen to every source that may offer helpful information. They will thus have to do much more analysis, synthesis, and sorting of that information, which will often not fall neatly into a “pro” or “con” camp: Solution A may, for example, solve one part of the problem but exacerbate another part of the problem. Solution C may sound like what everyone wants, but what if it’s built on a set of data that have been criticized by another reliable source? And so it goes.

For example, if you are trying to write a white paper on the opioid crisis, you may focus on the value of providing free, sterilized needles--which do indeed reduce disease, and also provide an opportunity for the health care provider distributing them to offer addiction treatment to the user. However, the free needles are sometimes discarded on the ground, posing a danger to others; or they may be shared; or they may encourage more drug usage. All of those things can be true at once; a reader will want to know about all of these considerations in order to make an informed decision. That is the challenging job of the white paper author.   The research you do for your white paper will require that you identify a specific problem, seek popular culture sources to help define the problem, its history, its significance and impact for people affected by it. You will then delve into academic and grey literature to learn about the way scholars and others with professional expertise answer these same questions. In this way, you will create creating a layered, complex portrait that provides readers with a substantive exploration useful for deliberating and decision-making. You will also likely need to find or create images, including tables, figures, illustrations or photographs, and you will document all of your sources.

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12.1 Introducing Research and Research Evidence

Learning outcomes.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Articulate how research evidence and sources are key rhetorical concepts in presenting a position or an argument.
Locate and distinguish between primary and secondary research materials.
Implement methods and technologies commonly used for research and communication within various fields.

The writing tasks for this chapter and the next two chapters are based on argumentative research. However, not all researched evidence (data) is presented in the same genre. You may need to gather evidence for a poster, a performance, a story, an art exhibit, or even an architectural design. Although the genre may vary, you usually will be required to present a perspective , or viewpoint, about a debatable issue and persuade readers to support the “validity of your viewpoint,” as discussed in Position Argument: Practicing the Art of Rhetoric . Remember, too, that a debatable issue is one that has more than a single perspective and is subject to disagreement.

The Research Process

Although individual research processes are rhetorically situated, they share some common aspects:

Interest. The researcher has a genuine interest in the topic. It may be difficult to fake curiosity, but it is possible to develop it. Some academic assignments will allow you to pursue issues that are personally important to you; others will require you to dive into the research first and generate interest as you go.
Questions. The researcher asks questions. At first, these questions are general. However, as researchers gain more knowledge, the questions become more sharply focused. No matter what your research assignment is, begin by articulating questions, find out where the answers lead, and then ask still more questions.
Answers. The researcher seeks answers from people as well as from print and other media. Research projects profit when you ask knowledgeable people, such as librarians and other professionals, to help you answer questions or point you in directions to find answers. Information about research is covered more extensively in Research Process: Accessing and Recording Information and Annotated Bibliography: Gathering, Evaluating, and Documenting Sources .
Field research. The researcher conducts field research. Field research allows researchers not only to ask questions of experts but also to observe and experience directly. It allows researchers to generate original data. No matter how much other people tell you, your knowledge increases through personal observations. In some subject areas, field research is as important as library or database research. This information is covered more extensively in Research Process: Accessing and Recording Information .
Examination of texts. The researcher examines texts. Consulting a broad range of texts—such as magazines, brochures, newspapers, archives, blogs, videos, documentaries, or peer-reviewed journals—is crucial in academic research.
Evaluation of sources. The researcher evaluates sources. As your research progresses, you will double-check information to find out whether it is confirmed by more than one source. In informal research, researchers evaluate sources to ensure that the final decision is satisfactory. Similarly, in academic research, researchers evaluate sources to ensure that the final product is accurate and convincing. Previewed here, this information is covered more extensively in Research Process: Accessing and Recording Information .
Writing. The researcher writes. The writing during the research process can take a range of forms: from notes during library, database, or field work; to journal reflections on the research process; to drafts of the final product. In practical research, writing helps researchers find, remember, and explore information. In academic research, writing is even more important because the results must be reported accurately and thoroughly.
Testing and Experimentation. The researcher tests and experiments. Because opinions vary on debatable topics and because few research topics have correct or incorrect answers, it is important to test and conduct experiments on possible hypotheses or solutions.
Synthesis. The researcher synthesizes. By combining information from various sources, researchers support claims or arrive at new conclusions. When synthesizing, researchers connect evidence and ideas, both original and borrowed. Accumulating, sorting, and synthesizing information enables researchers to consider what evidence to use in support of a thesis and in what ways.
Presentation. The researcher presents findings in an interesting, focused, and well-documented product.

Types of Research Evidence

Research evidence usually consists of data, which comes from borrowed information that you use to develop your thesis and support your organizational structure and reasoning. This evidence can take a range of forms, depending on the type of research conducted, the audience, and the genre for reporting the research.

Primary Research Sources

Although precise definitions vary somewhat by discipline, primary data sources are generally defined as firsthand accounts, such as texts or other materials produced by someone drawing from direct experience or observation. Primary source documents include, but are not limited to, personal narratives and diaries; eyewitness accounts; interviews; original documents such as treaties, official certificates, and government documents detailing laws or acts; speeches; newspaper coverage of events at the time they occurred; observations; and experiments. Primary source data is, in other words, original and in some way conducted or collected primarily by the researcher. The Research Process: Where to Look for Existing Sources and Compiling Sources for an Annotated Bibliography contain more information on both primary and secondary sources.

Secondary Research Sources

Secondary sources , on the other hand, are considered at least one step removed from the experience. That is, they rely on sources other than direct observation or firsthand experience. Secondary sources include, but are not limited to, most books, articles online or in databases, and textbooks (which are sometimes classified as tertiary sources because, like encyclopedias and other reference works, their primary purpose might be to summarize or otherwise condense information). Secondary sources regularly cite and build upon primary sources to provide perspective and analysis. Effective use of researched evidence usually includes both primary and secondary sources. Works of history, for example, draw on a large range of primary and secondary sources, citing, analyzing, and synthesizing information to present as many perspectives of a past event in as rich and nuanced a way as possible.

It is important to note that the distinction between primary and secondary sources depends in part on their use: that is, the same document can be both a primary source and a secondary source. For example, if Scholar X wrote a biography about Artist Y, the biography would be a secondary source about the artist and, at the same time, a primary source about the scholar.

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How to Get Writing Experience (Without Wasting Your Time)

29 Jun 2021 | Freelancing

One question that I see from a lot of writers is how to get writing experience. It’s a particular issue for freelance writers, but it applies to pretty much all types of writing – in the recent Aliventures survey, one reader asked for a post on:

“How to get ‘writing experience’ so publishers will take you seriously without getting sidetracked into projects that keep you from finishing your novel.”

The type of experience being talked about here isn’t simply the experience of writing a novel (or any other project). It’s really about the experience of having your writing published in some form.

So how exactly can you get this kind of writing experience … without spending loads of time writing “extra” things that derail you from what you really want to focus on?

I’m going to cover a bunch of suggestions, but first, let’s take a look at whether or not you even need them.

Do You Need Writing Experience?

I know a lot of new writers feel that they need experience to show that they can write – but this isn’t necessarily the case, depending on your goals.

You don’t need experience to submit a novel to publishers. While most debut novelists will have some kind of prior experience (often, with short stories), this isn’t a requirement.

Agents and publishers care about the quality of your novel. Typically, you’ll initially submit the first three chapters along with a synopsis. The agent or publisher won’t take you on as an author until they’ve seen and liked the whole thing.

Of course, it certainly won’t hurt to have experience. If you can point to published short stories, competition wins, or other success with short fiction, that will help to get agents and publishers to at least take the time to look at your submission. But the experience isn’t a requirement. What matters is the quality of your novel chapters.

You generally do need experience to land freelance clients. Because they’ll typically hire you as a freelance writer before you’ve written anything for them, they do need to know that you’re good at the type of writing they want (e.g. copywriting, article writing). This means having some samples you can show them.

While some freelancers write pieces “on spec” and hope to land a client, this is rarer and riskier, as there’s no guarantee that you’ll ever get paid for the piece.

It helps to have experience if you want to write a non-fiction book. With non-fiction, you’ll typically enter into a contract long before completing the book (often, you’ll supply the first 1 – 3 chapters plus a chapter by chapter summary). This allows the publisher input on the book as it progresses.

When I wrote Publishing E-Books For Dummies , Wiley approached me, rather than me sending in a submission. It definitely helped that I’d written a lot of blog posts, plus several self-published ebooks. The conversational style of Wiley’s For Dummies series is very similar to the tone of most blog posts, and the fact I’d written ebooks meant they knew I could complete longer projects.

How to Get (Valuable) Writing Experience

Here are some great ways to get experience, without spending loads of time writing something that isn’t going to help you.

Writing Experience for Non-Fiction Authors

If you write non-fiction, there are loads of great ways to get experience – and many of these let you get your work published quite quickly.

Some of the best methods are:

Guest blogging (also called guest posting) for large blogs or websites. Guest blogging is where you write an article for someone else’s site, which they publish under your name, normally with a “bio” that tells readers a bit about you. This is a great technique because you can easily share the link to your guest post in order to provide a writing sample. Some blogs pay, making this a particularly good option if you’re aiming for a career as a freelance writer.
Writing for local publications. If you have a local newspaper or magazine, they may well be happy to publish a short piece from you. Some will pay, but very small publications won’t generally have a budget to pay contributors.
Writing for student publications. If you’re a student, your college (or even high school) may well have a magazine or newspaper that you can write for. You don’t generally need any prior experience to get involved.
Publishing sample pieces on your own website. If you’re hoping to land freelancing work but you haven’t got any published samples, then write some articles and put them on your own website. This is a good method to use if you haven’t been able to land any guest posts, or if you want to write and publish something as quickly as possible.

Fiction Authors

If you write fiction, you may not need any creative writing experience beyond the project you’re working on. But if you’re writing something long (like a novel ), you might enjoy finishing and submitting shorter pieces. Plus, of course, being published or winning a competition can be a huge confidence boost.

Some options to look into are:

Flash fiction competitions. The big advantage of these is that you only need to write a few hundred words – so you don’t have to spend a lot of time on your piece. They’re a fun way to explore a single idea. Flash fiction is under 1,000 words – most pieces are even shorter, with 500, 300, and even 100 words being common limits. You can find a handy list of flash fiction competitions here .
Short story competitions. Like flash fiction competitions, there are plenty of short story competitions out there, with a wide range of genres, lengths, and prizes. Some are small competitions run by local writers’ groups – and others are big, prestigious national competitions. It’s well worth having a go: even if you don’t win anything, a competition deadline can help push you on to finish a piece.
Writing for magazines that publish short stories. There are a number of literary magazines out there, usually publishing short stories and poetry – but there are also magazines for more popular fiction, particularly in the women’s market. If you’re interested in giving these a try, Womag Writer has tons of information, plus tips direct from editors.
Writing for a group anthology. If you’re part of a writers’ group , you could put together a creative writing anthology and get it printed. This can be a great way to raise funds (if you have plenty of willing friends and family between you to buy copies!) and it can also be very rewarding for members of your group. You could let group members contribute any form of writing, so long as it’s under a certain length (e.g. short stories, poems, or novel/memoir excerpts) – or your group could agree on a specific theme or type of writing.

Keep Your Focus on Your Main Project

While you’re trying to get experience, you want to maintain your focus on your main project. If you’re writing a novel, you don’t want to take 6 months off part-way through to work on short stories, for instance. If you’re working on a non-fiction book , you don’t want to stop entirely to write articles.

To keep your focus on your main project, I’d suggest that you deliberately limit the time you spend on side projects.

You could allocate a specific time slot to short pieces each week – e.g. Wednesday evenings are for writing short stories, the rest of your writing time is for your novel.

Alternatively, you could take a short, focused period (say, a week or two) away from your main project. A great time to do this is when your main project is naturally in a resting state. That might mean finishing the first draft of your novel and setting it aside for a couple of weeks while you work on short stories.

What if you’re worried about losing focus on your novel or non-fiction topic? Look for ways your side projects can support your main project.

That might mean writing articles that explore topics you’re covering in your non-fiction book, so you don’t need to do any extra research. You could even write articles that might become sections of your book. With fiction, you could write a short story that forms a prequel or digs into a minor character’s story, helping you develop and deepen your understanding of your story world.

Don’t Bother With These Three Types of Writing Experience

So what types of writing experience aren’t worth it? If you’re only doing them to try to impress agents, publishers, or clients, I wouldn’t bother with any of these:

Writing letters to the editor. Many magazines and newspapers publish letters from readers, and while these can be fun to craft (and sometimes win cash prizes), they aren’t something you can point to as real writing experience. They’re too short to show that you can write something sustained, like an article.
Writing your own blog, if you’re a fiction writer. If you’re writing a novel, there are plenty of good reasons to blog (like building your online platform), but your blog isn’t likely to sway agents or publishers.
Posting on social media. Of course, it’s fine to write on social media, and you may have a particular knack for writing posts that get shared a lot or even go viral … but again, this isn’t really writing experience.

None of these are in any way bad things to do. So please don’t feel you need to stop altogether. All of them can be very rewarding, in lots of different ways. But if you’re doing them only to get writing experience, I’d suggest you try something else instead.

Everything you write gives you more experience : I firmly believe that no words are “wasted”. But if you want the type of experience that will help you land a freelance writing job, try some of the ideas above for fiction and non-fiction writers.

For more help with your writing career, check out my Self-Study packs . These are sets of seminars on lots of different aspects of writing, covering time management, novel-writing, editing, freelancing, self-publishing, and more.

The Aliventures newsletter includes a short article on writing, and comes to your inbox every week.

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(You can learn more about the newsletter here.)

I’m Ali Luke, and I live in Leeds in the UK with my husband and two children.

Aliventures is where I help you master the art, craft and business of writing.

If you're new, welcome! These posts are good ones to start with:

Can You Call Yourself a “Writer” if You’re Not Currently Writing?

The Three Stages of Editing (and Nine Handy Do-it-Yourself Tips)

What to Do When Your Writing Goals Seem a Long Way Off

My contemporary fantasy trilogy is available from Amazon. The books follow on from one another, so read Lycopolis first.

You can buy them all from Amazon, or read them FREE in Kindle Unlimited.

Keeping focus on your main project is a great point. i struggled with switching between to many writing projects for the longest time, but a major part of writing experience is the experience of finishing a project and publishing it, and you can never do that if you’re never finishing things. Tim’s last blog post .. Medieval Slavery and Slaves in Ancient Greece: A Study

Thanks for clarifying the issue of “writing experience” for me. There is so much generic advice out there on how to gain an advantage and get the attention of a publisher. I appreciate your straight forward, practical approach!

You absolutely crushed it, Ali! Yes, focusing on one writing project and publishing is the critical step to any blogging success. I used to jump through multiple projects in the past without finishing any project. This blog post is an eye-opener for me. Not many people talk about the “writing issues” in detail like this. This is a treasure. John Ravi’s last blog post .. 9 Easy Methods to Fix NET::ERR_CERT_COMMON_NAME_INVALID

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Do Online Reviews Truly Represent the Writer’s Experience?

At any given moment, people all over the world are posting and reading online reviews about hotels, restaurants, cars, and more. Reviews influence important decisions and experiences and have financial, personal, and social consequences. Reviews should accurately reflect the writer’s experience so that readers can make more informed decisions. Our research on hundreds of thousands of hotel reviews shows that this is not quite the case. We found that random changes in weather, even days after staying in a hotel, significantly affected the content and rating of the review. In other words, factors unrelated to the experience itself caused the writer, probably due to a change in mood, to write a review that did not represent their actual experience. This can have a big impact on businesses and digital platforms such as shopping sites and social media.

Does Online Information Influence People’s Decision Making?

The internet is full of texts, words, and videos—there is so much information online that it is very difficult to estimate its true amount. About 8.5 billion Google searches are performed and tens of billions of text messages are sent every day—more than the number of people on the planet. It is a whole lot of information, which people write to convey information, feelings, and thoughts to other people.

If people want to find a good hotel for their vacation, buy a new sofa for the living room, or do some history homework, what will they use? Probably the internet. If you heard from your friends that turkeys can blush, how do you know if it is true or just a tall tale? You would probably check online (this fact is true, by the way). A good review of a hotel can convince people to stay there [ 1 ], a Wikipedia article can teach people something new, and the information posted on the website of the local community center helps people decide whether to join swimming, dance, or judo classes. Research shows that both children and adults use the internet regularly to find information to help them make important decisions [ 2 ].

Information on the Web Affects People and Economies

Think about it: if what we read online influences our decisions, and billions of people go online every day, that means that information on the internet affects the decisions of billions of people daily. On such a large scale, these decisions affect the economy . Although this is not the place to explain the exact meaning of the word “economy”, it is important to understand that the economy involves many of the things that help us survive—the availability of food in the store, fuel for the car, electricity in our homes, doctors willing to treat us when we are sick, and much more. The economy in the West is influenced by the decisions of ordinary people: leaders, banks, buyers, and sellers—all of us. Unfortunately, there are countries where the economy does not function very well, which can lead to poverty and serious problems in daily life. If information on the web influences our decisions, it also affects the economy. If it is important to us that the economy is functioning properly, it is important to understand the effect that online content has on our behaviors and decisions.

This is why online reviews are very interesting to scientists who research human behaviors.

Online Reviews—How Does the Information We Read Online Affect Us?

Online reviews ( Figure 1 ) are a way for people to provide others with useful information about the world, to help others make better decisions. If I am trying to decide which cell phone to buy, I want to know which one is the best in my price range. Before the internet existed (when I was a child), if I wanted to buy a good, affordable speaker (for example), I would have to guess, or hope that someone I knew had already bought the speaker and could tell me if it was any good.

Figure 1 - Example of an online review of a hotel.

Figure 1 - Example of an online review of a hotel.
You can see that the reviewer gave a rating of 9 out of 10 stars—they really liked the proximity to the sea and the attention of the hotel staff.

Online reviews solve a big part of this problem. Today, when I want to buy a quality speaker (or anything else, for that matter), I can look online for one that fits my needs and has a lot of high-rated reviews. I trust that the people who wrote the reviews are describing the actual experience they had with the product. Online reviews are a way to give me “access” to other people’s thoughts and experiences, so I can make good decisions.

A significant number of human behavior researchers assume that online reviews accurately represent the experiences of the people who write them [ 3 ]. After all, why would someone go through all the trouble of writing a review that was not true? Why would somebody deliberately mislead others? We were not sure—so we decided to investigate the matter.

The Weather as a Huge, Real-World Laboratory

To determine if people write reviews that reflect their actual experiences, we examined people’s behavior during an event that had nothing to do with their visit to a hotel: a rainy day… when they are back at home after a vacation.

Imagine you have come home from a vacation. After a few days, as you are about to write a review of the hotel, the sky turns gray, and it begins to rain. Should the rain affect the review you write about the hotel you visited a few days ago? It is known that rainy days can affect people’s moods [ 4 ], but there should not be any connection between the weather several days after you come back from the hotel and the experience at the hotel itself, right? This is what is called a natural experiment .

Reviews Affected by Rain

So how did we determine if rain affected the hotel reviews? We studied hundreds of thousands of hotel reviews written by hundreds of thousands of people over 10 years. We found that rainy weather in the area where the writer lived, at the time of writing the review, did affect the review. Before you continue reading, can you guess how the reviews were affected? (Hint: look at Figure 2 —how does a rainy day affect your mood?).

Figure 2 - Researchers found that rain and bad weather affect people’s moods.

Figure 2 - Researchers found that rain and bad weather affect people’s moods.
Rainy weather (compared to sunny weather) puts people in a more negative mood. Which of the two pictures above gives you a more “gloomy” feeling?

We found that when it rained, people tended to give more negative ratings (Was your guess right?). Not only was the average rating lower when it was raining, but the words in the review were less happy and positive. Criticism was longer, more detailed, and more harsh. Why does this happen? Of course, we could not ask hundreds of thousands of people why, but even if we could, I am not sure they would be able to explain it. Fortunately, other studies (which have been done in the laboratory) provide a possible explanation.

Emotions and Mood are Information the Body “Sends” to Itself

So, where does this strange behavior come from? After all, if people had fun at the hotel, why is it that when they sit at home and it is raining outside, they suddenly report a different, more negative experience?

Many studies show that weather can affect mood—bad weather can create a more negative mood. But why should a change in mood affect the review a person writes about the hotel? After all, they have already been to the hotel and the experience was stored in their brains. It turns out that people are a little less level-headed and consistent than you might expect, and they are probably using their moods as information [ 5 ].

Let us say I am sitting down to write a review about a hotel in Eilat (Israel) that I recently stayed in. I am trying to remember the experience. Suddenly it starts raining outside, and my mood becomes more negative. This mood “mixes” with my thoughts and influences them. It is as if my body is sending me a signal: “You feel bad because the hotel experience was not that good”—which can cause me to write a more negative review.

Are you having trouble believing this? Try to remember a time when you were angry for some reason—did it change the way you looked at the world?

Why do people use their moods to provide information about the world? Maybe because sometimes this can actually help people in their daily lives. If I suddenly feel bad, maybe it is because I am hungry, thirsty, or sick. It is like my body sending a warning to myself: “Check in on yourself, maybe you need to rest, eat, or drink”.

In the case of online reviews, people’s moods can tip them into writing reviews that may not accurately reflect their experiences.

Does This Mean We Should Not Believe Online Reviews?

According to the research, despite all sorts of problems and biases, most reviews on the web do accurately represent the quality of products and services. There are quite a few studies showing that, overall, reviews are a good thing and provide important information—certainly much better than when I was a kid, when there were no online reviews at all. But when you read a review, try to keep in mind who wrote the review, when it was written, and why it was written—that is, the context in which the review was written. That is always good advice. I also hope that, thanks to this and other articles that find problems with reviews, new methods will be developed to ensure that reviews reflect the actual experiences people have—or that they at least include a note: “This review was written when the writer was in a particularly bad mood!”.

My conclusion is that you have to be careful what you read online. It is important to remember that humans have limitations, and it is not always easy for people to explain what they are really thinking or feeling. Hopefully, over time, we will be able to use technology to fix our limitations—or at least some of them. Such technologies might improve the accuracy of reviews over those that are available today.

Economy : ↑ How people, companies, and the government of a country use available money and resources (like your pocket money) to create, buy, and sell things they need or want.

Online Reviews : ↑ Opinions and comments that users post online about products, services, people, events, companies, and more, to share their experiences and help others make decisions.

Natural Experiment : ↑ A natural situation that can be seen as a huge experiment, providing an opportunity to measure cause and effect in the real world as opposed to in the lab, which is sometimes less realistic.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Original Source Article

↑ Brandes, L., and Dover, Y. 2022. Offline context affects online reviews: the effect of post-consumption weather. J. Cons. Res. 49:595–615. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucac003

[1] ↑ Chevalier, J. A. and Mayzlin, D. 2006. The effect of word of mouth on sales: online book reviews. J. Market. Res. 43:345–5. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.43.3.345

[2] ↑ Liu, X., Lee, D., and Srinivasan, K. 2019. Large-scale cross-category analysis of consumer review content on sales conversion leveraging deep learning. J. Market. Res. 56:918–43. doi: 10.1177/0022243719866690

[3] ↑ Wu, C., Che, H., Chan, T. Y., and Li, X. 2015. The economic value of online reviews. Market. Sci. 34:739–54. doi: 10.1287/mksc.2015.0926

[4] ↑ Klimstra, T. A., Frijns, T., Keijsers, L., Denissen, J. J., Raaijmakers, Q. A., van Aken, M. A., et al. 2011. Come rain or come shine: individual differences in how weather affects mood. Emotion 11:1495. doi: 10.1037/a0024649

[5] ↑ Schwarz, N. 2012. Feelings-as-information theory. Handb. Theor. Soc. Psychol . 1:289–308. doi: 10.4135/9781446249215.n15

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Shaping AI: Why the humanities matter in tech innovation

Doctoral candidate considers how the humanities' rich tradition of storytelling and character exploration can be harnessed to shape the future of AI

As a doctoral student teaching courses at Waterloo, I often encounter undergraduates with pressing questions about their future, many driven by deep anxieties about their career prospects. A common concern I hear is, 'What will I do if AI takes my job?'

While this worry is undeniably valid, it prompts me to consider an even deeper question: How can we, in the humanities, with our rich tradition of storytelling and character exploration, harness our knowledge to shape the future of artificial intelligence (AI)?

As the saying goes, humans are wired for stories, and we must embrace the idea that today's technology serves as the modern fireplace around which we gather to share stories. Those of us passionate about literature and literary history understand the profound impact of character development. This connection naturally leads me to reflect on my work at the university and its broader implications. What might not be immediately apparent is that AI, part of today’s techno culture, also endeavours to characterize humans within ideological frameworks, often with harmful consequences.

A powerful tool for shaping our world

In my research, for example, I explore an ancient rhetorical concept called ethopoeia, also known, more colloquially, as characterization. This literary and rhetorical device is the embryonic foundation of the judicial system we know today, serving as a technique for characterizing people – think guilt and innocence as the outcomes of this seemingly insignificant device in practice. While we often think of it simply as characterization, ethopoeia is a powerful tool that has been shaping our world for centuries.

As an AI Rhetoric scholar in the Faculty of Arts, I propose that ethopoeia has evolved into what I term 'algorithmic ethopoeia.' With the outsourcing of many human activities to technology, we have also handed over the task of characterizing people to machines. Today, AI powers this process, enabling the characterization of humans through what I define as 'the mathematizing of human data for digital representation and characterization’. This is achieved through data collection, sorting, and targeting, and subjected to algorithmic procedures and decision-making protocols.

Unravelling digital fictions

Simply put, this modern twist turns human data into digital profiles, created and controlled by algorithms. This ancient concept, now adapted for contemporary technology, can be examined through the field of Computational Rhetoric – a humanities field in conversation with mathematics and computer science. The field is well regarded and led by University of Waterloo scholars like Prof. Randy A. Harris in training up-and-coming scholars. With its deep foundation in existing fields like language and literature, computational rhetoric studies are also vital for the humanities to engage in the ongoing and often complex discussions about technological disruptions. Unfortunately, the humanities are frequently sidelined in tech conversations, but we cannot remain silent. AI-powered systems often create fictional narratives about real people, and Computational Rhetoric seeks to unravel these digital fictions.

In her famous book, Algorithms of Oppression , Safiya Noble highlights the biases these systems are programmed to characterize. Voices like hers, sadly, are often seen as disruptive, activism. I argue we need more such scholarly activism to help shape the world we value. Shoshana Zuboff’s book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism also uncovers the extensive reach of data exploitation. Intersecting with my own work, these authors highlight the importance of examining how AI characterizes and then profiles individuals. Understanding these processes allows us to advocate for more ethical AI systems that respect human dignity and promote equitable treatment.

Parallels between fiction and reality are growing more evident. With events such as the reversal of Roe v. Wade, we see real-life scenarios that echo Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale . When it comes to surveillance, for example, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World , and George Orwell's 1984 offer dystopian views of constant observation, highlighting the impact on freedom and individuality. These works serve as a warning about the journey from fiction to the reality through modern surveillance systems, now powered by AI. They teach us about the complexities and consequences of digital characterizations.

AI that reflects diverse human experience

It’s up to us, scholars and supporters, to advocate for perspectives from the humanities and social sciences to ensure technology serves humanity ethically and equitably. Whether it's philosophy, sociology, literature, or linguistics, our perspectives are essential. By integrating our deep understanding of human nature and character, we can help develop AI systems that are just and reflective of diverse human experience.

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At the intersection of health, society and technology

With the support of the Lupina Foundation, postdoctoral scholars in Arts are improving healthcare

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Solving the crisis: Securing our digital privacy

Differential privacy, regulatory frameworks, education and collaboration are key solutions to building privacy-preserving technologies

The future of AI is interdisciplinary

Canada Research Chair in Technology and Social Change is advancing artificial intelligence with more diverse human experiences

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What makes a story successful? Researchers have figured out a way to predict it

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Narrative reversals, or changes in fortune that take characters from heights to depths and vice versa, are a good predictor for how successful a movie, TV show or book will be, Northeastern marketing researchers say.

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There are very few universal truths about humanity, but one thing is for certain: We love stories.

Whether it’s movies, TV shows, books, political campaigns or even advertisements, people are constantly being told or telling stories every day. Entire industries are built around storytelling and understanding which stories connect with people the most.

It’s why a group of researchers at Northeastern University have tried to crack the code and answer one question: What makes a story successful?

“If you watch ‘Mad Men,’ you see it’s more of an art form, having an inspiration of how to tell a beautiful story and everything falls in place and it just magically works,” says Yakov Bart , a professor of marketing at Northeastern. “But lately a lot of people have been thinking maybe it’s not just art –– maybe there’s some science to this as well.”

By applying advanced quantitative analysis and statistical techniques to tens of thousands of movies, TV shows, books and even fundraising pitches, the researchers found one core element of storytelling that helped predict a story’s success with audiences: narrative reversals.

Most people are familiar with what a narrative reversal is, even if they don’t know it by name. Something is going well for a character –– Romeo falls in love with Juliet –– only for something bad to happen to that character –– Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, is enraged and tries to kill Romeo. Or a character is down in the dumps and has a positive experience that changes things for the better.

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“We develop a way, using these advanced text analysis techniques, to quantify and try to measure the frequency and intensity of narrative reversals across a wide set of storytelling contexts,” says Samsun Knight, a research affiliate at Northeastern’s DATA Initiative and published author. “We show that this does indeed predict which stories tend to be more successful. This holds even if you look in a given TV show which episodes are more successful.”

Using a collection of 30,000 texts, which included TV shows, movies, books and fundraising pitches, the researchers analyzed them based on how positive or negative the language in a given section was. Based on that, they were able to measure how well things are going for the characters in a given story and when that situation changed, or reversed.

They counted the number of reversals that took place in each story, also measuring the frequency and intensity of each reversal and discovered it’s a fairly accurate predictor of how well a story will connect with people. In this case, that meant a movie or TV show’s audience rating on IMDb, how frequently people downloaded a book and how much money a fundraising pitch earned.

“It’s not the sole determiner of how successful a story is, but we were impressed with its consistency and the fact that it’s so simple,” Matt Rocklage , an assistant professor of marketing at Northeastern says. “The more of those reversals there are, the more successful these stories are, and the bigger these reversals are, the more successful these stories are.”

Knight says this research isn’t meant to create a formula for writers to tell their stories, but he hopes it can help writers avoid easy pitfalls when charting their story.

“In the most intuitive sense, people tend not to respond to places where nothing is getting better and nothing is getting worse,” Knight says. “You don’t want these sags in your story. … I love Samuel Beckett –– there are exceptions to every rule –– but broadly speaking, this type of unit of narrative propulsion tends to be exceptionally important. Leon Katz, a prominent dramaturg at the Yale School of Drama, called such narrative reversals the ‘formal unit’ of plot. In the same way that paragraphs are constructed out of sentences, a plot will tend to be structured out of reversals.”

Beyond people who are intent on writing the next Oscar-winning screenplay or bestselling novel, Knight says this research highlights how narrative reversals can be a useful tool in more practical contexts too. For those writing a cover letter to apply to their dream job or working up a fundraising pitch to sell people on their business concept, “tell it like a story,” reversals and all, Knight says.

“Tell us where the reversal came in where now you’re actually needing to ask for help or tell us where things could maybe come back up if you were to receive that help,” Knight says. “Structuring your communications with this rule of thumb in mind might help get your point across and just engage people more successfully.”

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