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Java String equals()

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Java String equalsIgnoreCase()

Java String compareToIgnoreCase()

In Java, a string is a sequence of characters. For example, "hello" is a string containing a sequence of characters 'h' , 'e' , 'l' , 'l' , and 'o' .

We use double quotes to represent a string in Java. For example,

Here, we have created a string variable named type . The variable is initialized with the string Java Programming .

Example: Create a String in Java

In the above example, we have created three strings named first , second , and third .

Here, we are directly creating strings like primitive types .

However, there is another way of creating Java strings (using the new keyword).

We will learn about that later in this tutorial.

Note : Strings in Java are not primitive types (like int , char , etc). Instead, all strings are objects of a predefined class named String .

And all string variables are instances of the String class.

Java String Operations

Java provides various string methods to perform different operations on strings. We will look into some of the commonly used string operations.

1. Get the Length of a String

To find the length of a string, we use the length() method. For example,

In the above example, the length() method calculates the total number of characters in the string and returns it.

To learn more, visit Java String length() .

2. Join Two Java Strings

We can join two strings in Java using the concat() method. For example,

In the above example, we have created two strings named first and second . Notice the statement,

Here, the concat() method joins the second string to the first string and assigns it to the joinedString variable.

We can also join two strings using the + operator in Java.

To learn more, visit Java String concat() .

3. Compare Two Strings

In Java, we can make comparisons between two strings using the equals() method. For example,

In the above example, we have created 3 strings named first , second , and third .

Here, we are using the equal() method to check if one string is equal to another.

The equals() method checks the content of strings while comparing them. To learn more, visit Java String equals() .

Note : We can also compare two strings using the == operator in Java. However, this approach is different than the equals() method. To learn more, visit Java String == vs equals() .

Escape Character in Java Strings

The escape character is used to escape some of the characters present inside a string.

Suppose we need to include double quotes inside a string.

Since strings are represented by double quotes , the compiler will treat "This is the " as the string. Hence, the above code will cause an error.

To solve this issue, we use the escape character \ in Java. For example,

Now escape characters tell the compiler to escape double quotes and read the whole text.

Java Strings are Immutable

In Java, strings are immutable . This means once we create a string, we cannot change that string.

To understand it more thoroughly, consider an example:

Here, we have created a string variable named example . The variable holds the string "Hello! " .

Now, suppose we want to change the string.

Here, we are using the concat() method to add another string "World" to the previous string.

It looks like we are able to change the value of the previous string. However, this is not true .

Let's see what has happened here:

JVM takes the first string "Hello! "
creates a new string by adding "World" to the first string
assigns the new string "Hello! World" to the example variable
The first string "Hello! " remains unchanged

Creating Strings Using the New Keyword

So far, we have created strings like primitive types in Java.

Since strings in Java are objects, we can create strings using the new keyword as well. For example,

In the above example, we have created a string name using the new keyword.

Here, when we create a string object, the String() constructor is invoked.

To learn more about constructors, visit Java Constructor .

Note : The String class provides various other constructors to create strings. To learn more, visit Java String (official Java documentation) .

Example: Create Java Strings Using the New Keyword

Create string using literals vs. new keyword.

Now that we know how strings are created using string literals and the new keyword, let's see what is the major difference between them.

In Java, the JVM maintains a string pool to store all of its strings inside the memory. The string pool helps in reusing the strings.

1. While creating strings using string literals,

Here, we are directly providing the value of the string ( Java ). Hence, the compiler first checks the string pool to see if the string already exists.

If the string already exists , the new string is not created. Instead, the new reference, example points to the already existing string ( Java ).
If the string doesn't exist , a new string ( Java) is created.

2. While creating strings using the new keyword,

Here, the value of the string is not directly provided. Hence, a new "Java" string is created even though "Java" is already present inside the memory pool.

Methods of Java String

Besides those mentioned above, there are various string methods present in Java. Here are some of those methods:

Methods	Description
	Checks whether the string contains a substring.
	Returns the substring of the string.
	Joins the given strings using the delimiter.
	Replaces the specified old character with the specified new character.
	Replaces all substrings matching the regex pattern.
	Replaces the first matching substring.
	Returns the character present in the specified location.
	Converts the string to an array of bytes.
	Returns the position of the specified character in the string.
	Compares two strings in the dictionary order.
	Compares two strings, ignoring case differences.
	Removes any leading and trailing whitespaces.
	Returns a formatted string.
	Breaks the string into an array of strings.
	Converts the string to lowercase.
	Converts the string to uppercase.
	Returns the string representation of the specified argument.
	Converts the string to a array.
	Checks whether the string matches the given regex.
	Checks if the string begins with the given string.
	Checks if the string ends with the given string.
	Checks whether a string is empty or not.
	Returns the canonical representation of the string.
	Checks whether the string is equal to charSequence.
	Returns a hash code for the string.
	Returns a subsequence from the string.

Java String
Create a String in Java
Get Length of a String
Join two Strings
Compare two Strings
Escape character in Strings
Immutable Strings
Creating strings using the new keyword
String literals vs new keyword

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Java String

Java string methods.

In , string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An of characters works same as Java string. For example:

is same as:

class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on strings such as compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc.

The java.lang.String class implements , and .

The CharSequence interface is used to represent the sequence of characters. String, and classes implement it. It means, we can create strings in Java by using these three classes.

We will discuss immutable string later. Let's first understand what String in Java is and how to create the String object.

Generally, String is a sequence of characters. But in Java, string is an object that represents a sequence of characters. The java.lang.String class is used to create a string object.

There are two ways to create String object:

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example:

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in the string constant pool).

In such case, will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

The above code, converts a array into a object. And displays the String objects , and on console using method.

The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence of char values.

No.	Method	Description
1		It returns char value for the particular index
2		It returns string length
3		It returns a formatted string.
4		It returns formatted string with given locale.
5		It returns substring for given begin index.
6		It returns substring for given begin index and end index.
7		It returns true or false after matching the sequence of char value.
8		It returns a joined string.
9		It returns a joined string.
10		It checks the equality of string with the given object.
11		It checks if string is empty.
12		It concatenates the specified string.
13		It replaces all occurrences of the specified char value.
14		It replaces all occurrences of the specified CharSequence.
15		It compares another string. It doesn't check case.
16		It returns a split string matching regex.
17		It returns a split string matching regex and limit.
18		It returns an interned string.
19		It returns the specified char value index.
20		It returns the specified char value index starting with given index.
21		It returns the specified substring index.
22		It returns the specified substring index starting with given index.
23		It returns a string in lowercase.
24		It returns a string in lowercase using specified locale.
25		It returns a string in uppercase.
26		It returns a string in uppercase using specified locale.
27		It removes beginning and ending spaces of this string.
28		It converts given type into string. It is an overloaded method.

Why are String objects immutable?
How to create an immutable class?
What is string constant pool?
What code is written by the compiler if you concatenate any string by + (string concatenation operator)?
What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder class?
Concept of String
Immutable String
String Comparison
String Concatenation
Concept of Substring
String class methods and its usage
StringBuffer class
StringBuilder class
Creating Immutable class
toString() method
StringTokenizer class

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Last updated: May 11, 2024

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1. Introduction

Java provides a substantial number of methods and classes dedicated to concatenating Strings.

In this tutorial, we’ll dive into several of them as well as outline some common pitfalls and bad practices.

2. StringBuilder

First up is the humble StringBuilder. This class provides an array of String- building utilities that makes easy work of String manipulation.

Let’s build a quick example of String concatenation using the StringBuilder class:

Internally, StringBuilder maintains a mutable array of characters. In our code sample, we’ve declared this to have an initial size of 100 through the StringBuilder constructor. Because of this size declaration, the StringBuilder can be a very efficient way to concatenate Strings .

It’s also worth noting that the StringBuffer class is the synchronized version of StringBuilder .

Although synchronization is often synonymous with thread safety, it’s not recommended for use in multithreaded applications due to StringBuffer’s builder pattern. While individual calls to a synchronized method are thread safe, multiple calls are not .

3. Addition Operator

Next up is the addition operator (+). This is the same operator that results in the addition of numbers and is overloaded to concatenate when applied to Strings.

Let’s take a quick look at how this works:

At first glance, this may seem much more concise than the StringBuilder option. However, when the source code compiles, the + symbol translates to chains of StringBuilder.append() calls. Due to this, mixing the StringBuilder and + method of concatenation is considered bad practice .

Additionally, String concatenation using the + operator within a loop should be avoided. Since the String object is immutable, each call for concatenation will result in a new String object being created.

4. String Methods

The String class itself provides a whole host of methods for concatenating Strings.

4.1. String.concat

Unsurprisingly, the String.concat method is our first port of call when attempting to concatenate String objects. This method returns a String object, so chaining together the method is a useful feature.

In this example, our chain is started with a String literal, the concat method then allows us to chain the calls to append further Strings .

4.2. String.format

Next up is the String.format method , which allows us to inject a variety of Java Objects into a String template.

The String.format method signature takes a single String denoting our template . This template contains ‘%’ characters to represent where the various Objects should be placed within it.

Once our template is declared, it then takes a varargs Object array which is injected into the template.

Let’s see how this works with a quick example:

As we can see above, the method has injected our Strings into the correct format.

4.3. String.join (Java 8+)

If our application is running on Java 8 or above , we can take advantage of the String.join method. With this, we can join an array of Strings with a common delimiter , ensuring no spaces are missed.

A huge advantage of this method is not having to worry about the delimiter between our strings.

5. StringJoiner (Java 8+)

StringJoiner abstracts all of the String.join functionality into a simple to use class. The constructor takes a delimiter, with an optional prefix and suffix . We can append Strings using the well-named add method.

By using this class, instead of the String.join method, we can append Strings as the program runs ; There’s no need to create the array first!

Head over to our article on StringJoiner for more information and examples.

6. Arrays.toString

On the topic of arrays, the Array class also contains a handy toString method which nicely formats an array of objects. The Arrays. toString method also calls the toString method of any enclosed object – so we need to ensure we have one defined.

Unfortunately, the Arrays. toString method is not customizable and only outputs a String encased in square brackets.

7. Collectors.joining (Java 8+)

Finally, let’s take a look at the Collectors.joining method which allows us to funnel the output of a Stream into a single String.

Using streams unlocks all of the functionality associated with the Java 8 Stream API , such as filtering, mapping, iterating and more.

In this article, we’ve taken a deep dive into the multitude of classes and methods used to concatenate Strings in the Java language.

As always, the source code is available over on GitHub .

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators

The simple assignment operator.

One of the most common operators that you'll encounter is the simple assignment operator " = ". You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

This operator can also be used on objects to assign object references , as discussed in Creating Objects .

The Arithmetic Operators

The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is " % ", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.

Operator	Description
	Additive operator (also used for String concatenation)
	Subtraction operator
	Multiplication operator
	Division operator
	Remainder operator

The following program, ArithmeticDemo , tests the arithmetic operators.

This program prints the following:

You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments . For example, x+=1; and x=x+1; both increment the value of x by 1.

The + operator can also be used for concatenating (joining) two strings together, as shown in the following ConcatDemo program:

By the end of this program, the variable thirdString contains "This is a concatenated string.", which gets printed to standard output.

The Unary Operators

The unary operators require only one operand; they perform various operations such as incrementing/decrementing a value by one, negating an expression, or inverting the value of a boolean.

Operator	Description
	Unary plus operator; indicates positive value (numbers are positive without this, however)
	Unary minus operator; negates an expression
	Increment operator; increments a value by 1
	Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
	Logical complement operator; inverts the value of a boolean

The following program, UnaryDemo , tests the unary operators:

The increment/decrement operators can be applied before (prefix) or after (postfix) the operand. The code result++; and ++result; will both end in result being incremented by one. The only difference is that the prefix version ( ++result ) evaluates to the incremented value, whereas the postfix version ( result++ ) evaluates to the original value. If you are just performing a simple increment/decrement, it doesn't really matter which version you choose. But if you use this operator in part of a larger expression, the one that you choose may make a significant difference.

The following program, PrePostDemo , illustrates the prefix/postfix unary increment operator:

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Java Tutorial For Beginners – Java Programming Made Easy!
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Know About Parameterized Constructor In Java With Examples
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this Keyword In Java – All You Need To Know
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What is a Static Keyword in Java?
What is an Array Class in Java and How to Implement it?
What is Ternary Operator in Java and how can you use it?
What is Modulus in Java and how does it work?
What is the difference between Method Overloading And Overriding?
Instance variable In Java: All you need to know
Know All About the Various Data Types in Java
What is Typecasting in Java and how does it work?
How to Create a File in Java? – File Handling Concepts
File Handling in Java – How To Work With Java Files?
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Comparable in Java: All you need to know about Comparable & Comparator interfaces
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Java Exception Handling – A Complete Reference to Java Exceptions
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Synchronization in Java: What, How and Why?
Top Data Structures & Algorithms in Java That You Need to Know
Java EnumSet: How to use EnumSet in Java?
How to Generate Random Numbers using Random Class in Java?
Generics in Java – A Beginners Guide to Generics Fundamentals
What is Enumeration in Java? A Beginners Guide
Transient in Java : What, Why & How it works?
What is Wait and Notify in Java?
Swing In Java : Know How To Create GUI With Examples
Java AWT Tutorial – One Stop Solution for Beginners
Java Applet Tutorial – Know How to Create Applets in Java
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Java Array Tutorial – Single & Multi Dimensional Arrays In Java
Access Modifiers in Java: All you need to know
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How to Convert Int to String in Java?
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Java Regex – What are Regular Expressions and How to Use it?
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What is AutoBoxing and unboxing in Java?
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Threads in Java: Know Creating Threads and Multithreading in Java
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Java Strings

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Java String – String Functions In Java With Examples
Substring in Java: Learn how to use substring() Method
What are Immutable String in Java and how to use them?
What is the difference between Mutable and Immutable In Java?
BufferedReader in Java : How To Read Text From Input Stream
What are the differences between String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
Split Method in Java: How to Split a String in Java?
Know How to Reverse A String In Java – A Beginners Guide
What is Coupling in Java and its different types?
Everything You Need to Know About Loose Coupling in Java

Objects and Classes

Packages in Java: How to Create and Use Packages in Java?
Java Objects and Classes – Learn how to Create & Implement
What is Object in Java and How to use it?
Singleton Class in Java – How to Use Singleton Class?
What are the different types of Classes in Java?
What is a Robot Class in Java?
What is Integer class in java and how it works?
What is System Class in Java and how to implement it?
Char in Java: What is Character class in Java?
What is the Boolean Class in Java and how to use it?
Object Oriented Programming – Java OOPs Concepts With Examples
Inheritance in Java – Mastering OOP Concepts
Polymorphism in Java – How To Get Started With OOPs?
How To Implement Multiple Inheritance In Java?
Java Abstraction- Mastering OOP with Abstraction in Java
Encapsulation in Java – How to master OOPs with Encapsulation?
How to Implement Nested Class in Java?
What is the Use of Abstract Method in Java?
What is Association in Java and why do you need it?
What is the difference between Abstract Class and Interface in Java?
What is Runnable Interface in Java and how to implement it?
What is Cloning in Java and its Types?
What is Semaphore in Java and its use?
What is Dynamic Binding In Java And How To Use It?

Java Collections

Java Collections – Interface, List, Queue, Sets in Java With Examples
List in Java: One Stop Solution for Beginners
Java ArrayList: A Complete Guide for Beginners
Linked List in Java: How to Implement a Linked List in Java?
What are Vector in Java and how do we use it?
What is BlockingQueue in Java and how to implement it?
How To Implement Priority Queue In Java?
What is Deque in Java and how to implement its interface?
What are the Legacy Classes in Java?
Java HashMap – Know How to Implement HashMap in Java
What is LinkedHashSet in Java? Understand with examples
How to Implement Map Interface in Java?
Trees in Java: How to Implement a Binary Tree?
What is the Difference Between Extends and Implements in Java?

How to Implement Shallow Copy and Deep Copy in Java

How to Iterate Maps in Java?
What is an append Method in Java?
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Java Programs

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Programming & Frameworks

String in java – string functions in java with examples.

What is a Java String?

In Java, a string is an object that represents a sequence of characters or char values. The java.lang.String class is used to create a Java string object.

There are two ways to create a String object:

By string literal : Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example: String s= “Welcome” ;
By new keyword : Java String is created by using a keyword “new”. For example: String s= new String( “Welcome” ); It creates two objects (in String pool and in heap) and one reference variable where the variable ‘s’ will refer to the object in the heap.

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Now, let us understand the concept of Java String pool.

Java String Pool: Java String pool refers to collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory. In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then same reference is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and the respective reference will be returned. Refer to the diagrammatic representation for better understanding:

Before we go ahead, One key point I would like to add that unlike other data types in Java, Strings are immutable. By immutable, we mean that Strings are constant, their values cannot be changed after they are created. Because String objects are immutable, they can be shared. For example:

String str =”abc”; is equivalent to :

ch ar data[] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’}; String str = new String(da ta);

Let us now look at some of the inbuilt methods in String class .

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Java S tring Methods

Java String length() : The Java String length() method tells the length of the string. It returns count of total number of characters present in the String. For exam p le:

Here, String length() function will return the length 5 for s1 and 7 for s2 respectively.

Java St ring comp areTo () : This method compares the given string with current string. It is a method of ‘Comparable’ interface which is implemented by String class. Don’t worry, we will be learning about String interfaces later. It either returns positive number, negative number or 0. For example:

This program shows the comparison between the various string. It is noticed that i f s 1 > s2 , it returns a positive number i f s1 < s 2 , it returns a negative number i f s1 == s2, it returns 0

The above code returns “hellohow are you”.

Java String IsEmpty() : This method checks whether the String contains anything or not. If the java String is Empty, it returns true else false. For example: public class IsEmptyExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1=""; String s2="hello"; System.out.println(s1.isEmpty()); // true System.out.println(s2.isEmpty()); // false }}

In the above code, the first print statement will print “hello how are you” while the second statement will print “hellohow are you” using the trim() function.

The above code will return “hello how are you”.

The above code will return “HELLO HOW ARE YOU”.

Java String ValueOf() : This method converts different types of values into string.Using this method, you can convert int to string, long to string, Boolean to string, character to string, float to string, double to string, object to string and char array to string. The signature or syntax of string valueOf() method is given below: public static String valueOf(boolean b) public static String valueOf(char c) public static String valueOf(char[] c) public static String valueOf(int i) public static String valueOf(long l) public static String valueOf(float f) public static String valueOf(double d) public static String valueOf(Object o)

Let’s understand this with a programmatic example:

In the above code, it concatenates the Java String and gives the output – 2017.

Java String replace() : The Java String replace() method returns a string, replacing all the old characters or CharSequence to new characters. There are 2 ways to replace methods in a Java String.

In the above code, it will replace all the occurrences of ‘h’ to ‘t’. Output to the above code will be “tello tow are you”. Let’s see the another type of using replace method in java string: Java String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) method :

In the above code, it will replace all occurrences of “Edureka” to “Brainforce”. Therefore, the output would be “ Hey, welcome to Brainforce”.

In the above code, the first two statements will return true as it matches the String whereas the second print statement will return false because the characters are not present in the string.

Java String equals() : The Java String equals() method compares the two given strings on the basis of content of the string i.e Java String representation. If all the characters are matched, it returns true else it will return false. For example: public class EqualsExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ String s1="hello"; String s2="hello"; String s3="hi"; System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)); // returns true System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s3)); // returns false } }

In the above code, the first statement will return true because the content is same irrespective of the case. Then, in the second print statement will return false as the content doesn’t match in the respective strings.

The above code will return “Welcome to Edureka”.

In the above code, it will return the value 65 ,66 ,67.

Java String IsEmpty() : This method checks whether the String is empty or not. If the length of the String is 0, it returns true else false. For example:

In the above code, the first print statement will return true as it does not contain anything while the second print statement will return false.

Java String endsWith() : The Java String endsWith() method checks if this string ends with the given suffix. If it returns with the given suffix, it will return true else returns fals e. F or example:

This is not the end. There are more Java String methods that will help you make your code simpler.

Moving on, Java String class implements three interfac es , namely – Serializable, Comparable and C h arSequence .

StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes. StringBuffer operations are thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder operations are not thread-safe.
StringBuffer is to be used when multiple threads are working on same String and StringBuilder in the single threaded environment.
StringBuilder performance is faster when compared to StringBuffer because of no overhead of synchronized.

I hope you guys are clear with Java String, how they are created, their different methods and interfaces. I would recommend you to try all the examples. Do read my next blog on Java Interview Questions which will help you set apart in the interview process. If you’re just beginning, then watch at this Java Tutorial to Understand the Fundamental Java Concepts.

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Java Tutorial

Java methods, java classes, java file handling, java how to's, java reference, java examples, java string concatenation, string concatenation.

The + operator can be used between strings to combine them. This is called concatenation :

Try it Yourself »

Note that we have added an empty text (" ") to create a space between firstName and lastName on print.

You can also use the concat() method to concatenate two strings:

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String Arrays in Java

In programming, an array is a collection of the homogeneous types of data stored in a consecutive memory location and each data can be accessed using its index.

In the Java programming language, we have a String data type. The string is nothing but an object representing a sequence of char values. Strings are immutable in java. Immutable means strings cannot be modified in java.

When we create an array of type String in Java, it is called String Array in Java.

To use a String array, first, we need to declare and initialize it. There is more than one way available to do so.

Declaration:

The String array can be declared in the program without size or with size. Below is the code for the same –

In the above code, we have declared one String array (myString0) without the size and another one(myString1) with a size of 4. We can use both of these ways for the declaration of our String array in java.

Initialization:

In the first method , we are declaring the values at the same line. A second method is a short form of the first method and in the last method first, we are creating the String array with size after that we are storing data into it.

To iterate through a String array we can use a looping statement.

Time Complexity: O(N), where N is length of array. Auxiliary Space: O(1)

So generally we are having three ways to iterate over a string array. The first method is to use a for-each loop. The second method is using a simple for loop and the third method is to use a while loop. You can read more about iterating over array from Iterating over Arrays in Java

To find an element from the String Array we can use a simple linear search algorithm. Here is the implementation for the same –

In the above code, we have a String array that contains three elements Apple, Banana & Orange. Now we are searching for the Banana. Banana is present at index location 1 and that is our output.

Sorting of String array means to sort the elements in ascending or descending lexicographic order.

We can use the built-in sort() method to do so and we can also write our own sorting algorithm from scratch but for the simplicity of this article, we are using the built-in method.

Here our String array is in unsorted order, so after the sort operation the array is sorted in the same fashion we used to see on a dictionary or we can say in lexicographic order.

String array to String:

To convert from String array to String, we can use a toString() method.

Here the String array is converted into a string and it is stored into a string type variable but one thing to note here is that comma(,) and brackets are also present in the string. To create a string from a string array without them, we can use the below code snippet.

In the above code, we are having an object of the StringBuilder class. We are appending that for every element of the string array (myarr). After that, we are storing the content of the StringBuilder object as a string using the toString() method.

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String Array Assignment in Java [duplicate]

Error at Line 2: Illegal Start of expression The code works if I say:

Why does this happen, and how should I do the required without generating an error? This also happens with other data types. Would appreciate if you could explain in layman terms .

variable-assignment

4 The compiler want's you to specifiy that {"foo", ...} is meant to be an array, so use new String[]{"foo", ...} . Besides that, do yourself a favor and let variable names start with a lower case character, i.e. String foo instead of String Foo (and I personally like to have the array declaration at the type, i.e. String[] foo ). – Thomas Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:24
Initialization and Assignment these are two words that makes the difference. I believe. :) – miiiii Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:28
FYI: alternatively, for unmodifiable list rather than simple array, List<String> list = List.of( "foo" , "bar" ) ; as a single line or two lines. – Basil Bourque Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:30
normally you have to use new String[] { ...} (this was an always must in earlier versions of Java), but, as a syntactic sugar, the compiler accepts just { ... } in a field declaration or variable declaration. Why? it is specified that way in the Java Language Specification (probably it would be to messy to accept it everywhere) – user85421 Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:44

2 Answers 2

{"foo","Foo"} is an array initializer and it isn't a complete array creation expression :

An array initializer may be specified in a declaration (§8.3, §9.3, §14.4), or as part of an array creation expression (§15.10), to create an array and provide some initial values. Java Specification

Use new String[] {"foo","Foo"} instead.

What does '§' mean? – Stephen Allen Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:37
@StephenAllen a link to a specification section – Andrew Tobilko Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:40
1 @StephenAllen actually it is just an abbreviation for Section Sign - apple.stackexchange.com/q/176968 or en.wiktionary.org/wiki § (happens to be a link to the given section in the Java Language Specification) – user85421 Commented Sep 24, 2018 at 9:52

You have to initialize the string array:

Modern IDEs give error for not initializing the array objects. You can refer more details here: http://grails.asia/java-string-array-declaration

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged java arrays variable-assignment or ask your own question .

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4. The compiler want's you to specifiy that {"foo", ...} is meant to be an array, so use new String[]{"foo", ...}. Besides that, do yourself a favor and let variable names start with a lower case character, i.e. String foo instead of String Foo (and I personally like to have the array declaration at the type, i.e. String[] foo). - Thomas.

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String Arrays in Java

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String array to String: