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How to master A Level Geography 20-mark essay questions

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What should I do before attempting an A Level Geography 20-mark essay question?

Should i plan an a level geography 20-mark essay, how should i structure an a level geography 20-mark essay.

As we run up to exam season, many of you will now be completing your NEAs (non-examined assessment) and exam content, and starting to focus on exam technique. You may be thinking about how you will tackle the dreaded 20-mark essay questions . Essay questions are very much like marmite for students. Some love them as they get the chance to explore key geographic theories and showcase their knowledge and understanding, which may not be possible in lower-stakes questions. However, others may struggle to formulate their geographic ideas or structure them in a way that makes a convincing argument.

In my experience, all A Level geography students must be systematic and structured in the way they write their long-form answers. This approach ensures that students cover all the necessary content while also demonstrating the geographic skills that examiners are assessing.

Examiners use both AO1 and AO2 to evaluate students in essay questions. AO1 requires students to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of places, environments, concepts, processes, interactions and change at various scales. AO2 deals with the application of knowledge and understanding in different contexts to interpret, analyse, and evaluate geographical information and issues. The strongest students can produce answers that balance the two aspects in their responses. If you weigh your answers too far toward knowledge recall and simply state facts, figures, and case study knowledge without doing anything with the knowledge (this is where command words are essential), you will not be able to achieve the highest levels described in the level descriptors.

Before you attempt essay questions, I suggest you take a look at the mark schemes for some past paper questions. It is important to focus on the level descriptors as these are what the examiners will use to assess your answers. Pay attention to the language they use to describe what they are looking for, and when you start your attempts, consider whether your language and writing style match the descriptors. The exam board mark schemes are available on the PMT A Level Geography past papers webpage .

Another place to look before attempting essay questions is the assessed sample answers produced by the exam boards (e.g. AQA Paper 1 Hazards Example Responses ). These are available on the exam board websites and show a range of pupil responses to exam questions. They come with a helpful commentary that explains how the pupils gained marks, highlights the importance of a well-structured response, and provides insight into what examiners are looking for when assessing your answers.

Where to start – command words

As mentioned above, it is very important for students to be systematic in their approach to answering 20 markers. The first thing students need to understand is the command word . Without knowledge of what the command word means and what it is asking you to do, you will not be able to fully engage with the question. To find out the meaning of different command words , you should visit your exam board’s website and look in the specification.

Essay questions tend to use the command words “to what extent” or “assess” . According to AQA, if the question includes the “to what extent” command word, you should “Consider several options, ideas or arguments and come to a conclusion about their importance/success/worth”. On the other hand, if it is an “assess” question, you should “use evidence to weigh up the options to determine the relative significance of something. Give balanced consideration to all factors and identify which are the most important.”

BUG the question

Command words can help guide you in how to structure your answers and the skills you need to exhibit. During KS3 and KS4, you may have been told to BUG the question, where B stands for box the command work , U for underline key terms , and G for glance back at the question .

I would encourage all A Level students to continue to use this strategy, even for longer essay questions. It will help ensure that you are answering the question you are being asked, rather than the question you wish you were being asked.

Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.

It is crucial for all students to plan their essay writing before they start answering a question. An essay question requires you to write for a sustained period, and if you don’t have a clear plan for what you’re going to write, you may lose focus on your points and arguments and not fully answer the question.

I suggest that all A Level students write a brief plan before attempting the question . This plan should outline the introduction, including key terms to define and any case studies to introduce, the main argument in each of your paragraphs, and finally, the contents of your conclusion. Spending just five minutes on this will save you time in the long run and help keep you on track to answering the question fully.

A good structure is key to success in essay writing. A clear structure enables you to answer the question coherently and reduces the chance that you will lose the key focus of your points. All of the exam boards recommend following the structure outlined below:

Introduction

• Main body of the answer (three to four key arguments)

In academia, this is sometimes known as the hourglass essay . An hourglass essay starts with a big idea, narrows down to a specific question, and then widens back out to explain why that specific question is important in the grand scheme of things.

The introduction of your essay should account for approximately 10% of the total essay length , and it’s an excellent opportunity for you to impress the examiner. Your essay introduction should give a broad view of the essay themes and provide a definition of the key terms that you have underlined in your question. It is also the place to introduce a case study location . A strong start to your essay is crucial as it demonstrates to the examiner that you have a clear understanding of the geographic content you’ve been studying.

Once you have written your introduction, you can then get on to answering the questions. While the introduction mainly covers AO1 (knowledge and understanding of geography), the main body of your answer should cover both AO1 and AO2 (analysis and evaluation in the application of knowledge and understanding).

As before, the way you structure the main body of your answer is very important, and you must form your points clearly and coherently. During my teaching and tutoring, I have seen many ways of forming these arguments/points, but the two most effective methods I have seen are using PEEL or PEACE paragraphs .

• E xplanation
• A pplication

Everyone is different, and everyone has their unique writing style. My advice to all A Level students is to try both methods when beginning to tackle essay questions and determine which one works best for you. I would also recommend completing PEEL/PEACE paragraphs and asking for feedback from your teacher or tutor.

The main body of the essay should consist of three to four arguments that cover the views for the specific question. Those who can link back to the question but also between their paragraphs will have the best chance of performing well in their essay questions.

After completing the main body, you now need to finish your essay with a conclusion. Just like the introduction, this should be roughly 10% of the total essay length . The main aim of the conclusion is to bring your essay to a close and essentially answer the question you have been asked. In the conclusion, you should summarise your argument and avoid introducing any new information . It is simply a chance to express your own thoughts and opinions while bringing your essay to a close.

The quality of a conclusion is often a key indicator of the overall quality of an essay. Although it is a short section of the whole piece of writing, it provides a platform to showcase several important geographic skills such as analysis, summarising, and creating synoptic links .

Overall, it is very important that you give yourself enough time to complete your essay questions during your examinations and that you follow the structures discussed above. If you follow these guidelines, you will see an improvement in the quality of your essay responses.

If you’re in Year 13 and in need of additional help, PMT Education runs Geography A Level Easter Crash Courses for AQA and Edexcel . Whether you need support with exam technique or want to revise key sections of the syllabus with the help of an experienced tutor, these courses will equip you with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to excel in your summer exams.

Dave is a qualified teacher with 10 years of experience teaching GCSE and A Level Geography. He has worked as an assistant faculty leader for Humanities and a professional mentor for new and trainee teachers. He has also been involved with the supervision and guidance of NEAs. Dave currently works in higher education and trains geography teachers across the North West of England. He is also a tutor at PMT Education , with experience running highly successful geography courses .

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A-Level Geography: A Complete Guide

Dr Rahil Sachak-Patwa

Thinking about taking A-Level Geography? You're not alone. A-Level Geography is an exciting subject that looks at both the physical world and human societies. It helps us understand how the Earth's landscapes, cities, and climates work. But what does studying Geography really involve, and is it the right choice for you? Is Geography A-Level hard, or is it a chance to learn more about our planet and how we live on it? In this guide, we'll take a closer look at what A-Level Geography covers, from rivers and volcanoes to cities and economies, and help you decide if it's the right subject for you.

What is Geography A-Level about?

A-Level Geography is an in-depth study that bridges the gap between the natural world and human societies. It's designed to equip students with a broad understanding of the Earth's processes, landscapes, and the environmental and societal challenges we face. It's a dynamic field that analyses and interprets the world in a way that is relevant to our current global issues.

• Physical Geography: Focuses on natural landscapes, processes, and phenomena. Think about why and how features like mountains, rivers, and climates shape our world.
• Human Geography: Examines the relationship between people and the environment. It delves into urban development, cultural patterns, and economic dynamics.
• Geographical Skills: Involves data interpretation, statistical analysis, and fieldwork, providing practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge.

Here is what an expert A-Level Geography tutor has to say:

"2023 compared to 2020 showed an increase of approximately 27% in the number of students choosing geography as a subject in their A-Level journery. This subject can open doors for students who want to pursue careers like environmental management, urban planning, GIS, and sustainability."

Experts in the field argue that studying Geography provides students with a unique perspective on world issues, from climate change to urbanisation, enabling them to understand and contribute to solutions in a meaningful way. With an emphasis on analytical skills, problem-solving, and critical thinking, Geography A-Level prepares students for a wide range of future paths, both academically and professionally.

Graph showing number of students who took A-Level Geography exams in the past 10 years in the UK

Is Geography A-Level hard?

The question of whether Geography A-Level is hard can be subjective, as it depends on individual strengths and interests. However, it is a subject that requires a blend of skills, including analytical thinking, essay writing, and data interpretation. According to a survey performed by TutorChase , educators and students ranked it as number 10 in the list of hardest A-Levels .

• Diverse Content: Students must grasp both physical and human geography, each with its own theories and data.
• Skills-Based Assessments: Beyond memorising facts, students need to analyse, evaluate, and apply geographical concepts to real-world scenarios.
• Coursework and Fieldwork: Practical assessments require independent research and data collection, challenging students to apply what they've learned outside the classroom.

Table showing A-level Geography grades distribution

Despite these challenges, many find Geography A-Level rewarding due to its relevance to current global issues and the practical skills it develops. Educational experts suggest that with the right approach and study habits, students can excel in Geography, making it a worthwhile option for those interested in understanding and addressing the complexities of our world.

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What concepts are in A-Level Geography?

A-Level Geography covers a wide array of concepts designed to provide students with a holistic understanding of our planet and its societies. The syllabus is carefully structured to balance physical and human geography, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of Earth's systems and human interactions with the environment.

Physical Geography Concepts:

• The Earth’s dynamics, including tectonic processes, weathering, and climate systems.
• Ecosystems and biodiversity, focusing on their development, significance, and conservation.
• Water and carbon cycles are vital to understanding environmental sustainability.

Human Geography Concepts:

• Population dynamics and urbanisation, analysing patterns, trends, and the implications for cities worldwide.
• Economic geography, including globalisation, trade, and development issues.
• Environmental challenges, considering human impact on the planet and strategies for sustainable management.

CIE A-Level Geography Syllabus

The CIE A-Level Geography syllabus delves into physical and human geography, focusing on current global challenges like climate change, to ready students for careers in environmental management and spatial analysis.

Table showing CIE A-Level Geography syllabus

AQA A-Level Geography Syllabus

The AQA A-Level Geography curriculum explores human and physical geography to address contemporary issues like sustainability and urbanization. It equips students with the skills for environmental solutions and geographical analysis, preparing them for careers in planning, conservation, and research.

Table showing AQA A-Level Geography syllabus

Edexcel A-Level Geography Syllabus

The Edexcel A-Level Geography course combines studies of landscapes, human activities, and global issues, focusing on sustainability and geographical analysis. It prepares students for careers in environmental and urban planning.

Table showing Edexcel A-Level Geography syllabus

Through engaging with these concepts, students not only gain knowledge but also develop skills in critical thinking, analysis, and problem-solving, applicable in a wide range of future careers. The A-Level Geography syllabus encourages learners to explore, question, and understand the complexities of the world around them, preparing them for further education and beyond.

What is the A-Level Geography exam structure?

The A-Level Geography exam structure is designed to assess students comprehensively on both the breadth and depth of the subject. It typically combines various forms of assessment to evaluate students' understanding of physical and human geography, their analytical skills, and their ability to apply knowledge to real-world scenarios.

• Written Examinations: These form the core of the assessment, featuring a mix of short-answer questions, structured questions, and essay questions. Exams test students on key concepts, case studies, and geographical theories.
• Coursework/Independent Investigation: Many exam boards require students to complete an independent investigation into a topic of their choice, demonstrating fieldwork skills, data collection, and analysis. This component allows students to explore an area of interest in depth and apply empirical research methods.
• Practical Assessments: Some boards include practical assessments or fieldwork evaluations, where students' abilities to conduct geographic research and apply theoretical knowledge in the field are tested.

CIE A-Level Geography Exam Structure

The CIE A-Level Geography exam includes written papers and coursework, covering human and physical geography. It involves essays, data response, case studies, and an independent investigation, testing analytical skills and practical fieldwork abilities.

Table showing CIE A-Level Geography exam structure

AQA A-Level Geography Exam Structure

The AQA A-Level Geography exam structure encompasses written papers focusing on both human and physical geography, including essays, data interpretations, and case studies. It evaluates students' understanding, analytical skills, and ability to apply geographical concepts, also incorporating coursework or an independent investigation for practical fieldwork assessment.

Table showing AQA A-Level Geography exam structure

Edexcel Exam Structure

The Edexcel A-Level Geography exam consists of written exams on human and physical geography, with essays, data analysis, and case studies. It tests knowledge, analysis, and application skills, including a practical coursework or fieldwork component for hands-on experience.

Table showing Edexcel A-Level Geography exam structure

These diverse assessment methods are important in developing a well-rounded geographic understanding. They prepare students not only for academic success but also for real-world problem-solving by fostering critical thinking and research skills. The exact structure can vary between exam boards, but the combination of written exams and coursework is a consistent feature, aimed at testing a wide range of skills and knowledge areas.

Choosing the Right Exam Board

Selecting the right exam board for A-Level Geography is crucial, as it can influence the topics you study, the style of assessment, and the resources available. The choice should align with your learning preferences, strengths, and future academic or career goals. The four main boards in the UK - CIE , AQA , Edexcel and OCR - each offer unique aspects to their geography syllabus.

• CIE: Recognised as the most popular choice globally, CIE offers an extensive and diverse syllabus that is well-regarded by universities and employers alike.
• AQA: In 2023, 14,450 students in the UK chose AQA for its comprehensive coverage of both physical and human geography, with a strong focus on contemporary issues.
• Edexcel: With 13,753 students in 2023 in the UK, Edexcel is known for its clear structure and support for independent investigation, making it a favourite for students interested in research.
• OCR: OCR, chosen by 5,316 students in 2023 in the UK, is praised for its innovative approach to geography, integrating traditional concepts with modern technological advancements in geographic information systems (GIS).

Considering the exam structure, the specific topics covered, and the availability of learning materials when choosing an exam board is important. It's also beneficial to discuss with teachers and peers who have experience with these boards to gain insights into how each aligns with your learning style and interests. Ultimately, the right exam board for you will offer a syllabus that not only interests you but also challenges and prepares you for future endeavours.

How do you get an A* in A-Level Geography?

Securing an A* in A-Level Geography requires a combination of diligent study habits, strategic exam preparation, and a deep understanding of the subject matter. Achieving this top grade is a testament to a student's hard work, comprehensive knowledge, and ability to apply geographic concepts critically and effectively.

• Consistent Revision: Regularly review course materials, focusing on both physical and human geography topics. Create detailed study notes that can easily be referenced closer to exam time.
• Practise with Past Papers: Familiarise yourself with the exam format and question types by practising past papers. This not only improves time management skills but also helps identify areas needing further study.
• Develop Strong Essay-Writing Skills: Many geography exams require essay responses. Practise writing clear, concise, and well-structured essays that include relevant case studies and examples.
• Seek Feedback: Regularly seek feedback on your essays and answers from teachers or tutors to understand where improvements can be made.
• Utilise Tutoring: Consider engaging with a specialist A-Level tutor to provide additional insights, clarify doubts, and offer personalised study strategies.
• Organise Study Groups: Collaborate with peers for group study sessions. This can be particularly beneficial for discussing complex topics and sharing different perspectives.

Graph showing grades distribution of A-Level Geography in UK 2021-2023

Incorporating a variety of study methods, including the utilisation of online resources and tutoring services, can significantly enhance understanding and performance, steering students towards achieving an A* in A-Level Geography.

Have a look at our comprehensive set of A-Level Geography Study Notes developed by expert A-Level teachers and examiners!

What are the best A-Levels to take with Geography?

Choosing A-Levels that complement Geography can enhance your understanding of the subject and broaden your future academic and career options. Geography's interdisciplinary nature means it pairs well with both sciences and humanities, offering a versatile pathway for students.

• A-Level Environmental Science: Builds on geographical themes of human impact on the environment, conservation, and sustainability.
• A-Level Economics : Provides insights into how economic factors influence and are influenced by geographic factors, such as globalisation and development.
• A-Level History : Enhances understanding of how historical events have shaped and continue to influence geographical landscapes and human societies.
• A-Level Mathematics : Useful for the statistical elements of geography, especially in physical geography and research methods.
• A-Level Biology : Complements the ecological aspects of geography, such as biodiversity and conservation.

Such A-Levels should be selected that not only align with your interests but also support your future ambitions. For students aiming for careers in environmental science, urban planning, or international development, these combinations can provide a strong foundation. Furthermore, universities often value the breadth and depth of knowledge that comes from studying complementary subjects alongside Geography.

Best A-Level Geography Resources

To excel in A-Level Geography, leveraging a range of resources is key. These should not only deepen your understanding but also keep you engaged and well-prepared for exams. Based on recommendations from educators and high-achieving students, the following resources are invaluable:

• Official Exam Board Materials: Begin with your exam board's resources, such as syllabus details, past papers, and examiner feedback.
• Textbooks and Revision Guides: Use current textbooks and revision guides approved by your exam board. Such examples include: " Geography for Cambridge International AS & A Level ", " AQA A-level Geography Fifth Edition ", " Pearson Edexcel A Level Geography Book 1 ", " Pearson Edexcel A Level Geography Book 2 " and " OCR A Level Geography Third Edition ".
• Online Platforms: Sites like Geography All the Way and Cool Geography offer extensive materials, including interactive activities and case studies.
• Documentaries and Podcasts: Supplement your learning with geography-related documentaries and podcasts, which can provide insights into contemporary geographical issues.
• A-Level Geography Q&A Revision Notes: High-quality Q&A revision notes can be particularly helpful for revision, offering a focused way to memorize key facts and figures.
• Online Tutoring: Consider online tutoring for personalised guidance and clarification of difficult topics. Platforms like TutorChase match students with subject experts.
• Study Notes: These high quality study notes can be particularly helpful for revision and memorising key facts and figures.

Experts advocate for a balanced study approach, incorporating both traditional materials and digital resources. This strategy not only aids in grasping complex theories but also makes learning more interactive and relevant to today's global challenges.

Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them

A-Level Geography presents a set of common challenges for students, each with its own strategies for overcoming them. Recognising and addressing these issues early can significantly improve understanding and performance in the subject.

• Vast Syllabus: The extensive content in Geography can seem overwhelming. Tackling this requires breaking the syllabus into manageable sections and setting up a structured study plan. Regular review sessions and prioritising areas of weakness help ensure comprehensive coverage.
• Balancing Physical and Human Geography: Students often have a preference or strength in either physical or human geography, which can lead to an imbalance in knowledge. Engaging equally with both disciplines through diverse resources and applying real-world examples can enhance understanding and interest in the less preferred area.
• Data Interpretation and Analysis: Geography involves interpreting various data forms, which can be challenging. Practising with past paper questions and using online tutorials to improve skills in data handling and analysis can build confidence.
• Essay Writing: The requirement for structured, coherent essays under exam conditions can daunt many. Improving this skill set involves regular practise, seeking feedback, and studying high-grade exemplars to understand what makes an effective geography essay.
• Time Management in Exams: The breadth of topics covered means time management in exams is crucial. Practising past papers under timed conditions helps improve speed and decision-making about which questions to answer and how much time to allocate to each.

By addressing these challenges with targeted strategies, students can navigate the complexities of A-Level Geography more effectively, leading to a more rewarding and successful study experience.

Past Papers and Practise Questions

Using past papers and practise questions is essential for mastering A-Level Geography. This method goes beyond mere familiarity with the exam structure; it's an effective way to apply what you've learned, enhance time management skills, and pinpoint areas needing more focus.

• Accessing Past Papers: Exam boards offer a lot of past papers and marking schemes. Consistent practise with these papers can acquaint students with the question formats and the level of detail expected in answers.
• Practise Questions: In addition to past papers, various educational materials and textbooks provide practise questions. These are invaluable for testing knowledge on particular topics, honing essay-writing capabilities, and improving data interpretation skills.
• Feedback: Obtaining feedback on your responses is vital. Insight from teachers, tutors, or peer study groups can highlight ways to improve your answers and secure higher marks.

Early and regular engagement with past papers and practise questions is recommended. Incorporating these tools into your revision strategy can build confidence, alleviate exam anxiety, and significantly boost your performance in A-Level Geography.

What can you get with Geography A-Level?

Securing an A-Level in Geography opens up a lot of opportunities, providing a solid foundation for further education and various career pathways. This qualification enhances understanding of both physical and human geography, equipping students with analytical, research, and problem-solving skills that are in high demand across multiple sectors.

Pie chart showing gender distribution across A-Level Geography

Majors in Higher Education:

• Geography and Environmental Sciences : Direct progression to degrees in geography, environmental science, and sustainability studies.
• Urban Planning and Architecture : Understanding of human and physical geography supports studies in urban development and planning.
• International Relations and Development Studies : Prepares students with the global perspective necessary for careers in international development and diplomacy.

Career Paths:

• Environmental Consultant : Applying knowledge of physical geography to solve environmental problems.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Specialist : Utilising technical skills in mapping and data analysis.
• Urban Planner : Planning and developing urban areas with a focus on sustainability and community needs.
• Teacher : Educating the next generation about the importance of geography and environmental awareness.

Skills Development:

• Critical Thinking : Evaluating information and arguments to make reasoned conclusions.
• Data Analysis : Interpreting and analysing geographic data for practical applications.
• Communication : Presenting complex geographic information clearly and effectively.

Pursuing A-Level Geography not only prepares students for academic studies in a range of related subjects but also furnishes them with a versatile skill set applicable in numerous professional fields, including environmental management, public policy, education, and beyond. This diversity of opportunities underscores the value of geography in fostering adaptable and globally aware individuals.

Conclusion on A-Level Geography

A-Level Geography offers a deep understanding of both our planet and the societies that inhabit it, teaching valuable skills like critical thinking and problem-solving. Recognised for its importance in addressing global challenges like climate change, it prepares students for a diverse range of careers, from environmental management to urban planning. This subject not only broadens knowledge but also provides practical skills applicable in many job sectors, making it a rewarding choice for students looking to make a positive impact in the world.

What GCSE grade do you need for A-Level Geography?

To study A-Level Geography, you'll generally need at least a Grade 5 or above in GCSE Geography. However, if you haven't studied Geography, some colleges might accept a Grade 6 in GCSE Physics, Chemistry, or Biology instead. Additionally, to take three A-Levels, you'll need at least 5 GCSEs at grades 9-4, including English at grade 5 or above and Maths at grade 4 or above. For four A-Levels, the requirement is at least 6 GCSEs at grades 9-6, including English at grade 5 or above and Maths at grade 4 or above.

What are the 5 main themes of geography?

The 5 main themes of geography are:

1. Location: Identifies the specific or relative position of something on Earth.

2. Place: Describes the physical and human characteristics that make a location unique.

3. Human-Environment Interaction: Explores how humans and the environment affect each other.

4. Movement: Looks at how and why people, ideas, and goods move from one place to another.

5. Region: Groups areas of the Earth into sections based on physical or human characteristics. These themes help us understand the world by organizing information into understandable categories.

Is geography a level science?

Whether geography is considered a science at A-Level depends on the universities and courses you're interested in. Some courses, like Geology at certain universities, accept geography as a science subject alongside traditional sciences like Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Maths. It's essential to check specific course requirements on university websites or contact them directly for clarification.

Can you do a level geography without GCSE?

Yes, you can do A-Level Geography without having studied it at GCSE . While having a background in Geography might provide familiarity with some concepts and terminology, it's not a prerequisite for taking the subject at A-Level. Students often find that the A-Level introduces many new topics not covered at GCSE, so starting without GCSE Geography won't put you at a significant disadvantage. Focus on strengthening your skills in maths and English, as these are important for success in A-Level Geography. For more detailed insight, visit Exam Tips.

How long does it take to complete A-Level Geography?

Completing A-Level Geography typically takes between 8 to 24 months , depending on your pace of study. It involves around 300 hours of study time to cover the syllabus comprehensively. This duration accommodates both part-time and fast-track study options, allowing flexibility to fit around other commitments or goals​.

Can I study Geography A-Level online?

Yes, you can study A-Level Geography online . Various educational providers offer comprehensive online courses that cover both physical and human geography, allowing you to study from home at your own pace. These courses are designed to be flexible, catering to both part-time and fast-track options, making it convenient for those who need to balance other commitments.

What field trips are involved in Geography A-Level?

A-Level Geography fieldwork often includes studies of diverse environments such as rivers, coasts, urban and rural areas, glaciated landscapes, and more. These field trips are designed to develop practical fieldwork skills using both quantitative and qualitative methods, enhancing understanding of geographical concepts and their real-world applications. The specific fieldwork activities are tailored to complement the curriculum, aiming to bring theoretical knowledge to life and support students in their independent investigations or Non-Examined Assessment (NEA) components.

How important are GIS skills in A-Level Geography?

GIS skills are increasingly important in A-Level Geography due to their effectiveness in visualising spatial information across various topics. They support inquiry-based learning, allowing students to explore and compare places, visualise landscapes, and display data. The National Curriculum and all A-Level specifications include GIS, recognizing its value for fieldwork and classroom learning. It's crucial for developing a range of geographical skills, from basic data viewing to advanced data analysis and visualisation.

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Written by: Dr Rahil Sachak-Patwa

Rahil spent ten years working as private tutor, teaching students for GCSEs, A-Levels, and university admissions. During his PhD he published papers on modelling infectious disease epidemics and was a tutor to undergraduate and masters students for mathematics courses.

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How do you write a great A-Level Geography essay answer?

Exams can be a stressful and nerve-wracking experience, especially when it comes to essay questions. As a student taking A-Level Geography, you may be feeling the pressure of writing a well-structured and thought-out essay for your exams. After all, they’re worth a lot of marks. However, don’t worry! With the right approach and preparation, you can easily tackle essay questions with confidence. Here is my method of approaching any A-Level essay question…

1. Read the question thoroughly!

You’ll have heard this time and time again from your teachers but this cannot be stressed enough! It’s important to read the question carefully and make sure you understand it. Take a few moments to think about what the question is asking and what points you should cover. Highlight keywords or phrases that will help you focus your answer.

Follow along with how I have highlighted this example question.

In this example, I have highlighted the key terms of the question. I want to figure out exactly what the examiner will be looking for and how I can be in with a chance of gaining all of the marks.

Within a few words, I know that the examiner is looking for my answer to be backed up by my case study material and I MUST reference it to get marks.

EVALUATE – means that in my answer I should be weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of the key terms and my answer should have a conclusion of if the management is beneficial or needs improvement.

If you know you will not have time to finish your answer to an ‘evaluate’ question it is important that you skip straight to the conclusion – no matter how short it will be. The examiner is looking for a conclusion in these answers regardless of the rest of the content and so you will gain marks even if it is not your best work!

Finally, I have highlighted the key information that I am being asked for. The question wants me to discuss both the PREPARATION and RESPONSE and so I need to include both in order to get a high mark for the answer. This question is only looking at the management of VOLCANIC activity. By reading the question carefully I am ensuring I do not waste precious time talking about unnecessary ideas.

2. Quickly plan your essay out.

Once you’ve read the question, take a minute to brainstorm some ideas. Make sure to jot down any relevant information, facts, and figures that you definitely want to use in your essay. This will help you to get your thoughts in order and make writing your essay a lot easier.

Make it clear on your exam paper what you do not want to be marked! If you have scribbled a quick plan on your page be sure to go back through and put a big X through it and write in capital letters – PLAN.

You really do not want to waste too much time on this as the allotted time for the paper is tight enough! A quick outline of a few statistics that you have in your head and do not want to forget along with what you have highlighted in the question should be enough to see you through!

3. Don’t forget to use evidence in Geography essays.

When writing an essay for A-level Geography, it’s important to back up your points with evidence. This evidence comes from your case study material and the resources given to you in the exam paper. You should ideally know your case studies inside out before your exam and if you struggle to remember everything then choose the shorter facts to memorise! Make sure to give as many facts, figures, or statistics as you can in your essay. This will help to demonstrate your understanding of the subject and support your arguments.

4. Proofread your Geography essay – if you have time!

Once you’ve finished writing your essay, take a few minutes to proofread it. You should only look back at what you have written after you have finished all of the other questions. Check for any spelling or grammatical errors and make sure that your points are clearly laid out. This will help you to present your best work and ensure that you get the marks you deserve.

Don’t worry if it’s messy! If you want to add more information that you think will genuinely gain more marks, don’t be scared to mark asterisks and carry on at the end of the essay or use arrows with more information at the side. Geography is one of the few A-Levels which is still marked in person, on paper and is not scanned in so you can afford a little bit of untidiness.

Finally…

If you find that the stress of the exam is having an impact on your writing skills it’s important to try and fix it as soon as possible. Essays can be daunting, but continued practice will help you to improve your speed. You’ll also begin to grasp what the examiner wants to see in your answer and know which parts aren’t necessary.

Here is a post you may find useful on exam stress:

Top 5 Ways of Calming Exam Anxiety

To sum up…

By following these steps, you can approach essay questions in A-Level Geography exams with confidence. With the right preparation and practice, you can easily write an essay that will impress the examiners and help you to get the grade you want. Good luck!

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• Revision notes >

A-Level Geography Revision Notes

By offering clear explanations and illustrative diagrams, these A-Level Geography revision notes will empower you to focus on essential content, which will enhance your understanding and aid retention. They provide a structured framework for revision, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the syllabus, making sure you don’t miss a topic.

Explain how each of the altitude and oceanic circulation influence climate (10 Marks)

How are earthquakes caused at destructive plate boundaries, what are positive and negative feedback loops, what is the best way to structure answers to evaluation questions (24 marks), how can i revise for the a-level geography exams when there is so much to learn.

Start by organizing your revision materials into separate folders or notebooks for each subtopic, such as climate change, urbanization, or plate tectonics. Create concise summary notes for each subtopic, highlighting key concepts, case studies, and relevant data. Use mind maps to visualize connections and relationships between geographical concepts. Practice past paper questions to hone your application of knowledge and improve your exam technique.

How can I enhance my critical analysis and evaluation skills for the essay-based questions in A-Level Geography exams?

To improve critical analysis, practice constructing well-structured essays. Begin with a clear introduction that outlines your main argument or thesis statement. In each paragraph, employ the SEEC structure (Statement, Evidence, Explanation, Critique) to present your points, providing evidence and reasoning. Consider contrasting viewpoints and different geographical theories to demonstrate critical thinking. Incorporate relevant case studies and empirical evidence to strengthen your arguments.

How can I remember geographical data and statistics for A-Level Geography exams, given the vast amount of information to cover?

Utilize memory aids like flashcards or mnemonic devices to remember specific data points, such as population figures, climate data, or economic indicators. Create summary tables or charts to condense large datasets into manageable formats. Practice data interpretation by analyzing maps, graphs, and statistical trends. Incorporate geographical data into your revision notes and essays to reinforce your understanding and retention. Engage in regular data-based exercises to improve your data-handling skills and prepare for data-focused exam questions.

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• How to Write a Great Essay for Different A-Level Subjects

In previous articles, we’ve given you lots of advice on how to write the perfect essay.

However, the skills we’ve discussed up to now have been generic, and have not taken into account the fact that different subjects require different skills when it comes to writing excellent essays for them. In this article, we look at the particular skills needed to write great essays for individual A-level subjects, so that you can familiarise yourself with what you need to do to excel in whatever A-levels you happen to be studying.

Good English literature essays revolve around intelligent interpretation. The problem many students have with this is organising their interpretations into a tightly structured essay that flows well; many simply let their ideas run wild and flit aimlessly between one point and the next. To combat this problem, you need to consider the writer’s overall aims and then show how they have conveyed those aims, paragraph by paragraph, with each paragraph devoted to a particular technique or focus. A good structure to use is as follows:

• Point – make a statement, such as “Brontë uses the bleakness of the moorland setting to reflect Heathcliff’s temperament.”
• Explanation – elaborate on the statement in more detail. In this example, your explanation would involve explaining the parallels between Heathcliff and the moors – their unpredictability and wildness, for instance, and the violence of the weather mirroring Heathcliff’s violent personality.
• Evidence – now provide quotes from the text to back up what you mean. In the Heathcliff example, you could quote specific words and phrases that show similarities in the way Heathcliff is described and the way in which the moorland landscape and weather are described.
• Reiterate – close off the paragraph by reiterating the point, and perhaps developing it a little further or introducing the idea you’re going to carry into the next paragraph. For example, “This ties in with a wider theme running through the book as a whole, which is that nature parallels human emotions.”

Good English essays pay close attention to detail, noting specific words, phrases and literary devices a writer has used, and to what effect. They quote liberally from the text in order to support each point, deconstructing the writing and analysing the use of language; they look at different interpretations, seeing beyond the surface and picking up on possible deeper meanings and connotations. But they also consider the meaning of the piece as a whole, and the overall effect created by the specific details noted. All this should be considered within the framework of the genre and context of the piece of writing. For instance, a poem by William Wordsworth would be considered within the context of the Romantic poets, and might be compared with work by contemporary poets such as Shelley or Keats; the historical background might also be touched upon where relevant (such as the Industrial Revolution when discussing the poetry of William Blake).

Though it’s also a humanities subject, History requires its own very particular set of skills that differ to an appreciable degree from those expected of you in English. A history essay is unequivocal about its writer’s opinion, but this opinion must be based on a solid analysis of evidence that very often can’t be taken as fact. Evidence must be discussed in terms of its reliability, or lack thereof. The good historian considers what biases may be inherent in a source, what vested interest the source might have, and what viewpoint that source was written from. For instance, you might analyse a source by discussing whether or not the person was present at the events they are describing; how long after the events they were writing (and therefore whether they are remembering it accurately if they were there, or whether they are getting their information second or third hand from someone else; and if so, how reliable the original source is); whether they are trying to show evidence to support a particular political view; and so on. So, each time you make a point, back it up with evidence, and consider the strengths and weaknesses of that evidence. A good history essay makes connections between what’s been written about, considering how issues interrelate, so think about how what you’re writing about ties in with other things; what was the impact of the event you’re discussing, did it happen in isolation, and what were the events that led to it?

It’s vital to look at both sides of the argument – or, where many possible viewpoints exist, to acknowledge these nuances. It’s fine to contradict yourself, provided you do so consciously; that is, you can build up an argument and then turn it on its head, observing that you are doing so (for example, “So far, so compelling; but what about the less well-known evidence from such and such?”). You can use quotes from historians you’ve read, but use these in the context of discussing scholarly opinion. Don’t quote a historian’s words as evidence of something, because this is only someone’s opinion – it’s not proof. Finally, where possible, use specialist terms to show that you know your stuff (“proletariat” instead of “workers”, for example).

The primary task that lies ahead of you in writing a French essay is, of course, to demonstrate your superior language skills. Keep the content itself very even-handed, sitting on the fence rather than presenting a forceful opinion that could distract attention away from the quality of your use of French. Focus on using as wide a variety of vocabulary and tenses as you can. It will help your essay if you can learn how to say more sophisticated phrases in French, of the sort you would use if you were writing an essay in English. This useful document from RealFrench.net, Writing Essays in French, will give you numerous useful French phrases to help you put together an impressive essay, including the vocabulary you need to present a balanced argument.

Geography is a subject that crosses the divide between the sciences and the humanities, considering both physical processes and human activities (and their effects on the world around us). Essays for Geography may differ depending on which of these focuses the essay is discussing, and the evidence you might include in your essay could vary from phenomena observed and data gathered in the natural world to the results of population censuses. To write a good Geography essay, you’ll need to include both theory and detailed, real-world case studies to support your answer. Mention specific places by name, and communicate the facts accurately. Your teacher will be assessing not just your knowledge, but your ability to support what you say with relevant information that proves it. You shouldn’t just rattle off everything you know about a particular case study; you should deploy relevant facts from the case study to support a specific point you’re trying to make. Keep linking each point back to the question, so that you’re always working towards answering it; this also helps you ensure that everything you include is actually relevant to the question. Showing that you’ve thought about an issue from multiple perspectives, and that you appreciate how they interrelate, is important in Geography. You can do this by organising the content of your essay into categories, considering different factors in turn, such as the scale of the issue, and the timeframe and environment involved. Discuss the various factors involved logically, one by one, such as the environmental impact of climate change or a natural disaster (such as a tsunami or volcanic eruption), followed by its physical, economic, social and political implications. Acknowledging the numerous nuances of the situation will demonstrate your appreciation of its complexity and show that you are thinking at a high level.

Classical Civilisations

As the study of the ancient world (primarily ancient Rome and Greece), Classical Civilisations combines archaeology and history, looking both at what survives materially (from small finds, to art and sculpture, to temples) and what survives in the way of texts by ancient authors. A good essay for this subject analyses, evaluates and interprets. The historical elements of the subject will require the same set of skills we discussed for History earlier, while the archaeological components of this subject require slightly different skills. With your archaeologist hat on, your job becomes similar to that of a detective, piecing together clues. Archaeology crosses over into science, and with that comes scientific considerations such as how archaeological evidence has been gathered – the methods used, their reliability, whether or not they could have been tampered with, how accurately they were recorded, and so on. You’ll look at a variety of different types of evidence, too, from the finds themselves to maps of the local topography. As with Geography, for which you’re required to learn lots of detailed case studies and names, you’ll need to learn plenty of examples of sites and finds to use as sources of evidence in building up a picture of the ancient world. And, as with any subject, looking at both sides of any argument is crucial to good grades. If the evidence you’re discussing could show one thing, but it could also show another, don’t just present one possibility – show that you’ve thought in depth about it and consider all the possible interpretations.

Science subjects

The sciences – Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics – are generally less essay-focused, so we’re grouping them together here because the essay skills required for each of these subjects are very similar. While the fundamentals of scientific essay writing are the same as any other subject – having a logical structure, well-developed argument, and so on – there are a few subject-specific considerations to bear in mind, and some common pitfalls to watch out for. The first is that there is no room for opinion in a scientific essay; unless you’re specifically asked for it, leave your own thoughts out of it and focus instead on a completely objective discussion of the evidence gathered through scientific research, which will most probably be quantitative data. Avoid vague language such as “it is thought that…”; be as precise as possible. Start with a hypothesis, and then discuss the research that supports or disproves it. Back up every statement you make with solid data; it’s not enough simply to drop in the name of the research, so briefly describe what the findings were and why they prove the statement you’ve just made. Another mistake many students make is to confuse cause and effect; this arises because of the tendency to assume that correlation implies causation, which is a common logical fallacy. Just because two things appear to be related, it doesn’t mean that one caused the other, and committing this error in an essay is a major faux pas that will lose you marks. It’s also a good idea to ensure that you’ve included every piece of research that could be relevant; if you don’t, you could be leaving out a crucial piece of evidence. Finally, mention any limitations there may have been with the methodology used to gather the data you discuss.

Psychology essays are best approached with a scientific mindset, but it’s far more difficult to prove anything in this subject – and this should be acknowledged in your essay. The task becomes one of assessing which theory is the more probable one, based on an analysis of the data from various studies. Make liberal reference to named and dated psychological experiments and research, but acknowledge the fact that there may be more than one theory that could account for the same set of results. When these experiments are quoted as evidence, this should be done with reference to any possible limitations of how the experiment was conducted (such as a small sample size). If you’ve reached the end of this article, you’re now equipped with the knowledge to write fantastic essays guaranteed to impress your teachers. You’re also well on the way to thinking in the right way for university-level essays, so keep working on these skills now and you’ll find it much easier to make the leap from sixth former to undergraduate.

Image credits: banner ; Wuthering Heights ; Diet of Worms ; factory workers ; Charioteer ; Hubble Space Telescope ; Psychology . 

How to pass A-Level Geography

Geography A-Level works best if you have a strong interest in the subject. This is because as an A-Level, it's a demanding area of study and to pass it, you need to show you are adept at writing essays, analysing data and explaining a range of ideas from erosion to globalisation and ecology. Here's what will help you pass.

Revise a wide background of information

As in revise, all the glossary definitions in physical and human geography also have a good stable of case studies with important facts and figures under your belt. This kind of revision is essential for essays and will help you score maximum marks in your exam. Without this knowledge, examiners won't feel you truly understand the subject, so don't miss out on the basics.

Go beyond your reading list

What really helps you pass Geography A-Level is to expand your knowledge of geography by going beyond your reading list. Further knowledge of all the themes you are studying, from ecology to geopolitics, social justice to migration, benefits your reasoning and your essay writing skills. This is because examiners don't want you to focus on the topic in a question but link it to the wider concepts in geography at the same time.

To help yourself to this, read current books on the topic areas, listen to podcasts by thought leaders in the field and read the latest opinion pieces and articles on interest areas.

For podcasts, try A Very Spatial Podcast and Geographical Imaginations ; both are excellent podcasts that will expand your understanding.

For blogs, try Spatial Machinations by Sam Kinsley and Geography Realm , an information site about all things around physical and human geography, as well as guides for learning about geography.

Also, look at New York Times Geography , a space on NYTimes where readers can exchange informed commentary around geography.

Practice your essay writing skills

Knowing how to write a strong, clear geography essay is essential if you're aiming for a high mark in this subject. What will help here is to first practice writing detailed essay plans. Look at past papers and from these create a series of detailed essay plans with an introduction and conclusion and a balanced argument complete with case studies.

Practice doing this as much as you can and when you are ready try writing some full essays in time conditions. The aim here is to do this enough that eventually you can turn any plan into a perfectly timed, well thought out essay.

Use past papers and the examiners' report

While there haven't been actual exams for the last two years, it's still vital to look at past papers. Not only do they show you how questions are phrased but also how marks are awarded. This alongside the examiners' report, which has a detailed commentary on the whole exam paper, followed by an analysis of the paper question by question. It also has valuable insight into the common elements of success and which approaches served candidates best.

Work with a geography tutor

The benefit of a geography tutor is not just to guide you in the right direction but to also help you formulate opinions and show you how to implement these within essays. They can also help with analysing data and core geographical skills such as the reading of maps and diagrams and analysis of photographs.

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A Level of Geography

Essay writing – 3

Conclusions.

A good conclusion, read in isolation, should provide the reader with an overview of the preceding account. It should be possible to work out the topic matter that has been written about together with the general emphasis of the argument.

For the current A Level essays that are required, a conclusion should amount to between 75 and 100 words.

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The first thing to say is that a clear conclusion must be evident, even if it consists of just one sentence. It should address the question directly and make a final judgement about the ideas/issues which the essay has focused on. 

However, it is advisable to produce a more substantial conclusion - not merely a perfunctory sentence. This is because the mark schemes for the evaluative essays put a high premium on the ability of candidates to:

      (i)            think and/or reflect critically     (ii)            and/or make connections between different geographic ideas and issues to develop a topic overview.   (iii)            or both.

When it comes to ‘to what extent’ or ‘how far do you agree’ questions:

•      never ‘sit on the fence’ •      equally, it is best to avoid extreme agreement or disagreement •      An 'agree because….., but…...' or a 'disagree because …., but…...' judgement is often the best position to take.

A good conclusion acknowledges explicitly that any conclusion reached is likely to be partial because there are many ways of thinking about the issue, and/or many perspectives to consider. It should refer to the most significant facts which have featured in the main body of the essay (in support of an evidence-based final judgement). It may refer to specialist geographical theories , terms or ideas in order to add 'weight' to the final judgement. Finally, it may establish connections between different ideas and themes that are featured in the essay.

The following sections examines two conclusions to two different essay titles. A brief commentary is provided in each case.

Title 1: ‘Globalisation is mainly driven by the actions of transnational corporations (TNCs).’ How far do you agree with this statement?

Conclusion A: Having looked at both sides of the question, on balance I believe that nowadays TNCs are the most powerful force driving globalisation. They have more money than many poor countries and can make their products profitable in almost any country by using glocalisation, as this essay has shown. However, technology is important too, especially the internet, so it is not just TNCs that are important in making globalisation happen.

Commentary: an overview of the argument is provided in the first sentence. A single counterargument has been provided – the role of technology – adding some breadth to the argument.

Conclusion B:

In conclusion, TNCs act alongside other forces. I certainly do not agree that TNCs drive political globalisation - this is more likely the work of bodies such as the UN, EU and IMF. Furthermore, powerful governments like the USA have driven geopolitical changes that make it easier for their own TNCs to promote economic globalisation. Finally, technology in conjunction with TNCs drives social globalisation (e.g. Facebook). So while the statement may largely be true for economic globalisation, I have shown that other forces are driving different aspects of globalisation.

Commentary: an overall assessment is provided in the final sentence. However, the preceding sentences flag up that the argument has recognised that there is not a single definition of globalisation – economic, social, political – and one can infer that these have been examined in turn.

Title 2: Assess the potential causes and impacts of changes to the water balance within a tropical rainforest that you have studied.

Conclusion A:

To conclude, generally the water balance of the Amazon is changing such that water is being lost from the system mainly due to human factors. Increased population has led to increased demand for resources putting a strain on our natural planet mostly felt by fragile environments such as the rainforest.

Commentary: a vague conclusion that points to human factors driving change in the water balance. There seems to be no acknowledgement of any other factors. Similarly, the impacts of these changes are difficult to decipher.

In summary, deforestation is causing the most impact on the Amazon rainforest in the short term, allowing more rainwater to reach the ground, and reducing evapotranspiration, whereas in the longer term it is likely that climate change will have the greatest impact. It is predicted that rainfall amounts will become less in total, and more variable. Climate change could in fact result in the decrease of the forest naturally through a drier climate, so the two main causes are interrelated.

Commentary: a stronger conclusion that points to two main causal factors – deforestation and climate change – with some clear reference to impacts on the water cycle. Furthermore, the final clause suggests a link between the two main themes.

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A Level Geography Model Answers: see A* essays in practice

See how a top-level answer is written.

Model Answers are a powerful resource to help see a top level answer in action. Model Essays from Study Geography have been marked at an A* before, so you can see how to structure an answer and the different elements that go into it.

Why should I use A Level Geography Model Answers?

Wide range available.

We’ve made available a wide range of Model Answers that demonstrate how to answer questions for a range of topics.

Essay Structure

A Level Geography Model Answers give you an idea about how to structure an essay, and what to include.

Put technique to practice

Paired with our Exam Guidance resources, Model Answers show you how to apply what you’ve learned previously.

Try out our A Level Geography Model Answers

Register interest today.

With A Level Geography Model Answers and many more features included, register interest in Study Geography today. You’ll hear about our launch and other updates as soon as we have them!

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CIE A Level Geography: Past Papers

Browse our range of Cambridge (CIE) A Level Geography Past Papers and Mark Schemes below. Testing yourself with A Level Geography past papers is a great way to identify which topics need more revision, so you can ensure that you are revising as effectively as possible to help you get ready for your A Level Geography exam.

Visit all of our Cambridge (CIE) A Level Past Papers here .

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• Exam Support

The Evaluation Spider : a Way to Develop High Quality ‘Evaluation’ in A level Geography Essays

20th March 2016

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One of the most challenging aspects in writing good-quality extended answers is for A level students to understand how to ‘evaluate’. It is often a requirement of the highest mark bands in essay questions that require a student to critically reflect on policies, strategies and management plans and assess their degree of success, or otherwise. This evaluative quality frequently features in human geography questions, but may be equally applicable to physical/human interactions, such as evaluating a response to a natural hazard.

Andy recently finished being a classroom geographer after 35 years at two schools in East Yorkshire as head of geography, head of the humanities faculty and director of the humanities specialism. He has written extensively about teaching and geography - with articles in the TES, Geography GCSE Wideworld and Teaching Geography.

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A Level Geography

What is it about at sixth form level.

Geography is a constantly changing discipline that reflects, describes and explains the dynamic world around us. It examines the interaction between people and the places in which they live in the context of technological change and social upheaval. Geographers have to think about social, economic and physical issues and how they conspire to shape the different environments and ecosystems on earth. They are involved in trying to think, understand and work towards the resolution of problems of global concern. Are the most socio-economically deprived societies best helped with aid or trade? Do we have a moral imperative to ensure genetic diversity or can we permit extinction and the destruction of environments if it raises our standards of living? When does tourism change from being an economic benefit to an environmental blight?

These are deep and fascinating questions. The subject will be particularly attractive to those who wish to find out more about them and issues others of their kind raise, such as the development gap, the effects of globalisation on national economies, global warming and the severe risks to human activity posed by natural events.

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Personal Details

I am interested in..., lower sixth.

In the first year, you will study core topics in both areas of Physical and Human Geography. Core Physical Geography comprises three subtopics: hydrology and fluvial geomorphology, atmosphere and weather, and rocks and weathering (which includes plate tectonics). Core Human Geography also comprises three sub-topics: population, migration, and settlement dynamics.

Upper sixth

In the second year, you will study advanced topics in Physical Geography and Human Geography. Each paper comprises four topics from which you will be taught and assessed on two. In Advanced Physical Geography we study two from: tropical environments, hazardous environments and coastal environments, hot arid and semi-arid environments. In Advanced Human Geography we study two from: production, location and change, environmental management, economic transition and global interdependence.

Why study it and what skills does it develop?

Geography is a broad subject which asks students to see connections and explore links between social, political, economic and geographical factors. These synoptic skills will be extremely valuable across a wide range of university subjects and careers beyond. A Level Geography is an essay-based subject and to perform well, students must be able to write fluently and articulately, and demonstrate skills in evaluation and analysis. They will also be required to manipulate numerical information and interpret maps, charts, photographs and satellite imagery. The acquisition and development of these skills is therefore a primary focus of the teaching.

What prior knowledge and skills are required?

A grade B or above at GCSE Geography is desirable. As the subject is essay-based, a grade B or above in GCSE English is also preferred. You should also have an interest in a broad range of geographical issues.

How is the course assessed?

The assessment is divided into two parts: AS Level and A Level which are combined to determine the final A Level grade.

AS level (worth 50% of the final A Level)

For the AS, there are two papers: Paper 1 (Core Physical Geography) and Paper 2 (Core Human Geography) and these papers are taken at the end of Lower Sixth, with the opportunity to retake in the Autumn. The papers have the same format. In Section A, students have three compulsory data response questions worth 10 marks each (one question on each of the three subtopics of study). In Section B, students choose one structured question from a choice of three (one question per subtopic of study). The question is worth thirty marks, divided into 7, 8 and 15 mark questions (the 15-mark question being an essay). Each paper is marked out of 60, lasts 1 hour 30 minutes and is worth 25% of the A Level.

A Level (worth 50% of the final A Level)

At A Level, there are two papers: Paper 3 (Advanced Physical Geography) and Paper 4 (Advanced Human Geography), each worth 60 marks and the papers are taken at the end of Upper Sixth. The papers have the same format: students will answer questions on the two optional topics they have studied. Each  topic will consist of one data response question worth 10 marks, and one 20-mark essay (from a choice of two). Each paper is marked out of 60, lasts for 1 hour 30 minutes and is worth 25% of the final A Level.

Cambridge International A and AS Level Geography By G. Nagel, P. Guinness Published by Hodder Education, ISBN 13: 978-1444123166

Exam Board and Specification Codes

AS and A level: CAIE 9696

Duncan Chamberlain Head of Department

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Arts Sciences

• Preferred A Levels

Preferred UK GCE A Levels for Arts and Sciences

• Subjects marked with an asterisk (*) will only be counted as an essay-based subject if there is a minimum 50% essay-based or written response assessment as part of the overall award. This may vary by exam board so please contact us if you have any queries about this.
• Mathematics and Further Mathematics can be considered as two separate A Levels.
• If a student takes an A Level in their native language, it is at the discretion of UCL as to whether this will be considered as a 'humanities' A Level for the purposes of Arts and Sciences (BASc). Please contact us if you have a specific query.

Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025

The former president and his backers aim to strengthen the power of the White House and limit the independence of federal agencies.

Donald J. Trump intends to bring independent regulatory agencies under direct presidential control. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

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• Share full article

By Jonathan Swan Charlie Savage and Maggie Haberman

• Published July 17, 2023 Updated July 18, 2023

Donald J. Trump and his allies are planning a sweeping expansion of presidential power over the machinery of government if voters return him to the White House in 2025, reshaping the structure of the executive branch to concentrate far greater authority directly in his hands.

Their plans to centralize more power in the Oval Office stretch far beyond the former president’s recent remarks that he would order a criminal investigation into his political rival, President Biden, signaling his intent to end the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence from White House political control.

Mr. Trump and his associates have a broader goal: to alter the balance of power by increasing the president’s authority over every part of the federal government that now operates, by either law or tradition, with any measure of independence from political interference by the White House, according to a review of his campaign policy proposals and interviews with people close to him.

Mr. Trump intends to bring independent agencies — like the Federal Communications Commission, which makes and enforces rules for television and internet companies, and the Federal Trade Commission, which enforces various antitrust and other consumer protection rules against businesses — under direct presidential control.

He wants to revive the practice of “impounding” funds, refusing to spend money Congress has appropriated for programs a president doesn’t like — a tactic that lawmakers banned under President Richard Nixon.

He intends to strip employment protections from tens of thousands of career civil servants, making it easier to replace them if they are deemed obstacles to his agenda. And he plans to scour the intelligence agencies, the State Department and the defense bureaucracies to remove officials he has vilified as “the sick political class that hates our country.”

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