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Left shift assignment (<<=)

The left shift assignment ( <<= ) operator performs left shift on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Description

x <<= y is equivalent to x = x << y , except that the expression x is only evaluated once.

Using left shift assignment

Specifications.

Specification

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Assignment operators in the JS guide
Left shift ( << )

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C - left shift operator assignment

The Bitwise left shift assignment operator (<<=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise left shift operation of two operands.

(x <<= y) is equivalent to (x = x << y)

The Bitwise left shift operator (<<) takes the two numbers and left shift the bits of first operand by number of place specified by second operand. For example: for left shifting the bits of x by y places, the expression ( x<<y ) can be used. It is equivalent to multiplying x by 2 y .

The example below describes how left shift operator works:

The code of using left shift operator (<<) is given below:

The output of the above code will be:

Example: Count number of 1 Bits in a positive integer

Consider an integer 1000. In the bit-wise format, it can be written as 1111101000. However, all bits are not written here. A complete representation will be 32 bit representation as given below:

Bitwise AND operation with 1 at any bit results into 1 if the bit is 1 or 0 if the bit is 0. Performing such operation at every bit, and counting the number of 1 gives the count of 1 bits in the given positive integer. To achieve this bitwise left shift assignment operator can be used as shown in the example below:

The above code will give the following output:

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Java Left-shift Assignment (<<=) Operator

Java left-shift assignment.

In Java, Left-shift Assignment Operator is used to left shift the value in a variable (left operand) by a value (right operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand).

In this tutorial, we will learn how to use Left-shift Assignment operator in Java, with examples.

The syntax to left shift a value in variable x by 2 places and assign the result to x using Left-shift Assignment Operator is

In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 5 , add left shift by 2 places, and assign the result to x , using Left-shift Assignment Operator.

In this Java Tutorial , we learned about Left-shift Assignment Operator in Java, with examples.

JAVASCRIPT ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

In this tutorial, you will learn about all the different assignment operators in javascript and how to use them in javascript.

Assignment Operators

In javascript, there are 16 different assignment operators that are used to assign value to the variable. It is shorthand of other operators which is recommended to use.

The assignment operators are used to assign value based on the right operand to its left operand.

The left operand must be a variable while the right operand may be a variable, number, boolean, string, expression, object, or combination of any other.

One of the most basic assignment operators is equal = , which is used to directly assign a value.

Assignment Operators List

Here is the list of all assignment operators in JavaScript:

In the following table if variable a is not defined then assume it to be 10.

Operator	Example	Equivalent to
=	a = 10	a = 10
+=	a += 10	a = a + 10
-=	a -= 10	a = a - 10
*=	a *= 10	a = a * 10
/=	a /= 10	a = a / 10
%=	a %= 10	a = a % 10
**=	a **= 2	a = a ** 2
<<=	a <<= 1	a = a << 1
>>=	a >>= 2	a = a >> 2
>>>=	a >>>= 1	a = a >>> 1
&=	a &= 4	a = a & 4
\|=	a \|= 2	a = a \| 2
^=	a ^= 5	a = a ^ 5
&&=	a &&= 3	a = a && 3
\|\|=	a \|\|= 4	a = a \|\| 4
??=	a ??= 2	a = a ?? 2

Assignment operator

The assignment operator = is the simplest value assigning operator which assigns a given value to a variable.

The assignment operators support chaining, which means you can assign a single value in multiple variables in a single line.

Addition assignment operator

The addition assignment operator += is used to add the value of the right operand to the value of the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

On the basis of the data type of variable, the addition assignment operator may add or concatenate the variables.

Subtraction assignment operator

The subtraction assignment operator -= subtracts the value of the right operand from the value of the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

If the value can not be subtracted then it results in a NaN .

Multiplication assignment operator

The multiplication assignment operator *= assigns the result to the left operand after multiplying values of the left and right operand.

Division assignment operator

The division assignment operator /= divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.

Remainder assignment operator

The remainder assignment operator %= assigns the remainder to the left operand after dividing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Exponentiation assignment operator

The exponential assignment operator **= assigns the result of exponentiation to the left operand after exponentiating the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator <<= assigns the result of the left shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator >>= assigns the result of the right shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator >>>= assigns the result of the unsigned right shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator &= assigns the result of bitwise AND to the left operand after ANDing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator |= assigns the result of bitwise OR to the left operand after ORing the value of left operand by the value of the right operand.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator ^= assigns the result of bitwise XOR to the left operand after XORing the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand.

Logical AND assignment

The logical AND assignment operator &&= assigns value to left operand only when it is truthy .

Note : A truthy value is a value that is considered true when encountered in a boolean context.

Logical OR assignment

The logical OR assignment operator ||= assigns value to left operand only when it is falsy .

Note : A falsy value is a value that is considered false when encountered in a boolean context.

Logical nullish assignment

The logical nullish assignment operator ??= assigns value to left operand only when it is nullish ( null or undefined ).

Left Shift Operator in C

Updated April 10, 2023

Introduction to Left Shift Operator in C

Left shift operator is a bitwise shift operator in C which operates on bits. It is a binary operator which means it requires two operands to work on. Following are some important points regarding Left shift operator in C:

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It is represented by ‘<<’ sign.
It is used to shift the bits of a value to the left by adding zeroes to the empty spaces created at the right side after shifting.
The bits of first operand are shifted to the left by the number of positions specified by the second operand.

The syntax for left shift operator in C is as follows:

In the above statement, there are two values; the first one is an integer variable on which we want to apply left shift operator. The name of this variable can be any name given by the user. The second value is a number which specifies the number of positions a user wants to shift the bits to the left.

How Left Shift Operator Works in C?

Left shift operator requires two operands to work on. Both the operands of the left shift operator should be of integral type. It shifts the bits of the first operand to the left by the number of positions specified by the second operand. Simultaneously, the empty spaces created by the bits shifted to the left are then filled with zeroes.Including the sign bit, the bits which are shifted off to the end are then discarded.

Following are some cases when the result of left shift operation will be undefined:

If the value of first operand is negative, then the result of left shift operation will be undefined.
Similarly, if the value of second operand is negative or if it is greater than or equal to the number of bits in the first operand, then the result of left shift operation will be undefined.
The result of left shift operation will also be undefined if the value of second operand is greater than the size of integer.

Thus, left shift operation will be performed when both the operands are positive.

On the other hand, if the value of second operand is zero then left shift operation will not be performed. Such as the result of 40<<0 will be equal to 40 itself.

Let us now understand the working of left shift operator with the help of an example. In this example we will take a decimal number say 40. The binary equivalent of 40 is 101000. We will perform left shift operation on this binary value.

In the above example, we can see that on performing left shift operation on a binary value all its bits have been shifted to the left and the empty space created on the right side is filled with zero.

Thus, the value of 40<<1 is 01010000. The decimal equivalent of this binary value is 80.

Examples to Implement Left Shift Operator in C

Below are the examples of Left Shift Operator in C:

Example showing left shift operation performed on two positive operands.

Example showing a scenario when the value of second operand is negative.

Along with this there is a warning in the program for the line highlighted in yellow.

Below is the Warning:

We got this warning because our second operand is negative.

Example showing scenario when the value of first operand is negative.

We got this warning because our first operand is negative.

Example showing scenarios when number of positions to be shifted is zero and greater than the size of integer.

Along with this, there is a warning in the program for line highlighted in yellow.

We got this warning because the size of the operand is greater than the size of an integer.

The left shift operator is a logical bitwise operator.
It is a binary operator that operates on two positive integral operands.
It shifts the bits to the left by the number of positions specified by its second operand.
Empty spaces created in the right are filled with zeroes.

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What is the difference between directly assigning the result of left shift operation to a variable and the left shift assignment operation in C?

In the following expression, the result of the left shift operation is assigned to the variable i .

In the following expression, the left shift assignment operation is carried.

Both the above expressions gave different results. But it's not the same with the following two expressions. Both of them gave the same result. So what could be the reason for the above expressions to return different values?

relational-operators

5 How many bits does your compiler use for the int data type? – paddy Commented May 30, 2017 at 6:42
5 Try shifting by 2 bits instead of 32 and see the result! – Swanand Commented May 30, 2017 at 6:44
19 Hint: compile with all warnings enabled. – paddy Commented May 30, 2017 at 6:46
Those blocks of code are not expressions. They're sets of statements. – jpmc26 Commented May 30, 2017 at 9:04
Duplicate : stackoverflow.com/questions/7401888/… – alinsoar Commented May 31, 2017 at 7:13

3 Answers 3

The C standard says:

The result is undefined if the right operand is negative, or greater than or equal to the number of bits in the left expression’s type.

So, it is undefined behavior because int is normally 32 bits in size, which means that only 0 through 31 steps are well-defined .

1 31 steps is also undefined unless input was zero (shifting 1 into sign bit) – M.M Commented May 30, 2017 at 6:49
1 "because size of int normally 32 bits": that depends on the compiler. – glglgl Commented May 30, 2017 at 7:03
1 @M.M No, 1's dropping off on the left side is ok. It's really only a shift by more than (or equal) the number of bits in the underlying type that's undefined, regardless of the actual values of those bits. – Marc Schütz Commented May 30, 2017 at 10:30
1 @M.M ISO99 6.5.7: says it's well-defined for unsigned types. It does state that it's undefined for signed integers, but IMO that's just an instance of the signed overflow rule, not specific to left shifts. – Marc Schütz Commented May 30, 2017 at 11:05
1 @MarcSchütz it still applies regardless of how you want to categorize it - assuming 32-bit int, 1 << 31 , 7 << 29 etc. are undefined behaviour, and an easy way to remember the rules is that trying to left-shift a 1 into the sign-bit is always UB – M.M Commented May 30, 2017 at 11:12

I agree with Cody Gray's comments . Just for people in future who end up here, the way to resolve this ambiguity is using unsigned long long.

In this case the situation is the same for 64 bits shift ? – alinsoar Commented May 30, 2017 at 10:03
Any magic number in code is usually word length unless otherwise typecasted. In this case, as you are trying to right shift 32bits i.e equal to the size of word length, we need to tell the compiler not to treat it as one word width data (32bit). – Shuvam Commented May 30, 2017 at 10:23
3 Probably diligent when thinking about shifting by n bits to recommend the use of int64_t , uint64_t , etc from stdint that explicitly ensure bit length – cat Commented May 30, 2017 at 15:21
1 Yes +1 and reiterating: ALWAYS use the stdint types when you are making assumptions about the number of bits. – paddy Commented May 30, 2017 at 23:32
@paddy stdint is applicable only when you have to access to the standard library! Sometimes (like in embedded) you have to write your own lib. So, I don't think "ALWAYS" holds good here! – Shuvam Commented Jun 8, 2017 at 6:20

The abstract operational semantics from ISO/IEC 9899 says:

3 .... ... . If the value of the right operand is negative or is greater than or equal to the width of the promoted left operand, the behavior is undefined.

In your case, disassembling and seeing what happens, we see so:

The generated code tries indeed to shift, but the shll %cl,-0x4(%rbp) (shift left of a long) has no effect.

The undefined behaviour in this case lies in assembly, namely in SHL operation.

3 "The undefined behaviour in this case lies in assembly, namely in SHL operation." This is incorrect. Shifting by an excess of bits is well-defined on x86, as you can see in the documentation . If you were writing the code in assembly, there would be no problem. The reason it is undefined behavior is because of the requirements set out in the C language standard. "...the shll %cl,-0x4(%rbp) (shift left of a long) has no effect." I have no idea why you say that. It absolutely does have an effect. – Cody Gray ♦ Commented May 30, 2017 at 8:20
1 Technically, shll %cl, -0x4(%rbp) does modify the value on the stack. Why wouldn't it? The instruction says to shift the value at an offset of -4 from rbp by the value in cl , and that's precisely what it does. Now, the x86 ISA is specifically documented as masking shift counts for 32-bit operands to 5 bits, which (A) is what makes this well-defined behavior, and (B) means that shifting a value by 32 is essentially an identity operation in that it evaluates the original value. So in that sense, no, the value at -0x4(%rbp) isn't modified, but it isn't supposed to be. – Cody Gray ♦ Commented May 30, 2017 at 8:42
1 It is difficult for me to understand the point that you are making. It is very clear from the documentation that shifting by an excess of bits is not undefined behavior on x86; in fact, it is quite well-defined so we can predict exactly what the result will be of shifting 7 by 32. There is no "problem" in the assembly. The problem lies in the C source code that the compiler is translating to machine code, and the C source code is invalid because it exhibits undefined behavior. The top half of the answer is correct; the bottom half is misleading or just downright wrong. – Cody Gray ♦ Commented May 30, 2017 at 9:38
1 To put it another way, if a human wrote this program by hand in x86 assembly language, we might say that it has a bug if the human meant the left shift to do something other than what it does, but we wouldn't say that it had undefined behavior, because all of the machine instructions have well-defined behavior. (We might not like that Intel specified shll to reduce the shift count mod 32, but they did specify it.) However, the C program that got translated into this assembly dump does have undefined behavior, because the C standard doesn't specify what an over-wide shift count does. – zwol Commented May 30, 2017 at 16:16
2 @dan I think you are misunderstanding my point, as I'm afraid that alinsoar was. I fully agree that this is undefined behavior in C, and it doesn't make it any less undefined just because one particular compiler when targeting one particular architecture seems to consistently translate the code into a particular machine instruction. My issue was with the claim made in the answer that "The undefined behaviour in this case lies in assembly, namely in SHL operation." This is wrong, the behavior is not undefined in assembly language, it is undefined in C . – Cody Gray ♦ Commented May 31, 2017 at 7:01

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1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

Example of simple assignment operator.

2. Compound Assignment Operators


+=	addition assignment	It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
-=	subtraction assignment	It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
*=	multiplication assignment	It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand
/=	division assignment	It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
%=	modulo assignment	It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Example of Augmented Arithmetic and Assignment Operators


&=	bitwise AND assignment	It performs the bitwise AND operation on the variable with the value on the right
\|=	bitwise OR assignment	It performs the bitwise OR operation on the variable with the value on the right
^=	bitwise XOR assignment	It performs the bitwise XOR operation on the variable with the value on the right
<<=	bitwise left shift assignment	Shifts the bits of the variable to the left by the value on the right
>>=	bitwise right shift assignment	Shifts the bits of the variable to the right by the value on the right

Example of Augmented Bitwise and Assignment Operators

Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code, 2. after executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable, benefits of using assignment operators, best practices and tips for using the assignment operator, live classes schedule.

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Assignment Operators In C++

In C++, the assignment operator forms the backbone of many algorithms and computational processes by performing a simple operation like assigning a value to a variable. It is denoted by equal sign ( = ) and provides one of the most basic operations in any programming language that is used to assign some value to the variables in C++ or in other words, it is used to store some kind of information.

The right-hand side value will be assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. The variable and the value should be of the same data type.

The value can be a literal or another variable of the same data type.

Compound Assignment Operators

In C++, the assignment operator can be combined into a single operator with some other operators to perform a combination of two operations in one single statement. These operators are called Compound Assignment Operators. There are 10 compound assignment operators in C++:

Addition Assignment Operator ( += )
Subtraction Assignment Operator ( -= )
Multiplication Assignment Operator ( *= )
Division Assignment Operator ( /= )
Modulus Assignment Operator ( %= )
Bitwise AND Assignment Operator ( &= )
Bitwise OR Assignment Operator ( |= )
Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator ( ^= )
Left Shift Assignment Operator ( <<= )
Right Shift Assignment Operator ( >>= )

Lets see each of them in detail.

1. Addition Assignment Operator (+=)

In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and efficient way.

This above expression is equivalent to the expression:

2. Subtraction Assignment Operator (-=)

The subtraction assignment operator (-=) in C++ enables you to update the value of the variable by subtracting another value from it. This operator is especially useful when you need to perform subtraction and store the result back in the same variable.

3. Multiplication Assignment Operator (*=)

In C++, the multiplication assignment operator (*=) is used to update the value of the variable by multiplying it with another value.

4. Division Assignment Operator (/=)

The division assignment operator divides the variable on the left by the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

5. Modulus Assignment Operator (%=)

The modulus assignment operator calculates the remainder when the variable on the left is divided by the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

6. Bitwise AND Assignment Operator (&=)

This operator performs a bitwise AND between the variable on the left and the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

7. Bitwise OR Assignment Operator (|=)

The bitwise OR assignment operator performs a bitwise OR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

8. Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator (^=)

The bitwise XOR assignment operator performs a bitwise XOR between the variable on the left and the value or variable on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

9. Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)

The left shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to left by the number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

10. Right Shift Assignment Operator (>>=)

The right shift assignment operator shifts the bits of the variable on the left to the right by a number of positions specified on the right and assigns the result to the variable on the left.

Also, it is important to note that all of the above operators can be overloaded for custom operations with user-defined data types to perform the operations we want.

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Left shift assignment (<<=)
Left shift assignment (<<=) The left shift assignment ( <<=) operator performs left shift on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. x <<= y is equivalent to x = x << y, except that the expression x is only evaluated once.
Left Shift Assignment (<<=) Operator in JavaScript
The Left Shift Assignment Operator is represented by "<<=". This operator moves the specified number of bits to the left and assigns that result to the variable. We can fill the vacated place by 0. The left shift operator treats the integer stored in the variable to the operator's left as a 32-bit binary number. This can also be explained ...
Left Shift and Right Shift Operators in C/C++
The left shift (<<) is a binary operator that takes two numbers, left shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift. In other words, left-shifting an integer "a" with an integer "b" denoted as '(a<<b)' is equivalent to multiplying a with 2^b (2 raised to power b). Syntax.
What are bitwise shift (bit-shift) operators and how do they work?
For each shift left, the high-order bit is shifted out (and ignored/lost), and a zero is brought in on the right. This means that when a left shift is applied to 32-bit compiler, bits are lost once they are shifted past bit position 31. If the compiler is of 64-bit then bits are lost after bit position 63.
Left shift assignment (<<=)
The left shift assignment (<<=) operator performs left shift on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
C left shift operator assignment
The Bitwise left shift assignment operator (<<=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise left shift operation of two operands. The Bitwise left shift operator (<<) takes the two numbers and left shift the bits of first operand by number of place specified by second operand. For example: for left shifting the bits of x ...
Left Shift ( ) Bitwise Operator in JavaScript
The Left Shift Assignment Operator is represented by "<<=". This operator moves the specified number of bits to the left and assigns that result to the variable. We can fill the vacated place by 0. The left shift operator treats the integer stored in the variable to the operator's left as a 32-bit binary number. This can also be explained as
C++ Left-shift Assignment
In C++, Left-shift Assignment Operator is used to left shift the value in a variable (left operand) by a value (right operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand). The syntax to left shift a value in variable x by 2 places and assign the result to x using Left-shift Assignment Operator is. x <<= 2.
Java Left-shift Assignment
In Java, Left-shift Assignment Operator is used to left shift the value in a variable (left operand) by a value (right operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand). In this tutorial, we will learn how to use Left-shift Assignment operator in Java, with examples. The syntax to left shift a value in variable x by 2 places ...
Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)
The <<= operator shifts the bits of result left by the number of bits specified in expression. For example: temp = 14. temp <<= 2. document.write (temp); To run the code above, paste it into JavaScript Editor, and click the Execute button. The variable temp has a value of 56 because 14 (00001110 in binary) shifted left two bits equals 56 ...
C left shift and assignment
By specification the left operand of the bitwise shift operator undergoes integer promotion. So: y = (x<< z); is here equivalent to: y = ((int) x << z); The result of the << expression is of the type of the promoted left operand, i. e., int and it is converted to unsigned short during assignment. answered Sep 29, 2014 at 10:13.
Javascript Assignment Operators (with Examples)
The right shift assignment operator >>= assigns the result of the right shift to the left operand after shifting the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand. Example let a = 10; let b = 3; console.log(a >>= 2); console.log(b >>= 2);
C++ left shift operator assignment
The Bitwise left shift assignment operator (<<=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise left shift operation of two operands. The Bitwise left shift operator (<<) takes the two numbers and left shift the bits of first operand by number of place specified by second operand. For example: for left shifting the bits of x ...
Left shift operator in C
And after left shifting you will get a = 1424. Generally for decimal (base 10) numbers. a = a<< n is a = a*2^n a = a>> n is a = a/2^n For hexadecimal (base 16) numbers, any shift by n (left or right), can be considered, as a corresponding shift of the digits of the binary equivalent. But this depends on sizeof(int), used for a given compiler.
Left Shift Operator in C
The syntax for left shift operator in C is as follows: variable_name << number_of_positions. In the above statement, there are two values; the first one is an integer variable on which we want to apply left shift operator. The name of this variable can be any name given by the user. The second value is a number which specifies the number of ...
What is the difference between directly assigning the result of left
In the following expression, the left shift assignment operation is carried. int x = 7; x <<= 32; printf("x = %d\n",x); Both the above expressions gave different results. But it's not the same with the following two expressions. Both of them gave the same result. So what could be the reason for the above expressions to return different values?
Left Shift Operator in Java
The syntax of the left-shift operator in Java is given below, Syntax: x << n. Here, x: an integer. n: a non-negative integer. Return type: An integer after shifting x by n positions toward left. Exception: When n is negative the output is undefined. Below is the program to illustrate how we can use the left shift operator in Java.
C Programming Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. They come under the category of binary operators as they require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=".
Right Shift Assignment(>>=) Operator in JavaScript
The Left Shift Assignment Operator is represented by "<<=". This operator moves the specified number of bits to the left and assigns that result to the variable. We can fill the vacated place by 0. The left shift operator treats the integer stored in the variable to the operator's left as a 32-bit binary number. This can also be explained as
Assignment Operators In C++
Left Shift Assignment Operator ( <<= ) Right Shift Assignment Operator ( >>= ) Lets see each of them in detail. 1. Addition Assignment Operator (+=) In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and ...