left shift assignment

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Left Shift and Right Shift Operators in C/C++

In C/C++, left shift (<<) and right shift (>>) operators are binary bitwise operators that are used to shift the bits either left or right of the first operand by the number of positions specified by the second operand allowing efficient data manipulation. In this article, we will learn about the left shift and right shift operators.

Let’s take a look at an example:

Left Shift (<<) Operators

The left shift(<<) is a binary operator that takes two numbers, left shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift. In other words, left-shifting an integer “ a ” with an integer “ b ” denoted as ‘ (a<<b)’ is equivalent to multiplying a with 2^b (2 raised to power b).  

• a is the integer value to be shifted.
• b specifies how many positions to shift the bits.

Example: Let’s take a=21 ; which is 10101 in Binary Form. Now, if “ a is left-shifted by 1 ” i.e a = a << 1 then a will become a = a * ( 2 ^ 1) . Thus, a = 21 * (2 ^ 1) = 42 which can be written as 10100.

But if the size of the data type of a is only 5 bits, then the first bit will be discarded we will be left with a = 10, which is 01010 in binary. It is shown in the below image.

Example of Left Shift Operator

Applications of left shift operator.

• Multiplication by Powers of Two : Left shifting a number by n positions is equivalent to multiplying it by 2^n and is much faster than normal multiplication
• Efficient Calculations : Used in performance-critical applications where arithmetic operations need to be fast.
• Bit Manipulation : Common in low-level programming, such as embedded systems and hardware interfacing.

To gain a deeper understanding of bitwise operations and how they improve performance, our Complete C++ Course offers detailed tutorials on using operators efficiently in C++.

Right Shift(>>) Operators

Right Shift(>>) is a binary operator that takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to shift. In other words, right-shifting an integer “ a ” with an integer “ b ” denoted as ‘ (a>>b) ‘ is equivalent to dividing a with 2^b. 

Example: Let’s take a=21 ; which is 10101 in Binary Form. Now, if a is right shifted by 1 i.e a = a >> 1 then a will become a=a/(2^1) . Thus, a = a/(2^1) = 10 which can be written as 1010 .

Example of Right Shift Operator

Applications of right shift operators.

• Division by Powers of Two : Right shifting a number by n positions is equivalent to dividing it by 2^n and it is very fast.
• Efficient Calculations : Used in performance-critical applications for fast division operations.
• Bit Manipulation : Useful in extracting specific bits from data, common in data compression and cryptography.

Important Points of Shift Operators

1. The left-shift and right-shift operators should not be used for negative numbers. The result of is undefined behavior if any of the operands is a negative number. For example, results of both 1 >> -1 and 1 << -1 is undefined.

2. If the number is shifted more than the size of the integer, the behavior is undefined. For example, 1 << 33 is undefined if integers are stored using 32 bits. For bit shift of larger values 1ULL<<62   ULL is used for Unsigned Long Long which is defined using 64 bits that can store large values.

3. The left-shift by 1 and right-shift by 1 are equivalent to the product of the first term and 2 to the power given element(1<<3 = 1*pow(2,3)) and division of the first term and second term raised to power 2 (1>>3 = 1/pow(2,3)) respectively. 

Must Read: Bitwise Operators in C/C++

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Assignment operators assign values to JavaScript variables.

Shift Assignment Operators

Bitwise assignment operators, logical assignment operators, the = operator.

The Simple Assignment Operator assigns a value to a variable.

Simple Assignment Examples

The += operator.

The Addition Assignment Operator adds a value to a variable.

Addition Assignment Examples

The -= operator.

The Subtraction Assignment Operator subtracts a value from a variable.

Subtraction Assignment Example

The *= operator.

The Multiplication Assignment Operator multiplies a variable.

Multiplication Assignment Example

The **= operator.

The Exponentiation Assignment Operator raises a variable to the power of the operand.

Exponentiation Assignment Example

The /= operator.

The Division Assignment Operator divides a variable.

Division Assignment Example

The %= operator.

The Remainder Assignment Operator assigns a remainder to a variable.

Remainder Assignment Example

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The <<= Operator

The Left Shift Assignment Operator left shifts a variable.

Left Shift Assignment Example

The >>= operator.

The Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (signed).

Right Shift Assignment Example

The >>>= operator.

The Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (unsigned).

Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Example

The &= operator.

The Bitwise AND Assignment Operator does a bitwise AND operation on two operands and assigns the result to the the variable.

Bitwise AND Assignment Example

The |= operator.

The Bitwise OR Assignment Operator does a bitwise OR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise OR Assignment Example

The ^= operator.

The Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator does a bitwise XOR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise XOR Assignment Example

The &&= operator.

The Logical AND assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is true, the second value is assigned.

Logical AND Assignment Example

The &&= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ||= Operator

The Logical OR assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is false, the second value is assigned.

Logical OR Assignment Example

The ||= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ??= Operator

The Nullish coalescing assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is undefined or null, the second value is assigned.

Nullish Coalescing Assignment Example

The ??= operator is an ES2020 feature .

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An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

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The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

• Arithmetic operators

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Left shift assignment (<<=)

The left shift assignment ( <<= ) operator performs left shift on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Description

x <<= y is equivalent to x = x << y , except that the expression x is only evaluated once.

Using left shift assignment

Specifications, browser compatibility.

• Assignment operators in the JS guide
• Left shift ( << )

• Skip to main content

• Left shift assignment (<<=)

The left shift assignment operator ( <<= ) moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable.

The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples and send us a pull request.

Using left shift assignment

Specifications, browser compatibility.

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• TypeError: cannot use "in" operator to search for "x" in "y"
• TypeError: cyclic object value
• TypeError: invalid "instanceof" operand "x"
• TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument
• TypeError: invalid arguments
• TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x"
• TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted
• TypeError: setting getter-only property "x"
• TypeError: variable "x" redeclares argument
• URIError: malformed URI sequence
• Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one
• Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant
• Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated
• Warning: JavaScript 1.6's for-each-in loops are deprecated
• Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead
• Warning: expression closures are deprecated
• Warning: unreachable code after return statement
• JavaScript technologies overview
• Lexical grammar
• Enumerability and ownership of properties
• Iteration protocols
• Transitioning to strict mode
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left shift assignment

Moves the specified number of bits to the left and assigns the result to result. The bits vacated by the operation are filled with 0.

Using the <<= operator is the same as specifying result = result << expression

Other articles

• Bitwise Left Shift Operator (<<)
• Bitwise Right Shift Operator (>>)
• Unsigned Right Shift Operator (>>>)

Attributions

Microsoft Developer Network: Article

• Accessibility

Left shift assignment (<<=)

The left shift assignment operator ( <<= ) moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable.

Using left shift assignment

Specifications, browser compatibility.

• Assignment operators in the JS guide
• Left shift operator

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