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Java's Basic and Shorthand Assignment Operators

Reference assignment, primitive assignment, primitive casting, shorthand assignment operators, basic assignment operator.

Java's basic assignment operator is a single equals-to (=) sign that assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side operand. On left side of the assignment operator there must be a variable that can hold the value assigned to it. Assignment operator operates on both primitive and reference types. It has the following syntax: var = expression; Note that the type of var must be compatible with the type of expression .

Chaining of assignment operator is also possible where we can create a chain of assignments in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. For example,

The above piece of code sets the variables x, y, and z to 100 using a single statement. This works because the = is an operator that yields the value of the right-hand expression. Thus, the value of z = 100 is 100, which is then assigned to y , which in turn is assigned to x . Using a "chain of assignment" is an easy way to set a group of variables to a common value.

A variable referring to an object is a reference variable not an object. We can assign a newly created object to an object reference variable as follows:

The above line of code performs three tasks

• Creates a reference variable named st1 , of type Student .
• Creates a new Student object on the heap.
• Assigns the newly created Student object to the reference variable st1

We can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object:

Above line of code creates space for the Student reference variable st2 but doesn't create an actual Student object.

Note that, we can also use a reference variable to refer to any object that is a subclass of the declared reference variable type.

Primitive variables can be assigned either by using a literal or the result of an expression. For example,

The most important point that we should keep in mind, while assigning primitive types is if we are going to assign a bigger value to a smaller type, we have to typecast it properly. In Above piece of code the literal integer 130 is implicitly an int but it is acceptable here because the variable x is of type int . It gets weird if you try 130 to assign to a byte variable. For example, The below piece of code will not compile because literal 130 is implicitly an integer and it does not fit into a smaller type byte x . Likewise, byte c = a + b will also not compile because the result of an expression involving anything int-sized or smaller is always an int .

Casting lets us convert primitive values from one type to another (specially from bigger to smaller types). Casts can be implicit or explicit. An implicit cast means we don't have to write code for the cast; the conversion happens automatically. Typically, an implicit cast happens when we do a widening conversion. In other words, putting a smaller thing (say, a byte ) into a bigger container (like an int ). Remember those "possible loss of precision" compiler errors we saw during assignments. Those happened when we tried to put a larger thing (say, an int ) into a smaller container (like a byte ). The large-value-into-small-container conversion is referred to as narrowing and requires an explicit cast, where we tell the compiler that we are aware of the danger and accept full responsibility.

As a final note on casting, it is very important to note that the shorthand assignment operators let us perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division without putting in an explicit cast. In fact, +=, -=, *=, and /= will all put in an implicit cast. Below is an example:

In addition to the basic assignment operator, Java also defines 12 shorthand assignment operators that combine assignment with the 5 arithmetic operators ( += , -= , *= , /= , %= ) and the 6 bitwise and shift operators ( &= , |= , ^= , <<= , >>= , >>>= ). For example, the += operator reads the value of the left variable, adds the value of the right operand to it, stores the sum back into the left variable as a side effect, and returns the sum as the value of the expression. Thus, the expression x += 2 is almost the same x = x + 2 .

The difference between these two expressions is that when we use the += operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when that operand has a side effect. Consider the following two expressions a[i++] += 2; and a[i++] = a[i++] + 2; , which are not equivalent:

In this tutorial we discussed basic and shorthand (compound) assignment operators of Java. Hope you have enjoyed reading this tutorial. Please do write us if you have any suggestion/comment or come across any error on this page. Thanks for reading!

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Lesson 21 of 43 By Ravikiran A S

Table of Contents

Java is the most popular programming language recognized for its simplicity and versatility. Wide range of applications can also be developed using it, including web, mobile, and desktop applications. In addition, Java offers powerful tools for developers to create complex programs easily and efficiently. One of the most promising features of Java is its ability to create pattern programs that can print numbers in a specific format. Pattern programs are an excellent way to learn Java programming, especially for beginners, since it helps in understanding the syntax and logic of Java programming.

Java Pattern Programs have always been one of the critical parts of the Java Interview questions. They look almost impossible to crack at a point, but these questions are practically based on mathematical logic and matrices' fundamentals. Hence Java Pattern Programs are greatly sought-after.

This Java Pattern Programs article covers almost every possible type of pattern programs that will give you a better understanding of the logic to decode the pattern and become capable of building one in your interview.

Learn about Java pattern programs to improve your abilities. These puzzles, which range from simple forms to complex designs, improve your problem-solving skills. Take a Java course to learn how to print patterns and more.

How to Print Pattern in Java?

Printing patterns in Java is a common task in programming, especially in the early stages of learning. Patterns are printed by arranging symbols or numbers in a specific way to form a design or shape. These patterns are often used in problem-solving and can be useful in developing algorithmic thinking skills. This article will discuss how to print patterns in Java and explore some of the most common patterns.

Loops and control statements to print patterns in Java are best. The loops help you to repeat a block of code until a certain condition is met, and the control statements allow you to alter the flow of the program based on certain conditions. The different patterns in Java are discussed below:

We will deal with different types of Java Pattern Programs through the following docket.

Pattern Programs in Java

Star patterns in java .

Star patterns are a popular pattern program in Java, often used to create interesting visual designs or graphics. These programs use asterisks or other symbols to create various shapes and patterns. Star patterns are commonly used in computer graphics, logo designs, and other visual displays.

Creating star patterns in Java involves using nested loops to control the number of rows and columns and the position of the asterisks or other symbols. The program can be customized to create patterns, including triangles, squares, circles, and more complex designs. Also, it can be customized to create a variety of patterns, as mentioned below:

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/*Star Pattern 1

* * * * *   */

package Patterns;

public class Star {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int rows = 5;

for (int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {  //Outer loop for rows

for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) { //Inner loop for Col

System.out.print("* "); //Print *

System.out.println(); //New line

/*Star Pattern 2

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int rows = 5;

        for(int i = rows; i >= 1; --i) {  //For Loop for Row 

            for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) { //For Loop for Col

                System.out.print("* "); //Prints *

            }

            System.out.println(); //Get to newline

/*Star Pattern 3

import java.util.Scanner;

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); //Input

System.out.println("Enter the number of rows: ");

int rows = sc.nextInt();

for (int i = 0; i <= rows - 1; i++) { //For Loop for Row 

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) { //For Loop for Col

System.out.print("*" + " "); //prints * and blank space

System.out.println(""); // new line

for (int i = rows - 1; i >= 0; i--) { //For Loop for Row

for (int j = 0; j <= i - 1; j++) { //For Loop for Col

System.out.println("");// new line

sc.close();

/*Star Pattern 4

           * 

         * * 

       * * * 

     * * * * 

   * * * * *   */

public static void printStars(int n) {

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {  

for (j = 2 * (n - i); j >= 0; j--) { //For Loop for Row

System.out.print(" "); // Print Spaces

for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) { //For Loop for col

System.out.print("* "); // Print Star

System.out.println();

public static void main(String args[]) {

int n = 5; //Number of Rows

printStars(n);

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/*Star Pattern 5

        *  */

Scanner S = new Scanner(System.in); //Input

System.out.println("Enter row value ");

int r = S.nextInt();

for (int i = r; i >= 1; i--) { 

for (int j = r; j > i; j--) { 

System.out.print(" "); // Prints Blank space

for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++) {

System.out.print("*"); //Prints *

System.out.println(" "); //Prints blank spaces

/*Star Pattern 6

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

for (int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {

for (int j = i; j < rows; j++) { //Rows Loop

System.out.print(" "); // Blank Space

for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++) { //Cols Loop

System.out.print("*"); // Prints *

System.out.println("");

for (int i = rows; i >= 1; i--) {

for (int j = i; j <= rows; j++) { //Rows Loop

System.out.print(" ");  // Prints blank spaces

for (int k = 1; k < i; k++) { //Col Loop

System.out.print("*");  // Prints *

System.out.println(""); // New Line1

/*Star Pattern 7

* * * * *    */

public static void printTriagle(int n) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = n - i; j > 1; j--) { //Loop for blank space

System.out.print(" "); //Print Space

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) { loop for star

System.out.print("* "); //Print Star

System.out.println(); //Newline

printTriagle(n);

/*Star Pattern 8

 * * * * * 

for (int i = 0; i <= rows - 1; i++) { //For loop for Rows

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) { //For loop for Col

System.out.print(" "); // blank space

for (int k = 0; k <= rows - 1 - i; k++) { 

System.out.print("*" + " "); // prints * and blank space

System.out.println(); //Next line

/*Star Pattern 9

    *     */

int n, x, j, blank = 1;

System.out.print("Enter the value for rows: ");

Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

n = s.nextInt(); //input

blank = n - 1; // logic for balck spaces 

//Upper star Pyramid

for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) {

for (x = 1; x <= blank; x++) {

System.out.print(" "); //print blank space

for (x = 1; x <= 2 * j - 1; x++) {

System.out.print("*"); //Print Star

//Lower star Pyramid

for (j = 1; j <= n - 1; j++) {

System.out.print(" "); //Print Spaces

for (x = 1; x <= 2 * (n - j) - 1; x++) {

System.out.println(""); //Print new line

/*Star Pattern 10

int rows = sc.nextInt(); //Input

//Upper Inverted Pyramid

for (int i = 0; i <= rows - 1; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {

System.out.print(" "); Print blank space

for (int k = i; k <= rows - 1; k++) {

System.out.print("*" + " "); //Print star and blank space

System.out.println(""); //New line

//For lower Pyramid

for (int i = rows - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

System.out.print(" "); //Print spaces

System.out.print("*" + " "); //Print Star and Space

System.out.println(""); //Print New line

/*Diagonal 11

*             */

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < 5 - i; j++) {

System.out.print("  "); //Print blank space

System.out.print("*"); //Print Star and newline

It creates a diagonal pattern of X characters. This pattern can be created with a nested loop that prints X characters in specific positions based on the row and column numbers.

/*X Pattern 12

*     *  */

import java.util.*;

int i, j, n;

System.out.println("Enter a value for n");

n = sc.nextInt(); //Input

//Upper V pattern

for (i = n; i >= 1; i--) {

for (j = i; j < n; j++) {

System.out.print(" ");//print spaces

for (j = 1; j <= (2 * i - 1); j++) {

if (j == 1 || j == (2 * i - 1))//Logic for printing star

System.out.print("*");

System.out.print(" ");//if logic fails print space

//Lower Inverted V pattern

for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {

System.out.print(" ");//Print spaces

/*Inverted V 13

*       *   */

Scanner cs = new Scanner(System.in); //Input

System.out.println("Enter the row size:");

int out, in;

int row_size = cs.nextInt();

int print_control_x = row_size;

int print_control_y = row_size;

for (out = 1; out <= row_size; out++) {

for (in = 1; in <= row_size * 2; in++) {

if (in == print_control_x || in == print_control_y) {

System.out.print(" ");

print_control_x--;

print_control_y++;

cs.close();

/* V-pattern

static void pattern(int n) {

for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

for (j = n - 1; j > i; j--) {

System.out.print("*"); //Print star

for (j = 1; j < (i * 2); j++)

System.out.print(" ");//Print space

if (i >= 1)

System.out.print("");//Enter newline

pattern(n); //Pattern method call

/*Rombus 15

System.out.println("Number of rows: ");

int rows = extracted().nextInt();

//upper inverted V pattern

for (i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {

for (int j = rows; j > i; j--) {

System.out.print("*"); //Print Spaces

for (int k = 1; k < 2 * (i - 1); k++) { /Logic for pattern

if (i == 1) {

System.out.println(""); //Condition true, go to newline

System.out.println("*"); //else print star

//Lower v pattern

for (i = rows - 1; i >= 1; i--) {

for (int k = 1; k < 2 * (i - 1); k++) { Logic for pattern

if (i == 1)

System.out.println(""); //newline

System.out.println("*"); //Print star

private static Scanner extracted() {

return new Scanner(System.in);

/*Star Pattern 16

*********   */

for (int j = i; j < rows; j++) {

for (int k = 1; k <= (2 * i - 1); k++) {

if (k == 1 || i == rows || k == (2 * i - 1)) {

//Logic for printing Pattern

System.out.print(" ");  //Print Spaces

Dive Deep into Java Core Concepts

/*Star Pattern 17

    *      */

int rows = sc.nextInt(); //Row input

if (k == 1 || i == rows || k == (2 * i - 1)) { //logic to print Pattern

System.out.print("*"); //Ture prints star

System.out.print(" "); //False prints spaces

**********  */

static void print_rectangle(int n, int m) {

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

for (j = 1; j <= m; j++) {

if (i == 1 || i == n || j == 1 || j == m) //Logic to print 

System.out.print("*"); //Tue?, print star

System.out.print(" "); //Tue?, print space

int rows = 10, columns = 10;

print_rectangle(rows, columns); //Method call

1 2 3 4 5 */ 

int rows = sc.nextInt(); 

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.print(j + " "); //Print j value and space

Floyd's Triangle Pattern

This pattern is created by printing a triangle of numbers, starting from 1 and incrementing the value by 1 for each row. However, the numbers are printed in a specific order, as shown in the example below:

/*Number Pattern 20 (Floyd's Triangle)

11 12 13 14 15  */

int i, j, k = 1;

for (j = 1; j < i + 1; j++) {

System.out.print(k++ + " "); /Floyd’s triangle logic(prints K value and increments on every iteration)

Pascal's Triangle  

It involves creating a triangular pattern of numbers that follow a specific mathematical rule. This pattern can be created with a nested loop that calculates the value of each number based on its position in the triangle.

/*Number Pattern 21 (Pascal's Triangle)

               1

             1   1

           1   2   1

         1   3   3   1

       1   4   6   4   1

     1   5  10  10   5   1 */

for (int i = 0; i < x; i++) {

int num = 1;

System.out.printf("%" + (x - i) * 2 + "s", ""); //Pascals triangle logic

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.printf("%4d", num);

num = num * (i - j) / (j + 1);

Numeric Patterns

It is another type of Java pattern program that involves printing numbers in a specific sequence or arrangement. These programs can be used to create tables, graphs, and other types of visual displays.

In Java, creating numeric patterns involves using loops for controlling the number of rows and columns and the value of the numbers printed. The program can be customized to create patterns, including multiplication tables, Fibonacci sequences, and more complex designs.

/*Number Pattern 22

if (i % 2 == 0) {

for (int j = 1; j <= rows; j++) {

System.out.print(num);

num = (num == 0) ? 1 : 0;

/*Ruby Pattern 23

   A     */

public class Ruby {

char[] alpha = { 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S',

'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z' };

int digit = 0;

String[] ruby = new String[26];

System.out.print("Input Uppercase alphabet between A to Z:");

Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);

char aplhabet = reader.next("[A-Z]").charAt(0);

for (int i = 0; i < alpha.length; i++) {

if (alpha[i] == aplhabet) {

for (int i = 0; i <= digit; i++) {

ruby[i] = "";

for (int p = 0; p < digit - i; p++) {

ruby[i] += " ";

ruby[i] += alpha[i];

if (alpha[i] != 'A') {

for (int p = 0; p < 2 * i - 1; p++) {

System.out.println(ruby[i]);

for (int i = digit - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

} catch (Exception e) { //Exception

e.printStackTrace();

} finally {

reader.close();

/*Alphabet Pattern 24

A B C D E F   */

public class Alphabet {

int alphabet = 65; //ASCII value of “A”

for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.print((char) (alphabet + j) + " "); //Logic to print Alphabet pattern

/*Alphabet Pattern 25

A B C D E  */

for (int i = 0; i <= 4; i++) {

for (int j = 4; j > i; j--) {

for (int k = 0; k <= i; k++) {

System.out.print((char) (alphabet + k) + " "); //Print Alphabet

Java Pattern Programs are useful in enhancing the analytical capabilities of a Java Developer . Practicing them will not only help you to crack the interviews but also to decode the critical, logical issues in your code.

Followed by Java Pattern Programs, you can also go through some most frequently asked Java Interview Questions tutorial so that you can be interview ready at all times.

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How to Use the Print Function in Java

Often, you'll need to print something to the console output when you're coding in Java. And the first thing that likely comes to your mind is the print function or print statement.

But very few people know about the three different print functions/statements in Java. In this article, I am going to tell you about them and show you how they work, with examples.

How to Use the println() Function in Java

The println() function adds a new line after printing the value/data inside it. Here, the suffix ln works as the newline character, \n . If you consider the following example:

You might not figure out exactly what is happening under the hood as you are printing only one line, and you get the following output:

But if you try to print several different expressions using the println() then you'll see the difference clearly!

Here, you can see that after executing the first print statement, it is adding one new line character ( \n ). So you are getting the second print statement, Welcome to freeCodeCamp , in the next line.

The whole output will be like below:

You can check out this video of mine where I talk about this println() function in detail.

But, isn't there a way of avoiding the automatically generated newline character in the print function?

YES! There is. In that case, you'll want to use the print() statement.

How to Use the print() Function in Java

For this function, let me use the example I have used just now. You should be able to see the difference right away:

Here, you see that I used print instead of using println like I did earlier. The print doesn't add the additional \n (new line character) after executing the task in it. This means that you will not get any new line after executing any print statement like above.

The output will be like this:

If you want, then you can also solve this issue using \n like below:

This time, the \n will work as the new line character and you will get the second string in a new line. The output is like below:

You can also print the two strings using only one print statement like below:

The output will be the same this time:

How to Use the printf() Function in Java

This printf() function works as a formatted print function . Think about the two scenarios given below:

Scenario 1: Your friend Tommy wants you to provide him your notebook's PDF via an email. You can simply compose an email, provide a subject as you like (such as, hey Tommy, it's Fahim). You can also avoid writing anything to the body part of the email and send that email after attaching the PDF with the email. As simple as that – you don't need to maintain any courtesy with your friend, right?

Scenario 2: You couldn't come to your class yesterday. Your professor asked you to provide the valid reasons with proof and submit the documents via an email.

Here, you can't mail your professor like you did for you friend, Tommy. In this case, you need to maintain formality and proper etiquette. You have to provide a formal and legit subject and write the necessary information in the body part. Last but not least, you have to attach your medical records with your email after renaming them with the proper naming convention. Here, you formatted your email as the authority wants!

In the printf() function, we follow the second scenario. If we want to specify any specific printing format/style, we use the printf() function.

Let me give you a short example of how this works:

Here, I am declaring a double type variable named value and I am assigning 2.3897 to it. Now when I use the println() function, it prints the whole value with the 4 digits after the radix point.

This is the output:

But after that, when I am using the printf() function, I can modify the output stream of how I want the function to print the value. Here, I am telling the function that I want exactly 2 digits to be printed after the radix point. So the function prints the rounded value up to 2 digits after the radix point.

In this type of scenario, we normally use the printf() function. But keep in mind that it has a wide variety of uses in the Java programming language. I will try to write a detailed article later based on that. 😄

In this article, I have given you a very basic idea about the difference between three print functions in Java.

Thanks for reading the entire article. If it helps you then you can also check out other articles of mine at freeCodeCamp .

If you want to get in touch with me, then you can do so using Twitter , LinkedIn , and GitHub .

You can also SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube channel (Code With FahimFBA) if you want to learn various kinds of programming languages with a lot of practical examples regularly.

If you want to check out my highlights, then you can do so at my Polywork timeline .

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Java Tutorial

Java methods, java classes, java file handling, java how to's, java reference, java examples, java print variables, display variables.

The println() method is often used to display variables.

To combine both text and a variable, use the + character:

Try it Yourself »

You can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable:

For numeric values, the + character works as a mathematical operator (notice that we use int (integer) variables here):

From the example above, you can expect:

• x stores the value 5
• y stores the value 6
• Then we use the println() method to display the value of x + y, which is 11

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

A Basic Printing Program

This section explains how to create a basic printing program that displays a print dialog and prints the text "Hello World" to the selected printer.

Printing task usually consists of two parts:

• Job control — Creating a print job, associating it with a printer, specifying the number of copies, and user print dialog interaction.
• Page Imaging — Drawing content to a page, and managing content that spans pages (pagination).

First create the printer job. The class representing a printer job and most other related classes is located in the java.awt.print package.

Next provide code that renders the content to the page by implementing the Printable interface.

An application typically displays a print dialog so that the user can adjust various options such as number of copies, page orientation, or the destination printer.

This dialog appears until the user either approves or cancels printing. The doPrint variable will be true if the user gave a command to go ahead and print. If the doPrint variable is false, the user cancelled the print job. Since displaying the dialog at all is optional, the returned value is purely informational.

If the doPrint variable is true, then the application will request that the job be printed by calling the PrinterJob.print method.

The PrinterException will be thrown if there is problem sending the job to the printer. However, since the PrinterJob.print method returns as soon as the job is sent to the printer, the user application cannot detect paper jams or paper out problems. This job control boilerplate is sufficient for basic printing uses.

The Printable interface has only one method:

The PageFormat class describes the page orientation (portrait or landscape) and its size and imageable area in units of 1/72nd of an inch. Imageable area accounts for the margin limits of most printers (hardware margin). The imageable area is the space inside these margins, and in practice if is often further limited to leave space for headers or footers.

A page parameter is the zero-based page number that will be rendered.

The following code represents the full Printable implementation:

The complete code for this example is in HelloWorldPrinter.java .

Sending a Graphics instance to the printer is essentially the same as rendering it to the screen. In both cases you need to perform the following steps:

• To draw a test string is as easy as the other operations that were described for drawing to a Graphics2D .
• Printer graphics have a higher resolution, which should be transparent to most code.
• The Printable.print() method is called by the printing system, just as the Component.paint() method is called to paint a Component on the display. The printing system will call the Printable.print() method for page 0, 1,.. etc until the print() method returns NO_SUCH_PAGE .
• The print() method may be called with the same page index multiple times until the document is completed. This feature is applied when the user specifies attributes such as multiple copies with collate option.
• The PageFormat's imageable area determines the clip area. Imageable area is also important in calculating pagination, or how to span content across printed pages, since page breaks are determined by how much can fit on each page. Note:  A call to the print() method may be skipped for certain page indices if the user has specified a different page range that does not involve a particular page index.

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The PrintWriter class of the java.io package can be used to write output data in a commonly readable form (text).

It extends the abstract class Writer .

• Working of PrintWriter

Unlike other writers, PrintWriter converts the primitive data ( int , float , char , etc.) into the text format. It then writes that formatted data to the writer.

Also, the PrintWriter class does not throw any input/output exception. Instead, we need to use the checkError() method to find any error in it.

Note : The PrintWriter class also has a feature of auto flushing. This means it forces the writer to write all data to the destination if one of the println() or printf() methods is called.

• Create a PrintWriter

In order to create a print writer, we must import the java.io.PrintWriter package first. Once we import the package here is how we can create the print writer.

1. Using other writers

• we have created a print writer that will write data to the file represented by the FileWriter
• autoFlush is an optional parameter that specifies whether to perform auto flushing or not

2. Using other output streams

• we have created a print writer that will write data to the file represented by the FileOutputStream
• the autoFlush is an optional parameter that specifies whether to perform auto flushing or not

3. Using filename

• we have created a print writer that will write data to the specified file
• the autoFlush is an optional boolean parameter that specifies whether to perform auto flushing or nor

Note : In all the above cases, the PrintWriter writes data to the file using some default character encoding. However, we can specify the character encoding ( UTF8 or UTF16 ) as well.

Here, we have used the Charset class to specify the character encoding. To know more, visit Java Charset (official Java documentation) .

Methods of PrintWriter

The PrintWriter class provides various methods that allow us to print data to the output.

• print() Method
• print() - prints the specified data to the writer
• println() - prints the data to the writer along with a new line character at the end

For example,

In the above example, we have created a print writer named output . This print writer is linked with the file output.txt .

To print data to the file, we have used the print() method.

Here when we run the program, the output.txt file is filled with the following content.

• printf() Method

The printf() method can be used to print the formatted string. It includes 2 parameters: formatted string and arguments. For example,

• I am %d years old is a formatted string
• %d is integer data in the formatted string
• 25 is an argument

The formatted string includes both text and data. And, the arguments replace the data inside the formatted string.

Hence the %d is replaced by 25 .

Example: printf() Method using PrintWriter

In the above example, we have created a print writer named output . The print writer is linked with the file output.txt .

To print the formatted text to the file, we have used the printf() method.

• Other Methods Of PrintWriter

To learn more, visit Java PrintWriter (official Java documentation) .

Table of Contents

• Introduction

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How to fix SyntaxError – ‘invalid assignment left-hand side in JavaScript’?

In JavaScript, a SyntaxError : Invalid Assignment Left-Hand Side occurs when the interpreter encounters an invalid expression or structure on the left side of an assignment operator ( = ).

This error typically arises when trying to assign a value to something that cannot be assigned, such as literals, expressions, or the result of function calls. Let’s explore this error in more detail and see how to resolve it with some examples.

Understanding an error

An invalid assignment left-hand side error occurs when the syntax of the assignment statement violates JavaScript’s rules for valid left-hand side expressions. The left-hand side should be a target that can receive an assignment like a variable, object property or any array element, let’s see some cases where this error can occur and also how to resolve this error.

Case 1: Error Cause: Assigning to Literals

When you attempt to assign a value to a literal like a number, string or boolean it will result in SyntaxError: Invalid Assignment Left-Hand Side .

Resolution of error

In this case values should be assigned to variables or expressions which will be on the left side of an equation and avoid assigning values directly to literals.

Case 2: Error Cause: Assigning to Function Calls

Assigning a value directly to the result of function call will give an invalid assignment left-hand side error.

Explanation : In this example, getX() returns a value but is not a valid target for assignment. Assignments should be made to variables, object properties, or array elements, not to the result of a function call.

Therefore, store it into a variable or at least place it on the left-hand side that is valid for assignment.

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Can't package a .java file into a runnable .jar in Eclipse [closed]

Here's a 30 second video link showing a bit more, please watch for clarification: https://youtu.be/8TXcKtBuBJw I have been trying to package up this RGB calculator file for an assignment, and it goes well until I try to run it. When I do, it simply says "A Java Exception has occurred." Not anything specific like the type of exception either. When I try to package it up in command prompt and I run the jar -cf , it says it isn't recognized as a command. I have already tried setting the .bin as a place to look for commands. I have typed a few try-catches but none of them make this happen. I would like to have this thing become a runnable jar and run, and I don't know if it's not working because of the code or something else. Any way to package this thing up into a jar will be helpful. Here's the code as well:

• "A Java Exception has occurred" sounds a lot like you wrote that; nothing in java would produce that useless an error message. You probably wrote lots of catch (SomeException e) { System.out.println("A java exception has occurred.");} - do not do this . main can, and should, be declared as throws Exception . Throw exceptions you can't handle onward - printing that is not handling it. If you can't, throw new RuntimeException("uncaught", e); is the right way. Then you'll know what's wrong. –  rzwitserloot Commented Aug 8 at 2:16
• Got to say it's pretty pointless to follow tutorials that are encouraging you to use AWT gui components. If you like 'old school' it would be more fun to learn to ride a 'penny farthing' –  g00se Commented Aug 9 at 12:57
• @g00se I have to use them for my assignment I would use other options if i could –  Corrupted_RainbowGuy Commented Aug 9 at 18:56
• @rzwitserloot I didn't code any of that in here, I handled them by making a popup window that told the user to input the right thing. –  Corrupted_RainbowGuy Commented Aug 9 at 18:57
• @Corrupted_RainbowGuy The thing is, somebody emitted that ridiculous error message and I highly doubt it's java itself. –  rzwitserloot Commented Aug 9 at 20:08

Browse other questions tagged java eclipse exception jar or ask your own question .

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