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How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 4): Bibliographies with BibLaTeX

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

Author: Josh Cassidy (August 2013)

This five-part series of articles uses a combination of video and textual descriptions to teach the basics of writing a thesis using LaTeX. These tutorials were first published on the original ShareLateX blog site during August 2013; consequently, today's editor interface (Overleaf) has changed considerably due to the development of ShareLaTeX and the subsequent merger of ShareLaTeX and Overleaf. However, much of the content is still relevant and teaches you some basic LaTeX—skills and expertise that will apply across all platforms.

In the previous post we looked at using images and tables in our thesis. In this post we are going to look at adding a bibliography to our thesis. To do this we are going to use the biblatex package . This involves creating a list of sources in a separate file called a .bib file.

The Bib File

When we create this file we need to choose a name for it and save it as a .bib file rather than a .tex file.

Now every time we need to reference a source we can cite it in the text and then fill in the source details in the .bib file. First we'll look at filling in our .bib file and then we'll move on to discussing citations. To add a new entry to our .bib file we need to first tell BibLaTeX what type of source we are referencing. We do this using an @ symbol followed immediately by the source type.

Then comes an opening curly bracket and a citation key of our choice followed by a comma. We then need to tell it all the details it wants for that particular type of source. We do this using a list of keywords each followed by an equals sign and the corresponding information in curly brackets. Items in the list are separated by commas. Each recognised source type has a list of required details which we must provide. But we'll often want to give more details. For example, for an article entry we need to use the author , title , journaltitle and year or date keywords. For an online source we need to use the author or editor , title , year or date and url keywords, and finally for a book it's the author , title and year or date keywords. Here's an example of what they might look like filled-in:

All of the information about the recognised source types and all the keywords you can use can be found in the biblatex documentation .

Now let's return to the main .tex file. To set it up for a bibliography we need to load up the biblatex package using the \usepackage command. Also in the preamble we need to specify which .bib files we want to use by calling the \addbibresource command and entering the file name in the curly brackets including the .bib extension.

Now let's look at citations. To cite a source in the text we use one of the biblatex citation commands. The simplest is the \cite command which prints the citation without any brackets unless you are using the numeric or alphabetic styles. We'll discuss styles a little later on. For example we may cite a source in the text like this:

Another one is the \parencite command which prints citations in parentheses except when using the numeric or alphabetic styles when it uses square brackets. There are more citation commands available to you which again can be found in the biblatex documentation .

The citation commands in biblatex also give us the option of adding a prenote and postnote in as arguments:

• a prenote is a word or phrase like "see" that is inserted at the start of the citation;
• a postnote is text you want inserted at the end of the citation.

To add these notes in you uses two sets of square brackets in the citation command. If you only open one set of square brackets it will assume the contents of the brackets is a postnote , so if you only want a prenote make sure you still open the second set of square brackets and then just leave them empty. Here are some examples:

Now to actually get the bibliography printed in our thesis we use the \printbibliography command at the end of the document. By default the bibliography and citations use the numeric style which looks like this:

To change the style we pass more arguments into the \usepackage command in square brackets. For example this specifies the alphabetic style:

Which looks like this:

And this is the authoryear style:

Another thing we can change here is the way the bibliography is ordered. For example this sorts entries by year , name , title :

While this doesn't sort them at all but displays them in the order they are cited.

More information about the numerous styles and sorting options available can be found in the biblatex documentation . This concludes our discussion on adding a bibliography. In the final post of this series we'll look at customising some of the opening pages.

All articles in this series

• Part 1: Basic Structure ;
• Part 2: Page Layout ;
• Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables ;
• Part 4: Bibliographies with BibLaTeX ;
• Part 5: Customising Your Title Page and Abstract .
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Citation Guide: How to cite UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

• APA General Guidelines
• Citing Common Resources
• MLA General Guidelines
• Author/Editor ASA Format
• Basic ASA Rules
• How to cite AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIALS
• How to cite BOOKS, eBOOKS, and CHAPTERS
• How to cite ENCYCLOPEDIAS
• How to cite MAGAZINES
• How to cite JOURNALS
• How to cite NEWSPAPERS
• How to cite PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
• How to cite WEBSITES
• In-text Citations
• Citation Software - Zotero

Theses and Dissertations

Note :       Note number. Author First Last Name, “Title” (Type of dissertation, Location of Publisher, Year of Pub.), pages cited, URL or database (if online).

Sample Note :

      43. Afrah Daaimah Richmond, “Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism in the Long Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliff, 1945-1990” (PhD diss., New York University, 2011), 211-12, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

Bibliography :

Author Last, First Name. “Title.” Type of Dissertation, Location of Publisher, Year of Pub. URL or database (if online).

Sample Citation :

Culcasi, Karen Leigh. “Cartographic Representations of Kurdistan in the Print Media.” Master’s Thesis, Syracuse University, 2003.

Lectures or Papers presented at a meeting

Note number. Author First Last Name, “Title” (Sponsor, Location, Year). URL or database (if online).

43. Irineu de Carvalho Filho and Renato P. Colistete, “Education Performance: Was it All Determined 100 Years Ago? Evidence from Sao Paulo, Brazil” (Paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Economic History Association, Evanston, IL, September 24-26, 2010). http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24494/1/MPRA_paper_24494.pdf.

Bibliograpyy :

Author Last, First Name. “Title of Speech or lecture.” Sponsor, Location, Year. URL or database (if online).

Crane, Gregory R. “Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital World.” Lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16, 2011.

Carvalho Filho, Irineu de, and Renato P. Colistete. “Education Performance: Was it All Determined 100 Years Ago? Evidence from Sao Paulo, Brazil.” Paper presented at the 70 th annual meeting of the Economic History Association, Evanston, IL, September 24-26, 2010. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24494/1/MPRA_paper_24494.pdf.

• Last Updated: Sep 3, 2024 4:21 PM
• URL: https://utahtech.libguides.com/citationguide

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universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.title

universalSourceForm.overwrites.thesis.intro.text,universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.text

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains a reference example for an unpublished dissertation or thesis.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

• Parenthetical citation : (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation : Harris (2014)
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples .

Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

APA 7th Edition Style Guide: Unpublished Manuscripts/Informal Publications (i.e. course packets and dissertations)

• About In-text Citations
• In-Text Examples
• What to Include
• Volume/Issue
• Bracketed Descriptions
• URLs and DOIs
• Book with Editor(s)
• Book with No Author
• Book with Organization as Author
• Book with Personal Author(s)
• Chapters and Parts of Books
• Classical Works
• Course Materials
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Multi-Volume Works
• Newspaper Article
• Patents & Laws
• Personal Communication
• Physicians' Desk Reference
• Social Media

Unpublished Manuscripts/Informal Publications (i.e. course packets and dissertations)

• Formatting Your Paper
• Formatting Your References
• Annotated Bibliography
• Headings in APA
• APA Quick Guide
• Submit your Paper for APA Review

Formatting your References

Once you type your references on the reference page, you will need to put in a hanging indent and double-space the entire reference list. In Microsoft Word, highlight the references from A to Z, then find the paragraph function in the Word ribbon. Select Hanging under Indentation and Double under spacing. See the Formatting your References tab for instructions on doing this on a Mac or in Google Docs.

Abbas, D. D. F. (2020). Manipulating of audio-visual aids in the educational processes in Al-Hilla University College. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24 (3), 1248-1263. https://doi.org.db12.linccweb.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr200875

Cite previously published material	(Hirsh & Rangan, 2013).	(1), 21-23.
Cite unpublished or unattributed material (author listed)	(Bronson, 2013).	Bronson, E. (2013). Table of company earnings by growth rate. In F. Harber (Comp.),  (pp. 15-16). Indian River State College.
Cite unpublished or unattributed material (no author)	("Table of company," 2013).	Table of company earnings by growth rate. (2013). In F. Harber (Comp.),  pp. 15-16. Fort Pierce, FL: Indian River State College.
Cite unpublished dissertation or thesis	(Skidmore, 2017).	Skidmore, K. L. (2017). (Unpublished master's thesis). Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Cite a dissertation published in a subscription database	(Woods, 2014).	Woods, S. (2014). (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Criminal Justice Database. (Order No. 3665295)

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• Last Updated: Sep 3, 2024 11:32 AM
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Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

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Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

• NPS Dudley Knox Library
• Research Guides

Citation Guide

• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
• Examples & Rules
• Zotero Examples
• Examples & Rules
• BibTeX Code
• Other Styles
• Generative AI

  BIBTEX NPS Template v2.6 and earlier: Code Examples (Click  here  if you are using version 2.7 or above)

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

Blog

Blog

Always check your output against the . Use misc class. @misc{locke_2020,   author        = "J. Locke",   title         = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic",   month         = "Dec. 22,",   year          = "2020",   howpublished  = "Thing’s Credible!, blog",    url           = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html" }

Chapter in Edited Book
Book Chapter One author, two editors	Always check your output against the . Use incollection class. @incollection{haynes_2009,   author        = "P. Haynes",   editor        = "D. Moran and J. A. Russel",   title         = "Al-{Q}aeda, oil dependence, and {U.S.} foreign policy",   booktitle     = "Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management",   publisher     = "Routledge",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   year          = "2009",   pages         = "62--77" }
Electronic Book
DOI or URL	Always check your output against the . Use ebook entry, with howpublished and URL declarations. @ebook{bonds_2014,   author        = "M. E. Bonds",   title         = "Absolute Music: The History of an Idea",   howpublished  = "Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2014.",   url           = "https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004" }
From book provider	Always check your output against the . Normal ebook entry, with howpublished decorations. @ebook{krishnan_2008,   author        = "A. Krishnan",   title         = "War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting",   howpublished  = "Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Kindle edition" }
Print Book
One author	Always check your output against the . Normal use of book class. @book{pollan_2006,   author        = "M. Pollan",   title         = "The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals",   publisher     = "Penguin",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2006" }
Two authors with edition number	Always check your output against the . Normal use of book class. @book{strindberg_warn_2011,   author        = "A. Strindberg and M. Wärn",   title         = " Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance",   publisher     = "John Wiley and Sons",   address       = "Hoboken, NJ, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2011" }
Section (in a series, portion, volume)
In a series	Always check your output against the . Not just a book, but a part of a book portion (since there is page range), so the inbook class is more appropriate. If there were no pages, we could use book. @inbook{abramowitz_64,   editor        = "M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun",   title         = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions",   series        = "Applied Mathematics Series 55",   publisher     = "NBS",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   pages         = "32--33",   year          = "1964" }
Portion	Always check your output against the . Normal use of inbook. @inbook{orend_2013,   author        = "B. Orend",   title         = "Morality of War",   publisher     = "Broadview Press",   address       = "Tonawanda, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2013",   chapter       = "2, sec.\ 3",   pages         = "67--70" }
Volume	Always check your output against the . Normal use of incollection for a chapter in a volume of collected works. @incollection{myer_77,   author        = "R. L. Myer",   editor        = "P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret",   title         = "Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials",   booktitle     = "Nonlinear Optics",   publisher     = "Academic Press",   address       = "San Francisco, CA, USA",   year          = "1977",   volume        = "4",   pages         = "47--160" }

Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop	Always check your output against the . Use misc @misc{NPS_notes_2013,   title         = "New applications in computational mechanics",   organization  = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School",   howpublished  = "class notes for Computational Mechanics",   address       = "Monterey, CA, USA",   year          = "spring 2013" }
Computer Program / Software	Always check your output against the . Normal software entry. Note "and" between multiple authors. @software{comprehensive_2005,   author        = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein",   address       = "Englewood, NJ, USA",   title         = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis",   howpublished  = "ver. 2",   year          = "2005",   url           = "http://www.meta-analysis.com" }
Conference Proceedings (online)	Always check your output against the .     Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors. @inproceedings{morentz_2009,   author        = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam",   title         = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}",   booktitle     = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security",   year          = "2009",   url           = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032" }
Conference Proceedings (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of inproceedings class. @inproceedings{katz_2007,   author        = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan",   title         = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras",   booktitle     = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.",   year          = "2007",   pages         = "133--203" }
Paper Presented at a Conference Unpublished	Always check your output against the . Use misc.  Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title. @misc{kirby_2013,   author        = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton",   title         = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts",   howpublished  = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference",   address       = "Big Sky, MT, USA",   year          = "2013" }

Database Published	Always check your output against the . Normal use of electronic class. @electronic{nsa_ipac_2012,   author        = "{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}",   organization  = "Object name IRAS F00400+4059",   url           = "http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/",   note          = "Accessed Dec. 10, 2012" }
Dictionary / Encyclopedia	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, placing most elements in howpublished. Note italics on dictionary name. @misc{merriam_2017,   title         = "Metamorphosis",   howpublished  = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017},   url           = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis" }
Fact Sheet	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, placing most elements in howpublished. Note italics on title. @misc{texas_2015,   author        = "{Texas Instruments}",   howpublished  = {\emph{LM555 timer}, SNAS548D, 2015},   url           = "https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf" }

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

-->

Directive
Directive	Always check your output against the . Follow the manual style. Note use of "Online" if found online. @manual{dod_5000.1,   title         = "The Defense Acquisition System",   howpublished  = "DOD Directive 5000.1",   organization  = "Under Secretary of Defense (AT\&L)",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   year          = "2003.",   url           = "http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/ DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf" }
Doctrine
Doctrine	Always check your output against the . Follow the manual style. Note use of "Online" if found online. @manual{JP1,   title         = "Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States",   howpublished  = "JP-1",   organization  = "Joint Chiefs of Staff",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   year          = "2017.",   url           = "https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf" }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	Always check your output against the . Follow the manual style. We add the section range as a note, since its not a normal page range. @manual{sniper_2011,   title         = "Sniper Training",   howpublished  = "FM 23-10",   organization  = "U.S. Dept. of the Army",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   year          = "1995",   url           = "https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10\%2894\%29.pdf" }
Government Report
CRS or GAO Report	Always check your output against the . Variant of misc class. @misc{erwin_2011,   author        = "M. C. Erwin",   title         = "Intelligence issues for Congress",   address       = "Washington, DC: USA",   howpublished  = "CRS Report No. RL33539",   year          = "2011.",   url           = "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf" }
NEED CODE for  White House. National Security Strategy
Instruction
Instruction	Always check your output against the . Follow the manual style. @manual{instruction_1000.01,   title         = "Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention",   howpublished  = "DOD Instruction 1000.01",   organization  = "Department of Defense",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   year          = "2012",   pages         = "1-1, 1-10" }
Memorandum
Memorandum	Always check your output against the . Variant of misc class. Notice escaping for special characters in URL. @misc{takai_2013,   author        = "T. M. Takai",   title         = "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the {D}epartment of {D}efense",   address       = "Washington, DC: USA",   howpublished  = "official memorandum,  {D}epartment of {D}efense, Washington, DC, USA",   year          = "2013.",   url           = "http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28\%20Adoption\%20of\%20the\%20NIEM\%20within\%20the\%20DoD.pdf" }

Print	Always check your output against the . Follows the manual style.  @manual{transmission_comm_85,   title         = "Transmission Systems for Communications",   edition       = "3rd",   organization  = "Western Elect. Co.",   address       = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA",   year          = "1985",   pages         = "44--60" }

Online	Always check your output against the . Article entry populated with URL in year field. @article{sanico_2018,   author        = "G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka",   title         = "Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support",   journal       = "Def. \& Peace Econ.",   volume        = "19",   number        = "2",   year          = "2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419",   month         = Apr }
Print	Always check your output against the . Normal use of article class. @article{wang_2014,   author        = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao",   title         = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging",   journal       = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.",   volume        = "29",   number        = "25",   month         = mar,   year          = "2014",   pages         = "12--17" }

Legislative Document	--> Always check your output against the . Variant of electronic with strange authors, use journal field to put title in italics. @electronic{congress_1991,   author        = "{U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session}",   journal       = "H. Con. Res. 1, To Express the Sense of the Congress That Congress Must Approve Any Offensive Military Action Against Iraq",   year          = "1991",   month         = "Jan. 11",   url           = "https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/1?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22h.+con.+res.+1% 22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1" }
Public Law Published in the	Always check your output against the . Variant of electronic with strange authors, most information in howpublished. @electronic{americans_1991,   author        = "{Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990}",   howpublished  = "42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991" }

Google Map	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. @misc{Google_2017,   author        = "Google",   title         = "Monterey Bay",   month         = "Accessed Jul. 6, 2017.",   url           = "https://www.google.com/maps/ place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/data= !3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311" }

Online	Always check your output against the . Use misc, entering "Online" in year. Note period and comma in month. @misc{linguine_2016,   author        = "L. Linguine",   title         = "Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair",   journal       = "Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly",   year          = "2016",   month         = "Jul. 15,",   url           = "http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/" }
Print	Always check your output against the . Variant of misc. Use italics in howpublished and comma in month. @misc{stulberg_2016,   author        = "J. Stulberg",   title         = "The art of creating crossword puzzles",   howpublished  = "\emph{The New York Times}",   year          = "2016",   month         = "Jul. 15," }

Patent	Always check your output against the . Normal use of patent class. @patent{bell_1876,   author        = "A. G. Bell",   title         = "Improvement in telegraphy",   nationality   = "United States",   number        = "174465",   day           = "7",   month         = Mar,   year          = "1876",   url           = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465" }

	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009,   author        = "R. Ajanlekoko",   howpublished  = "private communication",   year          = "2009",   month         = "Sep." }

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, placing a lot of info in howpublished. @misc{dixon_2017,   author        = "L. Dixon and N. Clancy and B. M. Miller and S. Hoegberg and M. M. Lewis and {B. Bender et al.}",   title         = "The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City",   howpublished   = "RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC",   year          = "2017",   url           = "https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/ RAND_RR1776.pdf" }
Technical Report
Technical Report Author given (online)	Always check your output against the . Use techreport class. @techreport{effendi_2009,   author        = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson",   title         = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella",   institution   = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address       = "Madison, WI, USA",   number        = "17-59",   year          = "2009",   url           = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html" }
Technical Report Author given (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of techreport class. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012,   author        = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov",   title         = "The absorption rate of E. coli in cats",   institution   = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address       = "Madison, WI, USA",   number        = "17-59",   year          = "2012" }
Technical Report Organization as author (online)	Always check your output against the . (Mis)use techreport class, place address in institution declaration. @techreport{national_toxicology_2012,   author        = "{National Toxicology Program}",   title         = "Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}",   institution   = "Washington, DC, USA",   number        = "TR-576",   year          = "2012",   url           = "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html" }

Standard	Standard: Always check your output against the . Standards fit well with manual class. @manual{standard_1968,   title         = "Letter Symbols for Quantities",   howpublished  = "ANSI Standard Y10.5",   year          = "1968" }

Dissertation (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of phdthesis class. @phdthesis{rivera_2010,   author        = "J. Rivera",   title         = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems",   school        = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.",   address       = "Cambridge, MA, USA",   year          = "2010" }
Thesis From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	Always check your output against the . Use mastersthesis class. Enter "M.S. thesis" in type field. If online, enter "Online" in  year declaration. @mastersthesis{Moon_1993,   author        = "T. D. Moon",   title         = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam",   school        = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS",   address       = "Monterey, CA, USA",   type          = "M.S. thesis",   year          = "1993",   url           = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694" }

Unpublished Work Accepted for publication	Always check your output against the . Normal use of unpublished class. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub,   author        = "R. Briscoe",   title         = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception",   note          = "unpublished" }

Author and date given	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. @misc{Roth_2017,   author        = "R. Roth",   title         = "75 years ago, the {D}oolittle {R}aid changed history",   howpublished  = "CNN",   month         = "Apr. 18,",    year          = "2017",   url           = "http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html" }
Organization as author	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Use brackets around organization as author. @misc{FBI_2017,   author        = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}},   title         = {Forging papers to sell fake art},   month         = "Apr. 6,",    year          = "2017",   url           = "https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art" }
Organization as author, no date given	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, using double brackets around author to retain capitalization, entering period in title, entering "online" in howpublished. @misc{dep_defense_2017,   author        = {{Department of Defense}},   title         = {{About the Department of Defense (DOD).}},   howpublished  = "Accessed Apr. 18, 2017",    url           = "https://www.defense.gov/About/" }
Janes example	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, placing many elements in howpublished. @misc{Janes_2017,   title         = "Mali: Executive summary",   howpublished = {Jane's, May 31, 2017},   url           = "https://customer.janes.com/" }

Wikipedia	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, placing many elements in howpublished. Note italics command for "Wikipedia." @misc{wiki_2016,   title         = "Psychology",   howpublished  = {\emph{Wikipedia}. Accessed May 17, 2011},   url           = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" }

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

Always check your output against the . Misc works well, placing many elements in howpublished. @misc{sushi_2021,   author        = "U. Q. Sushi",   title         = "Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space",   howpublished  = "working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron, Pierre, SD, USA, 2021",   url           = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" }

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How to cite a published phd dissertation in bibtex using @phdthesis.

I have the following entry. But when I cite it in my paper, I keep getting "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" showing up in the entry. As far as I can tell there's no field to specify publishing information, so how do I get rid of this message?

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The 14 BibTeX entry types

Possibly the most difficult aspect of using BibTeX to manage bibliographies is deciding what entry type to use for a reference source. We list all the 14 BibTeX entry types including their description on when to use.

An article from a journal, magazine, newspaper, or periodical.

A book where the publisher is clearly identifiable.

A printed work that is bound, but does not have a clearly identifiable publisher or supporting institution.

An article that has been included in conference proceedings. See inproceedings for details.

A section, such as a chapter, or a page range within a book.

• incollection

A titled section of a book. Such as a short story within the larger collection of short stories that make up the book.

• inproceedings

A paper that has been published in conference proceedings. The usage of conference and inproceedings is the same. The conference entry was included for Scribe compatibility.

A technical manual for a machine software such as would come with a purchase to explain operation to the new owner.

• mastersthesis

A thesis written for the Master’s level degree.

Used if none of the other entry types quite match the source. Frequently used to cite web pages, but can be anything from lecture slides to personal notes.

A thesis written for the PhD level degree.

• proceedings

A conference proceeding.

An institutionally published report such as a report from a school, a government organization, an organization, or a company. This entry type is also frequently used for white papers and working papers.

• unpublished

A document that has not been officially published such as a paper draft or manuscript in preparation.

Bibtex Citation Generator

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Popular BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Website in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a website using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Additional BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Court case in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Email in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an email using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Interview in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Song in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a song using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite The Bible in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

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How to cite a senior project in BibTeX

I want to cite a senior project of a student in my thesis. However, I don't really have much information about the student.

I know, the title of his work, his name , his university and the link to the pdf file. I know that it is a senior project, because the link is something like

university.edu/.../SeniorProject_NameSurname.pdf

What should the BibTeX code be for this situation?

Thanks in advance.

• Do you know the year when it was published? If so, it's a good idea to include it in the citation. –  Federico Poloni Commented Jun 27, 2015 at 9:02

2 Answers 2

When I'm not sure about citation format, I usually use Google Scholar to create it for me.

BibTeX code will look similar to this:

If your style does not have the 'url' parameter, then 'note' is usually used for this purpose.

And as Aleksandr Blekh pointed out, it's good to look in the list of possible BibTeX entries and choose the right format (phdthesis, article, book etc.).

Otherwise, for creating and editing larger citation "databases" I use JabRef . And lately I've found a simple online program for creating BibTeX citations too.

• I searched the title, and google scholar had no results. I found the study by googling on web. Can google Scholar create a bibtex code, even if it doesn't have it in search results? –  ThePortakal Commented Jun 26, 2015 at 23:11
• AFAIK it can't, but you can write it according to the one I've added to my answer. And, by the way, I don't think this is a suitable question for Academia. It should belong to tex.stackexchange.com . –  Eenoku Commented Jun 26, 2015 at 23:14
• 3 Actually, the phdthesis reference type would be wrong in this case (perhaps, you didn't pay enough attention to or misunderstood the question's circumstances). The OP wants to cite a project in their thesis , not to cite a thesis somewhere else. Therefore, the reference type should IMHO be either unpublished , or misc (see this document ). –  Aleksandr Blekh Commented Jun 27, 2015 at 0:40
• 1 @AleksandrBlekh Oh, my mistake, I mixed up a senior project with a final thesis, in my country it's sometimes called in a similar way. I'll correct my answer and add your link to it. –  Eenoku Commented Jun 27, 2015 at 8:47

While a BibTeX code per se, obviously, is limited to including fields for only known parameters of the reference, the exact code for citation formatting would significantly depend on the required (or desired) publication style , which you haven't mentioned. For some help with the customizing your bibliography's look for your needs, please see links and references in my related answer .

• What's the difference in the code of citations? AFAIK the code is still the same, only the appearance of citations is changed according to the publication style used. –  Eenoku Commented Jun 27, 2015 at 8:53
• @MartinBeseda: The "appearance of citations", which in my answer I referred to as "citation formatting", is an essential part of bibliography. It is important to make sure the formatting style matches the one, recommended in a particular publication style guide. Thus, there might be a need to customize the style, using LaTeX code for formatting (style) as well, hence my answer. –  Aleksandr Blekh Commented Jun 27, 2015 at 18:09

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Institute Name in @masterthesis Citations

I need to cite master thesis and the lecture notes into a document. But the problem with @masterthesis and @unpublished citations is they don't print an institution name in the pdflatex output of bibliography.

I get this bibliography output:

[1] Fris. Bike Model. XXX, 2016. [2] Koch. “Electrical Engineering Book”. Lecture Notes. 2015.

Any suggestions, how we can also print an institute name?

• 3 What kind of bibliography package do you use? Do you really use biblatex as your tagging suggests? Please consider adding an MWE so we can see how you are creating your bibliography, a solution may very well depend on your setup. In biblatex you'll have to use institution for the @thesis type, but school is still supported as an alias. –  moewe Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 11:21
• There is a , missing after bhgt –  samcarter_is_at_topanswers.xyz Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 14:51

2 Answers 2

• Use @master s thesis (with an s after master ) instead of @masterthesis (which doesn’t exist and probably defaults to some other type), then school will appear.

The entry type @unpublished doesn’t support school , so I’d suggest using note instead, as is recommended in the biblatex documentation:

Use the fields howpublished and note to supply additional information in free format, if applicable.

You could also use the field addendum , which would appear at the very end.

It would probably be more proper and clean to redefine the output of @unpublished to include school / institution , but as a one-off solution, this should be fine.

Here’s the output:

As a side note: The official field names in biblatex are institution , not school ; and location , not address , but the latter ones do work as aliases.

• Thanks. It Works. @doncherry But all other bibliography entries are without " " and in italic form. Adding s in @masterthesis and note in @unpublished have made the text normal (instead of italic) and covered it with " " (it is also shown in the output you have posted). –  Yousaf Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 17:07
• Author names are in normal form but all titles are in italic form. –  Yousaf Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 17:16
• @ArslanYousaf @unpublished is quoted and upright in your MWE as well. You could change the type to @misc to get it in italics. @mastersthesis is indeed printed more like an @article than like a @book . You could add \DeclareFieldFormat[thesis]{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}} in the preamble to change that. –  doncherry Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 17:18

Quick and dirty, using bibtex together with natbib :

• Thanks. It has worked. But why do we need to write all text within "" ? @Denis –  Yousaf Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 14:43
• 1 @ArslanYousaf Either that or {Name}, . –  Johannes_B Commented Oct 18, 2016 at 14:45

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