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Human Resources Management Theories, Policies and Practices: A Review of Literature

Profile image of Olive Egbuta

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480) matrix, we empirically explore the state of the art in human resource management (HRM) research. The data were obtained through a questionnaire directed to HRM scholars all over the world, in which they were asked about their particular theoretical and methodological approaches. The evidence obtained shows clearly that HRM scholars are progressively abandoning the universalistic perspective and completing their models with contingent and contextual variables. Trying to classify the different contributions proposed and discuss their integration, HRM is described as a field of research with three dimensions: subfunctional, strategic and international. The paper concludes that to provide reliable explanations and valid responses to professional problems, HRM research must advance simultaneously in these three dimensions. As follows from our analysis, there are certain HR issues that still need to be addressed: (1) the strategic use of HR practices, (2) their international applicability, (3) global HR strategies and (4) the synergic integration of HR activities. Nevertheless, to advance our knowledge in these issues, it seems necessary to integrate previous research in subfunctional, strategic and international aspects of HRM.

(F2G-HN) Nguyen Tien Minh Quan

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Drawing on Snow and Thomas's (Journal of Management Studies, 31 (1994), pp. 457–480) matrix, we empirically explore the state of the art in human resource management (HRM) research. The data were obtained through a questionnaire directed to HRM scholars all over the world, in which they were asked about their particular theoretical and methodological approaches. The evidence obtained shows clearly that HRM scholars are progressively abandoning the universalistic perspective and completing their models with contingent and contextual variables. Trying to classify the different contributions proposed and discuss their integration, HRM is described as a field of research with three dimensions: subfunctional, strategic and international. The paper concludes that to provide reliable explanations and valid responses to professional problems, HRM research must advance simultaneously in these three dimensions. As follows from our analysis, there are certain HR issues that still need to be addressed: (1) the strategic use of HR practices, (2) their international applicability, (3) global HR strategies and (4) the synergic integration of HR activities. Nevertheless, to advance our knowledge in these issues, it seems necessary to integrate previous research in subfunctional, strategic and international aspects of HRM.

Human Resource Management Theories: Evaluation of their Significance on People Management Practices in Competitive Organisations

Makara Arthur

Abstract Human resources are at the centre of management of contemporary organisations in order for them to be both resilient to change and competitive. Managing people requires to be grounded in the attendant theories of Human Resources Management (HRM), hence the concept of Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM). Whereas theories exist, there has been limited linkage of people management strategies and these theories. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate HRM theories and their significance in HRM in competitive organisation. Eleven (11) HRM theories were evaluated, and their strategic role in HRM documented. In addition, their strengths and weaknesses were also developed. It was concluded that HRM theories are very relevant and essential in SHRM in competitive organisations and all HRM ought to understand their relevance and applicability in people management for their organisations to be competitive. Keywords: human resources, theories, competitive organisations, human resources management

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Book Title: Human Resource Management

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Book Description: Human Resource Management teaches HRM strategies and theories that any manager—not just those in HR—needs to know about recruiting, selecting, training, and compensating people. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

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Human Resource Management is adapted from a work produced by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

Human Resource Management Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Beginning Management of Human Resources

(24 reviews)

human resource management research pdf

Copyright Year: 2016

ISBN 13: 9781946135117

Publisher: University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing

Language: English

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Reviewed by Steve Custer, Professor, Oakland City University on 11/17/23

This text covered a wide range of HR competencies. At first, I was not expecting to find such a comprehensive text, particularly in light of the fact that the copyright was 2016 - well before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, I was pleasantly... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This text covered a wide range of HR competencies. At first, I was not expecting to find such a comprehensive text, particularly in light of the fact that the copyright was 2016 - well before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, I was pleasantly surprised and found the material to cover the subject matter quite well.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

I found the text to contain a high degree of accuracy in addressing the fundamental elements of human resource management inherent to most organizations.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

Aside from some name changes in functional areas that have occurred in recent years (safety and health to risk management, compensation and benefits to total rewards, training and development to learning and development - just to name a few), the essence of the content remains pertinent to today's organizational culture.

Clarity rating: 5

This text was easy to read and should be very understandable to both undergraduate and graduate students in either traditional or adult learner formats.

Consistency rating: 5

The text was consistent in its definitions of the functional areas of HRM and in the resources provided.

Modularity rating: 5

It would be very reasonable to devise a schedule of learning activities from the contents of this text.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

This material is grouped in a logical fashion and could be tailored to fit a variety of course delivery options.

Interface rating: 5

This reader did not experience any issues in this regard.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

This reader did not note any grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The text places a priority on respecting diversity and devotes significant coverage to this important realm.

As a certified HR professional, I found this text helpful in guiding students to a greater understanding of human resource management.

human resource management research pdf

Reviewed by Sungdoo Kim, Associate Professor, Northeastern Illinois University on 5/9/23

It covers all major HR topics. It even includes chapters on communication and motivation that are not typically included in traditional HRM textbooks. One issue, though, it is too lean on some major topics like job analysis, HR planning, benefits,... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

It covers all major HR topics. It even includes chapters on communication and motivation that are not typically included in traditional HRM textbooks. One issue, though, it is too lean on some major topics like job analysis, HR planning, benefits, pay policy, incentive (pay for contribution).

I do not see any issues in accuracy.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 2

I think the biggest issue with this book is the content update. As the role of HR is complying with and adapting to rapidly changing work environment like new legislations, new developments in training and staffing, etc., it is critical that HR book needs to be updated frequently. That being said, given so many benefits open books can offer students, I think instructors can supply up-to-date knowledge through separate materials (exercise, cases, assignments, news articles), supplementing the book.

The book is written in an easy to understanding manner with many real-world examples. Those who have a difficulty understanding traditional textbook would have a better time with this book as it focuses less on abstract concepts but more on practical use of those concepts.

Yes, this book is well organized from the start to the end, starting with the broad overview of HRM and trends to end with topics such as labor relations and international HR which is typical in other HRM textbooks. The book is consistent across all the chapters in terms of its components (topic discussions, key takeaway, cases, and team activity).

Each chapter consists of several sub units that are well fit together and help readers understand the topic in a step-by-step manner. At the end of each chapter, key takeaway section looks like a good wrap-up and the cases and team activity assignments are very useful in teaching students hands-on knowledge.

Each chapter is presented in a logical, clear fashion.

Interface rating: 4

I do not see any glaring issues on this, though I think they may use more images to illustrate hear and there.

No grammatical errors noticed.

No issues on this aspect. Actually, this book, unlike other traditional HRM books spend more space on diversity and multiculturalism (see ch.3).

Reviewed by Robert Eliason, Lecturer, James Madison University on 4/12/23

This professionally prepared textbook offers a wide overview of the management of Human Resources. Although over 10 years old, the book is up-to-date enough to serve as a primary textbook or a supplemental resource for a Human Resource Management... read more

This professionally prepared textbook offers a wide overview of the management of Human Resources. Although over 10 years old, the book is up-to-date enough to serve as a primary textbook or a supplemental resource for a Human Resource Management class. This text covers a wide range of topics in the Human Resource Management field. Created as a published textbook, it has examples, illustrations, pictures, graphs, and charts to enhance the content. It generally covers tests, assessments, and software but does not go into specific tools in these areas. The text fails to provide an index or glossary.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The overall content is high quality and free of errors. It has a quality fitting a professional textbook in the HRM field. Being over a decade old, it does not reflect Generation Z or many minority groups in society.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 3

The text was written in 2011 with a publishing edition in 2016. The publisher does not want to receive attribution. Updates and improvements are not likely. The content remains basically sound but fails to include any content from the last decade. Additional content could easily be added and fit into the framework provided.

Clarity rating: 4

The text does contain a large amount of technical language that is well defined and easily understood. Key terms are bolded but the text is not consistent in providing definitions nor is there a directory of key terms with definitions.

As a professionally constructed textbook, it is well organized with chapters that are all structured on the same order, layout, and boxes.

The text is structured with defined chapters and subchapters allowing the content to be delivered in any order desired. Each chapter is followed by cases and problems related to that chapter. The text provides a summary at the end of each chapter.

The chapters do flow in an acceptable structure that has special topics at the front, follows employee paths from recruitment to termination, and then adds additional topics at the end. It could have been structured better if it gathered relevant topics together. The text does make it easy to assign chapters in a more logical order.

Links to videos mostly work. Clearly the book was created as a printed text so navigation within the text does not work. Links to other sections in the text do not work in the PDF version.

The text contains no grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

The text does discuss diversity and multiculturalism. The photos throughout the book largely portray white males and females in workplace settings.

This textbook would work well as a supplemental source or as a primary text if you add additional content to bring it up-to-date.

Reviewed by Donala Kawaauhau, Associate Professor, Hawaii Community College on 12/12/22

The text covers all topics associated with the appropriate performance of a Human Resource Manager. It also introduces the reader to additional elements associated with strategic planning and performance focused on legal compliance. read more

The text covers all topics associated with the appropriate performance of a Human Resource Manager. It also introduces the reader to additional elements associated with strategic planning and performance focused on legal compliance.

The text did a great job explaining and describing the various tasks and performance measures of and in the field of Human Resource Management. The discussion of and on racial situations were perspective based and read as an outlier in an otherwise legally driven field focused on quantifiable employee performance and compensation, but the rest of the text did an excellent job preparing its reader for and on what to expect if and when employed in the field of Human Resources or in the field of general management.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

The text provided an up to date analysis of Human Resource Management and presented the reader with tools that can assist them in their preparation for work in the field.

Clarity rating: 3

The text did an excellent job presenting multi-dimensional topics in a clear and comprehensive way. Steps were broken down and connected appropriately to assist with reader comprehension. The chapter on multiculturalism confused the clarity of the topic of EEO compliance. The topic of multiculturalism is of great importance in the field and should be discussed within the realm of equal employment expectations to ensure the avoidance of illegal activity (accidental or otherwise) in the recruiting and hiring process.

Consistency rating: 4

The topics in the text were exceptionally consistent throughout. The only outlier is the section on diversity and multiculturalism, which brought in statements that could be seen as legally problematic in both public and private sector Human Resource environments.

The text segments topics well and allows for comprehensive learning at both the micro and macro level.

Topics in the text are organized well with generalized introductions that are further dissected and broken down in later chapters. Chapters make references to one another and all tie together well.

The interface was excellent. The text loaded appropriately and all images appeared without incident.

The text was well written. No significant grammatical errors were found.

This is a very difficult topic to discuss in general but it is next to impossible to appropriately discuss in the field of Human Resource Management. Human Resource Managers are expected and required to ensure that the most qualified employees are hired, that all employees are treated equally, and that discrimination or preferential treatment does not exist at or on any level within the organization. Having to balance that requirement with the essential discussion of diversity means that language must be purposeful and devoid of any possible misinterpretation to ensure consistent legal compliance. Human Resource Management is required to follow the law and even a hint of predetermined prejudice can cost a company millions even if coming from a place of good intentions. The chapter on diversity and multiculturalism fails to make mention of that and contains language that may cause a learner to carry with them misunderstandings of and on the field of Human Resources that could lead to their eventual termination. Statements on the truth of the field as it stands is essential and should be added to the chapter to ensure that learners understand what can happen if they get ahead of the law when working in the field.

A substantial amount of work went into the creation of this text, which is full of important and useful information on the processes and tools of and in the field of Human Resource Management.

Reviewed by Angela Hayslett, Lecturer, James Madison University on 9/18/22

This book covers most key HR areas with just enough depth. This book could benefit from including a wider array of HR policies affecting employee rights and restrictions. read more

This book covers most key HR areas with just enough depth. This book could benefit from including a wider array of HR policies affecting employee rights and restrictions.

Content seems to be consistent with other similar texts.

This book addresses generational differences in HR management, and a chapter on diversity and multiculturalism, both of which are timely and should be relevant for years to come.

Keywords and terminology are defined and examples are used to help with understanding of text.

Each chapter follows a similar structure.

The book design uses sections, headings, bold text, enumeration, bullets, etc. to help organize and structure the topics. It is easy to follow and digest.

Some chapters are organized in a logical order of the chronological stages of HR management. Each chapter consistently concludes with case studies and problems.

It was not immediately apparent how to navigate to the next page. Instead of a task bar at the bottom of the website, a next page button at the bottom of the reading or something similar to the scroll up arrow that hovers over the text would be more obvious. Hyperlinks allow readers to easily navigate to videos and different sections of the book. There is an effective search feature that allows you to search by keywords. Images are clear.

No grammatical issues were observed.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

Some of the examples given may show a bias to who is reading the text, but care is given to provide background to the issues of how bias and discrimination impact the workplace.

This is a great option to orient students to the function and role of human resource professionals. Relevant examples are included and information is presented in an easy to read format.

Reviewed by Elizabeth C. Orozco Reilly, Professor, Loyola Marymount University on 2/18/22

This book covers the basics of HRM and is suitable as an introduction to the vast array of topics in the field. It provides a professor with competent summaries of each chapter at the end, which could also be used to frame the chapters. The... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

This book covers the basics of HRM and is suitable as an introduction to the vast array of topics in the field. It provides a professor with competent summaries of each chapter at the end, which could also be used to frame the chapters. The principal limitations of this text are the dated references, broken links, and lack of discussion of how diversity, equity, and inclusion is fundamental to achieving socially just organizations.

Content Accuracy rating: 3

Insofar as this book provides a fundamental overview of the broad functional areas of HRM, it presents accurate information about what each area is. As references are quite dated by 2022, which is when this review is written, there are more current examples that would resonate better with students.

Because of the changing nature of HRM and the sheer number of professional settings for which this work is applicable, all topics should be supplemented with relevant and timely case studies to personalize students’ experiences of the topic. For example, there are no cases relevant to educational settings, yet all educational institutions have HR departments or divisions—and it is applicable subject matter for all educators, whether K-12 or higher education.

Most of the author’s references cited are a decade or older old at this point, requiring the professor to provide newer research to supplement or build on more background that is frequently aged. The diversity, equity, and inclusion theme is missing for the most part, and this warrants extensive discussion in many of the topics covered. For example, implicit bias is a natural topic for HRM courses.

Many examples are provided for the principles of each functional area. For example, in the chapter on communication (Chapter 9), explanations are fulsome and then the charts and opportunities for students to consider their own circumstances, help build deeper understanding.

The book has a standard format that is internally consistent. Narrative is frequently enhanced with tables, graphs, charts, etc., and this is very helpful to summarize concepts.

Modularity rating: 4

My view is that these chapters are stand-alone topics that, for the most part, could easily be taught in any order, or prioritized or eliminated for shorter modules within a more global course on business functions.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

Overall, the book is well organized and easy to follow. Learning Objectives, Key Take-Aways, Exercises, Case Studies, and References are very helpful to get the professor started on their lessons, presentations, and application of the content. The links in the digital PDFs link back to topics within the book as well as to external topics. One issue is that when you click on an external link, you cannot then easily get back to the section of the book you were reading, as the default is back to the beginning of the book. In addition, many links are broken, which occurs enough so as to affect the flow. As mentioned, references are very dated, so professors should check topics for updated content, research, case law, etc.

Interface rating: 2

The links in the digital PDFs link back to topics within the book as well as to external topics. One issue is that when you click on an internal or external link, you cannot then easily get back to the section of the book you were reading, as the default is either not available for internal links or sends you back to the beginning of the book with external links. In addition, many links are broken, which occurs enough so as to affect the flow.

The book is free of grammatical issues.

Cultural Relevance rating: 2

I am waiting for an HRM book that has diversity, equity, and inclusion as a through line for each functional area and topic. With the exception of Chapter 3, which is only six pages, DEI is missing and is not presented or revisited as issues relevant to the many facets of HRM, and yet its relevance warrants extensive discussion in many of the topics covered in the book. Diversity, equity, and inclusion are key issues in HR and the topic demands addressing and requires relevant, current content.

I have reviewed and used a variety of HRM books over the years, and while the fundamentals of the functional areas are present in all of them, including this text, one of the challenges of keeping this field relevant and rigorous for our students is presenting current examples, laws, policies, and trends to supplement the basics. While this book can provide some of these basics, professors would do well to supplement with generous amounts of additional materials. I do appreciate that is is open access, as students can learn the basics without paying for a really expensive textbook.

Reviewed by Steven Dickson, Adjunct Professor, Southern Oregon University on 1/2/22

This is an excellent open-source text for use in any business course with a focus on human resources as an occupation or a function. Student reception of the text was in the affirmative for courses Strategic Staffing and Principles of Human... read more

This is an excellent open-source text for use in any business course with a focus on human resources as an occupation or a function. Student reception of the text was in the affirmative for courses Strategic Staffing and Principles of Human Resource Management.

The foundational content of the book is good; however, there exists a need for a text revision due to changes in the working environment.

The content of the text is applicable across small to large business operations. Great introductory text.

The text was easy to read and the content is applicable to practice.

The text is consistent with the theme specific to the practice of human resources throughout.

The text is easily divided into sections into strategic learning/teaching sections.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The framework of the text is easily followed and has a clear flow. Some of the subunits may need to be reorganized based on the course focus.

The text is a PDF that is easily navigatable and searchable.

No significant grammatical errors were seen.

No significant culturally discrepant material was noted; however, an update/revision of the text may be warranted.

Reviewed by Kevin Knotts, Assistant Professor, Marshall University on 10/28/21

The textbook provides an overview of most key areas in HRM that would be covered in an introductory or survey course. Any introductory HRM textbook should cover HRM strategy, diversity/EEOC, recruitment and selection, comp and benefits, turnover,... read more

The textbook provides an overview of most key areas in HRM that would be covered in an introductory or survey course. Any introductory HRM textbook should cover HRM strategy, diversity/EEOC, recruitment and selection, comp and benefits, turnover, training and development, and performances with additional focus where the author feels it needs to be devoted - communication, safety, international HRM, etc. This textbook provides coverage of most major HRM areas and there is no truly lacking areas that needed to be completely added.

There are some areas that could have a bit more detail provide or additional chapters provided on that material. For example, EEOC should potentially have its own chapter to fully provide the context and understanding of the different laws. Another example is that compensation and benefits are combined into a single chapter. There are so many different areas that have to be considered in the context of these two areas that separation of them into two chapters would allow for a more comprehensive coverage of both key HRM issues.

Overall, there was not many errors throughout the text and it appears to be mostly unbiased. There were some definitions that were proposed by the textbook that could have discussion on the specifics of the text; however, for the most part the content was accurately conveyed with few errors.

This is probably the area of the textbook that I am the most concerned about as an instructor. Per the nature of the content covered in HRM with the everchanging landscape and adjustments that have to be made, the structure and framing of the textbook give me concerns over my ability to use it for a longer period of time without having to make major adjustments. There are a multitude of different change to legislative actions that occur every year that would impact different elements of these chapters. One way to potentially address this is through updating of supplementary materials to provide instructors with more current information. If I were to use this, I would assume that I would need to bring in a large amount of outside materials to make the material be as up to date and relevant as possible for the students in the course.

The clarity of the textbook was well done. I did not see any major issues that I would run into when having students use this text. While there is some jargon that is used throughout the textbook, it is relevant to the field and the terminology that would be used - that is, when working students would need to know this jargon anyways and the textbook provides the introduction to that.

The text is generally consistent with terminology and framework, following a similar pattern throughout chapters. Additionally, most of the terminology is comparable to what would be used outside of the context, however, with the everchanging landscape of HRM, there are obviously changes to terminology that are not captured due to the older materials used. This would be a relatively easy item for an instructor to incorporate into the materials they were covering.

The modularity of the textbook is well done. The material is broken down into smaller, readable sections that a reader can easily get through or digest in smaller components. The information is also prepared in a way that would be easy to move the material around within a course to adequately compose the course in the instructor's desirable manner.

The topics are presented in a logical manner. For the most part, there is a order in which material should be covered. This text covers it in that manner. In the very few instances that it is not, the modularity of text would allow the items to be moved around.

Interface rating: 3

There were no major concerns regarding interface, but there was several items that did not seem to work properly for links and the layouts sometimes seemed to not be clear. This isn't a total problem, but there is the possibility for improvement to make sure that all video links are up to date and work, proper formatting of tables/figures, etc.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

There did not appear to be any major grammatical errors. As I reviewed the grammar, I came across a few minor errors, but they were few and far between. I may have missed more grammatical errors, but for the most part, I did not notice major errors throughout the text.

There was adequate coverage to cultural elements throughout the text by having both a chapter on diversity/multiculturalism and international HRM. These are two major areas that help to provide a cultural understanding within the context of HRM. A separate chapter on EEOC laws could have been included to help strengthen the arguments and framing. The language did not appear to be culturally insensitive or offensive in any way - a suggest, similar to my prior comments would be to update the material as need be to be more up to date with current terminology.

Reviewed by Satoris Howes, Professor, Oregon State University on 8/17/20

The main content includes areas that are of most importance for HR practitioners, although some areas are missing and/or under-represented. I think this is to be expected of most any book, and completely understand and appreciate the difficulty in... read more

The main content includes areas that are of most importance for HR practitioners, although some areas are missing and/or under-represented. I think this is to be expected of most any book, and completely understand and appreciate the difficulty in creating a truly comprehensive yet reasonable-length book. Overall, there is much to like, and most of the main topics that are usually covered (and those covered for SHRM certification) are included. In terms of some specifics, I liked that there was a section on alternate dispute resolution when discussing performance management issues. I don’t see that in all HR books but it is quite valuable. The section on employee separation – I personally don’t like the term “rightsizing” as I think it likely has negative “PR” connotations. In addition, in today’s world, I think a discussion of furloughs is needed, as they are quite prevalent. I feel like HR has gotten much more savvy in recent times in terms of possible ways to deal with economic woes, and examples that are more recent (e.g., related to how companies have handled things during the COVID-19 pandemic) would be helpful. Given that many of the references/examples are from 2011, this is an area where much supplementation would be necessary. In Chapter 11 (on Employee Assessment) there are also areas I would feel the need to supplement. For example, given the animosity associated with performance appraisals, I typically like to discuss the reasons for / purposes of performance appraisal and link it more clearly to strategic imperatives. I like how motivational theories are brought into the section on compensation (termed pay theories in this book) as I think that is a key element of compensation that is not always considered. I didn’t see any mention of corporate social responsibility and felt the discussion of ethics was a bit short, so those would also be areas I’d supplement. In sum, the basic comprehensiveness is fine for a standard undergraduate HR text. I would feel the need to supplement in many areas, whether wholly (e.g., CSR issues, HRIS, impact of AI, ) or to bring in more detail (e.g., ethics). In order to make room for this during a term, I’d likely not use the chapter on communication, as we cover that in our OB course and there wasn’t really anything in that chapter that seemed HR-specific.

Most of the information is accurate. However, due to the outdated nature of some of the information (the book was originally published in 2011 and this version was adapted/published in 2016 yet it seems like things weren’t updated beyond 2011…), there is some misinformation within the text that an instructor would want to be aware of. For example, Table 10.1 shows the various employment-at-will exceptions by state. Unfortunately, there are several that appear to be wrong. At the very minimum, I would recommend alerting students to the need to check on their state’s requirements and restrictions when it comes to any law as legal issues are quite fluid. To be fair, this is an issue that any textbook would have after a couple years. In addition, some links to YouTube videos no longer work so that is something to also be aware of (though the ones that do work are valuable and/or fun in many cases).

This book was originally produced in 2011 and adapted/published to the current version in 2016. While much of the basic information is still very much relevant (basic terminology and general HR concepts) some things are simply out-of-date (e.g., legal findings mentioned earlier) or haven’t updated to be fully reflect today’s realities (e.g., furloughs, gig work, AI). As I noted earlier, this is a fine basic text with most content areas included, but you should definitely plan to supplement the content to ensure you’re up-to-date with what you’re covering. This is true for any HR book that is over 3 years old. Unfortunately, given most of the information in this book is from 2011, with just a few updates in 2016, there is much to update. Is it worth compiling all of that separately versus going with a more recent/updated text? I’m not sure.

This is a clear positive for the book. I like that it is clear and there are light-hearted / funny examples that I think would appeal to students (e.g., Jack Sparrow and Barbossa negotiation video link). The cases, while sometimes a bit simplistic, are good ways to engage students in a discussion, though again with the simplicity they are likely somewhat shorter discussions (or well-suited to an online forum perhaps?). Overall, the text is well-suited for an undergraduate course (again, if supplemented content-wise), but would be far too simplistic for a graduate course.

No problems with consistency. The layout of the chapters were fine and consistent with one another. Some chapters felt far shorter with less information than others though, so it might be worth combining the chapters when covering them (e.g., Chapters 10 and 11 – both on performance management).

I have no problems here either. The chapters essentially stand on their own so you can teach them out of order, and there are links to related material in other chapters in case more explanation is needed. The text is also easily searchable, and Table of Contents easy to decipher, so the book seems easy in that respect.

The author(s) is(are) upfront about the point that there is not a separate chapter focused on HRM laws, and that instead the laws are presented in the relevant chapters. I typically like to cover a separate section on legal issues as many laws cut across HR activities and I don’t want students to be confused. I find that many students already think that many laws only apply to the hiring of people and not to things like training and development opportunities or performance management. I like to talk about them early in the course and briefly refer back to that when we get to various chapters / content. So I feel like I would be supplementing this book with a separate section just on legal issues, and it may become overly redundant when presented again later. Alternatively, it could be seen as a great reminder / refresher of information. Regardless, I’d be supplementing beyond what is here to discuss HRM laws as a separate unit/section. Job analysis is in the section on recruitment. I have never taught it there, so that’s odd for me. And no mention of O*NET? That’s a clear miss IMHO. This said, the general organization is fine if you’re okay with legal things being interspersed, etc. – and like I noted earlier, the text is easily searchable and there are links throughout that take you to areas in other parts of the text that are relevant, so that’s nice.

I had no problems with the basic interface. I was disappointed there was no subject index, but at least there is the possibility of searching in the text. Some searches are just funky (e.g., searching for ONET, it gave me “monetary” and I got nothing for O*NET, so it may be there and I just overlooked it and am not choosing the right search term). Many videos on YouTube have been removed so that’s no good, but within the text itself the links appear to work.

I may have missed some, but I didn’t see any problems here. Things were clear and easy to read, unlike some open source texts I’ve seen that feel like they were thrown together with typos and poor grammar.

Given the importance of diversity and inclusion in today’s world, and for HR in particular, I think this chapter could really be expanded on. Certainly, the surface of this issue is covered, but there is a lot more that could be done to discuss this topic. Many HR managers are struggling to update their DEI policies and create a diverse workforce, so more tangible discussions of ways to ensure equity beyond the four-fifths rule is needed. In addition, the reference to research in this chapter was a bit light, and the recommendations seemed a tad trite at times. Again, it’s great there is a chapter and the material is broached, but more depth would be ideal. In addition – the stock photos most definitely do not reflect a diverse population and should be updated accordingly so that students can relate to the profession.

If you’re looking for a basic, inexpensive option for an undergraduate HR course, and you’re willing to supplement (in some cases considerably) in order to bring in important topics and ensure the material is up-to-date, this book works. There are definitely things to like about the book, and aspects that deserve kudos. Unfortunately, as with any textbook, there are things that are missing and/or don’t work for my particular style of teaching an HR course. With some updating, I think I’d love this option. With it being so outdated, I just can’t bring myself to be excited about it as an easy option to adopt.

Reviewed by Julia Carr, Professor, James Madison University on 7/30/20

The topics covered by the book are comprehensive and reflect the areas an HR manager would deal with on a daily basis. The book begins with a very good overview of human resources with sets the stage for the information to follow. It is well... read more

The topics covered by the book are comprehensive and reflect the areas an HR manager would deal with on a daily basis. The book begins with a very good overview of human resources with sets the stage for the information to follow. It is well organized and the Key-Takeaways will be very helpful for students as well as the way the important vocabulary is called out in bold.

The content is accurate, error-free and unbiased. It provides a good foundational knowledge for those seeking an introduction to human resource management and development. It does need to be updated with present day statistics. It does indicated that it was updated in 2016, however most of the references were from 2010 or 2011 or earlier. In addition, I would recommend a more robust group of references to deepen the content presented.

The general content covered is good and relevant to a person learning about the basics of human resource management. It hits the major functional areas if HR that I am teaching in an Introduction to HR type of class. Much of the data presented is coming from statistics gathered in 2011 or earlier. In addition there are topics where significant changes have been made since 2011, such as web-based training delivery platforms, employment law, challenges of labor unions and examples shared related to sexual orientation. That being said it is tough to keep this information up to date. There are many areas that are presented that would be very helpful to student with no background in human resource management such as the introduction of a SWOT analysis and then the practical example that follows and the forms presented such as in the section on job analysis

The text is written in an organized fashion that is easy to follow. Technical terminology is bolded and definitions are provided for additional clarity.

The text is consistent in the framework and it is very easy to follow. In addition, as an instructor, it is helpful because each chapter has the same flow and consistent ancillary items.

The design of the text lends itself to a flexible course design. It would be easy to change the organizational structure to cover things in a different order or to leave a section out if it was not relevant to course objectives. However, the topic order that the text follows work well as is and does not need much, if any adaptation.

The topics in this text were sequenced well and very easy to work though. The organization was such that it built on the basic introductory topics to the more technical concepts.

There were no significant interface issues that I encountered. I did use mainly the printable PDF version because from past experience I thought that is what my students would primarily use. There are some videos that require additional login credentials.

I did not see any glaring issues here. I do think a more robust discussion of these topics could be presented. As I said previously, much has occurred in this area since 2011. It is stated that this textbook was updated in 2016, but the references in the Diversity and Multiculturalism chapter are from 2010 and 2011. This is a chapter given the present state of our society that I feel warrants expansion and deeper coverage of the areas presented.

This textbook provides a solid foundation in human resource management and development. I would consider adopting it for my class if the information was updated and brought into present day terminology and issues/challenges. I love the organization, key takeaways and may of the exercises. I also appreciate the cases and the connection between many of the concepts to practical workplace examples.

Reviewed by Lauren Maguire, Professor, Bunker Hill Community College on 5/27/20

The text provides a solid overview of the tenants of HR Management. It is somewhat technical in its approach, but touches on all important areas of a introductory review. read more

The text provides a solid overview of the tenants of HR Management. It is somewhat technical in its approach, but touches on all important areas of a introductory review.

Content is accurate, error-free and unbiased.

The approach to the subject matter is broad and offers examples across the spectrum.

The reading level is fairly high. The text uses some business jargon and occasionally refers to concepts that may not be readily understandable to entry level students.

The text is internally consistent in terms of terminology and framework.

The material is broken down within each chapter. Each concept is addressed individually and also as a whole.

The text manages the information in a clear and effective manner.

The text is free of significant interface issues, including navigation problems, distortion of images/charts, and any other display features that may distract or confuse the reader.

The text discusses a variety of corporate situations and managerial tools. It assumes a formal business structure which does not always address the many different cultural and personality issues which complicate HR Management.

A solid option and valuable OER resource.

Reviewed by Joshua Jensen, Adjunct Professor, SHRM-SCP, George Fox University on 4/3/20

This textbook addresses a wide range of important topics relevant to human resource management today. The text covers most of the key areas that should be considered in an undergraduate course on human resource management. Strengths of the text... read more

This textbook addresses a wide range of important topics relevant to human resource management today. The text covers most of the key areas that should be considered in an undergraduate course on human resource management. Strengths of the text include content related to the strategic role of HR (Chapter 2), which is placed toward the front of the text (as it should be), along with content related to HR’s role in retention of top talent (Chapter 7). A weaknesses of the text relates to the inclusion of a chapter on successful employee communication (Chapter 9). This is indeed an important topic but one that is often covered in other undergraduate courses. Another weakness of the text is that it is very thin on any content related to Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), which in today’s global business environment is a critical component of an effective human resource management function. On a final note, a considerable difference between this text and most other HR texts is that it addresses applicable HR/employment laws within each respective section of the text, whereas many other human resource management texts dedicate an entire chapter to HR/employment laws. The approach of this text makes more sense as these concepts are often first exposure for many students in an undergraduate human resource management course.

The content of the text is accurate and relatively free from error. The text does a good job of providing sources for most information. However, I would recommend inclusion of more rigorous, academic sources to complement the existing professional sources referenced throughout the text. Several of the URLs and links provided throughout the text are broken and need updated. Human resource management changes so frequently and any textbook on the subject must also be updated frequently, as discussed below.

Human resource management is a highly dynamic subject matter. Just this week Congress and the President enacted significant new legislation related to human resource management and employment matters due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a good example of just how fast things can change in the field of human resource management. While I wouldn’t expect a textbook on human resource management to be updated in real-time, I would expect that it be reviewed at least every two years, if not every year. Some content of the text is outdated and in need of refreshing. Many of the data points and sources used throughout the text are outdated – some by nearly 10 years. The text does not provide adequate coverage of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), which is a critical component of any human resource department today. On a final note, in the discussion regarding skills necessary for human resource management, the discussion on HR certification only covers the Human Resource Certification Institute’s (HRCI) PHR, SPHR, and GPHR certifications. The text makes no mention of the Society for Human Resource Management’s (SHRM) HR certifications which came on the scene over 5 years ago. The SHRM-CP and SHRM-SCP today are highly recognized and sought-after standards in the human resource field.

The text is well written with regard to clarity. Human resource management is a complex subject matter, yet the text does a very good job of addressing difficult topics in a clear, easy to understand manner. It provides the perfect balance of informal and technical language.

The text is internally consistent in terms structure and style. The terminology, framework, and flow of the text is very good. Chapters are sequenced in a logical format, and chapters have a similar look and feel. No inconsistencies were noted.

The modularity of the text provides for ease of breaking down concepts and looking at individual components within chapters. The Table of Contents guides the reader to particular sections within each chapter which is helpful. The text is organized by relevant chapters and then each chapter is organized with multiple sections that are of reasonable length with appropriate section headings that are easy to follow. Overall the book is easy to navigate.

Overall the text is organized very well, the structural consistency is good, and the content flows in a very effective manner. Organization is critical to a complex subject matter, and this text provides that.

The text is laid out well and is visually appealing. It is more “exciting” from a visual perspective than many e-texts I have come across. Sections are properly titled and they are chunked into sections that contain manageable amounts of information. However, as mentioned previously, many of the URLs and links throughout the text are broken and don’t work. Many of the video links do not work as well.

The text is well-edited and relatively free from grammatical and typographical errors.

I appreciate the fact that the text had a separate chapter on Diversity and Multiculturalism (Chapter 3). That said, it could be more robust, and include other forms of bias not mentioned (such as unconscious bias). In general, the discussions on diversity and inclusion are well laid out. One issue that I would point out is that while there are few images and pictures sprinkled throughout the text, these images do not portray much diversity – they mostly reflect individuals of Caucasian decent with very little cultural diversity reflected. Consideration of updating the images and pictures to reflect the more current diverse workforce is recommended.

Overall, this open textbook on Human Resource Management is a good open textbook that is a viable alternative to expensive big-publisher textbooks on the subject matter for an undergraduate class. While the textbook is not perfect (and no textbook is), I support adoption of this open textbook for undergraduate human resource management courses facilitated by a human resource management professional who can supplement the text with updated materials and cases to give students a relevant and current overview of the human resource management field.

Reviewed by Jiwon Suh, Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Arlington on 2/5/20

The author covers pretty much every topic that should be covered in HR management. Especially, I like that the author places Strategic HR management upfront. Additionally, I like that the author has a chapter 9: Successful Employee Communication... read more

The author covers pretty much every topic that should be covered in HR management. Especially, I like that the author places Strategic HR management upfront. Additionally, I like that the author has a chapter 9: Successful Employee Communication which is not normally covered by other textbooks. This topic is very important, particularly to HR managers.

I did not come across any inaccuracies. But, I found some tables do not have references.

This textbook needs to be updated. Tables are mostly from 2010 - 2011 which are perceived old. For example, Table 14.2 Top Global 100 Companies is based on 2010 data. We all know that the contents in the table are no longer true. Also, youtube videos should be replaced with more recent examples.

This textbook is written concisely, and I believe students would easily be able to read and understand.

The structure and style are great and consistent. I also like the cases that are included at the end of the each chapter. It will be easily used by instructors.

The content is adequately divided into small pieces. Yes, the modularity is great.

The organization of the chapters are good, easy to follow, and very logical.

No serious issue, but some minor issues as I mentioned earlier. Some tables do not include references.

I did not come across any grammatical errors.

I did not notice any cultural insensitivity. Diversity and cultural perspectives are a very important topic in HR management and the textbook successfully includes the topic.

Generally, this textbook is in excellent shape and I am considering to adopt. However, I strongly recommend to update or publish the next version.

Reviewed by Patturaja Selvaraj, Assistant Professor, Gettysburg College on 3/14/19

The textbook covers the most important topics in Human Resource Management. Diversity is vital for the success of organizations. A full fledged chapter covers the aspects of diversity and multiculturalism. The following topics could have been... read more

The textbook covers the most important topics in Human Resource Management. Diversity is vital for the success of organizations. A full fledged chapter covers the aspects of diversity and multiculturalism. The following topics could have been covered in detail: Equal Employment Opportunity and the legal environment, Employee Benefits, HR Analytics (could have been a separate chapter), Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) and Talent Management. Employee engagement is emerging as an important area in HRM. A separate chapter about employee engagement would have added great value. Subject index at the end would be of great help.

I did not come across any inaccuracies in the textbook. The information and examples provided is accurate and unbiased. Some of the practical aspects of HRM are justified using theories. It provides an opportunity for the participants to know about the theoretical underpinnings as well.

Constant changes in laws and regulations make it difficult to incorporate the amendments, as and when it takes place. Some of the examples are dated. The text is simple, hence incorporating updates will not be an issue.

The content is simple and well structured. The examples provided for the concepts would help students to learn the concepts clearly and grasp it quickly. The cases provided at the end of every chapter is also very helpful.

I found the textbook to be consistent. There is not much of overlap between chapters. The book chapters are arranged in a logical chronological order , which provides an opportunity for the students to built on the concepts learnt in earlier chapters.

The textbook is divided into different sections and organized very well. It is easy to read and understand each section. The table of contents provide link to different sections, which makes it easy to access the particular section in the textbook.

The content and topics are arranged in a logical order. Students would be curious to know about the benefits that they would be entitled for, as an employee. It would help to provide more details about employee benefits.

There is a scope for improvement, although I did not encounter major issues. 1) some of the links require login credentials. 2) Some of the video links did not work. for examples the link provided in page 125 (Silly Job interviews: Monty Python) did not work. 3) issue with page lay out for tables and figures. for example In page 35. the table heading appears in page 35 whereas the table appears in page 36.

The textbook appears inclusive. It is neither insensitive nor offensive. It has a separate chapter dedicated towards diversity and multiculturalism.

This is a good text book for a beginner to understand the basic functions of Human Resource Management and it also provides practitioner focus. The book is very practical and interesting. The cases and video links provided would help the students to understand the concept in a better way. The text book can covers some topics in greater detail like - In the job analysis topic, detailed coverage of techniques for collecting data for job analysis and also mention about different job analysis technique could have incorporated. Similarly, in Chapter 2, the author could have mentioned how HR practices change depending on the strategy of the organization like cost leadership, differentiation and focus. While discussing about different techniques of selection, discussing about group discussion, case method, case competition conducted by different organizations would have helped students to know more about different and contemporary techniques. While discussing about pay for performance , it would have helped to know about advantages and disadvantages of pay for performance and conditions in which it can/cannot be used. Overall, it is a comprehensive textbook.

Reviewed by Lee Myers, Faculty, Linn-Benton Community College on 2/13/19

The (2016) content is appropriate for a survey course in Human Resources Management. It is geared toward helping current and future supervisors and managers understand the functions, roles, and practices needed to manage employees. While the... read more

The (2016) content is appropriate for a survey course in Human Resources Management. It is geared toward helping current and future supervisors and managers understand the functions, roles, and practices needed to manage employees. While the practical examples and applications are dated (2011) key HRM terms are relevant and are clearly communicated. The specific sections of the text that are limited and could use more detail:

1. Laws, regulations, and policies. Laws have been amended, legislation has been passed and agency regulations have changed since 2011 (e.g., the Affordable Care Act, FSLA, Privacy Law, OSHA, IRS (tax) and Labor Law)

2. Include a new section on HRM digital technology, (e.g., Talent websites, social media, video job interviewing, mobile apps and optimization, cloud-based record management, analytics, and predictive modeling, real-time and always-on feedback systems)

The text is relatively free from errors. Authors have taken care to represent several sources and practices applicable to various public and private organizations as well as industries and company size. Relevance and reflection of recent research are a greater concern.

Specific content reflecting "current practices" and organizations dated. Updates would be time-consuming in order to replace existing content. Most examples are from resources dated 2011 or prior.

The writing style is conversational and has limited jargon. It is appropriate for most students at the community college level.

Consistency rating: 3

The framework is consistent from section to section. The section content does build upon previously discussed and defined terminology.

The content is broken down in a format where cross-reference links are embedded into section areas. While the intention is to help the reader either skip to a section or review content from an earlier section, it be may not be all that helpful to the reader. A possible alternative to this formatting would be: 1. Including a glossary of terms and subject index. 2. Including a typeface whereby the key terms are not only bolded but the definition of the term is also designated by italics or linked to a lookup feature.

Modularity rating: 3

Most Human Resources Management activities do not happen in a vacuum, therefore, the difficulty of creating a text that is modular reflect this challenge. The text is broken down according to basic HR functions and concepts and has some potential of reorganization and standalone capability.

There are some distortion and sizing issues with images and charts. Some video quality is marginal.

Most resource direct links are currently available, though have not been updated with current material. (e.g., Dictionary of Occupational Titles -could be updated to using O*Net Online, YouTube videos could be searched for more current content and higher quality video, SHRM resources replaced by sources that do not require access rights or logins.)

Few grammatical, word usage or typographical errors were noted.

To be more reflective and sensitive to the current workforce and cultures, additional content would make the text more inclusive. (e.g., gender identity, sexual orientation, single parenting and caregiving, biculturalism, veteran status, and disabilities.)

The basic structure (headings and numbering) allows users to navigate throughout the document and appear to be conducive to assistive technology. YouTube videos allow for closed captioning and transcripts increasing accessibility.

Reviewed by Huh-Jung Hahn, Assistant Professor, Winona State University on 5/21/18

The textbook is very comprehensive, covering various subjects adequately. Unlike most other HRM textbooks, some unique chapters (e.g., Chapter 3 and Chapter 9) are included. However, some areas can be improved by adding more explanations or... read more

The textbook is very comprehensive, covering various subjects adequately. Unlike most other HRM textbooks, some unique chapters (e.g., Chapter 3 and Chapter 9) are included. However, some areas can be improved by adding more explanations or detailed information. My overall impression about the contents is that they are short and simple. This is fine for a survey textbook, but can be too brief for students wanting to study the topics in depth. Furthermore, it would help to have an index or glossary at the end.

Overall, the content is conveyed accurately with a neutral tone.

Some of the HR content (e.g. laws and regulations) requires continuous updates due to constant changes. Considering that the textbook was written several years ago, an update is recommended in terms of the content and the supplementary materials.

The author did an excellent job on clarity of the content. The content was very straight-forward and well-guided for readers.

The textbook has a high-level of consistency in terms of terminologies, interfaces, and organizations.

The textbook's modularity is excellent. The content is adequately divided into smaller chunks.

The topics are arranged in a logical order. Also, chapters throughout the textbook did a great job on connecting different topics by referring to other chapters appropriately. This may help students understand the interconnectivity of contents.

There were no significant interface issues. The textbook's interface was easy to follow and consistent throughout the chapters. However, I recommend addressing an issue regarding page layout for tables or figures. Specifically, several pages do not present tables or figures despite showing only their titles. For example, the title of a table is placed on page 254, while the actual table is shown on page 255. Similar issues are found on pages 269-270 and pages 295-296.

I did not notice any grammatical errors.

I did not notice any cultural insensitivity or offensiveness in the content. Rather, the textbook puts the importance of cultural perspectives as one of the key fundamentals for good HR practice; this was done by placing the subject of diversity and multi-culturalism at the front of the textbook while other HR textbooks do not.

The author did an excellent job on making the content very practical and interesting. Each chapter has a good balance of containing both general information and the necessary how-to's for particular, real-world situations. Human Resources Recall, cases, and exercises at the end of each chapter are very critical and thought-evoking - one of the best that I have ever seen. Lastly, this book leaves a very positive impression in regards to the quality of open textbooks. This reviewer hopes the use of open textbooks becomes more mainstream throughout universities and other teaching institutions.

Reviewed by Joseph Frank, Adjunct Instructor / Manager HR Reporting and Compliance, Fontbonne University on 5/21/18

The book covers a wide variety of topics related to human resources management. There is 1 brief mention of analytics for candidate sourcing, but much more discussion of HR analytics is needed in order to bring this forward to present day. The... read more

The book covers a wide variety of topics related to human resources management.

There is 1 brief mention of analytics for candidate sourcing, but much more discussion of HR analytics is needed in order to bring this forward to present day. The HR analytics subfield has grown dramatically in its significance to the field during the past decade. Also the related subfield of HR Information Systems is barely mentioned at all. A solid understanding of HR practice requires knowledge of how these subfields work and how they relate to the other subfields such as recruitment, training, compensation, benefits, etc.

The content is somewhat accurate but not always unbiased. For example, the discussion of how we define diversity vs multiculturalism is not necessarily how I would have constructed it. Another example is Table 2.2. It is a good summary of the 4 stages in business lifecycle but “Seattle University presentation” is not the original source of this! That’s like the kind of citation an undergraduate student might use in a paper. The citations URLs overall – when they are not broken links -- are from random local news and other types of websites that are rather dated (like jobs.aol.com) way too often. These are the kinds of sources that disappear quickly. Academic citations would be much more stable, but admittedly less digestible for the average student. However, more solid academic citations would be more useful as resources to give students for writing their own academically rigorous papers.

HR is a difficult topic to keep up-to-date. The activities are actually really good and pretty much timeless, especially the suggested group activities (although most of those would be hard to do in an online class, could be useful face-to-face).

I have several concerns in the discussion of generational differences. The “Generation Y” case study reads really outdated. Millennials now make up a slight majority of the workforce. Would be more compelling as a discussion of how Generation Z – the group really entering the workforce and college in the next 5 years – as Digital Natives differs from Millennial, Gen X, Baby Boomer and the earlier generations work styles. Lots of articles are out there now that could be cited about “the 5 generations now in the workforce.” This quote is also outdated and conflicts with current reality: "It is expected that over the next ten years, over 40 percent of the workforce will retire, and there will not be enough younger workers to take the jobs once held by the retiring workforce (Fernandez, 2007)". In fact, Baby Boomers – and some of the older generation too -- have stuck around. Because of the 2009 recession, many could not afford to retire when they planned. As an instructor with this book I would have to supplement with more current articles.

The section about PHR, SPHR and GPHR is now outdated since SHRM is now offering their own competing credentials. That’s a confusing landscape even for seasoned HR pros – needs some explanation for students to understand how and why to pursue those HRCI credentials instead of SHRM-CP, etc.

Also I have several concerns in the areas of compensation and benefits. The ACA discussion is very, very outdated. Section 6.4 should be called Benefits instead of Other Types of Compensation, and the title of Chapter 6 should be Total Rewards in order to be current with the jargon typically used today in the professionals of compensation and benefits.

Also policies and employee relations matters need updating. Sections about social media recruiting are very outdated (reflecting a 2011-12 timeframe). Issues with mobile device usage by nonexempt workers (i.e., Chicago Police Department) and overtime eligibility not addressed. Map of “right-to-work” states is also outdated given the political debates in several states on this issue. Internet usage policy is mentioned but nothing specifically about employee rights under the National Labor Relations Act (even in non-union employers) to conduct protected concerted activity online. This has in practice limited the legal scope of Internet acceptable use and social media policies.

The writing is accessible, conversational without being unprofessional, and generally clear even when addressing complex, confusing jargon-laden HR topics. This is where this book excels!

The framework and terminology used are generally consistent without the textbook, although not always consistent with the terminology actually used by current-day HR practitioners.

It would be pretty easy for me as an instructor to pick and choose chapters from this book to utilize and not stick with the textbook order. For example, I would pretty much scrap Chapter 6 (compensation and benefits) and replace with more current articles that reflect current practice in Total Rewards, particularly the impacts of the Affordable Care Act. But much of the other content I could use without too many changes and without much concern that the chapter refers to the previous chapter a great deal.

The content generally flows well, although some of the "key takeaways" call-out boxes could be shorter and more succinct.

Most of the video links did not work for me, and the ones that did were pretty low-quality videos. Maybe that's just a function of my connection speed, but could use enhancement. Many of the images were stock photos of questionable relevance to the content.

The grammar and the writing style were generally easy to follow and there were few typographical errors.

The discussion of multiculturalism vs diversity is a good one, but leaves out the most common diversity and inclusion training concept in U.S. corporations today: unconscious bias. Also the imagery is still mostly white faces in this chapter, which is also problematic. Aspiring HR practitioners are in my experience more diverse than the general student population. Overall, the book has too many white faces in its imagery (whether stock photos or cartoons) which is problematic given the increasingly diverse U.S. student body and workforce. A textbook about HR matters including diversity and Equal Employment Opportunity needs to be especially cognizant of this.

Many videos required a login; and many of the URLs deep-linking to specific articles from HRE, SHRM, etc don’t work anymore.

Reviewed by Mussie Tessema, Professor, Winona State University on 5/21/18

The textbook covers most HR topics that are found in other HRM textbooks. Although many issues related to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) were discussed in different chapters, it would have been good if an entire chapter had been devoted to... read more

The textbook covers most HR topics that are found in other HRM textbooks. Although many issues related to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) were discussed in different chapters, it would have been good if an entire chapter had been devoted to EEO. Besides, compensation and benefits were discussed in one chapter (chapter 6), which should have been discussed under two separate chapters given the size, variety, and importance of employee benefits. Unlike other HRM textbook, however, the textbook includes full-fledged chapters on communication (chapter 9), and diversity and multiculturism (chapter 3), which are both important in effectively managing an organizational workforce.

The content of the textbook is accurate and unbiassed. It covers fair presentation of the theoretical and practical aspects of HRM and includes references of all sources used, which also improve their verification and credibility.

The content of the textbook is relevant to the respective HR topics/issues, although some of the data/information are not updated. The textbook was originally published in 2011/2012 and used sources from 2005-2010. Since its publication, there have been some legislative (laws and regulations) changes which have impacted some HR practices. Overall, the textbook is written in such a way that makes future updates relatively simple.

The textbook is written clearly and offers good examples and explanations of HR concepts and terminology.

The style and presentation of the content of the textbook is consistent across all 14 chapters, which makes it easy to follow.

The 14 chapters are divided into HR topics and sub-topics, which are also arranged in manageable sizes for the reader. Such presentation also makes navigation and assigning readings to students easy and straightforward.

The textbook presented the 14 chapters in a logical and straight forward manner. It assigned learning objectives for each chapter and section, which allow students what to expect from each chapter/section.

The textbook is free of any issues with the interface or distortion of images/charts, and any other display features that may distract or confuse the reader. The only problem I encountered was with some links that required login credentials (e.g. video link: Chapter 2.2- How Would You Handle This).

The textbook does not contain grammatical errors that would be distracting to students. I only found a few typo-errors, which could be easily corrected. For example, on page 23, “… and expectations are different(Capezza, 2010).” There is no space between the word ‘different’ and ‘(Capezza)’. Also, there is no space between ‘200,000’ and ‘total’ on page 393, “… incidence rate=number of injuries and illness × 200,000total hours worked by all employees…”.

The textbook does not have insensitive or offensive examples. Unlike other HRM textbooks, it dedicated a chapter to “diversity and multiculturism” (chapter 3), which is also presented fairly. It also makes a good point in that while diversity is about the ingredients, the mix of people and perspectives, inclusion is about the container, the place that allows employees to feel they belong, to feel both accepted and different. Cultural sensitivity is a critical issue in managing people in an organization.

It is one of the best textbooks I have used. It presents both the theoretical and practical aspects of HRM in appealing and convincing way. Overall, it is clear and easy to follow and is a great textbook for course in HRM for undergrad students. My two comments are: Adding two more chapters: Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and employee benefits and updating the text with most recent laws and regulations.

Reviewed by Denise Potosky, Professor, Penn State University on 2/1/18

The textbook covers most of the main topics typically associated with HRM and includes a "linked" table of contents. The definition of HRM in Chapter 1 (“the process of employing people, training them, compensating them, developing policies... read more

The textbook covers most of the main topics typically associated with HRM and includes a "linked" table of contents. The definition of HRM in Chapter 1 (“the process of employing people, training them, compensating them, developing policies relating to them, and developing strategies to retain them”) is used to set up most of the subsequent chapters in the text. But this definition is narrower and more basic than the implied definition of HRM according to Ulrich’s model presented in Chapter 2, in which a manager of HR needs to be a strategic partner, change agent, administrative and functional expert, human capital developer, and an employee advocate. I wish the text were organized to address the latter definition, as it would be more comprehensive and suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate level students interested in managing human resources and/or becoming HR managers.

The depth of coverage varies for each topic. The information on compensation, for example, is quite detailed and interesting, but the information on selection tends to "mention" ideas rather than develop details.

In Chapter 4, the section on job analysis seems peculiar. First, figure 4 provides a very simple process model (e.g., select the jobs to study, determine information needed, identify sources of data…), but then quickly introduces forms and questionnaires. Where are students of this course supposed to get the questionnaires? Then task vs. competency-based approaches are described, but there is no mention of worker-based job analysis approaches. If a competency approach focuses on KSAOs, is it still a job analysis?

And why not use O*Net to help identify essential tasks of common jobs?

A lot of the information presented is general and most information is accurate, albeit dated in places.

Some of the information provided is incorrect. For example, in the context of selection tests in Chapter 5, the author states, “Personality tests such as Meyers-Briggs and the “Big Five” personality factors may be measured and then compared with successful employee scores.” The Meyers Briggs measures personality style and preferences, not personality traits, and is not valid for use in selection.

In other places, the presentation of information is peculiar and somewhat misleading, if not incorrect. For example, when presenting cognitive ability tests, the author writes, “A cognitive ability test measures intelligences, such as numerical ability and reasoning. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is an example of a cognitive ability test. It is important to note that some cognitive ability tests can have disparate impact. For example, in EEOC v. Ford Motor Co. and United Automobile Workers of America, African Americans were rejected from an apprentice program after taking a cognitive test known as the Apprenticeship Training Selection System (ATSS)1. The test showed significant disparate impact on African Americans, and it was then replaced by a different selection procedure, after costing Ford $8.55 million. Some sample test categories might include the following…”

The SAT is considered as an entrance exam by some universities, and the ATSS showed disparate impact against African Americans. In fact, many if not most cognitive ability tests administered in the U.S., including the SAT, are associated with disparate impact. This is an important consideration, but is it part of the definition of what cognitive ability tests are? Why not have a separate paragraph about disparate impact in selection tests, which would include considering how interviews and various tests might create adverse impact?

Another example where accuracy can be questioned is the statement “Most expatriates go through four phases of adjustment when they move overseas for an assignment.” (Chapter 14). A few studies have found some support for the culture shock model of adjustment, but several studies have found that this model is not very accurate. Further, expatriation is only one type of global assignment, and is not necessarily the most popular type of global work performed in organizations today. More recent research evidence would really help to update the material presented.

An HRM textbook can be difficult to keep up-to-date, and the author has done a good job in terms of the many laws and changes to HR systems that have occurred since the 1980s. That said, the underlying assumptions and research evidence for the different recommendations regarding key HR practices do not always reflect current thinking in the field. There is so much to cover and keep up-to-date, it might be helpful to have co-authors from different areas of expertise in the different HR functional areas work on this textbook.

In addition, some of the actitivities seem dated. For example, in chapter 1 the exercise reads: "In a group of two to three people, research possible career paths in HRM and prepare a PowerPoint presentation to discuss your findings." In an online course (likely to use an online textbook), student teams are likely to use other, newer presentation technology and formats.

The language used throughout the book is professional and accessible, but sometimes the author assumes that little to no explanation is necessary for examples or key points. For example, I watched the Wendy’s 1989 training video (Chapter 8), but whatever the author implied was excellent about this training video was not obvious to me. The author states, “This excellent training video was used at Wendy’s to teach employees how to grill the perfect burger. Although the video is over twenty years old, the concepts used in it are still true today.” What concepts? Why is this video excellent?

The author writes, "this book is equally important to someone who wants to be an HR manager and to someone who will manage a business," but for the most part this book assumes that the reader is a student looking to begin a career as an HR manager. All of the information and cases put the reader in the role of an HR manager or consultant. For example, in chapter 1, "You have just been hired to work in the human resource department of a small company. You heard about the job through a conference you attended, put on by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)." Why would anyone not already pursuing a career in HRM attend a SHRM conference?

For someone going into HR, some of the scenarios make it seem deceptively easy to change an organization's culture or people's attitudes towards, say, training or performance. In several places, key information is presented more like "do's and don'ts" advice than evidence-based guidelines.

The overall format of the book is very consistent, with key concepts presented at the beginning and summary definitions and exercises presented at the end of each chapter. Some of these exercises and cases seem quite good and interesting.

This is a difficult criterion to evaluate because certain concepts and practices in HRM would be difficult to move around in a 100% modular fashion in a course. For example, job analysis and specification needs to come before recruitment, which logically precedes information on selection, training, and performance appraisal. Overall, this textbook does a fairly good job addressing so many different but related concepts and practices in separate chapters, and as such could probably be reorganized to some extent.

One thing that could be improved, however, is the fact that in the first five chapters, the author often mentions that other topics will be covered later in the book. For example, several legal concepts are embedded in the material for different chapters, but sometimes this information seems "too little, too late" in that students may not have the opportunity to develop an overall understanding of the U.S. legal framework for employment. By the time they get to international HRM in Chapter 14, it may not be obvious why the managers in the case about operating in Peru were unable to anticipate cultural and legal differences.

The opening case for chapter 4, similar to the one used in the other chapters, seems to refer to a 50-employee company. Is the author recommending a job analysis for 50 employees? Wouldn’t employees in a smaller firm have more overlap between jobs? What about person-job fit or person-organization fit?

Most of the opening chapter cases put the reader in the role of an HR manager in a small firm, but chapter 7 abruptly tells the reader to change roles to an “HR consultant.”

The overall organization and flow of the chapters is clear.

The interface is ok. There aren't many images or figures. The figures are fairly small on the screen, and it would be good to have a "click to enlarge" link associated with some of them.

Most of the video links return the message, "“Flash-embedded videos are no longer supported…but you can watch on YouTube.” The video on "Stereotypes and the Effect on Privilege" in chapter 3 is no longer available on YouTube.

Grammatical Errors rating: 3

The use of second person and especially second person commands adds a “preachy” tone. For example, “Make sure that job announcements aren’t posted only for your Facebook friends to see; post them in a variety of places to gain the largest and most diverse response.”

Although the sentences are grammatically correct, it is not appropriate to change person and verb tense and voice so frequentialy within paragraphs. For example, “Once you have developed your recruitment plan, recruited people, and now have plenty of people to choose from, you can begin the selection process. The selection process refers to the steps involved in choosing people who have the right qualifications to fill a current or future job opening. Usually, managers and supervisors will be ultimately responsible for the hiring of individuals…”

I did not find this text to be insensitive or offensive. In chapter 3, the author perhaps approaches inclusiveness to a fault. multiculturalism is not defined, but focuses on inclusiveness, understanding, and respect, “looks at” unequal power and privilege, i.e., whether “advantages are based on a system in which one race, gender, and sexual orientation is predominant in setting societal rules and norms.” Although the author claims that “the idea of power and privilege is not about “white male bashing” but understanding our own stereotypes and systems of advantage so we can be more inclusive with our coworkers, employees, and managers.” Yet, in a U.S. business school classroom context, it is difficult to imagine that a white, heterosexual, male student won’t view this as some sort of intervention. At the end of the chapter, the focus on inclusiveness and respect seems to fade into the background: “Multiculturalism is a term that is similar to diversity, but it focuses on development of a greater understanding of how power in society can be unequal due to race, gender, sexual orientation, power, and privilege.” In the chapter on selection, a few of the example interview questions are confusing and may suggest an implicit bias. For example, “You can’t ask direct questions about marital status or ages of children. An alternative may be to ask, ‘Do you have any restrictions on your ability to travel, since this job requires 50 percent travel?’” This example made me pause, as it seems to imply that readers assume that a job candidate's willingness to travel is somehow connected to their marital status or family situation. Why is a question about travel an alternative to a question about marital/family status?

I appreciate and admire the effort that went into preparing this text, as I believe it is a tremendous endeavor in a rapidly changing field that functions in so many different ways in different types of organizations.

The exercises and case examples are a strength and they reflect the author's commitment to students application of course concepts and their development of critical thinking skills.

Reviewed by Valerie Wallingford, Professor, Bemidji State University on 4/11/17

The majority of the HRM topics included in most HRM textbooks. That being said there area few areas that were left out or could be elaborated upon: Equal Employment Opportunity should have an entire chapter devoted to it. Workforce, jobs, and job... read more

The majority of the HRM topics included in most HRM textbooks. That being said there area few areas that were left out or could be elaborated upon: Equal Employment Opportunity should have an entire chapter devoted to it. Workforce, jobs, and job analysis should have an entire chapter devoted to it. Training & development were combined in one chapter and possibly should have a chapter devoted to each topic. Compensation & benefits were combined in one chapter and possibly should have a chapter devoted to each topic. There should be a chapter devoted to employee rights and responsibilities. A new release is probably due to discuss changes in healthcare, etc.

Content was accurately represented (just needs to be updated with most recent laws and regulations), error-free, and unbiased with good examples and links that support the content.

The most recent reference source noted was 2012 which is already 5 years old. A newer release would be good to make sure that recent changes in laws and regulations are covered such as with healthcare requirements.

The text was written so that students would easily be able to read and comprehend the material.

All chapters utilized consistent terminology, style and structure which makes it easy to follow.

It is consistent in that chapter concepts are introduced and further expanded upon, therefore, I see no disruption to the reader so yes the book's content has modularity.

I think the organization is for the most part good. However, equal employment opportunity should be covered early on and as I mentioned in #1 there are chapters that combine two important topics that should be in separate chapters, etc.

Some videos required additional login information that I was not able to view. For the most part the book's interface was good.

There were no grammatical errors that I found.

The content was written with no biases, it utilized good examples that were inclusive. I did not perceive anything to be insensitive or offensive.

I teach a senior undergraduate level HRM course and this course needs to cover the latest in rules and regulations which this text does not in some case. Therefore, I would not adopt this text for my course but it may be appropriate for lower level HRM courses.

Reviewed by Kathy Milhauser, Professor, Concordia University Portland on 12/5/16

The text covers most of the necessary material to support an introductory course in Human Resource Management for undergraduate business students. One topic that I don’t always see emphasized in textbooks that was included here was Retention of... read more

The text covers most of the necessary material to support an introductory course in Human Resource Management for undergraduate business students. One topic that I don’t always see emphasized in textbooks that was included here was Retention of employees (Chapter 7) and Communication (Chapter 9) which I believe could be left out, since this is covered in lower division courses on organizational behavior and communication. The only thing I didn’t see that is included in the text I am currently using was a chapter on Job Design.

I didn’t see any accuracy issues, other than issues with the use of data and sources that are a few years old that may no longer be accurate. Details in the Relevance section.

I didn’t find all of the videos to be as helpful as I would have liked, and didn’t feel that they were tied in very well with the key points in the text (i.e. Dilbert Video in Chapter 1). Text uses data from 2010 census that should be updated (Figure 1.6). Generational differences article was from 2005.

The book was primarily written to the potential HR Manager. I prefer a perspective that speaks to any potential/future manager in a way that holds each accountable for managing human resources, not looking to a formal HR Manager to do so. Sections on how to develop an HRM Plan, for example, would not be relevant to managers of other functions, even though the tasks in the HRM Plan might represent valuable work for any manager to perform.

I really like some of the examples and explanations of concepts. Section 3.2 does an especially good job of defining and illustrating issues of privilege that can be encountered in the workplace. Chapter 4 on Recruitment is also very clearly laid out and would be simple for students to follow. Good integration of motivational theories to help students think about various compensation plans in Chapter 5.

I found the style and structure of the text to be consistent.

The text could easily be aligned to a 10 week term or 15 week semester course, as the chapters can be assigned singly or in pairs to students and support classroom activities and projects. Chapters could also be assigned and used out of order.

I thought the flow of the text was fine. I can see following the flow of the chapters in a course, or changing the order of some of the chapters, and don’t see any issues with this in the design of the text.

Getting back to the text after watching a video required using the back button – it would be easy for students to be distracted by the additional videos offered, and not go back to their reading. There were also some links that required a user. i.d. and password that I wasn’t able to access (api.wistia.com . . .). There were also YouTube videos linked to the text that are no longer available (i.e. Chapter 3). Video in Chapter 4 on Top Interview Questions wanted viewer to click on Subscribe.

I saw only a few very minor grammatical errors that would not be distracting to students.

There was a very good chapter on Diversity and Multiculturalism (Chapter 3) and another on International HRM (Chapter 14) that were very good and added to the global relevance and cultural issues in organizations.

I think this is a great book, and could be an asset to a course in Human Resource Management for undergrad students. It is well written and provides clear, easily usable activities, exercises, and cases. My only issues are that there are some issues with some of the videos and quite a few of the resources need to be updated to ensure relevance.

Reviewed by Tom Zeni, Assistant Professor, West Virginia University on 12/5/16

The book includes all of the major HR functional areas and topics included in most HRM textbooks. To their credit, the author choose to include several additional sections (such as communication, management & leadership styles, and... read more

The book includes all of the major HR functional areas and topics included in most HRM textbooks. To their credit, the author choose to include several additional sections (such as communication, management & leadership styles, and multiculturalism) that are not found in traditional HRM texts. There have been several key legislative changes which have impacted the field of HRM since the text's last update. Discussions surrounding the Affordable Care Act and recent changes to the FLSA should be added to subsequent releases. I was not able to locate an index or glossary per se, however, a list of references is provided at the end of each major topic.

I did not observe any inaccuracies in reading the text and the language used is objective and neutral.

The book is definitely arranged to make future updates relatively simple. In my earlier comments, I suggested several potential updates which could be (along with all others) seamlessly integrated into the existing work.

The author does an excellent job of keeping the text readable, particularly when addressing topics that can sometimes get bogged down in legalese and other jargon (we love or acronyms). The author introduces the language of HR in a way an everyday reader can interpret.

The text follows a general format throughout making it easy to navigate on all platforms.

In its current form, the text is reasonable modular. Chapters are broken into topics and these are referenced in the Table of Contents making navigation straightforward. Within each topic are various subtopics. These are arranged and blocked in manageable sizes for the reader. As a recommendation for improvement, the author may wish to consider revisiting the topics/subtopics. In many cases throughout the text, the number of subtopics under and topic heading are fairly large. It would benefit the reader to either have more topics with fewer subtopics, or to have subtopics referenced in the Table of Contents for easy navigation.

The topics are presented in a fairly standard fashion that mimics the flow of human capital through an organization. Many HR areas overlap, and I commend the author on the introduction of topics when necessary to fully explain a concept, while indicating the topic will be discussed in further detail later (see, for example, the treatment of EEOC concerns in Chapter 3 on Diversity & Multiculturalism and how it is revisited again in Chapters 4 and 5). This is a glaring omission in many other works, and it serves to make the concepts feel isolated and distinct when they are very much interrelated. Bravo!

I did not observe any issues with the interface or distortion. I will note that at least one video link I attempted to follow required login credentials and I was therefore not able to view it (see Chapter 2.2 "How Would You Handle This?).

I did not notice any grammatical errors in the book.

The text includes a chapter on the front end devoted to Diversity and Multiculturalism. I see this as an improvement over many texts that do not have a devoted chapter on the subject, or that "tuck it away" towards the end. Cultural sensitivity is an important issue in HR and General Management, and introducing the topic up front allows the reader to consider cultural issues throughout the remainder of the text. The author does a noticeably good job of selecting images and stories the reflect cultural diversity as well.

One of the more comprehensive (yet readable) HR textbooks I have encountered. Each chapter opens with a short vignette that puts the reader into a lifelike and highly probable scenario, engaging their interest in what's to come. This is a refreshing change over the traditional chapter opening highlighting a corporate operating lesson. Beyond the text, the book is embedded with external resources that are both interesting and relevant, improving the reader's overall experience. Each section is organized by learning objectives, chapters close with summaries and exercises... this book delivers everything a traditional textbook has to offer and then some!

Reviewed by Valerie Barnett, Instructor, Kansas State University on 8/21/16

The textbook covers some topics in depth, but leaves key elements out of other topic areas. For example, the section related to workforce planning in chapter 2 does not completely cover supply and demand and does not discuss actions that can be... read more

The textbook covers some topics in depth, but leaves key elements out of other topic areas. For example, the section related to workforce planning in chapter 2 does not completely cover supply and demand and does not discuss actions that can be taken to respond to anticipated surpluses and shortages. Background and reference checks were not covered in the chapter on selection. Employment laws were covered briefly in chapter 3 and interspersed throughout the text. It felt like a piecemeal approach.

The textbook included complete chapters on employee communication, retention and motivation, and safety and health. These are topics I normally reference, but do not cover in depth in my course.

I did not find any inaccuracies. However, I found that in some places the author used different terminology than what is normally used by human resource management professionals.

The textbook was originally published around 2011 and key cases and laws are not included in the text. Many of the YouTube videos are available, but are dated.

The book provides good examples and cases to explore the concepts and terminology.

Modularity rating: 2

The book incorporates the practice of introducing a topic and then indicating that the topic will be explored further in later sections and chapters of the textbook. This practice would make it hard to assign chapters out of order.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 2

The chapters are not organized in the order I normally teach the topics and topics are covered in more than one chapter. Compensation and benefits are discussed in the same chapter. Typically I use texts that include separate chapters for pay structure, incentive pay and benefits and I cover the topics in more depth.

The interface is fairly clean. Several of the videos required an access authentication code. However, most of the links to videos worked.

I did not find any problems with the grammar in the textbook.

I did not notice any insensitive or offensive examples or references in the text.

This book does not fit my needs. According to the preface, "competing books are focused on the academic part of HRM, which is necessary in a university or college setting. However, the goal with this book is not only to provide the necessary academic background information but also to present the material with a practitioner’s focus on both large and small businesses." I needed the book to go into more depth in some areas and include less information on other topics.

The organization of the topics and the flow of the textbook also does not work with the way I teach my class.

However, I will use this textbook as a source for my teaching. The text includes excellent cases, discussion questions, tables, videos, etc. that I can use to enhance the class.

Reviewed by Marilyn Byrd, Assistant Professor, University of Oklahoma on 1/12/15

The author covered the most commonly discussed topics that are found in HRM textbooks. Setting this textbook apart from others was the inclusion of a standalone chapter on communication. This is sensible since communication is critical to managing... read more

The author covered the most commonly discussed topics that are found in HRM textbooks. Setting this textbook apart from others was the inclusion of a standalone chapter on communication. This is sensible since communication is critical to managing people. The inclusion of a section on workplace bullying and workplace violence is also timely and not commonly provided in detail to which the author presented. Also I was pleased to see a discussion on career development and succession planning these items are often missing from HRM textbooks.

The author included discussion of SIGs, professional organizations, and conferences as a useful way for professionals to enhance their professional expertise and as a source for jobs. This is another discussion that is timely and well needed.

Based on the other HRM textbooks I have used, the author gives an accurate presentation of HRM. By using examples like the Fortune 500 Focus and links to resources that support the discussion, the author gives credibility to the content.

It can be taken into consideration that the time lapse between writing the content and the actual publication there may be more updated information available. I did not necessarily discover that in this text, although I did note the latest reference sources were 2012.

Clear and reader friendly.

The textbook was consistent in layout and presentation of content across all 14 chapters.

The author sectioned each chapter and assigned learning objectives for each section. This is a technique I have not encountered widely and sets this textbook apart from others. It also makes it easier to assign readings to students.Assigning learning objectives for each section allows students to self-check before moving on to the next section.

Organization and structure of the textbook was clear and easy to follow. In some places, the author highlighted or numbered items and this makes it easier for points to "jump out." It is often a challenge to encourage students to read--this technique may be more motivating.

Visually, the book was appealing and I did not note issues that would confuse the reader. The one thing I noted was the need to have spacing between paragraphs. There was not a distinguishable separation in most cases.

I encountered no grammatical errors.

Chapter 3 was devoted to topics of diversity and culture. This textbook presented a realistic discussion of diversity that is not encountered in most of the HRM textbooks I have used. The discussion of power and privilege was most needed. Most HRM textbooks omit this discussion. Instead other textbooks will present diversity from the perspective of "diversity is appreciated" but lack a discussion of cultural sensitivity. I also appreciate how the chapter addressed diversity training with an emphasis on power and privilege---this is an approach lacking (in general).

This book delivered what the author promised---a textbook that is practitioner focused. Human resource management is a course that needs a "how to" approach as well as a conceptual approach so that students can see how to perform tasks. I have used and read several HRM textbooks--this one is the most useful I have found. For example, the author described for students how to design training programs and how to make relevant. The author gave examples of types of issues that might be causing performance issues--this is particularly useful for students who have not been in management positions. These types of examples places the content into context. The author described how to design a performance appraisal system and how to write job descriptions. The author described practical examples of theory--for example instead of stating what a Theory X manager might do, the author gave an example. The "how to" approach and designing the textbook for the HRM practitioner is what makes this HRM textbook unique. The cases, scenarios, team activities, and video examples are what students need to make the concepts come to life.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter 1: The Role of Human Resources
  • Chapter 2: Developing and Implementing Strategic HRM Plans
  • Chapter 3: Diversity and Multiculturalism
  • Chapter 4: Recruitment
  • Chapter 5: Selection
  • Chapter 6: Compensation and Benefits
  • Chapter 7: Retention and Motivation
  • Chapter 8: Training and Development
  • Chapter 9: Successful Employee Communication
  • Chapter 10: Managing Employee Performance
  • Chapter 11: Employee Assessment
  • Chapter 12: Working with Labor Unions
  • Chapter 13: Safety and Health at Work
  • Chapter 14: International HRM

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Human Resource Management teaches HRM strategies and theories that any manager—not just those in HR—needs to know about recruiting, selecting, training, and compensating people.

Most students will be managing people at some point in their careers and not necessarily in a human resource management capacity. As businesses cut back, they may outsource HR duties to outside vendors. Or, in smaller businesses, the HR department is sometimes small or non-existent, and managers from other departments have to perform their own HRM. Therefore, teaching HRM from the perspective of a general manager, in addition to an HR manager, provides more relevance to students' careers and will give them a competitive advantage in the workplace.

This text also provides practical applications of theory relevant to today's workplace. You won't find discussions about “posting vacancies on a job board” or “sending memos.” In the real world, HRM leverages technology in every aspect of the job—from online training modules to technology for better managing flex-time workers and telecommuters.

Consider how most companies have gone “paperless” with pay stubs by using software. While such technology has made HRM easier, it has also created a new set of challenges. For example, how does a manager actually implement a new pay system? Therefore, it's important for students to understand what kinds of platforms exist in today's workplace to enhance their effectiveness as future managers.

The conversational style of Human Resource Management engages students, while the academic rigor of its content provides them with the tools that any manager needs—whether they work in HR or a different department. PLUS it offers an array of supplements that gives them practice creating real HR documents and role-playing real HR scenarios. Add value to your students' education, enhance the relevance of your curriculum, and make your students more employable by adopting this book for your HRM class. Read it now online today!

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Data management in biobanking: strategies, challenges, and future directions.

human resource management research pdf

1. Introduction

2. biospecimens, 2.1. importance of biospecimens, 2.2. types of biospecimens.

  • Blood samples: Blood plays a crucial role in the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Obtained through procedures like venipuncture or finger pricking, blood samples are rich in information, containing details like blood cell counts, biochemical markers, hormones, and genetic material (DNA and RNA). They are utilized across various medical fields for diagnostics, disease tracking, and research endeavors.
  • Tissue biopsies: Tissue biopsies involve extracting small tissue samples from organs or lesions for microscopic examination. These samples provide vital diagnostic insights, enabling pathologists to identify cellular irregularities, tissue structures, and molecular markers associated with conditions such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. Techniques like needle biopsies, surgical excision, and endoscopic procedures are employed to obtain tissue biopsies.
  • Saliva and oral swabs: Saliva and oral swabs contain a mix of cells, enzymes, proteins, and microorganisms that are present in the oral cavity. These specimens are collected non-invasively and are employed to study oral health, detect oral pathogens, and analyze the oral microbiome. Saliva samples also offer insights into systemic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders. Oral swabs find utility in genetic testing and forensic analysis.
  • Urine samples: Urine, a waste product produced by the kidneys, holds metabolic byproducts, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances filtered from the blood. Routinely collected for urinalysis, urine samples help evaluate the kidney function, hydration status, and presence of abnormalities such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and proteinuria. They are also utilized in drug screening, pregnancy testing, and research studies.
  • Stool samples: Stool, or feces, is the waste product expelled from the gastrointestinal tract. Stool samples contain undigested food, water, bacteria, viruses, and other substances. Collected for diagnostic purposes, they help detect gastrointestinal infections, evaluate digestive function, and screen for colorectal cancer. Stool samples are also used to explore the gut microbiome, digestive disorders, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

3. Data Types in Biobanking

3.1. clinical data, 3.2. image data.

  • Histopathological images: Histopathological images capture tissue samples stained with diverse dyes to visualize cellular structures and arrangements. These images are pivotal in disease diagnosis, tumor evaluation, and prognostic assessment. Biobanks maintain archives of histopathological slides alongside detailed clinical annotations, empowering researchers to correlate histological characteristics with molecular profiles and clinical outcomes.
  • Medical imaging: Medical imaging encompasses a plethora of techniques including MRI, CT scans, PET scans, ultrasound, X-rays, and thermal imaging, facilitating the non-invasive visualization of anatomical structures, physiological activities, and pathological changes in living organisms. Biobanks curate repositories of medical imaging data obtained from routine clinical procedures, research studies, and clinical trials, enabling retrospective analyses and longitudinal investigations across diverse patient cohorts [ 19 , 20 ].
  • Microscopy images: Microscopy images capture intricate cellular and subcellular structures with remarkable resolution, providing insights into cellular morphologies, spatial organizations, and dynamic processes. Biobanks preserve microscopy images that are acquired through various techniques such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy, supporting research endeavors in fields such as cell biology, neuroscience, and developmental biology. These images facilitate quantitative analyses of cellular phenotypes, protein distributions, and cellular interactions in both healthy and diseased states.

3.3. Omics Data

  • Genomic data, encapsulating DNA sequences, variations, and structural nuances, constitute an indispensable facet of biobanking. Driven by advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, biobanks house diverse genomic datasets spanning entire genomes, exomes, and genotyping arrays. These datasets facilitate genome-wide association studies (GWASs), variant exploration, and pharmacogenomic investigations, with the integration of genomic data and clinical insights holding promise for deciphering genotype–phenotype relationships and guiding tailored treatment approaches.
  • Transcriptomic data: Transcriptomic data capture the expression profiles of genes under various biological conditions, unraveling intricate cellular processes and regulatory networks. Biobanks curate transcriptomic datasets derived from methodologies like microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), enabling researchers to probe gene expression patterns linked to disease states, tissue phenotypes, and therapeutic responses. Transcriptomic analyses of biobanked specimens drive biomarker discovery, target identification, and mechanistic inquiries across diverse domains spanning oncology to neurology.
  • Proteomic data: Proteomic data entail the identification and quantification of proteins within biological samples, offering a snapshot of their cellular functions and signaling pathways. Biobanks store proteomic datasets derived from mass spectrometry-based techniques, immunoassays, and protein arrays, facilitating the characterization of protein expression, modifications, and interactions. The integration of proteomic insights with other omics layers enriches our understanding of disease mechanisms, biomarker profiles, and treatment responses, thereby paving the way for precise therapeutic interventions.
  • Metabolomic data: Metabolomic data capture the repertoire of small-molecule metabolites within biological samples, serving as mirrors of cellular metabolism and biochemical pathways. Biobanks archive metabolomic profiles obtained using methodologies like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), enabling investigations into metabolic dysregulations across diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. The integration of metabolomic signatures with other omics datasets furnishes holistic insights into disease phenotypes and metabolic imbalances underpinning health and disease.

4. Challenges in Data Management

4.1. data heterogeneity.

  • Diverse data types: Biobanks collect a wide range of biological samples, including tissues, blood, urine, and cells, each with its unique characteristics and properties. Furthermore, the associated data encompass a wide range of data types, including genomic data, clinical records, imaging data, and information on environmental exposure. Managing such diverse datasets requires robust systems capable of handling multiple data formats, structures, and standards [ 26 ].
  • Varying data standards: Different biobanks may adhere to varying data standards, terminology, and annotation protocols, leading to inconsistencies in data representation and interoperability challenges. Harmonizing data across multiple biobanks and research studies becomes inherently challenging due to the lack of standardized practices for data collection, annotation, and storage.
  • Data annotation and metadata: Effective data management relies on accurate metadata annotation to provide context and interpretability to the stored data. However, the heterogeneity of data sources often results in incomplete or inconsistent metadata, making it challenging to interpret and analyze the data accurately. Standardizing metadata annotation practices is essential for ensuring data integrity and facilitating data integration across different biobanks and research projects.
  • Integration and interoperability: Integrating heterogeneous datasets from multiple sources is crucial for conducting comprehensive analyses and deriving meaningful insights. However, data heterogeneity complicates the integration process, requiring sophisticated data integration methods and tools to reconcile the differences in data formats, semantics, and ontologies. Achieving interoperability across disparate datasets is essential for promoting data sharing and collaboration in the scientific community.
  • Data quality and reliability: Heterogeneous data sources may vary in quality, completeness, and reliability, posing challenges for ensuring data accuracy and consistency. Quality control measures must be implemented throughout the data lifecycle to identify and rectify errors, outliers, and inconsistencies. Data validation, cleaning, and normalization techniques are essential for maintaining data quality and reliability, particularly in large-scale biobanking initiatives.
  • Ethical and legal considerations: Data heterogeneity also extends to ethical and legal considerations surrounding data privacy, consent, and ownership. Harmonizing ethical standards and regulatory requirements across different jurisdictions is essential to ensure adherence to data protection regulations like GDPR and HIPAA.

4.2. Data Quality Assurance

  • Sample integrity and traceability: Biobanks must maintain the integrity and traceability of biological samples throughout their lifecycle, from collection to storage and distribution. Ensuring proper sample handling, storage conditions, and chain-of-custody protocols is crucial for preventing sample degradation, contamination, or mislabeling, which could compromise data quality and research outcomes.
  • Data accuracy and consistency: The data collected and curated in biobanks must be accurate, consistent, and reliable to support meaningful research conclusions. However, data entry errors, inconsistencies in data annotation, and discrepancies between different data sources can introduce inaccuracies and biases into the dataset. Implementing data validation checks, standardizing data entry procedures, and conducting regular data audits are imperative for upholding data accuracy and consistency.
  • Missing data and incomplete records: Incomplete or missing data entries are common challenges in biobanking, where data may be unavailable or incomplete due to various reasons such as sample collection limitations, participant non-compliance, or data entry errors. Addressing missing data requires robust data imputation techniques and strategies for data completeness assessment. Additionally, establishing protocols for documenting missing data and mitigating its impact on research outcomes is essential for maintaining data quality.
  • Data reconciliation and harmonization: Biobanks often aggregate data from multiple sources, including clinical records, laboratory measurements, and genetic analyses. Reconciling and harmonizing heterogeneous data sources to ensure consistency and interoperability pose significant challenges. Establishing standardized data formats, vocabularies, and ontologies, along with data normalization and transformation techniques, is essential for integrating diverse datasets while maintaining data quality.
  • Quality control processes: Implementing rigorous quality control processes is crucial for identifying and rectifying data errors, outliers, and inconsistencies. Quality control measures might encompass data validation checks, data cleaning procedures, and outlier detection algorithms, all aimed at ensuring the integrity and reliability of the data. Regular quality assessments and audits help monitor data quality over time and ensure adherence to established quality standards.
  • Long-term data preservation: Preserving data integrity and accessibility over the long term presents a considerable challenge for biobanks, particularly as technology and data formats evolve over time. Establishing robust data stewardship and preservation strategies, including data backup, version control, and migration plans, is essential for safeguarding data integrity and ensuring their longevity for future research endeavors.
  • Ethical and regulatory compliance: Data quality assurance in biobanking needs to adhere to ethical principles and regulatory requirements governing participant privacy, consent, and data protection. Implementing data governance frameworks, privacy safeguards, and security measures is essential for compliance with legal and ethical guidelines such as GDPR [ 27 ] and HIPAA while maintaining data quality and integrity.

4.3. Privacy and Security

  • Participant confidentiality: Biobanks hold considerable amounts of data containing sensitive information about participants, including personal identifiers, medical histories, and genetic profiles. Ensuring participant confidentiality and protecting privacy rights are fundamental ethical principles in biobanking. However, the amount and diversity of the data increase the risk of unintended disclosures or privacy breaches, necessitating robust privacy safeguards and access controls.
  • Encryption and access management: Deploying robust encryption protocols and access management systems is crucial for safeguarding biobank data against unauthorized access or breaches. Encryption methods like data-at-rest and data-in-transit encryption serve to secure data both during storage on servers and while they are being transmitted. Access management strategies, such as role-based access control (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA), limit access solely to authorized individuals, thereby reducing the potential for insider threats.
  • Data anonymization and de-identification: Anonymizing or de-identifying data represents a prevalent approach in biobanking, aiming to safeguard participant privacy while retaining data usefulness for research endeavors. However, achieving true anonymity or irreversibility poses challenges, as re-identification risks remain, especially with the proliferation of data linkage and re-identification techniques. Balancing data anonymization with data utility requires the careful consideration of anonymization methods and privacy-preserving techniques.
  • Data sharing and consent management: Facilitating data sharing while respecting participant consent preferences is a complex undertaking in biobanking. Ensuring that participants have meaningful control over their data and understanding how their data will be used is essential for fostering trust and transparency. Implementing robust consent management systems, including dynamic consent models and granular consent options, enables participants to specify their preferences regarding data sharing and use.
  • Regulatory compliance: Biobanking data management must comply with a myriad of legal and regulatory requirements governing data privacy and security, including General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [ 28 ], Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [ 29 ], and other data protection laws. Adhering to regulatory standards requires implementing comprehensive data governance frameworks, conducting privacy impact assessments, and maintaining documentation of data processing activities. Failure to comply can lead to significant penalties and harm to the reputation of biobanks.
  • Data breach preparedness and response: Despite best efforts to prevent breaches, biobanks need to be ready to react promptly and efficiently in case of a data breach. Establishing incident response plans, including procedures for breach notification, forensic investigation, and communication with affected parties, is crucial for mitigating the impact of breaches on participant privacy and trust.
  • Data lifecycle management: Ensuring the effective management of data from its collection to disposal necessitates the implementation of robust data management practices that prioritize privacy and security. Implementing data minimization strategies, secure data disposal procedures, and audit trails for data access and usage enhances accountability and mitigates the risk of unauthorized data exposure

4.4. Data Governance and Regulatory Compliance

  • Legal and ethical frameworks: Biobanks operate within a framework of legal and ethical guidelines that govern the collection, storage, and use of biological samples and their associated data. Adherence to regulations like the GDPR and HIPAA as well as the ethical principles outlined in documents like the Declaration of Helsinki are prerequisites for the protection of participant rights and ensuring research integrity.
  • Informed consent and participant privacy: Obtaining informed consent from participants is a cornerstone of ethical biobanking practices, guaranteeing that individuals comprehend the objectives of data collection, the intended utilization of their data, and any potential risks inherent in the process [ 4 ]. However, obtaining meaningful consent can be challenging, especially in longitudinal studies or when data may be used for future, unforeseen research purposes. Balancing participant autonomy with the need for scientific advancement requires clear communication and consent management strategies.
  • Data ownership and intellectual property: Elucidating rights to data ownership and addressing intellectual property concerns is essential for resolving legal and ethical issues surrounding data usage, access, and commercialization. Biobanks often navigate complex relationships between participants, researchers, institutions, and commercial entities, necessitating clear policies and agreements regarding data ownership, sharing, and commercialization rights.
  • Data access and sharing policies: Establishing transparent data access and sharing policies is essential for promoting research collaboration, maximizing data utility, and ensuring equitable access to biobank resources. However, balancing openness with privacy concerns and intellectual property rights poses challenges, particularly when sharing data across international borders or with commercial partners. Implementing access control mechanisms and data use agreements helps regulate data access while protecting participant privacy and confidentiality.
  • Data security and confidentiality: Protecting the security and confidentiality of biobank data is a legal and ethical imperative, requiring robust data security measures and safeguards against unauthorized access or breaches. Adhering to data protection regulations like GDPR and HIPAA entails implementing encryption, access controls, and data anonymization techniques to mitigate privacy risks and safeguard participant confidentiality.
  • Audit and compliance monitoring: Monitoring compliance with data governance policies and regulatory requirements requires robust audit mechanisms and oversight processes. Conducting regular audits of data management practices, documentation, and security controls helps identify potential compliance gaps and mitigate risks of non-compliance. Establishing clear lines of accountability and oversight responsibilities is essential for ensuring adherence to regulatory standards.
  • Data retention and disposal: Developing policies for data retention and disposal is essential for effectively managing the data lifecycle and minimizing privacy risks. Determining appropriate retention periods, archival strategies, and secure data disposal procedures requires the consideration of legal requirements, research needs, and participant consent preferences. Implementing data minimization principles and regular data purging practices reduces the risk of unauthorized data exposure and facilitates compliance with data protection laws.

5. Strategies for Effective Data Management

5.1. standardization and metadata annotation.

  • Data standardization: Standardizing data formats, vocabularies, and ontologies is essential for ensuring consistency and interoperability across the diverse datasets collected and stored in biobanks [ 30 ]. With the adoption of common data standards and terminologies, biobanks facilitate data sharing, integration, and reusability across multiple research studies and platforms [ 31 , 32 ]. Standardization efforts encompass various aspects of data management, including sample metadata, clinical annotations, genomic data formats, and laboratory measurements [ 33 , 34 ].
  • Harmonization of data: Harmonizing heterogeneous datasets from different sources involves reconciling the differences in data formats, semantics, and structures to enable seamless data integration and analysis. Harmonization efforts aim to ensure that the data collected across multiple biobanks or research studies are compatible and comparable, thereby maximizing the utility of aggregated datasets for research purposes. Establishing harmonization guidelines, mapping protocols, and data transformation procedures helps address discrepancies and inconsistencies in data representation [ 35 ].
  • Metadata annotation: Metadata annotation provides essential context and descriptive information about biological samples and their associated data, enhancing data interpretability and usability. Metadata encompass a wide range of attributes, including sample characteristics, experimental protocols, data provenance, and quality metrics. Annotating data with standardized metadata terms and controlled vocabularies enables researchers to search, filter, and analyze data effectively, facilitating data discovery and interpretation [ 36 , 37 ].
  • Data integration platforms: Leveraging data integration platforms and bioinformatics tools streamlines the process of harmonizing and annotating heterogeneous datasets in biobanking. These platforms provide capabilities for data mapping, transformation, and enrichment, enabling researchers to aggregate, query, and analyze diverse datasets from multiple sources. By providing a unified interface for data access and analysis, data integration platforms promote collaboration, accelerate research discoveries, and maximize the value of biobank resources [ 38 ].
  • Ontology development and adoption: Ontologies play a crucial role in standardizing and formalizing knowledge representation in biobanking, enabling semantic interoperability and data integration [ 39 ]. Ontologies provide structured vocabularies and hierarchical relationships for annotating biological concepts, phenotypic traits, and experimental variables [ 40 ]. Adopting community-developed ontologies, such as the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) or the Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO), facilitates data annotation and enhances data interoperability across different biobanks and research domains.
  • Metadata quality assurance: Ensuring the quality and completeness of metadata annotations is essential for maintaining data integrity and facilitating accurate data interpretation. Metadata quality assurance measures include validation checks, consistency audits, and adherence to metadata standards and best practices. Establishing metadata curation guidelines, metadata validation rules, and quality control procedures helps mitigate errors and inconsistencies in metadata annotations, enhancing the reliability and usability of biobank data.
  • Community engagement and collaboration: Collaborative efforts within the scientific community are crucial for driving standardization and metadata annotation initiatives in biobanking. Engaging stakeholders, including researchers, data scientists, informaticians, and domain experts, fosters consensus building, promotes knowledge sharing, and accelerates the adoption of standardized data management practices. Community-driven initiatives, such as data standards consortia, working groups, and data harmonization projects, play a vital role in advancing data standardization and metadata annotation efforts across the biobanking community.

5.2. Data Quality Control

  • Data validation: Data validation verifies the data’s accuracy, consistency, and integrity through systematic checks and predefined criteria. These checks, conducted at data entry or import, identify errors, anomalies, and inconsistencies such as missing values or outliers, ensuring only high-quality data are inputted into the system.
  • Quality assurance protocols: Developing quality assurance protocols and standard operating procedures (SOPs) are essential for the maintenance of consistent data quality standards across biobank operations. SOPs define procedures for data collection, storage, curation, and documentation, ensuring adherence to best practices and regulatory requirements. Regular training and audits help enforce compliance with quality assurance protocols and identify areas for improvement.
  • Data cleaning and transformation: Data cleaning addresses errors, inconsistencies, and outliers in the dataset to enhance data quality and reliability. Cleaning procedures may include data deduplication, outlier detection, imputation of missing values, and normalization of data formats. Data transformation techniques, such as standardization or log transformation, help prepare data for analysis and mitigate biases introduced by data heterogeneity.
  • Standardized data entry and documentation: Standardizing data entry procedures and documentation formats promotes consistency and accuracy in data collection and annotation. Providing clear guidelines, data dictionaries, and templates for data entry facilitates uniform data capture and ensures that relevant metadata are documented consistently [ 41 , 42 ]. Validating data against predefined data standards and vocabularies further enhances data quality and interoperability.
  • Automated quality control checks: Implementing automated quality control checks and algorithms helps streamline data validation and cleaning processes, reducing manual effort and human errors. Automated checks may include range validation, format validation, and logical consistency checks to flag potential data anomalies in real time. Integrating automated quality control checks into data management workflows improves efficiency and ensures timely detection and resolution of data issues.
  • Continuous monitoring and improvement: Data quality control is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring and enhancement to maintain data integrity over time. Monitoring data quality metrics like data completeness, accuracy rates, and error frequencies allows biobanks to evaluate the effectiveness of quality control measures and identify areas for optimization. Establishing feedback mechanisms and quality improvement initiatives fosters a culture of continuous quality improvement and enhances the reliability of biobank data.
  • External quality assessment programs: Participating in external quality assessment programs and proficiency testing schemes provides independent validation of data quality and performance against established benchmarks and standards. External assessments help benchmark biobank performance, identify areas for improvement, and demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and accreditation standards. Engaging in collaborative quality assurance initiatives strengthens the credibility and trustworthiness of biobank data within the scientific community.

5.3. Secure Data Infrastructure

  • Data encryption: Deploying strong encryption methods for data, both at rest and in transit, serves to protect biobank data from unauthorized access or interception. Encryption standards such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for data storage and Transport Layer Security (TLS) for data transmission ensure that data remain encrypted and indecipherable to unauthorized parties, thus mitigating the risk of data breaches or interception during transmission.
  • Access control and authentication: Establishing policies for access control and authentication mechanisms is essential in governing access to biobank data, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information. Role-based access control (RBAC), multi-factor authentication (MFA), and stringent password policies serve to limit access to data based on user roles, privileges, and authentication credentials, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized data access or insider threats.
  • Data segregation and isolation: The segregation and isolation of sensitive data within secure environments, such as secure servers or dedicated data centers, help to thwart unauthorized access or tampering with biobank data. The implementation of network segmentation, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems (IDSs) effectively separates sensitive data from less secure networks, minimizing the impact of security breaches or cyberattacks on biobank operations.
  • Secure data storage and backup: Employing secure data storage solutions, such as encrypted databases or cloud storage with integrated encryption and access controls, serves to safeguard biobank data from loss, theft, or corruption. Regular data backups and comprehensive disaster recovery plans ensure data resilience and enable swift data recovery in the event of hardware failures, natural disasters, or ransomware attacks, thereby minimizing downtime and potential data loss.
  • Data masking and anonymization: Applying data masking or anonymization techniques to sensitive data helps protect participant privacy and confidentiality while preserving data utility for research purposes. Masking personally identifiable information (PII) or de-identifying data before sharing or analysis reduces the risk of re-identification and unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information, ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and ethical guidelines.
  • Auditing and monitoring: Integrating robust auditing and monitoring mechanisms empowers biobanks to monitor data access, usage, and modifications, facilitating accountability and compliance with data governance policies. Audit trails, logging mechanisms, and real-time monitoring tools offer visibility into data activities and aid in detecting anomalous behavior or security incidents, enabling prompt response and remediation.
  • Security awareness and training: Promoting security awareness and providing training to personnel on security best practices, data handling procedures, and incident response protocols is crucial for fostering a culture of security within the biobank. Educating staff about potential security risks, phishing attacks, and social engineering tactics helps mitigate human errors and strengthens defenses against cybersecurity threats, enhancing overall data security posture.
  • Regulatory compliance and certifications: Ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, such as GDPR, HIPAA, and ISO/IEC 27001 [ 9 ], demonstrates commitment to data security and privacy best practices. Obtaining certifications and undergoing independent audits validate a biobank’s adherence to industry standards and regulatory guidelines, instilling confidence in data security practices among stakeholders, researchers, and participants.

5.4. Data Sharing and Collaboration

  • Promoting open data sharing: Embracing a culture of open data sharing facilitates transparency, reproducibility, and innovation in biomedical research [ 44 ]. Biobanks can promote open data sharing by adopting data-sharing policies, releasing datasets to public repositories, and adhering to data sharing mandates from funding agencies or regulatory bodies. Open data sharing fosters collaboration, accelerates scientific progress, and increases the impact of research findings by enabling broader access to biobank resources.
  • Establishing data access policies: Developing clear and transparent data access policies helps regulate access to biobank data while balancing privacy concerns, data governance requirements, and research needs [ 45 ]. Data access policies outline procedures for requesting, accessing, and sharing data, specifying eligibility criteria, data use restrictions, and compliance requirements. Implementing access control mechanisms, such as data use agreements and data access committees, ensures that data are accessed and used responsibly and ethically.
  • Creating collaborative platforms: Establishing collaborative platforms and data-sharing portals facilitates communication, collaboration, and data exchange among researchers, biobanks, and other stakeholders. Collaborative platforms provide centralized access to data, tools, and resources, enabling researchers to discover, access, and analyze biobank data efficiently [ 46 ]. These platforms may include data repositories, virtual research environments, or collaborative networks tailored to specific research domains or disease areas.
  • Data harmonization and integration: Harmonizing and integrating heterogeneous datasets from multiple biobanks or research studies enhances data interoperability and facilitates cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses. Collaborative efforts to standardize data formats, metadata annotations, and ontologies streamline data integration processes and enable researchers to aggregate, analyze, and interpret data from diverse sources effectively. Data harmonization initiatives promote data reuse, reduce redundancy, and maximize the value of biobank resources for research [ 3 ].
  • Facilitating data-sharing agreements: Negotiating data-sharing agreements and collaborations with external partners, including academic institutions, industry partners, and international consortia, expands research opportunities and promotes knowledge exchange [ 47 ]. Data-sharing agreements delineate the terms and conditions governing data sharing, including data ownership, intellectual property rights, and data use restrictions, ensuring that data are shared responsibly and in compliance with legal and ethical requirements [ 48 ].
  • Enabling federated data analysis: Federated data analysis approaches enable collaborative analysis of distributed datasets across multiple biobanks or research sites while preserving data privacy and security. Federated analysis platforms facilitate data aggregation, analysis, and knowledge discovery without centrally pooling or sharing sensitive data. By leveraging federated analysis techniques, researchers can collaborate on large-scale data analyses, identify patterns, and derive insights from diverse datasets while protecting participant privacy and data confidentiality.
  • Promoting data citation and attribution: Encouraging data citation and attribution practices acknowledges the contributions of data contributors, promotes data reuse, and enhances research reproducibility and transparency. Providing persistent identifiers (DOIs) for datasets, citing data sources in publications, and adhering to data citation standards facilitate the proper attribution and recognition of data contributors. Data citation policies and guidelines promote responsible data use and incentivize data sharing within the research community.

6. Literature Reviews

7. future directions, 7.1. integration of advanced technologies.

  • Blockchain technology: Blockchain technology provides a decentralized and tamper-resistant platform for secure and transparent data management in biobanking [ 79 ]. By utilizing blockchain’s unalterable ledger and cryptographic hashing, biobanks can ensure data integrity, traceability, and auditability throughout the data lifecycle. Blockchain-based solutions enable secure data sharing, provenance tracking, and consent management, fostering trust among data contributors, researchers, and participants [ 80 ].
  • Post-quantum cryptography and quantum-secure communication: To enhance data security against emerging threats posed by quantum computing, the integration of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum-secure communication technologies offers a promising path forward. These approaches are designed to counteract vulnerabilities that quantum computing could exploit, potentially compromising existing cryptographic systems. ○ Post-quantum cryptography: This involves developing cryptographic algorithms that are designed to stay secure even when quantum computers are in use. Unlike classical computers that use binary bits, quantum computers utilize qubits, which can exist in multiple states at the same time due to the principle of quantum superposition, allowing for significantly faster computations. This capability poses a threat to cryptographic methods such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which depend on the difficulty of solving mathematical problems like factoring large numbers or calculating discrete logarithms; these are tasks that quantum algorithms can handle much more efficiently. In biobanking, adopting PQC is vital to protect the vast amounts of sensitive personal and genetic data stored in these repositories. Given the potential for cyberattacks targeting personal identifiers and genetic sequences, PQC algorithms—such as those based on lattice-based cryptography, hash-based signatures, and multivariate quadratic equations—are being developed and standardized. Implementing these algorithms will help ensure that sensitive information remains secure, even as quantum computing becomes more widespread [ 81 ]. ○ Quantum-secure communication: Quantum-secure communication uses the principles of quantum mechanics to safeguard data transmissions. Key techniques encompass Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and quantum entanglement. QKD enables two parties to create a shared secret key protected by quantum laws. Any eavesdropping attempts would disturb the quantum states, making the intrusion detectable. For biobanks, using quantum-secure communication methods can greatly improve the protection of sensitive data during transmission. Given the frequent exchange of personal and genetic information among researchers, institutions, and regulatory bodies, ensuring the security and confidentiality of these communications is crucial. Technologies like QKD provide strong defenses against interception and tampering, thereby enhancing the security of data exchanges across networks [ 82 , 83 ].
  • Artificial intelligence and machine learning: Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms enable biobanks to analyze large-scale datasets [ 84 , 85 ], identify patterns, and extract actionable insights for precision medicine and personalized healthcare [ 86 ]. AI-driven approaches facilitate data mining, predictive modeling, and biomarker discovery, accelerating the translation of biomedical research into clinical applications [ 87 ]. AI-powered decision support systems aid in clinical diagnosis, treatment optimization, and patient stratification based on genetic and clinical data [ 88 , 89 ].
  • Federated learning: Federated learning facilitates collaborative model training across dispersed data sources while upholding data privacy and confidentiality. In biobanking, federated learning facilitates multi-center data analysis, enabling researchers to aggregate and analyze data from disparate biobanks without centrally pooling sensitive data. Federated learning platforms empower biobanks to collaborate on large-scale data analyses, share insights, and derive collective knowledge while protecting participant privacy and data security.
  • Genomic data analysis: Advances in genomic technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-cell sequencing, revolutionize genomic data analysis in biobanking [ 90 ]. High-throughput sequencing platforms generate vast amounts of genomic data, enabling the comprehensive characterization of genetic variation, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications. Bioinformatics tools and cloud-based analysis platforms facilitate genomic data analysis [ 13 , 91 ], variant interpretation, and genotype–phenotype association studies, advancing our understanding of complex diseases and guiding personalized medicine approaches [ 33 ].
  • Omics integration: Integrating multi-omics data, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offers holistic insights into biological systems and disease mechanisms [ 92 ]. Integrative omics analysis enables researchers to elucidate molecular pathways, identify biomarkers, and uncover therapeutic targets for precision medicine interventions [ 48 ]. Integrative bioinformatics approaches, such as pathway analysis, network modeling, and data fusion techniques, enhance data interpretation and facilitate discovery-driven research in biobanking [ 93 ].
  • Biobanking informatics platforms: Biobanking informatics platforms provide integrated solutions for data management, analysis, and collaboration, streamlining biobank operations and supporting research workflows [ 45 , 94 , 95 ]. These platforms offer features such as sample tracking, metadata management, data curation, and analysis tools tailored to biobanking needs [ 26 , 96 , 97 ]. Cloud-based informatics platforms enable scalable and secure data storage, analysis, and sharing, empowering biobanks to leverage advanced technologies and collaborate with researchers worldwide [ 98 ].
  • Emerging technologies: Emerging technologies, such as single-cell analysis, spatial transcriptomics, and organoid modeling, offer novel approaches for studying cellular heterogeneity, tissue architecture, and disease mechanisms in biobanking. These technologies enable researchers to capture fine-grained molecular profiles, spatially resolve cellular interactions, and model complex biological processes in vitro. Integrating emerging technologies into biobanking workflows expands research capabilities, facilitates disease modeling, and accelerates drug discovery efforts [ 99 ].

7.2. Long-Term Data Sustainability

  • Data stewardship and governance: Establishing robust data stewardship and governance frameworks is essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of biobank data [ 100 ]. Data stewardship involves the responsible management, curation, and preservation of data assets [ 101 ], while governance encompasses policies, procedures, and oversight mechanisms to ensure compliance with legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements. Implementing clear roles, responsibilities, and accountability structures fosters a culture of data stewardship and ensures the continuity of data management practices over time.
  • Data preservation and archiving: Preserving data integrity and accessibility over the long term requires establishing archival strategies and preservation methods tailored to the unique characteristics of biobank data. Archiving data in secure, redundant storage systems, such as digital repositories or cloud-based storage solutions, safeguards against data loss, hardware failures, or technological obsolescence. Implementing data backup, versioning, and migration strategies ensures data resilience and facilitates data recovery in the event of system failures or disasters.
  • Metadata standardization and documentation: Standardizing metadata formats, documentation practices, and data descriptors enhances data discoverability, interoperability, and usability over time [ 34 ]. Documenting metadata attributes, data provenance, and data processing protocols ensures that data remain comprehensible and interpretable by future users. Metadata standards, such as the Minimum Information About a Biobank (MIABIS) or the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles [ 30 , 101 ], guide metadata documentation and promote data sustainability by enhancing data reuse and interoperability.
  • Data quality assurance and maintenance: Maintaining data quality and reliability is essential for preserving the value and integrity of biobank data over time. Implementing data quality assurance measures, such as regular audits, validation checks, and data cleaning procedures, ensures that data remain accurate, consistent, and fit for purpose. Ongoing surveillance of data quality metrics and performance indicators allows biobanks to detect and rectify instances of data degradation or quality issues proactively, thereby sustaining data utility and trustworthiness.
  • Data security and privacy protection: Safeguarding data security and protecting participant privacy are paramount considerations for ensuring the long-term sustainability of biobank data [ 102 ]. Deploying strong data security measures, encryption techniques, access controls, and privacy safeguards helps alleviate the potential for data breaches, unauthorized access, or the misuse of data. Adhering to data protection laws, ethical guidelines, and best practices for data anonymization and de-identification ensures that data remain ethically and legally compliant while supporting data sharing and research collaboration.
  • Community engagement and collaboration: Engaging stakeholders, including researchers, participants, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies, fosters collaboration, promotes transparency, and ensures the continued relevance and sustainability of biobank data resources. Soliciting feedback, addressing community needs, and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes empower stakeholders to contribute to data governance, policy development, and resource allocation efforts [ 103 , 104 ]. Collaborative initiatives, such as data-sharing consortia, working groups, and community-driven projects, foster a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for sustaining biobank data resources [ 105 ].

7.3. Ethical and Social Implications

  • Informed consent and participant autonomy: Upholding the principles of informed consent and participant autonomy is paramount in biobanking to ensure that individuals have the right to make informed decisions about the use of their biological samples and data [ 107 ]. Future directions should focus on enhancing consent processes, providing clear and understandable information to participants, and offering opportunities for dynamic consent, allowing individuals to update their preferences over time [ 108 , 109 ].
  • Privacy and data confidentiality: Protecting participant privacy and ensuring the confidentiality of sensitive data are ethical imperatives in biobanking [ 110 ]. As biobanks collect and store large volumes of personal health information and genetic data, future directions should prioritize robust data security measures, anonymization techniques, and encryption protocols to mitigate privacy risks and prevent unauthorized access or breaches.
  • Equitable access and benefit sharing: Addressing issues of equity and justice in biobanking involves ensuring that the benefits derived from research are shared equitably among participants, communities, and stakeholders. Future directions should promote transparent and fair access to biobank resources, prioritize the inclusion of under-represented populations in research, and establish mechanisms for benefit sharing, such as community engagement initiatives, research partnerships, and capacity-building programs.
  • Data governance and oversight: Implementing effective data governance mechanisms and oversight frameworks is essential for ensuring responsible and ethical conduct in biobanking. Future directions should focus on developing robust data governance policies, establishing independent oversight bodies, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders to promote accountability, transparency, and ethical decision making in data management and research practices.
  • Cultural sensitivity and respect for diversity: Recognizing and respecting cultural differences, values, and beliefs is essential in biobanking to ensure that research practices are culturally sensitive and inclusive [ 108 ]. Future directions should prioritize culturally tailored approaches to consent processes, engage with diverse communities in research planning and implementation, and address cultural concerns and preferences regarding data sharing, storage, and use [ 111 ].
  • Public engagement and trust building: Building public trust and fostering the meaningful engagement of stakeholders are critical for success and sustainability of biobanking initiatives. Future directions should emphasize transparency, communication, and dialogue with the public, raise awareness about the benefits and risks of biobanking, and solicit input from diverse perspectives to inform decision-making processes and research priorities.
  • Ethical use of biobank resources: Ensuring that biobank resources are used ethically and responsibly requires adherence to ethical guidelines, professional standards, and regulatory requirements. Future directions should prioritize ethical considerations in research design, data analysis, and the dissemination of findings, promote responsible conduct of research, and establish mechanisms for ethical review and oversight to safeguard participant welfare and uphold research integrity.

8. Conclusions

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Alkhatib, R.; Gaede, K.I. Data Management in Biobanking: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions. BioTech 2024 , 13 , 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030034

Alkhatib R, Gaede KI. Data Management in Biobanking: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions. BioTech . 2024; 13(3):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030034

Alkhatib, Ramez, and Karoline I. Gaede. 2024. "Data Management in Biobanking: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions" BioTech 13, no. 3: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030034

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