introduction for physical education

Physical Education

1.1.Introduction to physical education

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Introduction to Physical Education

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Preview text, introduction to physical education.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION is a way of education through physical activities, which are selected and carried on with full regard to value human growth, development and behavior.

Physical Education is defined by Prof. Eduardo Laconsay, former Director of the Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Benguet State University, as “process through which an individual obtains optimal mental, social and fitness skills through physical activities” (Evisa, et.,2007).

P. is an “ integral part of education program designed to promote the optimum development of an individual physically, emotionally, mentally, and socially through total body movements in the performance of properly selected physical activities,” (Dr. Andin, 1978).

Objectives of Physical Education

Physical Development. An individual who participates in properly selected activities will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical fitness.

Social Development. Activities in physical education provide opportunities for the development of desirable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life. Example of traits: friendliness, cooperation, respect for the rights of others, good sportsmanship, good leadership, fellowship and honesty.

Emotional Development . The informal nature of PE offers opportunities for the self- expression and emotional mastery.

Self-confidence, self-control, self-reliance, courage and determination.

Mental Development . The individual develops his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles underlying movement, knowledge and understanding of rules and strategies of games and sports, and ways of improving in gymnastics and dance.

Purposes of Physical Education

Why do you think we need to study P. and why is it included in the school curriculum?

Below are the purpose of P. (Andin, 1988):

• To develop optimum fitness and health of the individual so that he is capable of living the “ good life” and of contributing his maximum capacity to the attainment of goals of our society.
• To produce individuals who can contribute to the economic well-being through: a) The improvement of punctuality, cooperation, reliability precision and accuracy and open mindedness; b) proper emphasis on problem solving skills

such that an individual can identify a problem correctly and master the skills necessary or useful in school and in the business world; 3. To train good leaders with moral integrity of the highest order and develop other desirable traits necessary for effective group participation or group essential to our society; 4. To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith in God and love of country and fellowmen; 5. To instill love and pride in our rich cultural heritage and strive for their preservation and develop and understanding other cultures to promote international brotherhood and unity.

Functions of Physical Education (Andin 1988)

• Biologic Function – refers to the enhancement of the individuals growth and development through body movement.
• Integrative Function – refers to personality integration achieved through participation in properly selected activities.
• Social Function – refers to the individuals opportunity to acquire, impart, or transmit desirable.
• Social values and standards that are acceptable with the needs and ideals of society.

The Physical Education Program

A. Regular Class Program 1. Core Activities are the main activities introduced to achieve the objectives of the program. 2. Related Activities are co-curricular activities, which are designed to enrich learning experiences of the students. 3. Adaptive Activities are designed or selected for students with special cases (handicapped students or students who are not allowed to do strenuous activities). B. Extra Class Program is recreational in nature. This gives opportunities to further enhance the students learning skills in the regular class program. 1. Intramurals are competition of teams within the school (sports, rhythmic). 2. Extra-murals are sports and rhythmic competitions of teams from different school (inter-school competition). 3. Field Mass Demonstration is a showcase of activities learned by the students in the class for public information (students output) 4. Exhibition Groups are specially trained students for on certain occasions ( dance troupe, varsirty teams, and cultural art groups.

Activities in the Physical Education Program

Categories:

• Fitness activities
• Rhythmic activities
• Simple games
• Sports type activities
• Athletic sports

structures can extend during the exercise, thus the probability of tearing a muscle becomes apparent. In many cases, this type of stretching causes muscle soreness.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) involves the hold-relax (HR) approach to stretching.

Cardiovascular Endurance

Cardiovascular endurance is the capacity of the heart, blood vessels and lungs to adapt to physical exertion for a prolonged duration.

MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

Muscular Strength is capacity of a group of muscle to exert maximal effort against a resistance. When muscles are capable of exerting effort against a resistance for a prolonged period of time, muscular endurance occurs.

Major Categories of Strength Training

Static Strength Training involves muscles that do not change in length during contraction.

The best example is isometric contraction. The exercise provides maximum contraction of muscles; however, there is neither observed movement nor changing length of the muscles or angle of a joint.

Dynamic Strength Training involves muscles that change in length during an exercise. These are two types: (a) isotonic contraction and (b) isokinetic contraction.

a) Isotonic contraction is a type of contraction that involves alternate shortening (concentric) and lengthening (eccentric) of muscle. The muscles contract against a resistance while the load remains constant. Isotonic exercises generally produce strength gains throughout the full range of motion. Progress in strength gains is easy to evaluate. In addition, the training exercise can duplicate a variety of sports skills that are used during competition. b) Isokinetic contraction is similar to isotonic contraction but the muscles are exposed to fixed machines with varying degrees of resistance. Through the range of movement, resistance is equal to the force applied, nautilus, universal and cybex machines are currently the best and safest training equipment that provide variable resistance. Compared to free weights, the uses of these machines endorsed by fitness trainers since they reduce the risk of muscle and joint injury.

It is the ability of the individual to quickly shift or change direction of the body from one point to another. Agility is a multifaceted skill. It involves speed and coordination that allows rapid control of movement as the change in the direction of the body occurs. Strength, power, reaction, flexibility, mental alertness, and concentration are all contributory factors that improve agility.

It is the ability of the individual to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in the body position. Balance can be categorized into static and dynamic balance. Static balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium in a fixed position such as standing on one foot or on a balance beam. Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain one’s equilibrium while the body is in motion. Walking on a balance beam is an example of this type of balance.

COORDINATION

It is the harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscles and nerves in one aspect of movement. Training in neuromuscular coordination is demonstrated in all the training activities associated with exercise and sport programs especially in speed work activities drills, skills etc.

It is the ability to perform one explosive muscular effort in a short period of time. It is a product of strength and speed as seen in many sport activities such as track and field and weightlifting.

It is the ability to perform a task or move from one point to another in the shortest possible time. It is also the time spent finishing or completing a performance after the initial movement has been made. Speed is influenced by reaction time. It is the time elapsed when a “go“ signal has been made in relation to the first motor response to the stimulus.

BODY COMPOSITION

It refers to the proportion between fat weight and total body weight. It is determined by the amount of fat and lean tissue in the body.

Body Mass Index ( BMI ) – measures thinness of fatness

Formula: BMI = weight (kg)

Height (m 2 )

Example: 30 (1)2 = 20 ........... this is normal

Categories of BMI

Chronic Energy Deficient (CED) < 18 Overweight 25-29.

Normal 18- 24 Obese >30.

 In Japan, swimming was one of the noble skills of the Samurai, and historic records describe swimming competitions in 36 B. organized by the emperor Suiqui, which are the first known swimming races.

 The German folklore describes swimming, which was used successfully in war against the Romans. Swimming competitions are also known from that time.

Middle Ages

 Swimming was one of the seven agilities of knights, including swimming with armor. However, as swimming was done in a state of undress, it became less popular as society became more conservative.

 In 1538, NICOLAR WYNMAN, wrote the first swimming book “COLYMBETES”. His goal was not exercise, but rather reduce the dangers of drowning. At around the same time, E. Digby in England wrote swimming book claiming that humans can swim better than fish.

 In 1603, the first swimming organization was established in Japan. Emperor Go-Yozel declared that school children should swim. More lifesaving groups were established in 1767 in Amsterdam by Dutch, 1772 in Copenhagen and 1774 by Great Britain. 1768 a humane society was established in the United States.

The Pre-Olympic Era

 In 1804 the lifebelt was invented by W. Mallison, the device being known at that time as the “SEAMANS Friend”. 1837 the first German swimming club established in Berlin.

 In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen reintroduced the front crawl. Trudgen learned the stroke from the nature of Americans during a trip to South America.

 In 1875, the first man to swim and cross the English Channel (between England and France) was Captain MATHEW WEBB. He used Breaststroke, swimming 21. miles in 21 hours and 45 minutes but he died when he attempt to swim the NAIGRA FALLS.

 The first EUROPIAN AMATUER SWIMMING COMPETITION was held in VIETNAM in 1889

 In 1879 LOUIS III of Bavaria built the 1st artificial wave pool in castle linderhof which featured electrically heated water and light.

 In 19th century synchronized swimming were established and the 1st completion was in 1891 (mens’s event only) in Berlin. Modern Olympic Era

 In 1986, the Olympic games were held in Athens. Six events were planned but only four were actually contested.

 100m, 500m, and 1200m freestyle and 100m for sailors gold medal was won by ALFRED HAJOS of Hungary, Austrain PAUL NEUMANN won the 500m.

 In 1908, the WORLD SWIMMING ASSOCIATION FEDERATION IN INTERNATIONAL DE NATATION de AMATUER (FINA) was formed.

 In 1912, the Olympic games were held in STOCKHOLM where the first time women were allowed to compete in freestyles.

 At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris lane dividers made of cork were used for the 1 st time and lines on the pool bottom aided with orientation.

 1928 was the start of the SCIENTIFIC STUDY OD SWIMMING by DAVID ARMBRUSTER coach of the university of Iowa, filming underwater swimmers.

 In 1943 the US ordered the reduction of the FABRIC in swimsuits by 10% due to wartime shortages resulting in the 1st two-piece swim suit. Shortly thereafter LOUIS REARD invented the BIKINI in PARIS.

Swimming Facility/Equipment

 Swimming Pool – A standard sized swimming pool has 50 meters (160 ft.) length for “ long course” and 25 meters (82 ft.) in length for “short course”. The lanes are with a width of 2 meters (8 ft. and 2 inches).

Kick boards – are great tool in learning to swim. This helps build leg strength. Made-up of soft foam material.

Pull buoy or leg floater – This used to improve your upper body strength and arm pull technique. A figure 8 shaped piece made of closed-cell foam.

Flippers – fin like accessories worn on the foot made from plastic or rubber. This helps the swimmer move through the water more a efficiently, adding propulsion and increased speed. This is commonly by divers.

Precautionary Measures before swimming ( excerpts from Fe Banzon’s notes compilation)

• Learn to swim
• Never swim alone
• Do not swim in unknown waters
• From a heavy meal, take an hour before swimming
• Don’t yell for FALSE help
• Don’t carry point/sharp objects during swimming
• No horse playing of any form
• Don’t panic
• Water currents of the sea or river

Values of Swimming (Fe Banzon’s notes compilation)

• Psychological Value

Swimming is one kind of physical activity that promotes the well being of a person who is physically and mentally handicapped. This is brought by the satisfaction; the skill can offer some degree for a certain accomplishments. “What the mind can achieve the body can conceive”. Once our mind gets tense normally, our body will sink into the water but as our mind-ser is free, then our body will also float in a deep-water surface area. If a person knows how to swim, he will never get tense, no matter how deep is the water surface area? Therefore, it is imperative to have mind setting on what we will do.

• Water safety Value

Swimming makes possible for self-rescue. The proper utilization of both arms and legs serves as a device for individual’s safety in water. Learning how to swim gives assurance that one individual can mange to survive in a deep water surface area.

• Recreational Value

Swimming doesn’t only mean for learning and survival but it also gives us fun. It might vanish boring moment at the same time. Because swimming is a year round activity in the Philippines, people find it pleasurable.

• Physiological Value

Most people engage in swimming for health reasons. It is one of the best exercise known to man that promotes cardio-vascular endurance. It also contributes to the development of other functional organs in the body. Swimming will not just make us physically fit but will also enhance a good looking body structure.

• Physical Value

Swimming is considered the best exercise, for it helps trimming down excess fats in the body and makes the muscle strong.

• Therapeutic Value

Swimming could eliminate illness as medical reports had pointed out that swimming is advise to patients who have physical deformities and malfunction of some body organs. This therapeutic value of swimming would include of treatment of scoliosis, bone dislocation, rehabilitation of some paralytic patients

• Learning to float
• Learning the flutter kick
• Learning breast stroke (frog kick)
• Sculling water
• Treading water
• Elementary back stroke
• Side stroke
• Trudgen swim

CHAPTER III

Basic Skills Swimming Techniques

Lesson 1 – Breathing / Bubbling / Breath holding

A. Breathing

Incorrect breathing is commonly the biggest stumbling block in learning to swim. Even if you know how to swim but your breathing is not comfortable, you cannot go far, propulsion is slow and you untimely get burnt out.

Dry Land Exercise:

Techniques: 1. Start by sitting up straight 2. Inhale deeply by expanding the chest cavity and lungs fully through your nose and mouth. 3. Exhale strongly through your nose and mouth.

Mouth Drills:

• Pinch your nostrils to close. Purse your lips and inhale strongly through your mouth. Keeping your lips pursed, exhale just as strongly through the mouth as in your blowing hardly out the air.
• Repeat this 10x breathing deeply as you can.

Nose Drills:

• Cover your mouth and in hale deeply through your nose then exhale once again, expelling the air hard.
• Repeat this 10x each time breathing deeply as you can.

Combination:

• Inhale deeply utilizing both mouth and nose and exhale strongly. All this deep breathing may cause you lightheadedness – because you are getting more oxygen than you really need. (means your hyperventilating, but once you’ll already in the

water you won’t get the same dizziness because your body will be utilizing the extra oxygen.

Water Skill Techniques:

• Stand in chest-deep water. Bring your face close to the surface of the water and inhale deeply through your mouth and nose.
• Bring yourself to submerge your face under water and exhale strongly through your mouth and nose, ripples and bubbles should be formed. The stronger you expelled air out the more bubbles to come out.
• Repeat this more times as strongly as you can.

B. Bubbling – (Blowing bubbles)

This is a simple but effective breathing exercise to improve rhythmic breathing in swimming. To relax the chest, getting rid of CO 2 builds up and is able to recover from a vigorous swim.

• Take a deep inhalation through your mouth before getting in the water
• Hold your breath, submerge your head in water, slowly do exhalation on your breath, blow bubbles through mouth and nose.
• Repeat step 1-2 until you feel less tensed and alleviated heavy breathing.

C. Hypoxic Training (Breath Holding)

Man’s specific gravity: Males = 0. Females = 0.

Factors affecting ones capacity to float:

Distribution of body tissue on physical structure.

• Adipose tissue is concentrated more in one part of the body. ( e., around the thighs and hips of pear-shaped women ) the center of buoyancy moves closer to the center of gravity reducing the sinking effect in the lower part of the swimmer.

The proportion of fat.

• The adipose tissue acts insulator, less energy is used for internal body heating and for maintaining streamline.

Lung capacity ( volume of air )

• More air in the lungs makes the body less dense than water.

Density of water – swimmer will float slightly higher in salt water than in fresh water.

Surface seawater = 1 kg/m 3

Deep ocean = 1 kg/m 3 Salt water is 3% denser than fresh water.

Therefore, the higher the density of the water the more pronounced effect the body to float.

• Buoyancy force and pull of gravity

Different Types of Floatation

A. Prone float ( Dead man’s float )

It is also known as the front float. As the term implies the body position is kept on prone position, face down and arms stretch forward, the legs kept straight at the back.

Water Skill Techniques: 1. Stand on chest-deep water 2. Inhale deeply and hold 3. Lean over into the water 4. Face down; stretch your arms forward and legs behind 5. Relax your body and allow floating 6. Recovery to stand from prone position

B. Back Float – lying on your back on the water. This posture will teach your body to trust in the water being able to learn to float.

Water Skill Techniques: 1. Face the wall, stand at shoulder deep level. 2. Hold your body through your arms fingers touching the edge of the wall. 3. Breathe deeply and exhale slowly so is not to lose your buoyancy. 4. Slowly drop your head back pillowing yourself onto the water, keeping your face up afloat. 5. Arms stretched open to side at streamline level and palms pressed down. 6. Lift your chin, chest and hips. Keeping your whole torso up. 7. Legs are kept dropped a little bit sinking with little movement. Slowly release and hold off the wall. 8. Recovery to stand from the back float position.

C. Turtle float – the knees are raised to the chest, the forehead is tucked in and the arms wrapping around the knees.

Water Skill Techniques: 1. Take a deep breath and hold 2. Raise the knees close to the chest and encircle arms around, 3. Tuck in face to chest 4. Float and relax 5. Recovery

Lesson 3 – The Glides

A push-off arrow like position of the body as I moves through the water without the arm and leg movement. This can be done in both underwater or on the surface.

A. Prone glide

Water Skills techniques: 1. Stand with your back on the pool wall 2. Stand at a shoulder deep water 3. Extend your arms forward 4. On bend knee lean your prominent foot on the wall 5. Stick your face in the water. Hold breath 6. Position your body in the streamlined push-off 7. Recover

B. Back glide

Water Skills Techniques:

• Assume in climbing position, hands holding the gutter edge
• Place your head down pillowing, enough the ears to level in the water surface
• Arms by the side
• Legs straight
• Tummy should be pushed up to keep it just under the water surface

Lesson 4 – Water Treading

Water treading is a basic survival swimming skill. A method used to keep afloat. The swimmer stays in vertical or upright body position on water, head is above the water surface. Arms and legs are moved to keep afloat.

Water Skill Techniques: 1. Keep your head up on the water surface and breath normally

Arm Movement

• Sculling – A back and forth movement of the hands and arms. To maintain the body position. Provides propulsion and keeps you from sinking in the water. This is the first safety skill a swimmer should learn.

Scull your arms/hand horizontally, forward and backward direction (moving them up and down, you will tend to move you up and sink).

Leg Movement

a) Kick your leg back and forth with your feet pointed downward. b) The egg beater Kick your legs on circular manner with your feet kept stiff.

Lesson 5 – The Sidestroke

• Multiple Choice

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What Is Physical Education? & Objectives Of Physical Education

By Teach Educator

Published on: March 3, 2024

Physical Education

Physical Education (PE), also known as phys ed or gym class, is an educational program or curriculum that focuses on the development and improvement of physical fitness and overall well-being through physical activity and exercise. It is an integral part of the broader educational system, with the primary goal of promoting a healthy and active lifestyle among students. Here are some key aspects of what PE encompasses:

• Physical Fitness: Physical education aims to improve and maintain students’ physical fitness. This includes enhancing cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Students engage in various physical activities to achieve these goals.
• Skill Development: PE classes often involve instruction and practice in a wide range of physical activities and sports, such as basketball, soccer, swimming, gymnastics, dance, and more. Students are taught the fundamental skills and techniques required for these activities.
• Health Education: In addition to physical activity, PE often includes instruction on health-related topics. This can encompass lessons on nutrition, the effects of physical activity on the body, the risks of a sedentary lifestyle, and information about substance abuse prevention.
• Wellness Promotion: PE programs promote holistic well-being by emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This includes mental and emotional well-being, stress management, and making healthy choices in all aspects of life.
• Teamwork and Sportsmanship: Many PE activities involve team sports and group activities, which teach students important life skills such as teamwork, cooperation, leadership, and sportsmanship.

More Read….

• Safety: Physical education classes typically include instruction on safety measures to prevent injuries during physical activities. This can involve teaching students proper warm-up and cool-down routines, correct exercise techniques, and knowledge of basic first aid.
• Lifetime Fitness: PE aims to instill a love for physical activity that extends beyond the school years. The goal is to encourage students to adopt and maintain an active and healthy lifestyle throughout their lives.
• Assessment and Goal Setting: PE programs often assess students’ physical fitness levels and provide opportunities for setting personal fitness goals. This helps students track their progress and motivation to improve their physical abilities.
• Adaptation and Inclusion: Physical education should be inclusive and adaptable to accommodate students with various physical abilities and needs. Teachers often modify activities to ensure that all students can participate and benefit from the program.
• Cultural and Historical Awareness: PE may introduce students to the cultural and historical aspects of various physical activities and sports, broadening their understanding of different cultures and traditions.

Physical education is typically a required part of the curriculum in schools, and the specific content and objectives can vary from one educational institution to another. The overall aim, however, is to foster a lifelong commitment to physical activity and overall well-being among students. It helps them develop healthy habits, improve physical fitness, and gain knowledge about maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Objectives Of Physical Education

The objectives of physical education can vary depending on the educational system, the age of the students, and the specific goals of the program. However, there are several common objectives that are generally associated with PE:

• Physical Fitness: One of the primary objectives of physical education is to promote physical fitness and well-being among students. This includes improving cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and overall physical health.
• Skill Development: Physical education aims to teach students a variety of physical skills and activities. These may include sports, dance, gymnastics, swimming, and other forms of physical movement. The goal is to help students develop competence and confidence in these activities.
• Health Education: Physical education often includes instruction on topics related to health and wellness. This can include information on nutrition, exercise physiology, the effects of drugs and alcohol, and other health-related topics.
• Motor Development: For younger students, physical education focuses on developing basic motor skills, such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching. These skills are essential for physical development and can provide a foundation for more advanced activities later in life.
• Teamwork and Cooperation: Many physical education activities involve team sports and group activities. These experiences can teach students important lessons about teamwork, cooperation, and sportsmanship.
• Lifetime Fitness: Physical education should instill a love for physical activity that extends beyond the school years. The objective is to encourage students to engage in lifelong physical fitness and recreational activities.

Extra objectives…

• Personal Responsibility: PE can help students develop a sense of personal responsibility for their health and well-being. This includes understanding the importance of regular exercise, making healthy choices, and taking care of their bodies.
• Stress Reduction: Physical activity is known to reduce stress and improve mental well-being. Physical education can provide students with an outlet for stress and help them develop strategies for managing stress through physical activity.
• Social Interaction: Through group activities and team sports, PE provides opportunities for social interaction and the development of social skills. Students learn how to communicate, collaborate, and resolve conflicts in a physical context.
• Cultural and Historical Awareness: Physical education may also introduce students to the cultural and historical aspects of various physical activities and sports. This can help broaden their understanding of different cultures and traditions.
• Safety: Teaching students how to engage in physical activities safely is another important objective. This includes proper warm-up and cool-down routines, injury prevention techniques, and knowledge of first aid.
• Assessment and Goal Setting: Physical education often involves assessing students’ physical fitness levels and helping them set goals for improvement. This can motivate students to work towards achieving their personal fitness objectives.

These objectives highlight the multifaceted nature of physical education , which goes beyond merely promoting physical fitness to encompass broader aspects of health, well-being, and personal development. The specific objectives may vary from one educational institution to another, but the overall goal is to promote a healthy and active lifestyle among students.

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What is Physical Education? A Comprehensive Overview for Physical Educators

Welcome to a comprehensive exploration of physical education—a dynamic and essential field. As a retired educator with experience across the spectrum from elementary to university levels, I've witnessed firsthand the transformative power of physical education. This extensive guide is designed for both seasoned and aspiring physical educators, aiming to delve into the multifaceted aspects of this discipline and its impact on physical, emotional, and social well-being.

The Vital Role of Physical Education

Physical education stands as a cornerstone in the holistic development of students. Far from being just a supplemental part of the school curriculum, it plays a crucial role in fostering overall health and wellness. In this guide, we will explore the fundamental principles of physical education, how it evolves through different educational stages, and its lasting impact on individuals and communities.

At its core, physical education is not merely about learning sports or engaging in physical activities; it's about instilling a lifelong appreciation for health and fitness. It serves as a platform for students to develop physical skills, understand the importance of teamwork, and recognize the value of maintaining an active lifestyle. Our journey through this guide will reaffirm why physical education is an integral part of lifelong learning and wellness.

The Essence of Physical Education

Physical education stands as an integral component of comprehensive education, extending far beyond traditional notions of games and sports. It's an educational journey that emphasizes enhancing physical fitness, developing motor skills, and fostering a lifelong love for physical activity. This section explores what physical education truly encompasses and why it's a vital part of any educational program.

Physical Education Curriculum: Foundations and Goals

What is Physical Education : Physical education is an academic discipline that teaches students how to enhance their physical, mental, and social well-being through physical activity. As defined by SHAPE America, physical education is "the instructional practice of educating students in physical fitness, health, and wellness." This field is not just about teaching sports; it encompasses a balanced blend of skill development, knowledge enrichment, and active participation. The aim is to nurture well-rounded individuals who understand the importance of health and fitness in their lives.

Enhancing Physical Capabilities: Through various exercises and sports, physical education encourages students to build strength, endurance, and flexibility. This development of physical capabilities is a key aspect of the curriculum, equipping students with the skills needed for a physically active lifestyle.

Fostering Social and Emotional Growth: Physical education classes are designed to promote teamwork, leadership, and cooperation, contributing significantly to the social and emotional development of students. These interpersonal skills are as crucial as physical abilities, shaping how students interact and function within their communities.

Promoting Lifelong Fitness: Instilling the importance of regular physical activity for health and wellness is a fundamental objective of physical education. The goal of a physical education teacher is to foster habits that students will carry throughout their lives, acknowledging the role of physical fitness in overall well-being.

Components of a High-Quality Physical Education Program

Creating a successful physical education program involves more than just defining its objectives; it requires the right combination of activities, instruction, and engagement.

Diverse and Inclusive Activities: High-quality programs cater to a variety of skill levels and interests, ensuring every student finds physical activities they enjoy. This inclusivity not only enhances participation but also helps students discover new interests and talents.

Educated and Engaged Instructors: The role of qualified, passionate physical education teachers is vital. Their expertise and enthusiasm greatly impact student engagement and learning outcomes, effectively bringing the physical education curriculum to life.

Regular and Consistent Participation: Emphasizing consistent participation is crucial for developing lifelong physical activity habits. Regular engagement in physical education programs ensures students have ample opportunities to practice and improve their skills.

Physical education, as a multifaceted field, plays a pivotal role in the holistic development of students. By focusing on physical capabilities, emotional growth, and lifelong fitness habits, educators can create enriching and effective physical education experiences. These are essential for developing and implementing physical education curricula that resonate with and benefit all students.

Physical Education Across Different Educational Stages

The approach to physical education evolves significantly as students progress through their educational journey. From the playful exploration in elementary schools to the more structured and strategic environment of middle and high schools, physical education adapts to meet the changing needs and capabilities of students.

Elementary School Focus: Building Foundations

In elementary schools, the primary focus of physical education is to lay the groundwork for physical development and to foster an early love for physical movement.

Developing Basic Motor Skills: This stage is critical for introducing and refining essential motor skills such as running, jumping, and throwing. These foundational skills are crucial for students' physical development and future engagement in more complex activities.

Instilling a Love for Physical Movement: Creating a positive and fun environment is key to developing an early enthusiasm for physical activity, which can lead to a lifelong commitment to fitness and health.

Introducing Team Concepts: Even at this early stage, the concept of teamwork and cooperation in physical activities is introduced, helping young students understand the importance of working together and social interaction in sports.

Activities in elementary physical education are designed to be fun and engaging, introducing students to basic sport skills and healthy habits. These early experiences are essential to help children develop motor skills and shape their attitudes towards physical fitness and overall well-being.

Middle and High School: Evolving Needs and Goals

As students enter middle school, physical education becomes more structured, focusing on teamwork, strategy, and advanced motor skills development.

Structured Physical Education in Middle School: The curriculum in middle school builds on the skills learned in elementary school, introducing more complex sports and physical activities. This phase is crucial for enhancing students’ physical capabilities and understanding of teamwork and strategy.

Preparing for Lifelong Fitness in High School: High school programs are designed to prepare students for lifelong physical activity. The focus is on maintaining physical fitness, integrating comprehensive health education, and promoting sportsmanship. These objectives help high school students in a physical education class understand the importance of a healthy lifestyle and the role of physical activity in their overall well-being.

Emphasizing Personal and Social Responsibility: In both middle and high school, there is a significant emphasis on personal and social responsibility, teaching students the value of respecting others, following rules, and understanding the impact of their actions in a physical education setting.

In both middle and high school, physical education plays a pivotal role in students' physical and social development. It helps in preparing them for an active and healthy life beyond the school setting.

The Role of Physical Educators

The impact of physical educators on the quality and effectiveness of physical education programs cannot be overstated. This section highlights the critical roles, qualifications, and responsibilities of physical education teachers, emphasizing how they shape the experiences and motivation of their students.

Qualifications and Responsibilities of Physical Educators

Physical educators play a multifaceted role in the development of students. Their responsibilities extend beyond teaching sports or physical activities; they are mentors, motivators, and key influencers in promoting student motivation, physical education programming, and academic performance.

Educator Profiles: Shaping Student Experiences:

Diverse Roles: Physical education teachers serve various roles – from instructors and coaches to mentors and role models. Their approach to teaching can significantly influence students' attitudes towards physical fitness and overall well-being.

Impact on Motivation: The enthusiasm and commitment of these educators play a crucial role in engaging students and fostering a positive environment for learning and physical development.

Qualifications and Training: Ensuring Effective Teaching:

Essential Credentials: A solid educational background, typically including a bachelor's degree in physical education or a related field, is essential. Many educators also pursue specialized certifications in specific sports or fitness areas.

Professional Development: Ongoing training and professional development are crucial for physical educators to stay updated with the latest teaching methods, health and fitness trends, and educational technology.

The Influence of Physical Educators on Physical and Academic Performance

Physical educators play a crucial role in shaping both the physical and academic performance of their students. Their influence goes beyond teaching sports or physical activities; they are key figures in promoting holistic development and creating a positive learning atmosphere. This section explores how physical educators contribute to both physical prowess and academic achievement.

Holistic Development

The approach taken by health and physical educators is integral to the comprehensive development of students, encompassing physical, cognitive, and social aspects.

Improving Physical Skills:

Direct Impact: Regular physical activity in sport and physical education improves fitness, coordination, and overall physical health.

Skill Transfer: Many of the motor skills and physical abilities taught in daily physical education classes are foundational and beneficial across various aspects of life.

Enhancing Cognitive Abilities:

Brain Health Benefits: Physical activity has been shown to boost brain function, enhancing learning, memory, and concentration.

Academic Correlation: Studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between physical fitness and academic performance, highlighting the cognitive benefits of regular physical activity.

Social Skills Development:

Teamwork and Communication: Physical education classes provide opportunities for students to develop teamwork and communication skills.

Confidence and Leadership: Engaging in sports and physical activities can boost self-esteem and leadership abilities, contributing to social and personal growth.

Creating a Positive Learning Environment

Physical educators are instrumental in establishing a learning environment that supports both physical and academic achievements.

Promoting Active Participation:

Engagement in Learning: Encouraging active participation in physical activities also fosters a more engaged attitude towards learning in general.

Enjoyment in Education: When students enjoy physical education, this positive attitude can spill over into other academic areas.

Fostering Teamwork and Personal Growth:

Collaborative Skills: Lessons in physical education often require students to work together, building skills that are valuable in academic and life situations.

Emotional and Mental Well-being: A supportive physical education environment contributes to the emotional and mental well-being of students, which is crucial for academic success.

Physical educators have a profound impact on the overall development of students, influencing not only their physical abilities but also their academic performance and personal growth. By providing holistic education and creating a positive and supportive learning environment, physical educators play a vital role in preparing students for success in all areas of life.

Evaluating Success in Physical Education

Understanding and measuring the success of physical education programs is crucial for ensuring that they meet educational objectives and effectively contribute to the holistic development of students. This section discusses the various methods and standards used to assess the effectiveness of these programs, highlighting how they can enhance the physical, mental, and social well-being of students.

Student Assessment Methods in Physical Education

Effective evaluation in physical education encompasses various assessment methods, each targeting different aspects of student learning and development.

Skill-Based Assessments:

Purpose: To evaluate students’ proficiency in a range of physical skills and activities, from basic motor skills to complex sport-specific techniques.

Implementation: Utilizing tests and practical demonstrations to assess skill levels and progress in various physical disciplines.

Knowledge Tests:

Objective: Focusing on students' understanding and knowledge of health and fitness concepts.

Approach: Written tests, quizzes, or interactive discussions to assess comprehension of health education, fitness principles, and safety in sports.

Behavioral Observations:

Goal: Monitoring and evaluating students' participation, cooperation, attitude, and sportsmanship during physical education classes.

Method: Continuous observation and feedback to track and encourage positive behavioral changes and active participation.

Educational Standards and Benchmarks

Adhering to established standards and benchmarks is essential for maintaining the quality and relevance of physical education programs.

National and State Standards:

Alignment: Ensuring the physical education curriculum aligns with recognized standards set by organizations like SHAPE America.

Benefits: Provides a framework for developing a comprehensive and effective physical education program.

Customized School District Standards:

Development: Creating standards tailored to the specific needs and demographics of the various school districts.

Importance: Addresses unique local requirements and cultural aspects, enhancing the relevance and impact of the physical education program.

Continuous Improvement:

Process: Regularly reviewing and updating the curriculum and teaching methods based on assessment results and changing educational standards.

Outcome: Ensures the physical education program remains current, effective, and responsive to student needs and educational trends.

By implementing these assessment methods and adhering to educational standards, physical education programs can provide a quality education that significantly contributes to the overall development of students.

Q&A Section - Engaging with Common Queries and Concerns

In this section, we address some of the most common questions about physical education. These Q&As aim to provide clarity on various aspects of physical education, ranging from its impact on student health to the specifics of successful programs. This engaging format helps to demystify the field for educators, students, and parents alike.

Frequently Asked Questions About Physical Education

Q1: How does physical education contribute to overall student health?

A: Physical education plays a vital role in promoting a healthy lifestyle. It not only enhances physical fitness but also contributes to mental health and academic performance, making it an essential component of overall student well-being.

Q2: What are the key components of a successful physical education program?

A: The foundation of a successful physical education program lies in a well-rounded curriculum, qualified and passionate educators, and a focus on promoting lifelong fitness and well-being.

Q3: Can physical education influence a student's academic performance?

A: Absolutely. Regular physical activity has been linked to improved concentration, better memory retention, and overall enhanced cognitive function, which can positively impact academic performance.

Q4: How important are physical education classes for early childhood development?

A: In early childhood, physical education is crucial for developing basic motor skills, social interaction skills, and establishing a foundation for a healthy, active lifestyle.

Q5: What role does physical education play in mental health?

A: Physical education significantly benefits mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, while boosting self-esteem and improving overall mood.

Q6: How can physical education be made more inclusive for all students?

A: Inclusivity in physical education can be achieved by offering a variety of activities that cater to different interests and abilities, adapting activities for students with different needs, and creating a supportive, non-competitive environment.

Q7: What are the long-term benefits of engaging in physical education during school years?

A: Long-term benefits include maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, developing good exercise habits, and fostering a positive attitude towards physical activity.

Q8: How does physical education contribute to social development in students?

A: Physical education fosters social development by teaching teamwork, sportsmanship, and communication skills, all of which are important for building relationships and functioning effectively in social settings.

Q9: What strategies can physical educators use to motivate students?

A: Strategies include setting achievable goals, offering diverse and fun activities, providing positive feedback and encouragement, and creating an environment where all students feel valued and successful.

Q10: How do physical education programs adapt to the varying needs of different age groups?

A: Programs adapt by tailoring activities and teaching methods to suit the developmental stages and interests of different age groups, ensuring that the content is age-appropriate and engaging.

Q11: Can physical education aid in the development of leadership skills?

A: Yes, it can. Physical education provides opportunities for students to take on leadership roles, manage teams, and develop decision-making skills, all of which are valuable for building leadership qualities.

Q12: What is the impact of physical education on obesity prevention in children?

A: Physical education plays a critical role in obesity prevention by promoting regular physical activity, teaching about healthy lifestyle choices, and instilling fitness habits from an early age.

Q13: How do physical education programs address the needs of students with disabilities?

A: These programs adapt by offering modified activities, using assistive devices, and providing individualized instruction to ensure that students with disabilities can participate fully and safely.

Q14: What strategies can be used to engage reluctant students in physical education?

A: Strategies include offering a variety of activities to cater to different interests, creating a non-threatening environment, providing individualized goals, and emphasizing the fun aspect of physical activity.

Q15: What is the role of technology in modern physical education?

A: Technology in physical education can enhance learning and engagement through interactive fitness apps, online resources, and tools that track and analyze physical performance.

These questions and answers shed light on the multifaceted nature of physical education and its profound impact on students. By understanding these key aspects, educators and stakeholders can better appreciate and advocate for quality physical education programs that contribute significantly to the physical, mental, and social well-being of students.

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Physical Education Beyond the Classroom - Extending the Reach of Physical Education

Physical education's influence extends far beyond the walls of the classroom, playing a crucial role in shaping lifestyle habits and attitudes towards fitness and health. This section explores how the principles taught in physical education classes are applied in daily life through sports and extracurricular activities and the overall impact on lifestyle.

Sports and Extracurricular Activities

The lessons learned in physical education classes find practical applications in sports and various extracurricular activities, reinforcing the principles taught in school.

Application in Sports:

Skill Utilization: The physical and motor skills developed in physical education are directly applicable in sports, allowing students to excel and enjoy various athletic pursuits.

Teamwork and Sportsmanship: Participation in sports emphasizes teamwork, leadership, and sportsmanship, skills nurtured in physical education settings.

Extracurricular Engagement:

Extended Learning: Extracurricular activities provide students with additional opportunities to apply what they’ve learned and further develop their physical skills.

Diverse Activities: Engaging in a range of activities, from dance to martial arts, expands students' experiences and encourages the exploration of different forms of physical activity.

Lifestyle Impact

Physical education plays a pivotal role in encouraging active living beyond the school setting, impacting students' lifestyle choices and habits.

Promoting Active Lifestyles:

Habit Formation: The habits developed in physical education classes often translate into a lifelong commitment to physical activity.

Health Awareness: Students learn the importance of staying physically active and making healthy choices, which has a lasting impact on their overall health and well-being.

Fitness Education Beyond School:

Knowledge Application: The knowledge gained about fitness and health in physical education classes guides students in making informed choices about their physical activities and lifestyle.

Community Involvement: Engaging in community sports teams, local fitness programs, and other physical activities outside school encourages a broader application of physical education principles.

Community Programs and Physical Education

The principles of physical education play a significant role in community health initiatives, extending their reach and impact beyond the school environment.

Community Health Initiatives:

Incorporating Physical Education Concepts: Community programs frequently adopt physical education strategies to encourage regular physical activity and overall fitness among participants.

Extending Educational Reach: These initiatives expand the scope of physical education, fostering broader community awareness and involvement in health and fitness activities.

Promoting Community Involvement:

Engagement and Participation: Community health programs provide opportunities for individuals to engage in physical activities, reinforcing the concepts learned in physical education classes.

Enhancing Community Health: By promoting regular exercise and wellness activities, these programs contribute significantly to the overall health of the community.

Family Engagement in Physical Activities

Family involvement in physical activities is crucial for fostering a culture of health and wellness that resonates through all stages of life.

Strengthening Family Bonds:

Joint Physical Activities: Encouraging families to participate in physical activities together not only strengthens familial bonds but also instills a collective commitment to a healthy lifestyle.

Shared Health Goals: Engaging in family-oriented fitness activities allows for shared experiences and goals, promoting a unified approach to health and wellness.

Role of Physical Educators:

Providing Insights and Resources: Physical educators are instrumental in guiding families on how to integrate physical activities into their daily routines.

Encouragement and Support: Educators can offer encouragement and support, helping families find suitable activities that cater to all ages and ability levels, thereby fostering a lifelong commitment to physical health and fitness.

Physical education extends its influence beyond academic learning, playing a significant role in shaping active, healthy lifestyles. The skills, knowledge, and attitudes fostered in physical education classes empower students to engage in sports, extracurricular activities, and make health-conscious decisions in their daily lives. The integration of physical education into community programs and family life is essential for building a society that values and prioritizes health and fitness. By promoting a physically active lifestyle, physical education contributes to the holistic well-being of individuals, both within and outside the school environment.

Final Thoughts

Reflecting on the broad spectrum of physical education, it becomes evident how deeply this field touches every aspect of personal development and community well-being. As a seasoned physical education professional with experience across all educational levels, I have witnessed the transformative power of this discipline firsthand. Physical education is not just a subject confined to the boundaries of a school's gymnasium; it is a vital component of holistic education, shaping the physical, mental, and social health of individuals. My journey, marked by numerous articles and insights into specific issues within this field, has been a testament to the depth and diversity of physical education.

This comprehensive overview underscores the foundational aspects of physical education, which are critical for current educators and invaluable for those preparing to embark on this fulfilling career path. It serves as a reminder of the importance of physical education in fostering lifelong habits of health and fitness, the role of educators in shaping these experiences, and the far-reaching impact of these principles beyond the classroom. In essence, physical education is a conduit for lifelong wellness, community engagement, and personal growth. As we continue to navigate and contribute to this dynamic field, let us remember its profound ability to enrich lives and build healthier, more active communities.

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Physical Education

Physical education is an educational process to develop specific knowledge, skills, and understanding that promote physical competence. 1  Physical education fulfills a unique role in education and is an integral part of the schooling process. The role of physical education is to provide instructional activities that promote skill development and proficiency as well as enhance an individual’s overall health . 2  The basic aim of physical education is to set aside daily a portion of the school day devoted to large-muscle activities that increase movement skills, enhance physical fitness , and positively influence the cognitive and affective development of children.

National Standards

National standards for physical education were adopted in 1995 by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education to provide guidance for teachers of physical education. 3  The standards are now under the authority of SHAPE America , the Society of Health and Physical Educators, when the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance changed its name and absorbed its individual associations under the new name. The National Standards for K-12 Physical Education include:

“ Standard 1: The physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.

Standard 2: The physically literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics related to movement and performance.

Standard 3: The physically literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.

Standard 4: The physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others.

Standard 5: The physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge , self-expression, and/or social interaction.” 4

Fundamental Movement Skills

Fundamental movement skills must be refined prior to the introduction of specialized movement skills. Fundamental movement skills include locomotion skills (walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, climbing , galloping, sliding, and skipping), manipulation skills (ball rolling, throwing, kicking, punting, striking, volleying, bouncing, catching, and trapping), and stability skills (bending, stretching, twisting, turning, swinging , upright balances, inverted balances, rolling, starting, stopping, and dodging). Specialized movement skills taught in physical education classes can relate to the skills needed for the sports of football, basketball , baseball, hockey, track and field, racket games, and wrestling as well as those skills involved with dance, swimming , and tumbling.

Health-Related Fitness Components

Health-related fitness components of muscular strength , muscular endurance , cardiovascular endurance, joint flexibility , and body composition are critical for achieving the health objectives of physical education. Performance-related fitness components include balance, coordination , agility , speed of movement, and power. Perceptual-motor components that are part of physical education include body awareness , space awareness , directional awareness , synchrony, rhythm, and sequence.

Affective growth can be enhanced by a physical education program that is designed to increase the ability of children to act, interact, and react effectively with others as well as themselves. Children’s self-concept includes their feelings of belonging, perceived competence, worthiness, acceptance of self, uniqueness, and virtue. In physical education, recreation , or sport setting, positive socialization involves learning cooperative behavior, fair play, and being a good sport. Teamwork, honesty, loyalty, and self-control can be achieved in a good program that involves physical activity. 5

History of Physical Education

It has been suggested that the history of physical education has its origins in the earliest stages of human society in the emphasis on survival skills, such as hunting and early military training. The ancient Greek tradition of the Olympic Games originated in 776 B.C. with men seeking to prove their physical prowess. 6  Plato included physical fitness training in his school in Greece in 386 B.C. 7

Modern physical education had its influences from the three countries of Germany, Sweden, and England. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn established the first gymnastic school for children in 1811 in Berlin that emphasized standards of physical strength and abilities. Swedish teacher Pehr Henrik Ling developed the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in 1813 to advance physical conditioning, independent of Jahn’s work. This led to many European nations following with private schools for gymnastics in the 1800s. 8

The early development of physical education in the United States was introduced by immigrants from Europe. The German system of gymnastic training utilized heavy apparatus, such as the side horse, parallel bars, and horizontal bars in the pursuit of fitness. The Swedish system of exercise promoted health through the performance of a series of prescribed movement patterns with light apparatus, such as wands and climbing ropes. The English contribution included sports and games with a system that stressed moral development through participation in physical activities.

The first school in America to include physical education as an integral part of the curriculum was the Round Hill School in 1823 in Northampton, Massachusetts. Catherine Beecher, the founder of the Hartford Female Seminary, included calisthenics in her school curriculum in 1824 and was the first American to design a program of exercise for children. She advocated for daily physical education to be taught in public schools, but it wasn’t until 1855 when Cincinnati, Ohio became the first city school system to offer physical education for their children. In 1866 California became the first state to pass a law requiring exercise periods in public schools twice a day.

During the 1890s and early 1900s, John Dewey , Thomas Wood, G. Stanley Hall , Edward Thorndike, and others challenged traditional education with educational reforms to include physical education. Their position supported the idea that physical education contributed to the physical well-being of children as well as to their social , emotional , and intellectual development. Training schools for physical education teachers were also established during this time.

The impetus for the establishment of the physical education system in America stemmed from war when many drafted recruits in the U.S. military were not physically fit for combat during World War I. Legislation was passed to advance the quality of physical education classes throughout the country. 9  During the early 1920s many states passed legislation requiring physical education in schools. During World War II, the emphasis on physical education shifted from games and sports to physical conditioning. 10  The Korean War again proved that Americans were not as physically fit as they should be, and physical fitness was emphasized with new more stringent standards set within U.S. schools. 11

In 1953 the Kraus-Weber study found that American children were far less fit than European children. 12  As a result, President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the President’s Council on Youth Fitness in 1956. President John F. Kennedy actively promoted physical fitness, and under his direction, the Council developed and promoted a curriculum to improve fitness. The Council offered a pilot program to almost a quarter of a million schoolchildren during the 1961-1962 school year that showed real progress in the number of students who could pass the physical fitness test a year later. Later administrations added new programs and awards, and the Council is now known as the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition . 13

The commitment to physical education programs has seen a decline when additional subjects and electives have taken the place of these classes. School administration budget cuts often result in physical education classes being reduced or eliminated. 14  However, during the Obama administration, the national Let’s Move! Active Schools initiative was launched in 2013 to ensure that 60 minutes of physical activity a day is the norm in schools across the country. The program equipped schools with the resources and tools to increase physical education and physical activity opportunities for students. 15

• 1. “The Nature And Meaning Of Physical Education.” The Gleaner. 15 Sep. 2015. < http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20150915/nature-and-meaning-physical-education > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 2. Boyce, B. Ann. “Physical Education – Overview, Preparation of Teachers.” StateUniversity.com. < http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2324/Physical-Education.html > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 3. Gallahue, David L. and Frances Cleland Donnelly. Developmental Physical Education for All Children. 4th edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2003. pp. 4,10.
• 4. “National PE Standards.” SHAPE America. < https://www.shapeamerica.org/standards/pe/ > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 5. Op. cit., Gallahue and Donnelly. pp. 14-21.
• 6. “Physical education.” New World Encyclopedia. < http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Physical_education > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 7. Martin, Aaron. “A Brief History of Physical Education in America’s Schools.” Iowa Chiropractic Clinic & Sports Injuries. < http://www.iowachiroclinic.com/2014/11/10/a-brief-history-of-physical-education-in-americas-schools/ > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 8. Op. cit., “Physical education.”
• 9. Op. cit., Martin.
• 10. Op. cit., Boyce.
• 11. “The Evolution of Physical Education.” SPARK. < http://www.sparkpe.org/blog/the-evolution-of-physical-education/ > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 12. Op. cit., Boyce.
• 13. “The Federal Government Takes on Physical Fitness.” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. < https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Physical-Fitness.aspx > 29 Nov. 2017.
• 14. Op. cit., “The Evolution of Physical Education.”
• 15. “Let’s Move Active Schools.” Let’s Move! < https://letsmove.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/active-schools > 29 Nov. 2017.