panel discussion topics for nursing students

Writing an Engaging Disusion Post/Response in Nursing School

In nursing school, effective communication is essential for fostering meaningful exchange of ideas about a given topic.

A common platform for engaging in such interactions is a discussion board. A discussion board allows you and your fellow students to share thoughts and ideas through posts and responses. When information is shared, students can learn from one another and broaden their understanding of a subject.

A discussion post is essential and mandatory in an online class. Since they are graded, they can be a significant part of your total grade at the end of your nursing course. For this reason, knowing how to write good discussion posts and responses on a nursing discussion board is essential.

In this article, we will dive into how to create discussion posts and responses in nursing school.

Read the Given Prompt Carefully

Before writing the post and response, you must understand what is expected of you. To do this, read the given prompt carefully. Pay attention to the specific instructions the instructor has given concerning the following discussion post and response:

Purpose - What have you been asked to do

Particulars- word limit, deadline, and sources for the posts and responses.

Type of response- Are you trying to find a solution to a particular problem, make a comparison, an argument, or reflect on a specific experience

Formatting - confirm the formatting requirements expected of you. If none is given, use the APA guidelines.

Expectations- How will your instructor assess the assignment?

You must read all the related discussion questions you will be commenting on before you begin your central reading or working on the assignment.

Research Thoroughly

You must understand the nursing topic and idea to contribute meaningful responses to the discussion board.

The only way to achieve this is by researching the said topic to have all the facts and information at your fingertips.

Remember, when participating in a nursing post, you will be expected to provide well-thought-out responses demonstrating a deeper understanding of the given topic or idea and your ability to analyze and apply the knowledge gained critically.

These posts often require you to draw upon your course materials, research, and personal experiences to support your arguments or viewpoints. For this reason, you must conduct thorough research.

Gather credible sources from the library, such as academic journals and textbooks, and use the internet to find scholarly articles from reputable websites.

Consider also checking your instructor's feedback on previous discussion posts and responses. Use this feedback to improve on this next post.

Ensure you note all the significant ideas while reading through these materials. You can use these ideas to structure your posts and responses. Ensure you have enough evidence to support a particular claim.

Create a Draft

Before you get down to writing the discussion post and responses, organize your thoughts and ideas logically in an outline.

A rough draft on which you can base your final paper is essential to ensuring you have included everything you need. It will also help you avoid these errors that could cost you a good grade. Group similar ideas together and organize them logically and coherently in a way that makes sense to the reader. Use headings and subheadings to organize your thoughts further and create a clear structure.

Since you have identified the sources that best support your ideas, please consider how you will integrate them into your outline.

Doing this will show that your nursing discussion post and responses are well-informed and backed by solid evidence. But make sure this evidence gives your post focus, relevance, and a scholarly tone.

Begin Writing

Start your discussion post and response with an excellent overview that captures readers' attention and makes them curious to read the rest of the post.

This introduction should provide context and set the stage for engaging responses. Clearly state all your main points or give a thesis statement informing the readers about your paper.

The thesis statement should be concise and practical enough to guide the readers throughout the discussion post.

Now that you have written an excellent introduction, begin writing the body of the post.

Expound on the main points raised in the introduction by providing supporting evidence. Back up your ideas and statements with credible evidence from sources you gathered in your research.

Use the proper citation style to support your arguments and demonstrate your understanding of the topic. This helps to strengthen the validity of your post.

When analyzing the post, apply critical thinking skills to provide thoughtful insights.

Sharing ideas is a great way to understand other people's perspectives and think of ideas you've never thought of.

You must analyze the topics critically, evaluate the different perspectives, and consider the implications to develop well-reasoned arguments.

If you convey complex ideas, elaborate them so others can understand.

Remember that this is a forum for everyone in your nursing class to exchange ideas and contribute to the discussion.

If one understands the raised concept, it will be easy to make a meaningful contribution.

Hence, you must provide detailed explanations, examples, and relevant evidence to strengthen your arguments and encourage further debate.

If you share a series of ideas, ensure each point flows reasonably from one to the next to create a coherent and cohesive discussion post.

Encourage Meaningful Interactions

Engage with other students by responding to their posts or comments professionally and academically.

This doesn't mean your responses should be stale; use humor and multimedia images to engage with the students.

Build upon their ideas, ask questions, or provide additional perspectives to foster a collaborative learning environment.

Sharing your feedback through videos and images alongside your texts will enliven a dull conversation and encourage students to participate more.

When responding, figure out how to incorporate personal stories and examples related to the topics. Students enjoy peeking into the lives of their fellow classmates, so sharing this will help.

Just make sure that all these examples reinforce the course concepts.

When responding to others, use a language that encourages further response, for instance:

• "No, because…" Use this to disagree
• "Yes, and…," "Yes, but…," use these to agree and expand upon the post and response

Remember that it's okay to disagree, but first, show that you appreciate the post. Ensure not to attack the person responding to your post. Also, avoid being too emotional in your posts and responses.

Conclude the Discussion Post

Write a great conclusion summarizing the points you raised in the post rei, reinforcing the overall argument, and ensuring that your fellow students understand what is being discussed.

Ask open-ended questions and encourage participants to give their feedback or ask relevant questions about the topic.

This encourages them to engage in the discussion and contribute meaningfully.

Then, provide your final thoughts about the post to give readers a sense of closure. This could be a call to action or a suggestion to further research on the topic.

Review and Revise What You Have Written

After writing the post, go through it and ask yourself the following questions:

• Have I communicated my ideas? Are they relevant to the topic under discussion?
• Does the post or response prove that I have read and understood the required reading materials?
• Have I supported my claims with relevant and credible evidence?
• Have I adhered to the given requirements?
• Does the work have a scholarly tone?

Proofread and Edit

You must go through your post before submitting it to ensure that there are no errors that could cost you a good grade.

Remember that the nursing profession requires clear and professional language.

By demonstrating that you can clearly articulate your ideas, you will show your professor and fellow students that you can maintain a high standard of professionalism.

So, correct all the grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, typos, and awkwardly written sentences that could divert from the overall quality.

Post the Discussion Post on Time

The early bird gets the worm. The same is true for school assignments.

You must submit the post within the deadline if you don't want to disappoint your instructor and get a poor grade.

Late submissions create unnecessary pressure on you and others to respond because it brings confusion among participants, disrupting the progression of the discussion.

On the other hand, submitting on time shows that you are committed to the discussion and nursing course in general. It shows your instructor that you take the discussion seriously and are

Thus, once you have established that your post has met all the given requirements, post it so that you can begin responding to the responses from other students and build up on what they have said.

Respond to the Post

Good nursing discussion responses are those that convey meaningful information. Always stick to the topic being discussed.

You must avoid anything off-topic. If you have anything to add besides the topic, reserve it for email.

Please remember to make an "A+" posting; you have to make a connection between nursing theories , ideas, and events in real life.

To give substantial feedback, do the following

• First, read the post to understand what is being asked fully.
• Highlight the significant points raised in the response.
• Address the weaker points by providing more information, preferably those backed by concrete evidence.
• Provide a new perspective on the idea.
• Agree and respectively disagree on the comments
• Connect the points raised to readings and class notes.

Ensure you patiently wait for others to respond to your statements; don't rush them or become emotional.

Tips for Writing a Great Discussion Post

The following tips will ensure that your nursing discussion posts and responses meet the expected requirements and earn you a good grade.

Use a Specific Subject Line

Subject lines are essential for a nursing discussion board as they contextualize the raised comments.

They also make it easy for students to respond to multiple responses under a post.

Meet the Expected Word Count

Discussion Posts are usually between 300 and 400 words, clearly articulating ideas and responding to the prompt.

But please remember that each nursing school has specific requirements, so it is best to confirm with your instructor the post length and responses.

Note that a lengthy discussion post is irrelevant; writing it won't earn you a grade.

On the other hand, a short post may not address all the elements raised in the prompt. So, limiting your post to 300-400 words is better.

Use the Required Tools

Also, use the tools in your course management tools to write responses.

Format these responses with bullets and paragraphs or any other format requested by your instructor.

Before submission, pass your work through a preview tool, spell checker, or word-processing software.

Check the Scoring Rubric

As you write the post, refer to the rubrics that guide you in writing well-thought-out posts and responses.

The scoring rubrics cover all aspects of an online discussion, from critical analysis and writing quality to class participation and etiquette.

While most professors will share the rubrics with their students, some won't. So, it's essential to ask for it even if you have yet to be offered one.

Once the instructor has given you the rubrics, please read it thoroughly to understand how your instructor will evaluate you.

Pay attention to the prerequisites for scoring the highest grades because that should be your goal, and your post should reflect that.

Draft Your Response Before Posting

Please don't make the mistake of writing your nursing discussion responses and sending them immediately.

This is not only wrong but shows that you are lazy.

Before hitting send or post, you must draft the post or response, preferably on a text editor tool.

Avoid Repetition

Handle all your contributions professionally on the nursing discussion board, just like you would a constructive classroom discussion.

Avoid repeating what has already been mentioned or talked about. So before responding or posting anything, ensure you understand what is being discussed first.

Create Conversation

Anything you post should elicit a dialogue. Include the following words and phrases in your post to allow other students to chime in on the discussion.

• What do you think?
• What would you do?
• What are your thoughts on this?
• What problem or challenge will follow the original question?
• What does this (word, ideas, phrase, etc.) mean?

Consider also doing the following to solicit feedback from other participants:

• At the end of your post, ask a thought-provoking question.
• Include current events that align with the topic.
• Take a controversial position on the topic.
• Avoid giving word responses such as, I agree, Yes.. etc. They are rude and show that you don't value what is being said.

Raise Interesting Comments

Ensure you raise exciting and provocative comments to make your post and responses engaging. Refrain from reiterating the mentioned comments, even if you have a similar point.

Additionally, you must respond to all the posts raised by your classmates throughout the course.

This will show that you value your classmates' opinions and ideas. Your classmates are more likely to engage in your posts and value your words actively.

Don't Lose Your Manners

Even though communication differs from online classrooms, observing some standard etiquette is still essential.

Remember that this is still an educational setting; you will interact with students from various backgrounds.

And even though communication styles may differ, it is still important to treat everyone with kindness.

Therefore, avoid snide comments when someone doesn't agree with you, and always consider other people's feelings. Also, make sure to type in sentence case. Avoid all caps at all costs, as this feels like you are yelling at the participants.

And that’s about it, but …

Discussion Posts and responses are essential for an online class and will count toward your overall grade.

Writing a good discussion post is a skill that you can hone with enough practice and willingness to learn. It would be best if you took the time to understand the given purpose, do thorough research, organize your ideas, and write an engaging post.

You must also learn how to respond respectfully to others' responses and provide substantial discussions.

Effective communication is essential in school, and mastering this will hugely benefit your nursing career. Therefore, ensure you post accurately crafted, unique, insightful, and substantial posts to make a positive impression and stand out from the students.

Do you need help writing a discussion post and response for your nursing class? Please place an order and let us help you. We can write a discussion post for your nursing class that follows the prompt. We will do thorough research and gather all the relevant evidence from credible sources to support your claims. We can also help with your nursing classes and any other paper you need, including a  case conceptualization to improve your grades. All you need to do is reach out to us, and we will get back to you ASAP!

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Online learning

Discussion board tips.

Hall, Susan W. EdD, RNC-OB, CCE

Susan W. Hall is an Instructor and Maternity Coordinator at Winston Salem State University Division of Nursing in Winston Salem, N.C.

The author has disclosed no financial relationships related to this article.

Online learning is on the rise in higher education, and discussion boards are an integral aspect of any electronic learning environment. It's imperative that those of us participating in online educational programs adopt successful strategies for communicating responses to discussion board questions, which allow online learners to identify processes and apply ideas.

This article offers helpful tips for completing discussion board questions before you push the “send” or “submit” button.

An asynchronous dialogue

Discussion boards, also known as threaded discussions or discussion forums, are one of the most commonly used tools in the online learning environment. They encourage asynchronous dialogue in which participants don't converse in real time but rather over a period of time. The ability to learn asynchronously is one of the principal benefits of online education.

Discussion boards provide an opportunity for all participants to contribute, many of whom may not speak up in face-to-face group sessions. Some nurses may be introverted; in-person class time constraints and large class sizes can also limit participation in classroom discussions. Participants can engage in learning activities such as readings or videos, write their discussion question response, reflect on what they've written, and then post the response to the discussion board for their peers to review.

Whether an individual is shy or more vocal, everyone has an equal opportunity to contribute to the discussion. In face-to-face classes, extroverted students can usurp discussion time, leaving little time for others to participate. An introverted learner prefers to think about the question and his or her response before stating an opinion. Discussion boards level the playing field for both introverted and extroverted learners by allowing all participants to write, review, and then post their responses.

When answering online discussion board questions, participants should remember that an essential component of the learning process is meaningful involvement and quality contributions. In online discussions, participants must own and justify their responses to their peers. Nurses with positive impressions of discussion boards as part of their online education experience have highlighted this interaction as an interesting exchange of ideas. Others liked the fact that, unlike in-class discussions, they could think through their replies and then post them.

Tricks of the trade

Basic computer skills are necessary for discussion boards. Learn enough to make yourself comfortable at the beginning of the course before participating in the discussion board process. For example, formulating your response in a word processing program and then pasting it into the discussion board can help avoid grammatical mistakes. When researching your answer, there will probably be some search engine navigation involved.

Consider sharing relevant personal and/or work experiences with your fellow students to maximize the interactions. Taking the time to carefully read what others post, and then thinking through your response before posting it, will be beneficial to both yourself and your peers.

Paying attention to online etiquette guidelines can enhance student-to-instructor and student–to-student interactions. Courtesy and respect may require greater attention in the online learning environment. For example, make sure you say what you mean to say before you press the “submit” button. Be cautious about responding in all caps because this is considered to be shouting. If you disagree with a colleague, do so in an earnest and professional demeanor. And be careful about using the cut-and-paste feature because plagiarism presents as serious an academic violation in discussion boards as it does in paper assignments.

The goal is to engage individuals in active learning. For example, a student posts an initial response at the beginning of the week and, by the end of the week, may respond one or more times to his or her peers. A rubric is used to delineate expectations, which may include the maximum and minimum number of words in the initial response, the number of responses that should be made to peers, and the number of required readings or resources that should be cited. This approach is well accepted by nurses and it encourages us to extend our work beyond the classroom. When we're allowed to learn and grow in this manner, it increases confidence and promotes critical thinking.

Efficient and effective

Online education is growing rapidly for healthcare professionals and discussion boards play a major role in this style of learning. Tips suggested in this article can assist you to efficiently and effectively complete online discussion board questions.

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Best Nursing Research Topics for Students

What is a nursing research paper.

• What They Include
• Choosing a Topic
• Best Nursing Research Topics
• Research Paper Writing Tips

Writing a research paper is a massive task that involves careful organization, critical analysis, and a lot of time. Some nursing students are natural writers, while others struggle to select a nursing research topic, let alone write about it.

If you're a nursing student who dreads writing research papers, this article may help ease your anxiety. We'll cover everything you need to know about writing nursing school research papers and the top topics for nursing research.  

Continue reading to make your paper-writing jitters a thing of the past.

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A nursing research paper is a work of academic writing composed by a nurse or nursing student. The paper may present information on a specific topic or answer a question.

During LPN/LVN and RN programs, most papers you write focus on learning to use research databases, evaluate appropriate resources, and format your writing with APA style. You'll then synthesize your research information to answer a question or analyze a topic.

BSN , MSN , Ph.D., and DNP programs also write nursing research papers. Students in these programs may also participate in conducting original research studies.

Writing papers during your academic program improves and develops many skills, including the ability to:

• Select nursing topics for research
• Conduct effective research
• Analyze published academic literature
• Format and cite sources
• Synthesize data
• Organize and articulate findings

About Nursing Research Papers

When do nursing students write research papers.

You may need to write a research paper for any of the nursing courses you take. Research papers help develop critical thinking and communication skills. They allow you to learn how to conduct research and critically review publications.

That said, not every class will require in-depth, 10-20-page papers. The more advanced your degree path, the more you can expect to write and conduct research. If you're in an associate or bachelor's program, you'll probably write a few papers each semester or term.

Do Nursing Students Conduct Original Research?

Most of the time, you won't be designing, conducting, and evaluating new research. Instead, your projects will focus on learning the research process and the scientific method. You'll achieve these objectives by evaluating existing nursing literature and sources and defending a thesis.

However, many nursing faculty members do conduct original research. So, you may get opportunities to participate in, and publish, research articles.

Example Research Project Scenario:

In your maternal child nursing class, the professor assigns the class a research paper regarding developmentally appropriate nursing interventions for the pediatric population. While that may sound specific, you have almost endless opportunities to narrow down the focus of your writing. 

You could choose pain intervention measures in toddlers. Conversely, you can research the effects of prolonged hospitalization on adolescents' social-emotional development.

What Does a Nursing Research Paper Include?

Your professor should provide a thorough guideline of the scope of the paper. In general, an undergraduate nursing research paper will consist of:

Introduction : A brief overview of the research question/thesis statement your paper will discuss. You can include why the topic is relevant.

Body : This section presents your research findings and allows you to synthesize the information and data you collected. You'll have a chance to articulate your evaluation and answer your research question. The length of this section depends on your assignment.

Conclusion : A brief review of the information and analysis you presented throughout the body of the paper. This section is a recap of your paper and another chance to reassert your thesis.

The best advice is to follow your instructor's rubric and guidelines. Remember to ask for help whenever needed, and avoid overcomplicating the assignment!

How to Choose a Nursing Research Topic

The sheer volume of prospective nursing research topics can become overwhelming for students. Additionally, you may get the misconception that all the 'good' research ideas are exhausted. However, a personal approach may help you narrow down a research topic and find a unique angle.

Writing your research paper about a topic you value or connect with makes the task easier. Additionally, you should consider the material's breadth. Topics with plenty of existing literature will make developing a research question and thesis smoother.

Finally, feel free to shift gears if necessary, especially if you're still early in the research process. If you start down one path and have trouble finding published information, ask your professor if you can choose another topic.

The Best Research Topics for Nursing Students

You have endless subject choices for nursing research papers. This non-exhaustive list just scratches the surface of some of the best nursing research topics.

1. Clinical Nursing Research Topics

• Analyze the use of telehealth/virtual nursing to reduce inpatient nurse duties.
• Discuss the impact of evidence-based respiratory interventions on patient outcomes in critical care settings.
• Explore the effectiveness of pain management protocols in pediatric patients.

2. Community Health Nursing Research Topics

• Assess the impact of nurse-led diabetes education in Type II Diabetics.
• Analyze the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare services.

3. Nurse Education Research Topics

• Review the effectiveness of simulation-based learning to improve nursing students' clinical skills.
• Identify methods that best prepare pre-licensure students for clinical practice.
• Investigate factors that influence nurses to pursue advanced degrees.
• Evaluate education methods that enhance cultural competence among nurses.
• Describe the role of mindfulness interventions in reducing stress and burnout among nurses.

4. Mental Health Nursing Research Topics

• Explore patient outcomes related to nurse staffing levels in acute behavioral health settings.
• Assess the effectiveness of mental health education among emergency room nurses .
• Explore de-escalation techniques that result in improved patient outcomes.
• Review the effectiveness of therapeutic communication in improving patient outcomes.

5. Pediatric Nursing Research Topics

• Assess the impact of parental involvement in pediatric asthma treatment adherence.
• Explore challenges related to chronic illness management in pediatric patients.
• Review the role of play therapy and other therapeutic interventions that alleviate anxiety among hospitalized children.

6. The Nursing Profession Research Topics

• Analyze the effects of short staffing on nurse burnout .
• Evaluate factors that facilitate resiliency among nursing professionals.
• Examine predictors of nurse dissatisfaction and burnout.
• Posit how nursing theories influence modern nursing practice.

Tips for Writing a Nursing Research Paper

The best nursing research advice we can provide is to follow your professor's rubric and instructions. However, here are a few study tips for nursing students to make paper writing less painful:

Avoid procrastination: Everyone says it, but few follow this advice. You can significantly lower your stress levels if you avoid procrastinating and start working on your project immediately.

Plan Ahead: Break down the writing process into smaller sections, especially if it seems overwhelming. Give yourself time for each step in the process.

Research: Use your resources and ask for help from the librarian or instructor. The rest should come together quickly once you find high-quality studies to analyze.

Outline: Create an outline to help you organize your thoughts. Then, you can plug in information throughout the research process. 

Clear Language: Use plain language as much as possible to get your point across. Jargon is inevitable when writing academic nursing papers, but keep it to a minimum.

Cite Properly: Accurately cite all sources using the appropriate citation style. Nursing research papers will almost always implement APA style. Check out the resources below for some excellent reference management options.

Revise and Edit: Once you finish your first draft, put it away for one to two hours or, preferably, a whole day. Once you've placed some space between you and your paper, read through and edit for clarity, coherence, and grammatical errors. Reading your essay out loud is an excellent way to check for the 'flow' of the paper.

Helpful Nursing Research Writing Resources:

Purdue OWL (Online writing lab) has a robust APA guide covering everything you need about APA style and rules.

Grammarly helps you edit grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Upgrading to a paid plan will get you plagiarism detection, formatting, and engagement suggestions. This tool is excellent to help you simplify complicated sentences.

Mendeley is a free reference management software. It stores, organizes, and cites references. It has a Microsoft plug-in that inserts and correctly formats APA citations.

Don't let nursing research papers scare you away from starting nursing school or furthering your education. Their purpose is to develop skills you'll need to be an effective nurse: critical thinking, communication, and the ability to review published information critically.

Choose a great topic and follow your teacher's instructions; you'll finish that paper in no time.

Joleen Sams is a certified Family Nurse Practitioner based in the Kansas City metro area. During her 10-year RN career, Joleen worked in NICU, inpatient pediatrics, and regulatory compliance. Since graduating with her MSN-FNP in 2019, she has worked in urgent care and nursing administration. Connect with Joleen on LinkedIn or see more of her writing on her website.

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A panel discussion is one of the most popular approaches to discussing trending topics in front of an audience. It fosters productive learning relationships among panelists and participants. In addition, it allows everyone to reflect and think critically when listening to different perspectives.

Similarly, as a moderator in a panel event, you must lead gracefully and win over the audience. By doing this, you can clearly communicate the event agenda and goals that can make virtual discussions engaging and effective.

So if you are hosting one anytime soon, look no further. This article will discuss its definition, different formats, the right ways to host and moderate it, and the best technology platform to use. Let’s get started.

Quick Reads

Definition of panel discussion, how to host a successful panel discussion, most commonly used panel discussion formats to build up creativity.

• Example of Panel Moderation Formats

Best Technology to Use for Virtual Panel Discussions

A panel session is a specific format that involves a group of people who exchange insights and views in a meeting or conference. These experts typically discuss a topic in person or online.

Business conferences or academic conferences that hold panel discussions answer prepared statements from the organizer or respond to questions from the audience in real time. Since most of the interactions are on the spot, they are more challenging than presentations.

Its primary purpose is to create a meaningful environment wherein panelists can share their knowledge and insights that are valuable for the audience. You can consider it an up-close and personal discussion among them.

What Is a Panel Discussion?

A panel moderator facilitates a panel discussion by talking about a specific topic to the panelists and audience. Panelists usually comprise 4-5 industry experts who can share trends, insights, and ideas that can answer questions from the audience. A panel talk's ideal length is 45 minutes to one hour.

You can host it in front of a live audience or record it so that you can play it back remotely. The moderator and panelists may be geographically spread out from the audience that shares a physical room.

What’s Not a Panel Discussion?

A traditional one-on-one interview with a panelist. A moderator shouldn’t just ask questions to each panelist but add meaning to the discussion. You must boost engagement among panelists and invite them for an up-close interview to gain more insights.

Answering questions live from the audience. When you focus solely on answering questions from the audience, it can stop you from gaining a new perspective from other attendees.

A continuous set of presentations. Its format should include a brief introduction about the topic and then a discussion among the panelists and audience. The agenda shouldn’t only present information all throughout but also have parts to introduce and engage every attendee.

1. Choose an Interesting Topic

Pick a panel topic that creates a buzz in the industry from which panelists can easily contribute their knowledge. Read the news and see if anything sparks an interest. Make a list of options and begin the selection process by elimination.

2. Know Your Purpose

Assess the value you seek to create or your main motivation for achieving goals in a panel discussion.

Your purpose may be getting different opinions and perspectives about your products or services. It may also be about giving knowledge or updates on the latest industry trends. It can be another way to engage customers or add more personality to a brand while showcasing it to the world.

After knowing your purpose, set the format and preferred tone. It can be laid-back, casual, or a formal debate.

Next, get to know your audience, their preferences, and the topic that may interest them. Check the assumptions or biases they may have and the challenges they face that need to be solved.

Lastly, tailor the content of the panel discussion to the audience and make sure that it suits their needs.

3. Prepare a List of Questions Ahead of Time

List down all questions in advance and discuss them with panelists. Panel members would want to feel confident discussing about a particular topic.

Therefore, assign two or three questions per panel member, and be sure to send them before the set date. It will help them answer questions naturally or prepare by listing down their points before the conference.

4. Choose the Right Panelists

Get more information about the panel topic and determine the speakers who are knowledgeable about it and can offer unique perspectives. It will be interesting to invite speakers with different experiences to create an engaging and meaningful discussion.

Research about the panelists to ensure that they are experts who can contribute something valuable from their vast array of experiences or knowledge. Go back to their past speaking engagements to observe how they respond to questions and if they can effectively impact the audience.

5. Give Time for Panelists to Prepare

For a panel discussion to be successful, it needs to have ample time for preparation.

Other than listing down all the questions you will be asking ahead of time, tell them about what they should anticipate from the audience:

• What are their expectations from the discussion?
• What are their most significant pain points and challenges that need to be addressed?
• What actionable insights can you offer?

To collect information before the panel event, you can use a tool that can help you analyze data and insights from the audience. When panelists know all these, they can find the right data, cases, or statistics to support their answers.

A survey software can help you create surveys, quizzes, and polls for the audience to analyze their preferences and feedback.

6. A Strong Moderator Should Lead

A good moderator has the right skills to turn a session into an engaging and fruitful conversation. To keep everyone interested, moderators do the following:

• Be a great Q&A facilitator for a smooth flow of conversation and ideas.
• Avoid jargon and complicated terminologies that the audience may not be familiar with. If needed, they should be able to explain the terms simply.
• Maintain balance in the panelist discussion to avoid someone from dominating.
• Guide panelists in the right direction and maneuver the flow in the right direction if it gets off-topic.
• Manage time well and keep conversations moving forward.
• Highlight key takeaways for the audience to connect well with the conversation.

7. Introduce the Moderator to the Panelists

Host a virtual speed networking event or a casual dinner to introduce your panel participants before the day of the event.

This will create a comfortable environment for everyone to get to know each other's background before engaging in a discussion in front of an audience. An initiative such as this can help the conversation flow naturally on stage.

For reference, remember your conversation dynamics with a total stranger versus someone you have been getting to know more for quite some time.

This introduction can be helpful to the moderator as well. The moderator can better understand the panelists, making the discussion more manageable since there are expectations already.

8. Prepare the Questions and Prompts

Ensure that your moderator works closely with the topic expert on the questions. Open-ended questions are more effective because panelists can elaborate on the details, offer opinions, and express their thoughts.

Also, there should be a specific element in line with the panelist’s background, enabling them to answer from experience and with excitement. Add balance to all questions where everyone can freely participate and add value to the discussion.

9. Keep Your Questions Short and Relevant

The audience is interested in new insights and doesn’t care a lot about personal opinions. As the moderator, exercise power to offer valuable insights wherein the audience can understand a topic accurately and deeply.

Keep in mind that it’s necessary to ask concise and powerful questions relevant to the audience. If you want to make sure which questions to ask, you can crowdsource questions by emailing attendees and inquiring what they want to know.

10. Make the Best Room for Attendees

You can opt for an independent venue that specializes in specific types of events. Check if the cost suits the budget. However, the cost of the venue is just one part of the process.

Here are a few other factors to consider when looking for the right venue:

Atmosphere. Pick a vibe that suits the target audience and theme. Hosting a business conference inside a large gymnasium isn’t ideal.

Location. Choose a secluded location so participants can participate and focus more. If the venue has picturesque surroundings, it can be a good element that may inspire motivation.

Size. A small venue where everybody has to squeeze into a tiny space can disappoint everyone. Similarly, booking a giant venue for a small crowd will ruin your budget and make the event look departed.

11. Practice Good Time Management

As a panel moderator, always be mindful of time. You might give a one-minute welcome and topic overview to the audience, plus 30 seconds to introduce each panelist . That can sum up to 3 minutes. You can then allow 10 minutes for Q&A.

These estimates should be in line with your expectations. Making realistic plans based on your time constraints and your duties as a moderator is critical for a successful panel discussion.

12. Prepare Your “Cutoff Phrases” Ahead of Time

Get ready to cut off long-winded answers that may confuse everyone in the discussion. Therefore, be sure to prepare cutoff phrases in advance.

For example, if someone doesn’t offer a concrete answer to the overall topic, you could interrupt and say, “That’s an interesting point! However, we’d like to know more about ____ .”

If you observe someone dominating the discussion, interrupt gracefully and say: “Thank you for that, Anna. It’s now time to hear Christopher’s perspective on this issue.”

We advise you to ask the panel members what “cutoff phrases” they are comfortable responding to. Inform them in advance that this is just a tactic for keeping the discussion focused and on time.

13. Engage the Audience

Create a panel discussion that is audience-focused. Event planners should engage attendees in live polls or Q&A. It’s also essential to remind panelists to give information that is relatable to the audience.

You can start an online poll to set the flow of the discussion. If your panel is about blogging tools, you can run a multiple-choice survey at the start to see how many individuals from the audience currently pay or would pay for good article content. From there, you can ask the panelists for advice on how to boost engagement on a blog.

Live polls can improve audience engagement at your next panel discussion. It’s easy to add more fun to it through gamification .

14. Have Microphones in the Audience for the Question and Answer Session

Do not open the floor right away for questions. State the ground rules first for handling audience questions. As a facilitator, you may mention the following:

• Make it clear that the group's aim is a meaningful exchange of ideas–not to debate or argue.
• Remind everyone to speak with respect by paying attention, truly listening, and not making assumptions right away.
• Ask for the goals they have in mind for engaging in the discussion. Would you like to explore options? Learning more about a topic?
• Mention your responsibilities as a facilitator. Will you only choose to lead the discussion?

Structured Panel Discussion Formats

These are traditional formats that will serve as the framework of the other formats:

Presentation Style. You get to introduce the main topic and panelists for it. Each panelist can present their ideas and insights on the topic after. This will be followed by an audience Q&A.

Initial Remarks Style. Panelists will introduce themselves and then share their perspectives on a topic. Audience Q&A will follow moderator-curated questions.

Mainstage Style. A short but impactful panel discussion with panel members–the keynoter, main stage presenters, or invited panelists. There will be no audience Q&A.

Q&A Style. There will be an introduction on the panelists and audience, with moderator-curated questions, followed by audience Q&A.

Get Inspiration From a Popular Movie or TV Show

Another great panel discussion format that works is to leverage a popular TV show. It is effective in making even the first few minutes more interesting.

Hot Seat Formats. A set of judges sit together to give their feedback on any content or performance. Some examples are The Voice, X-Factor, and American Idol.

Debate Formats. It is typically a formal discourse on a topic with an exchange of viewpoints. BBC’s “Question Time” is a topical debate wherein guests from politics and the media answer questions from the public.

Game Show Formats. If you want something fun and light, this format is the best way to go. Apply some game show techniques to the structure of the panel. For example, you can use a mobile app to determine who goes next in the game.

Café Style Formats. Café style involves an informal chat between two individuals. Some shows that follow this format are “How I Met Your Mother” and “Friends” which happen in just one place most of the time.

Pitch Panels. This is a bit similar to the hot seat format, but the audience members get to pitch their ideas to panelists.

Talk Show Formats. Another format that’s easy to mimic is the TV talk show with a host and guests discussing various topics. Think about “The Late Late Show With James Corden” and “Jimmy Kimmel Live!”

Popular Movie Formats. If there’s a popular movie creating a buzz, feel free to integrate some of its elements into the panel. For example, you can moderate a panel discussion that will use the “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” movie theme to inspire creativity.

Event Theme Panel Discussion Formats

Your conference or convention format can get inspiration from an event theme, a panel topic, or an event location.

Location Formats. Panelists in Mexico? It’s easy. Everyone can wear cowboy attire.

Topical Formats. The topic should excite and inspire creativity. In this example, the topic was “being yourself” which led to a format inspired by the song “Born This Way” from Lady Gaga.

Themed Formats. Immerse yourself in the event theme and be more creative. “Programmatic Punch” used the word “Punch” in a boxing format.

Room Set Panel Discussion Formats

The room setup can offer the creative space everyone can enjoy. Here are some examples:

Empty Chair Format. It is ideal when you want to discuss serious topics that can involve the audience as well. You can put an extra chair for your panel to allow an audience member to participate in the conversation.

Musical Chair Format. Begin it by having 3-5 panelists sitting on the three chairs on the stage. Play the music after. The five panelists will start to walk around, and when the music stops, only three can sit down to be part of the next round.

Fishbowl Format. Panelists sit in a circle in the center of the room, and you can find the audience around the stage.

Audience-Driven Panel Discussion Formats

When you have finally engaged the audience , allow them to set the pace of the conversation. We advise that you gather the questions in advance or in real-time during the panel.

Crowdsourced Question Format. Encourage the audience to submit their questions and suggest a mobile app like Mentimeter . With it, you can host engaging Q&As and “ask me anything” sessions to enable the audience to ask questions using their phones.

Capture the Question Format. Gather small groups to discuss what questions they would like to ask. Answer questions from the first table, and allow individuals to pick the next table to ask.

Screened Question Format. Enable the audience to submit their questions via tweets, question cards, or using the meeting app.

Example of a Panel Moderation Format

In panel discussions, two formats come into play: direct, targeted questions to individual panelists and some general questions that seek to get answers from participants.

In the video, it uses the first format when the moderator asks targeted questions to individual panelists about their opinions on students getting too much homework.

While webinar platforms often offer similar features, what can separate them from each other are the capabilities when it comes to automation, lead generation, audio/video quality, and security, among others.

Glue Up’s Webinar Management Software lets you run panel discussions online and offer attendees an enhanced viewing experience.

It allows participants to easily access the panel session and agenda. They can also share digital business cards and engage in a one-on-one chat. What’s more, it lets them speak and share their insights with the panelists during conferences or webinars.

They can also show their screens to others, which allows them to give more depth to the discussion and ideas they want to share clearly and effectively.

Powered by a reliable network, real-time voice and video conferencing are clear, safe, and secure at all times.

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• Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res
• v.24(4); Jul-Aug 2019

The Effects of Group Discussion and Self-Learning on Nursing Students’ Civility

Zahra abedini.

1 Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Soroor Parvizy

Background:.

Uncivil behavior is a widespread problem among nursing students. Using a proper strategy can help teachers to reduce incivility, and its negative outcomes. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of group discussion, and self–learning on perceived level and rate of incivility in nursing students.

Materials and Methods:

A two group quasi-experimental design was used to perform the present study. The course was approved by ten members of the nursing faculty for teaching in January 2018. There are about 82 bachelor degree nursing students participated in a course that was designed to teach civility as a course syllabus. Subjects were randomly allocated to discussion group (41 students), and self-learning group (41 students). Incivility in Nursing Education-Revised Questionnaire (INE-R) was used to measure perceived level and occurrence rate of incivility in nursing students. In discussion group, eight sessions were conducted to teach course contents and each session lasted one hour. Self-learning group studied a booklet about civility. Paired and independent t -test was used to compare pretest and posttest mean scores.

Both groups indicated an improvement in perceived level of incivility. The mean score for occurrence rate of incivility in the discussion group was significantly higher than in the self-learning group (t 80 = 4.63, p < 0.001). There were significant differences between two groups for perceived level (t 80 = 2.81, p = 0.02) and rate of incivility (t 80 = 3.01, p = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Using course syllabus to educate nursing students can lead to reducing perceived level of incivility and providing active discussion is an appropriate strategy for promoting academic civility.

Introduction

Academic incivility has been defined as disrespect, indelicacy, irregularity, self-centering, incuriosity, harassment, unaccountability, dishonesty, irresponsibility.[ 1 ] It is a widespread problem in the nursing schools.[ 2 ] This phenomenon is evidenced by discourteous, disruptive, indelicate behaviors that appears in action, speech or body gestures.[ 3 ] Rate of academic incivility has reached a high level in recent years.[ 4 ] In one of the studies, 52.8 percent of respondents reported the incivility in nursing education.[ 5 ] According to a study, uncivil behaviors have been observed in high percent of students. They found that rude behavior was a moderate to serious concern.[ 6 ] The most frequent disruptive behaviors include demanding a passing grade, holding side conversations, using electronic devices,[ 3 ] wasting the time, being insulting, dishonesty, irregularity, inappropriate gestures, being unprepared for the scheduled activities, cheating,[ 7 ] arriving late, leaving class, using cell phone, sleeping and not paying attention to class.[ 8 ] These behaviors may hurt the mutual relationship and blemish interpersonal confidence and trust. Evidence showed that these behaviors interrupted academic integrity, and peaceful relationships.[ 1 ] It is assumed that righteous students were unmotivated and passive in conditions where incivility has become the norm. Additionally, incivility can lead to waste institutional resources such as time and cost.[ 9 ] It is a noteworthy topic in the field of nursing because nurses have a major role in the care of patients.[ 10 ] That's why 61 percent of new graduated nurses leave the nursing profession in the first year of working.[ 11 ] It has been attributed to various factors such as unclear expectations and roles, different beliefs, lack of satisfaction, diversity of values and heightened distress.[ 12 ]

Students need to understand the concepts of obedience, respect and dignity on the college campus.[ 10 ] Civility should be instructed in the academic setting as a priority that is why education is considered as the first approach.[ 13 ] The novice nurses can be a factor for change the culture in practical settings. The learning process starts from academia[ 14 ] and nursing school has been known as a suitable place for primary prevention.[ 3 ] Educators must provide a suitable environment to learn civility before entering students into a clinical setting.[ 13 ] Preparing an instructional program would help to prevent the occurrence of incivility and handle its negative long-term consequences such as nursing shortage and unsafe patient care.[ 3 ] Instruction may be useful in stimulating students’ motivation for civil behavior.[ 12 ] Nursing faculty members have a moral task in nursing school “they are responsible to care for those who care for others”. It is recommended that instructional intervention be performed based on effective strategy for dealing with uncivil behavior.[ 15 ] There is poor empirical evidence on suppressing the academic incivility,[ 1 ] and the applicable strategy to eliminate incivility remains unknown.[ 3 ] Clark indicated that a formal educational course can help students and teachers to handle uncivil behaviors.[ 16 ] A study indicated that problem based learning increased the knowledge regarding uncivil behaviors and highlighted the importance of civility.[ 15 ] On the basis of another research, article presentation was a useful approach to raising civility.[ 17 ] The workshops also were employed to change uncivil behaviors in nursing students.[ 6 ]

Self-directed learning in education has been recommended as a proper learning tool. One of the main benefits of self-learning is that it provides circumstance for self-regulation. It can help to improve student's knowledge independently.[ 18 ] In recent years, electronic self-directed learning has been increasingly developed.[ 19 ] It seems that a discussion based approach in the field of incivility will help professors and students to think about a problem, specify its importance, identify supportive resource, clarify the abilities and find strategies to eliminate uncivil behaviors,[ 20 ] But the challenge is to find information about the discussion and self-learning.[ 18 ] Review of literature indicated that there is a need to investigate the advantages of interventions.[ 21 ] If students are informed about different aspects of this phenomena they can distinguish between good and bad behaviors.[ 13 ] This research was conducted using an educational course to promote civility. There are no studies comparing the effect of self-learning, and discussion method on academic incivility. The purpose of this article was to compare two learning methods to raise perceived level and rate of incivility among nursing students.

Materials and Methods

The quasi-experimental with pretest- posttest design was employed to evaluate the effect of two learning methods on incivility. This study was conducted at a nursing school in Iran during 4 month between January and May 2018. Students were eligible based on several criteria. Students who had willing to participate in the research and studied for more than two semesters in this nursing school were included. The exclusion criteria were: being a guest student, missing more than a session and unwillingness to read the booklet, being 30 years old and over. Participants included the entire second and third year students. The reason for choosing second and third year students was the experience of uncivil behavior, and familiarity with academic relationships. The final year students were not invited to participate in the study because they were not attending college. Individuals who had at least two missing sessions (in discussion group) were excluded. Through stratified and block randomization, 82 students were randomly allocated to two groups. Firstly, the students of second and third years were divided into female and male groups. Allocation was determined using a randomization with block size of four. The letters were recorded in the possible orders. The two groups were labeled A and B. The names were written and put in a vase. Each student was assigned a code. Students were put in a group based on the number of members in each group. In group one (41 students), intervention consisted of active discussion on civility and how to deal with uncivil behaviors. Students were exposed to the same content. Second group (41 students) received access to the instructional content through an electronic booklet. Content was available on the virtual channel (telegram) for self-learning group. Students had enough time for studying learning issue. Researcher facilitated learning and responded to questions through weekly sessions and virtual channel.

This study consists of three stages: Baseline, intervention and evaluation. Course objectives were sent to students via virtual channel a week prior to running the class. All participants were given instructions regarding course. A session was designed to provide additional information. Students’ responses regarding the perceived level and rate of uncivil behavior were gathered. Pretest evaluation was done to measure views. It included demographic characteristic. Incivility in Nursing Education-Revised questionnaire (INE-R) was used for evaluation of viewpoints based on 4-points Likert-type scale. Items ranged from (1 = not uncivil) to (4 = highly uncivil) regarding level of incivility. Occurrence rate of incivility was rated from (1 = never) to (4 = often). The total score on the scale ranges from 24 to 96. This instrument was designed by Clark,[ 22 ] and its reliability confirmed by researchers in similar studies.[ 23 ] Questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by ten nursing scholars. Content validity of tool were evaluated by twenty nursing students and ten members of faculty. They examined the questions for clarity, relevance and simplicity. The mean content validity index was 0.89. The questions were understandable and clear. To evaluate reliability a two week stability was computed on twenty students. Test-retest method was used for confirming reliability of instruments and Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated for items. This coefficient ranged from 0.82 to 0.87. The INE-R demonstrated high consistency with α=0.86. The Intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.78.

Course content was designed to stimulate students to think about civility. They were given questions and examples of incivility. The content consisted of concepts such as accountability, responsibility, respect, dignity, privacy, commitment and sympathy. In discussion group, students attended in eight sessions during the formal schedule. Each session lasted 50-60 minutes. A faculty member from the department of nursing led participants in a discussion. He was provided examples of uncivil behaviors. Students were allowed to think about the issues for 5 minutes and state their opinions on them. In self-learning group, students were asked to study the course content and participate in the final exam. The written exam included 20 multiple choice questions. If they answered more half of the questions this resulting in a gift. Students were asked not to talk about the course content with another group. This program was a complementary part of clinical courses because of the same objectives. Nursing department of university confirmed the content to be taught as the course syllabus in the determined semester. Course content had been structured by the researcher and focused on common uncivil behaviors. The original source of content was a text book which included student's behavior protocol. It is known as a reference book for students of Islamic Sciences University and included the behavioral norms in academic setting. It was completed by related articles.[ 22 , 24 ] The composition of the course content was the same as questionnaire (INE-R). It consisted of 6000 words. The exam had been evaluated for validity and alignment with instructional content. Course content and exam were approved by a nursing professional panel (ten experts). Students responded to questionnaires 4 weeks after completion of the intervention. The means and standard deviation of behavior scores were calculated at the baseline phase and therefore 4 weeks after intervention. To assess the effects of the intervention, the paired t -test and independent t -test were employed. Independent t -test was conducted to compare the mean scores between discussion and self-learning groups. For evaluation of the demographic variables of the students and the homogeneity test, the independent t -test and the Chi-square test were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Ethical considerations

Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics board of Iran University of Medical Sciences by code IR.IUMS.FMD.REC1396.9323199001. Written consents to participate were completed by students. Students were informed that they could leave the study at any time and their information would not be disclosed to others. Data were collected without names and confidentiality was maintained. In the first session, confidentiality, anonymity and volunteering were explained to students. They responded to the questionnaires before and after education without identifying their characteristics.

The total number of subjects was eighty two nursing students: 41 students in the discussion group and 41 students in the self-learning group. General characteristics included the age, gender, marital status, academic year and residence status. The mean (SD) age of students was 20.58 (1.08). Female students were 56.10% of all subjects. The majority of participants were single (70.73%) and indigenous students (75.61%) respectively. Most respondents (48.78%) were in the third academic year. General characteristics of the two groups were summarized in Table 1 . There were no differences among students of the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics. They were homogenous in terms of age ( t = 0.31, p = 0.72), gender (X 2 = 0.52, p = 0.59), marital status (X 2 = 0.61, p = 0.63), academic year (X 2 = 0.48, p = 0.57) and residence status (X 2 = 0.02, p = 0.98) [ Table 1 ].

Homogeneity test of the characteristics of nursing students

In the pre-test evaluation the mean scores and standard deviations for perceived level of incivility in the discussion group and self-learning group were 77.00 (2.88) and 76.83 (4.01) respectively, which were not significantly different (t 80 = 1.43, p = 0.81). The mean score and standard deviation for occurrence rate of incivility in the discussion group and self-learning group was 48.31 (3.72) and 46.34 (4.30) respectively, which were not significantly different (t 80 = 1.52, p = 0.16). For the perceived level of incivility, the mean scores and standard deviations in the discussion group and self-learning group were 70.12 (3.12) and 68.32 (4.05) respectively in the post-test evaluation, which were significantly different (t 80 = 2.81, p = 0.02). The mean scores and standard deviations for rate of incivility in the discussion group and self-learning group were 42.33 (5.17) and 45.12 (2.13) respectively in the post-test evaluation, which were significantly different (t 80 = 3.01, p = 0.01). In both groups the differences between mean scores and standard deviations for perceived level of incivility before and after intervention were significant (t 80 = 7.83, p < 0.001) (t 80 = 6.23, p < 0.001). In the discussion group, the difference between mean scores for rate of incivility before and after intervention were significant (t 80 = 4.63, p < 0.001). In the self-learning group, this difference was not significant (t 80 = 1.20, p = 0.06). Results were summarized in the Table 2 . All students have participated in the final exam. Most of them (90.2 percent) passed the exam and only (9.7 percent) of students failed.

Comparison of effects between the discussion and self-learning groups on perceived level and occurrence rate of incivility among nursing students

Note: M: Mean, SD: Standard deviation

On the basis of these results, nursing students who had acquired the training, reported lower perceived level and rate of incivility. Therefore both educational approaches were associated with significant effects. The finding generated from our research is supported by past researches. Jenkins (2013) and Kerber (2012) showed that instructional plans were effective ways to raise civility.[ 17 , 25 ] The perceived level and rate of incivility improved to lower level. Most scholars described it as a severe or moderate problem and proper intervention is necessary to diminish uncivil behaviors.[ 4 , 6 ] According to Clark, perceived level and rate of incivility in the educational intervention had been changed from serious level at the baseline to mild level in the posttest.[ 26 ] Another researcher showed that educational strategy was vital to informing students about incivility.[ 24 ] Most students were unaware of desirable social behaviors and instructional courses were useful for informing them.[ 13 ] In a similar study, students mentioned that teachers were not attentive to behaviors and they were only focused on teaching.[ 9 ] In fact, faculty members did not pay attention to academic civility and norms. Through creating the right circumstances, the faculty are expected to enhance virtues and ideal practice among nursing students.[ 16 ] Authors frequently stated that education and consciousness are imperative for promoting civility.[ 5 ]

Our findings confirmed the effectiveness of discussion. There are various reasons why the discussion could result in optimal behavior. Choe et al. indicated that student-centered discussions were effective in moral practice.[ 27 ] Researchers demonstrated that both individual and interactive instructional approaches were useful, but discussion based learning was more effective.[ 28 ] Our results were in accordance with the other study that workshop using the directed discussion was improved student's behaviors. Researchers recommended the use of questioning approach in teaching virtual issues in nursing. Students obtained knowledge by listening to other student's views and used these experience to improve their judgment.[ 29 ] Although an essential factor in effective discussion is to provide a safe climate.[ 30 ] In the current study, sessions were provided in such a way that students would listen to content and corrective suggestions. Our sessions were performed without any concern and fear. If the students are informed about civility in a calm and safe atmosphere they behave better.[ 31 ] This approach causes a just objective insight to incivility.

Moreover, it seems that an essential challenge facing the academic community is the lack of readiness for proper communication. Sessions can be used as effective tool help students to improve their relationships. Thus academic sessions are appropriated sites to state expectations and build honest communication.[ 32 ] Peer group has been known as effective factor to correct relationships. Nursing students mentioned that they have been affected by peers. Classmates have a key role in improvement of social behavior.[ 1 ] When students discussed issues they became informed about other attitudes.[ 25 ] Students should be assembled in a friendly situation.[ 25 ] Face to face relationships are needed to state viewpoints and enhance social skills.[ 26 ]

In addition, in the current study participating in sessions facilitated learning through reflection. Educational course helps student to review and think about their behaviors. They prepare for this situation through dynamic methods. The authors suggested that students need to become familiar with this phenomena through lecture or reflection.[ 15 ] Talking about the experiences and emotions cause the students to reflect on their uncivil behaviors and evaluate discrepancies and inconsistencies between behaviors and thoughts. They were able to think and notice how they acted in a special site. Students are directed to ask more questions.[ 33 ] Feedback also could clarify the effectiveness of discussion method. In the present study faculty members regularly held meetings. Students attended all sessions and discussions. The main differences between self-directed learning and discussion are the feedback. Students who received immediately clear feedback from the faculty would have better learning.[ 34 ] It is imperative that educators describe expectation and emphasize on acceptable behaviors.[ 35 ] They must review the course syllabus and clarify training needs and expectations.[ 10 ]

Although, researchers emphasized that the discussion and critical thinking were considered to be the effective strategies to build healthy relationship, and reduce troubling interactions among the academic community,[ 13 ] raising information and awareness about challenging matters through self-directed education assists in the recognition of civility.[ 5 ] In our study, self-directed learning is known to be associated with positive outcomes in perceived level of incivility. Researchers comparing instructor-led course versus self-instruction indicated lower effectiveness of courses without educator.[ 18 ] It is clear that learning is a process to gain the attitude and knowledge via cognitive and affective learning but self- learning is not sufficiently focused on affective domain of learning.[ 20 ] Additionally, consciousness is an introduction for correcting function. This process may last in the self-learning method. Successful results take time and require effort and tolerance.[ 6 ] Incorporation of self-directed learning activities into discussion appeared to be a useful strategy for guiding students to handle incivility.[ 18 ]

In present intervention, the faculty developed opportunities for teaching norms through the course syllabus. We held an exam session and student's knowledge was tested through questions. Authors showed that taking the time, spending energy and planning accurately for implementing the program can lead to a substantial effect on improving student behaviors.[ 36 ] It has been revealed that incivility that occurs in nursing school is a prevalent issue. Most faculty members agreed to teach the above issues in the course syllabus.[ 15 ] Milesky et al. (2015) indicated that with approved protocol, academic behaviors had been changed to a positive condition.[ 3 ] Course syllabus was focused on guiding students to gain professional goals and standards. According to Clark, adding norms to the curriculum helps students to learn civility.[ 15 ] A suitable education can be made through a clear and simple syllabus which contains a comprehensive educational approach.[ 5 ]

In our study the expected outcomes were achieved by eight biweekly sessions. According to Kim (2018) using six educational meetings results in positive consequences.[ 37 ] Another study also showed that the same number of sessions raised civility in nursing students.[ 29 ] Kerber et al. (2012) stated that six to eight sessions were enough to teach civility.[ 25 ] On the basis of findings it is recommended that civility be taught to students during a period of eight hours. In this study, problem was assessed based on students’ viewpoints. Most scholars believed that peer evaluation is a valuable tool. In some studies, teacher responses have been evaluated.[ 9 ] Teachers’ perception might be one-sided and biased. Therefore objective viewpoints of students were gathered in this study.

Although the results of this research may be applicable in other nursing schools, generalization of findings should be done with caution. The limitations are due to the following reasons. Firstly, data was collected by self-reported questionnaire. Secondly, this study was conducted on second and third year nursing students and more studies need to be performed on first and last year students. In this study students’ viewpoints were employed to evaluate incivility and no information was obtained from the educators. Recommendation for future research is to evaluate perceptions among educators and students to compare results. Using the qualitative research design would provide complete information through rich data. It is recommended that similar studies should be conducted on nursing students in nursing colleges over several places.

Uncivil behavior changed to a lower level by discussion method. We offered a formal strategy to prepare students for challenging conditions. The title of incivility can be entered into the nursing course because nurture is prior to education. Discussion can be used as suitable method in developing civility. Self-learning appears to be less effective for promotion of civility. This method is recommended as a complementary approach with minimal control or interference over the learning. The value of this method as an inexpensive tool should be compared with other educational strategies in future studies.

Financial support and sponsorship

Iran Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Conflicts of interest

Nothing to declare.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciated to the faculty members and nursing students who actively participated in study.

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Make Your Next Panel Discussion More Compelling

Success depends on strong preparation, concrete examples, and good connection with your audience.

April 26, 2017

Want your audience to pay close attention to you during a panel discussion? Invite them into the conversation. | iStock/webphotographeer

Public speaking is a challenge for many, but panel discussions present their own special set of problems. Unlike a focused keynote address, during a panel you must navigate a conversation while still focusing on your audience’s needs and articulating your main points.

In our Essentials of Strategic Communication MBA course at Stanford Graduate School of Business, we strive to help our students become more confident and compelling panelists and moderators. Here are some of the tactics we teach them that you can apply to your own presentations.

Prepping for the Panel

The best panel discussions are customized, concrete, and connected. By actively preparing your presentations with these ideas in mind, you can increase the likelihood of your success.

Customize for Your Audience

Panel audience members are most compelled by content that answers the questions they have and provides them with the specific insights and tools they’re looking to acquire. However, presenters often only prepare what they want to say without considering what their audience is most interested to hear. In so doing, you run the risk of having a very disengaged and unsatisfied audience.

For example, in our classroom, it would be very easy for us to focus only on best practices related to content and delivery. But our students often have a lot of public speaking anxiety and worry they will never become good presenters, so this approach might leave them less motivated and reluctant to implement the practices we teach.

By reflecting on our students’ needs, we are sure to include content on anxiety management and discuss how Steve Jobs was incredibly nervous before his first TV interview in 1976 or Amy Cuddy (who has the second most-watched TED Talk) almost dropped out of her PhD program rather than present to 20 people due to her nervousness.

Customizing your content based on your audience matters. Therefore, before any panel presentation, you should assess your audience. Ask yourself:

• “What compels or drives this group?”
• “What do they care about most?”
• “What biases or preconceived notions might they have?”
• “What insights or tools would they most like to be provided with?”

If you can’t confidently answer these questions yourself, ask them of the moderator, the panel hosts, or audience members with whom you’re able to connect.

By doing so, you can tailor your content for maximum impact and resonance — leaving your audience feeling like they’re walking away with exactly what they were hoping to learn.

Make Your Information Concrete

Chip Heath , a colleague of ours at Stanford GSB, has conducted extensive research on what makes ideas “stick” — that is, what makes them memorable, engaging, and motivating. He found that one of the primary ways is by taking abstract concepts and conclusions and bringing them to life with concrete stories and examples.

For example, Steve Jobs was once asked to share some of his best advice for success. He could have just shared his abstract advice (as many presenters would), which, in this case, was “ask for help.” This answer is a fine one but not very “sticky.”

Quote The best panel presenters are adept at simplifying their content — making it feel more relatable and connected to the audience’s own knowledge and experience.

Instead, he tells a short story about how, at 12 years old, he called Bill Hewlett (whose number he found in the phone book) and asked if he could borrow some spare parts to build a frequency counter. The story concludes with Jobs not only getting the parts but also a summer job at Hewlett-Packard, working on the frequency counter assembly line. When he finally urges the audience to ask for help because you never know what the impact might be, the audience is much more likely to remember his advice and act on it.

Accordingly, as you prepare for your next panel, make a list of all the key points, insights, best practices, etc. that you’d like to share during your panel. Then go back through that list, and for each item write down a concrete story or example you could share to make it “stickier.” Stories and examples can be real or imagined, as well as about you or someone else.

What’s most important is that you make your messages as concrete as possible. Doing so will make your content not only more engaging in the moment but also more memorable and motivating in the days that follow.

Connect to Your Audience with Analogies

Often on a panel, you’re tasked with explaining complex or new concepts. The best panel presenters are adept at simplifying their content — making it feel more relatable and connected to the audience’s own knowledge and experience.

One of the best ways to accomplish this feat is through analogies. For example, in a keynote address, Nawaf Bitar, CIO of Citadel Securities, describes the current state of data security as “a Polaroid in an Instagram world.” Ned Hallowell, a leading psychiatrist, compares ADHD to having “a Ferrari for a brain with the brakes of a bicycle.” Through these very short but concrete and relatable comparisons, these speakers help create greater clarity for their audiences while also making their content more vivid and memorable.

As you prepare for your next panel presentation, go back through your list of key points and think about possible analogies you could share to make them easier to comprehend and more connected to the audience’s own experiences.

Doing so will not only increase comprehension but also retention of your content. It will also make it more shareable with others.

Participating on the Panel

Two major pitfalls of panel presenting are poorly managed contributions and insular conversations. Panelist contributions that are too lengthy or that ramble require a tremendous amount of cognitive effort for the audience to stay focused and understand the relevance of what is being said. Similarly, when panelists focus too much of their conversation on each other to the exclusion of their audience, the audience becomes bored and disengaged.

To combat these common communicative challenges, we offer the following three best practices: structuring, linking, and connecting.

Structure Your Contribution

As was mentioned earlier, good panel preparation involves stockpiling specific, concrete examples, anecdotes, and analogies that not only relate to your audience’s needs but reveal and reinforce your key points. When your turn comes, structure your contribution in a clear and concise manner. While many different structures exist, our favorite for panels is the What? > So What? > Now What? structure.

When utilizing this structure, you would start by providing your point and giving an example to support it (The What?). Next, you would explain why your point is important (The So What?). Finally, you end by explaining the implications, ramifications, or applications of what you just said (The Now What?).

For example, during a panel on the increasing ubiquity of virtual presenting (e.g., webinars, teleconferences, etc.), you might contribute the following:

“Cleary understanding the features provided by your virtual presenting technology is critical to your success. For example, I recently learned how to take an instantaneous poll during my most recent webinar (The What?). This allowed me to better understand my audience’s level of understanding at that moment in my presentation (The So What?). The next time you present virtually, I strongly recommend you take some time in advance to learn what features you have available to you (The Now What?).”

Link Your Comments to Those That Came Before

When compared to your audience’s ability to track and follow your panel’s conversation, you have at least two distinct advantages. First, you have had the luxury of preparation and likely prior conversation with the other panelists. Additionally, you’re on the stage, which minimizes external distraction. Since your audience does not have these benefits, it is incumbent on you to aid your audience in linking and connecting the ideas that are mentioned. Two crucial facilitation techniques that can help you here are paraphrasing and bridging.

Paraphrasing repeats previous information in a different way (e.g., “What I heard you say is…”) or highlights a key concept before you speak (e.g., “Engagement is challenging…”). It reminds your audience of what was just said and sets their expectations for what will follow. This repetition helps your audience stay focused, increases their information retention, and demonstrates your engaged participation.

While paraphrasing reminds, bridging links. An effective bridge calls out a specific connection between previously spoken ideas and lays the path for your contribution. Unlike paraphrasing, which tends to focus on specific content and wording, bridging often links to higher order ideas and themes. For example, prior to sharing your insights on virtual presenting engagement techniques, you might say: “In revealing their struggles with virtual presenting, Min and Julia were really highlighting the challenges of engaging a remote audience.”

Invite Your Audience into the Conversation

A good panel engages the audience and invites them to collaborate. Unfortunately, it is so easy for panelists to focus on each other and their moderator, which relegates the audience to the role of spectator. We know from research and practical experience that audience engagement fosters positive affect, retention of information, and better recall later. You can invite audience engagement through both verbal and nonverbal means.

Two important verbal tools are to use inclusive language and poll the audience. Inclusive language shows the audience that you represent them and their interests and concerns. Phrases like these can really pull an audience in:

• “Like many in the audience, I…”
• “We all have…”
• “Who among us has (hasn’t)…”

When possible, ask the audience to respond to a quick poll. When you pose the question, be sure to (1) demonstrate how you want them to respond (e.g., raise your hand as you ask the question), and (2) be sure to briefly comment on their response.

Nonverbally, be sure to use your body positioning and eye contact to show your audience you are including them. When answering a question or contributing content, be sure to occasionally look out at the audience, especially when using inclusive language. Further, rather than turning to directly address your fellow panelists, cheat your body posture so you are open a bit to the audience. This positioning alerts them that you are aware of and interested in them.

Panel presentations are exciting opportunities for engagement and knowledge exchange. By following the best practices detailed here, you can maximize the value for you and your audience.

For media inquiries, visit the Newsroom .

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Top Nursing Research Topics for Students and Professionals

This article was written in collaboration with Christine T. and ChatGPT, our little helper developed by OpenAI.

Nursing research is an essential component of the nursing profession. Its primary purpose is to enhance patient outcomes, elevate the quality of care, and advance nursing as a whole. For nursing students and practitioners, selecting an appropriate research topic is crucial for academic and professional success. This article highlights some current and interesting topics in nursing research that students and professionals can explore.

Nursing Workforce

One of the major topics in nursing research is the challenges that nurses face in their workplace, and how to address them. This is particularly relevant in light of the current shortage of nurses and the healthcare industry’s growing demands.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Nursing Workforce

• The impact of nurse staffing levels on patient outcomes in acute care settings
• The effectiveness of nurse retention strategies on improving nurse job satisfaction
• The role of nursing leadership in creating a positive work environment
• The relationship between nurse staffing ratios and nurse burnout
• The impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on nursing care quality in long-term care settings
• The effectiveness of nurse residency programs in improving new nurse retention rates
• The impact of nursing unit culture on nurse job satisfaction and retention
• The impact of nurse-patient ratios on patient outcomes
• Strategies for retaining experienced nurses in the workforce
• Analyzing the role of advanced practice nurses in healthcare teams
• The challenges and benefits of international nursing recruitment
• Addressing generational differences in the nursing workforce
• The relationship between nurse work schedules and nurse burnout
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on medication errors in hospital settings
• The role of interprofessional collaboration in reducing nursing workload and improving patient outcomes
• The impact of nursing education level on nursing practice and patient outcomes
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient falls in acute care settings
• The impact of nurse workload on patient satisfaction with nursing care
• The role of nursing leadership in promoting staff well-being and reducing burnout
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient mortality rates in critical care settings
• The effectiveness of nurse-led care models in improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on patient readmission rates in acute care settings
• The role of nursing autonomy in improving nursing practice and patient outcomes
• The relationship between nurse job satisfaction and patient outcomes in long-term care settings
• The impact of nursing staff turnover on patient safety and quality of care
• Healthcare management: career paths and requirements
• The role of technology in improving nursing efficiency and reducing workload
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient satisfaction with nursing care
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on nurse job stress and burnout in pediatric settings
• The effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in improving patient outcomes for chronic conditions
• The role of nursing leadership in promoting a culture of safety and reducing patient harm
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes in psychiatric settings
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on nurse job satisfaction and burnout in emergency departments
• The effectiveness of nursing education programs in improving nurse practice and patient outcomes
• The role of nurse practitioners in improving access to healthcare in underserved communities
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes in rehabilitation settings
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on nurse retention rates in rural healthcare facilities
• The effectiveness of nurse-led discharge planning in reducing hospital readmissions
• The role of nursing leadership in promoting interprofessional collaboration and teamwork
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes in outpatient care settings
• The impact of nursing workloads on patient safety in intensive care units
• The role of nursing research in improving nursing practice and patient outcomes
• The relationship between nurse staffing levels and nurse job satisfaction in surgical settings
• The impact of nurse staffing levels on patient satisfaction with pain management in acute care settings
• The effectiveness of nursing education programs in improving nursing knowledge and skills
• The role of nursing advocacy in promoting patient-centered care and improving healthcare outcomes

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Patient Safety

Another crucial area of nursing research is patient safety. Studying ways to enhance patient safety, reduce adverse events, and improve the quality of care in hospitals and other healthcare settings can help prevent patient harm and improve patient outcomes.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Patient Safety

• Exploring the impact of workplace stress on nurses’ job satisfaction and performance
• Investigating the factors that influence nurse turnover and retention rates
• Assessing the role of nurse staffing levels in patient outcomes and quality of care
• Examining the relationship between nurse burnout and patient safety incidents
• Investigating the effectiveness of nursing leadership in creating a positive work environment
• The influence of nursing handovers on patient safety
• Strategies to reduce medication errors in hospital settings
• The role of electronic health records in enhancing patient safety
• Impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient safety outcomes
• Evaluating the effectiveness of patient safety training programs for nurses
• Exploring the experiences of nurses from diverse backgrounds in the workplace
• Assessing the impact of shift work on nurses’ physical and mental health
• Investigating the relationship between nurse-patient ratios and patient outcomes
• Examining the role of interprofessional collaboration in improving the nursing work environment
• Exploring the use of technology to improve nursing workflow and productivity
• Mitigating the economic and social costs of heart diseases among the aging population in the US
• Investigating the effectiveness of nursing mentorship programs in retaining new nurses
• Assessing the role of organizational culture in promoting nurse well-being and job satisfaction
• Examining the impact of nursing education on nursing workforce preparedness
• Exploring the factors that contribute to job satisfaction among nurses
• Combating health care-associated infections: a community-based approach
• Investigating the impact of nurse-led care on patient outcomes and satisfaction
• Assessing the effectiveness of nursing support programs for nurses with mental health issues
• Examining the role of nursing unions in advocating for the nursing workforce
• Exploring the experiences of male nurses in the nursing workforce
• Investigating the effectiveness of nurse-led clinics in reducing emergency department visits
• Assessing the impact of nursing teamwork on patient outcomes and quality of care
• Examining the role of nursing informatics in improving nursing workflow and patient care
• Exploring the impact of nursing shortages on patient outcomes and quality of care
• Investigating the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for reducing hospital readmissions
• Assessing the impact of nursing certification on nursing workforce competence and confidence
• Examining the role of nursing education in promoting cultural competence in the nursing workforce
• Exploring the experiences of nurses working in rural healthcare settings
• Investigating the effectiveness of nursing delegation in improving patient outcomes and quality of care
• Assessing the impact of nursing shortages on nurse job satisfaction and burnout
• Examining the role of nursing research in informing nursing workforce policies and practices
• Exploring the impact of nurse-led quality improvement initiatives on patient outcomes and satisfaction
• Investigating the role of nursing leaders in promoting nursing workforce diversity and inclusion
• Assessing the impact of nursing autonomy on nurse job satisfaction and performance
• Examining the effectiveness of nursing residency programs in preparing new nurses for the workforce
• Exploring the experiences of nurses working in correctional healthcare settings
• Investigating the impact of nurse staffing levels on patient falls and injuries
• Assessing the role of nursing education in promoting evidence-based practice in the nursing workforce
• Examining the effectiveness of nursing preceptorship programs in improving nurse job satisfaction and retention
• Exploring the role of nursing education in preparing nurses for leadership roles in the nursing workforce
• Investigating the effectiveness of nursing empowerment interventions in improving nursing job satisfaction and performance
• Assessing the impact of nursing shortages on the quality of nursing care provided to older adults in long-term care facilities.

Chronic Illness Management

Managing chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, is a significant challenge for healthcare providers. Exploring different strategies for chronic disease management can help improve patient outcomes and enhance the quality of care.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Chronic Illness Management

• The Role of Nurses in Managing Chronic Heart Disease
• Impact of Nurse-led Interventions in Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• The Effectiveness of Self-management Education in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
• Nursing Strategies for Chronic Pain Management
• Chronic Kidney Disease Management: A Nursing Perspective
• Palliative Care in Chronic Illness Management
• Community Nursing and Chronic Illness: A Study on Patient Outcomes
• The Role of Nurses in Managing Chronic Pediatric Asthma
• Telehealth and Chronic Disease Management: The Future of Nursing Practice?
• Evaluating the role of nursing in diabetes self-management
• Strategies for improving patient adherence to chronic illness treatment plans
• The impact of nurse-led interventions on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management
• Exploring the role of telehealth in chronic illness follow-up and monitoring
• The effectiveness of nurse-led educational programs for patients with cardiovascular diseases
• The Importance of Nurse-led Clinics in Chronic Illness Management
• The Role of Nursing in Depression Management among Chronically Ill Patients
• Empowering the vulnerable: enhancing health and social care for individuals with specific needs
• Advanced Practice Nurses and Chronic Illness Management: A Systematic Review
• The Impact of Holistic Nursing Care on Chronic Disease Management
• The Effect of Nurse-led Health Education on Compliance in Chronic Disease Patients
• The Role of Family Nurses in the Management of Chronic Illness in Home Settings
• Nursing and the Management of Chronic Illness in Geriatric Populations
• The Influence of Nursing Interventions on Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Illness
• Challenges Faced by Nurses in Managing Chronic Illness in Low-resource Settings
• Cancer Pain: Assessment, Management, and Patient Empowerment
• Evaluating the Role of School Nurses in Managing Chronic Illnesses in Children
• Developing a Chronic Disease Management Model: The Crucial Role of Nursing
• Nursing Intervention in Lifestyle Modification for Chronic Illness Patients
• The Impact of Patient-Nurse Communication in Chronic Illness Management
• The Role of Nursing in Medication Management for Chronic Illness Patients
• The Effects of Nursing Care Coordination on Chronic Illness Outcomes
• Mental Health and Chronic Illness: The Importance of Psychiatric Nursing
• The Role of Nursing in the Self-Management of Chronic Illness: A Meta-Analysis
• Nursing Interventions for Chronic Illness Management in Rural Areas
• Nurses’ Role in Reducing Hospital Readmissions for Chronic Illness Patients
• Digital healthcare and organizational learning: enhancing patient care through technology and knowledge management
• The Impact of Nursing on Patient Empowerment in Chronic Illness Management
• Cultural Competence in Nursing and Its Effect on Chronic Disease Management
• The Role of Nursing Informatics in Chronic Illness Management
• Evaluating the Role of Community Health Nurses in Chronic Illness Prevention
• The Impact of Home Nursing on Chronic Illness Management in Aging Populations
• The ongoing risk of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men
• The Role of Oncology Nurses in the Management of Chronic Cancer Pain
• The Effects of Nursing-led Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Chronic Illness Management
• The Impact of Advanced Nursing Practice on Health Outcomes in Chronic Disease Management
• The Use of Digital Health Technologies in Chronic Disease Management: A Nursing Perspective

Mental Health

Promoting mental health and well-being in vulnerable patient populations is another important area of nursing research. Nurses can investigate various interventions and programs that can help prevent mental health problems and improve patients’ overall well-being.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Mental Health

• The impact of COVID-19 on mental health in healthcare workers
• The effectiveness of telehealth for delivering mental health services
• The role of social support in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for mental health
• Examining the use of virtual reality in treating mental health disorders
• The impact of sleep on mental health outcomes
• The role of exercise in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating depression
• Exploring the relationship between mental health and chronic pain
• Investigating the impact of workplace stress on mental health in nurses
• The effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for patients with depression
• Exploring the impact of nurse-patient relationships on mental health outcomes
• Strategies for improving mental health literacy among nursing professionals
• Evaluating the role of nurses in suicide prevention and intervention
• The challenges and strategies in nursing care for patients with dual diagnoses (co-existing mental health and substance use disorders)
• Examining the use of music therapy for mental health promotion
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders
• The relationship between mental health and nutrition
• The impact of trauma on mental health outcomes
• Investigating the use of art therapy in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The role of spirituality in mental health and coping
• The effectiveness of group therapy for mental health disorders
• The impact of stigma on mental health outcomes
• Examining the effectiveness of psychopharmacology in treating mental health disorders
• The role of family support in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• Investigating the relationship between mental health and substance abuse
• The effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes
• Examining the use of humor in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The effectiveness of cognitive training for improving mental health outcomes
• Investigating the impact of gender and cultural factors on mental health outcomes
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• Examining the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for mental health disorders
• The relationship between mental health and physical activity
• Investigating the use of peer support for mental health promotion
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction for mental health
• The impact of technology on mental health outcomes
• The role of nutrition in treating mental health disorders
• Examining the use of hypnotherapy in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The effectiveness of psychotherapy for PTSD
• Investigating the relationship between mental health and social determinants of health
• The impact of social isolation on mental health outcomes
• Examining the use of dance therapy in promoting mental health and wellbeing
• The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy for mental health disorders
• The role of self-care in promoting mental health and wellbeing in nurses

Health Promotion

Research into health promotion strategies using technology, social media, and other digital tools is a rapidly growing area of nursing research. Such research can help identify innovative and effective ways to promote health and well-being in communities and patient populations.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Health Promotion

• The effectiveness of community-based interventions in promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits
• Investigating the impact of social media on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Identifying effective strategies for improving health literacy among underserved populations
• Exploring the use of wearable technology in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles
• Evaluating the effectiveness of nurse-led health promotion campaigns on community health outcomes
• The role of nurses in promoting vaccinations in various populations
• Strategies for nurses to address health literacy and its impact on patient outcomes
• The influence of cultural competence in health promotion and disease prevention
• Assessing the role of nurses in promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles in at-risk populations
• Investigating the role of family support in promoting healthy behaviors among children and adolescents
• Examining the effectiveness of peer-led interventions in promoting healthy lifestyles
• Investigating the impact of workplace wellness programs on employee health and productivity
• The impact of milk consumption on children’s growth
• The role of nursing in promoting smoking cessation and reducing tobacco use
• Exploring the use of motivational interviewing in promoting behavior change and improving health outcomes
• Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in promoting mental and physical health
• The role of social support in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Examining the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting healthy behaviors among children and adolescents
• Exploring the use of technology in promoting health education and behavior change
• Investigating the role of culture and ethnicity in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Nursing: a beautiful blend of art and science
• Examining the effectiveness of community health worker programs in promoting healthy lifestyles
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy aging and preventing age-related diseases
• Investigating the impact of environmental factors on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• Exploring the use of incentives in promoting behavior change and improving health outcomes
• Investigating the effectiveness of group-based interventions in promoting healthy lifestyles
• Examining the impact of policy interventions on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• The effects of sleep deprivation on students’ cognitive functions and emotional state
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy sleep habits and reducing sleep disorders
• Investigating the effectiveness of mobile health interventions in promoting behavior change and improving health outcomes
• Exploring the use of positive psychology interventions in promoting mental and physical health
• Investigating the role of healthcare providers in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Examining the effectiveness of workplace policies in promoting healthy lifestyles
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy sexual behaviors and preventing sexually transmitted infections
• Investigating the impact of stress on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• Exploring the use of community-based participatory research in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• The delicate dance: balancing art and science in the nursing profession
• Investigating the role of nutrition in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Examining the effectiveness of self-management interventions in promoting healthy lifestyles
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy pregnancy and preventing maternal and child health problems
• Investigating the impact of socioeconomic status on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• Exploring the use of health coaching in promoting behavior change and improving health outcomes
• Investigating the role of spirituality in promoting mental and physical health
• Examining the effectiveness of school-based policies in promoting healthy lifestyles
• The role of nursing in promoting healthy relationships and preventing intimate partner violence
• Investigating the impact of social determinants of health on health behavior and lifestyle changes
• Exploring the use of mobile applications in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases
• Investigating the role of health literacy in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing chronic diseases

Palliative Care

Improving the quality of life of seriously ill patients and their families during end-of-life care is another critical area of nursing research. Nurses can explore different interventions and support programs that can enhance the palliative care experience.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Palliative Care

• The effectiveness of palliative care on improving quality of life for cancer patients
• Understanding the needs and experiences of family caregivers in palliative care
• Palliative care and end-of-life decision-making: exploring patient and family preferences
• Optimizing the clarifying diagnosis of stomach cancer
• Improving access to palliative care for patients in rural areas
• The role of spirituality in palliative care for terminally ill patients
• Investigating the impact of music therapy on patients receiving palliative care
• Developing effective communication strategies for discussing end-of-life care with patients and families
• Exploring the experiences and needs of patients with non-cancer diagnoses in palliative care
• The impact of nurse-led interventions in improving the quality of life for patients in palliative care
• Evaluating the training needs of nurses in delivering end-of-life care
• The role of nursing in managing symptoms and side effects in palliative care patients
• Strategies for improving communication between nurses and families during end-of-life care
• Assessing the ethical considerations and challenges faced by nurses in palliative care settings
• Evaluating the effectiveness of home-based palliative care programs
• Palliative care for pediatric patients: understanding unique challenges and opportunities
• The impact of cultural and ethnic differences on palliative care provision
• Investigating the role of social support in palliative care for older adults
• The effectiveness of advance care planning in improving end-of-life care
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with neurological diseases in palliative care
• Exploring the impact of palliative care on reducing healthcare costs
• Investigating the role of complementary therapies in palliative care
• Improving symptom management in palliative care through medication optimization
• Palliative care and spiritual care: exploring the intersection of these two domains
• The impact of palliative care on reducing hospital readmissions
• Investigating the role of occupational therapy in palliative care
• Developing effective pain management strategies for patients receiving palliative care
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with heart failure in palliative care
• The role of pet therapy in improving quality of life for patients in palliative care
• Investigating the impact of palliative care on reducing caregiver burden
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with lung disease in palliative care
• Exploring the impact of palliative care on reducing healthcare utilization
• Investigating the role of nutrition in palliative care for patients with cancer
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with kidney disease in palliative care
• Improving palliative care for patients with dementia: exploring unique challenges and opportunities
• The role of art therapy in improving quality of life for patients in palliative care
• Investigating the impact of palliative care on reducing emergency department visits
• Developing effective communication strategies for discussing end-of-life care with patients with cognitive impairment
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with liver disease in palliative care
• Palliative care for patients with substance use disorders: unique challenges and opportunities
• Investigating the role of physiotherapy in palliative care
• The effectiveness of psychotherapy in improving mental health outcomes for patients in palliative care
• Understanding the experiences and needs of patients with multiple chronic conditions in palliative care
• Improving symptom management in palliative care through non-pharmacological interventions
• Investigating the impact of palliative care on reducing healthcare disparities
• Palliative care and medical aid in dying: exploring ethical and legal considerations

Healthcare Disparities

Studying the factors that contribute to healthcare disparities between different populations and identifying strategies to address these disparities is an important area of nursing research. Nurses can examine the role of social determinants of health in healthcare disparities and propose solutions to improve access and equity in healthcare.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Healthcare Disparities

• Examining the relationship between socioeconomic status and healthcare disparities
• Investigating the impact of implicit bias on healthcare disparities
• Analyzing the impact of racial and ethnic disparities on health outcomes
• Identifying disparities in access to preventative care among different populations
• Exploring the impact of language barriers on healthcare disparities
• Investigating the impact of discrimination on healthcare outcomes
• Identifying disparities in health insurance coverage and access to healthcare services
• Exploring the importance of national health insurance for socioeconomic growth
• Analyzing the impact of geographic location on healthcare disparities
• Evaluating the role of nursing in addressing healthcare disparities in underserved communities
• The impact of socioeconomic factors on patient outcomes and nursing interventions
• Strategies for nurses to promote health equity in diverse patient populations
• Assessing the influence of cultural competence on reducing healthcare disparities
• The role of nursing advocacy in shaping policies to reduce health inequities
• Examining disparities in mental health care access and utilization
• Investigating disparities in maternal and child health outcomes
• Exploring the relationship between healthcare disparities and chronic disease outcomes
• Identifying disparities in end-of-life care and hospice utilization
• Analyzing the impact of cultural differences on healthcare outcomes
• Investigating disparities in healthcare provider communication and patient engagement
• Examining the impact of healthcare policy on healthcare disparities
• Global health learning in nursing and health care disparities
• Identifying disparities in healthcare access and utilization among the LGBTQ+ community
• Exploring the impact of environmental factors on healthcare disparities
• Analyzing the impact of social determinants of health on healthcare disparities
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among rural populations
• Examining disparities in healthcare access and utilization among urban populations
• Identifying disparities in healthcare access and utilization among immigrants and refugees
• Analyzing the impact of education level on healthcare disparities
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among older adults
• Examining disparities in dental health access and utilization
• Identifying disparities in mental health treatment and access to services
• Analyzing the impact of stigma on healthcare outcomes for marginalized populations
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among incarcerated populations
• Exploring disparities in healthcare access and utilization among individuals with disabilities
• Analyzing the impact of institutional racism on healthcare disparities
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among low-income populations
• Examining disparities in cancer screening and early detection
• Identifying disparities in access to clinical trials and experimental treatments
• Analyzing the impact of the digital divide on healthcare disparities
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among veterans
• Exploring the impact of healthcare worker bias on healthcare disparities
• Examining the relationship between healthcare disparities and infant mortality rates
• Identifying disparities in healthcare access and utilization among people with limited English proficiency
• Analyzing the impact of gender on healthcare disparities
• Investigating disparities in healthcare access and utilization among individuals experiencing homelessness
• Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare disparities among different populations

Patient-Centered Care

Enhancing patient-centered care, including patient feedback, patient-centered communication, and patient education, is another vital area of nursing research. Nurses can investigate the impact of patient-centered care on patient outcomes and identify ways to incorporate patient preferences and values in the care process.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Patient-Centered Care

• The importance of patient-centered care in improving health outcomes
• Exploring the effectiveness of patient-centered communication in clinical practice
• Assessing patient satisfaction with patient-centered care
• The impact of nursing staffing on patient-centered care
• The role of family and caregiver involvement in patient-centered care
• The use of technology to enhance patient-centered care
• Patient education and empowerment in promoting patient-centered care
• The role of nurses in facilitating shared decision-making in patient care
• Evaluating the impact of personalized care plans on patient outcomes and satisfaction
• Strategies for nurses to engage patients in their care across diverse cultural backgrounds
• The influence of effective communication strategies on the delivery of patient-centered care
• Assessing the barriers and facilitators to implementing patient-centered care in various healthcare settings
• The impact of culture on patient-centered care
• Measuring the quality of patient-centered care in healthcare settings
• The benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration in patient-centered care
• Understanding home dialysis: benefits, barriers, and impacts on elderly patients and the healthcare system
• Addressing language barriers in patient-centered care
• Exploring the challenges of implementing patient-centered care in healthcare organizations
• The role of patient-centered care in reducing healthcare costs
• The impact of patient-centered care on patient safety
• The importance of patient-centered care for vulnerable populations
• The role of leadership in promoting patient-centered care
• Evaluating the impact of patient-centered care on healthcare outcomes
• Examining the effectiveness of patient-centered care in chronic disease management
• The impact of patient-centered care on patient adherence to treatment
• The importance of patient-centered care in pediatric healthcare settings
• The use of patient feedback to improve patient-centered care
• Pediatric oncology: working towards better treatment through evidence-based research
• The role of patient-centered care in addressing health disparities
• Patient-centered care in end-of-life and palliative care settings
• The role of healthcare professionals in promoting patient-centered care
• The impact of patient-centered care on healthcare provider job satisfaction
• The importance of patient-centered care in emergency and critical care settings
• The use of simulation-based training to enhance patient-centered care
• The impact of patient-centered care on patient experience and engagement
• The role of healthcare policy in promoting patient-centered care
• Addressing the needs of patients with complex medical needs in patient-centered care
• The role of the nursing profession in promoting patient-centered care
• Patient-centered care in mental health and psychiatric settings
• The impact of patient-centered care on healthcare provider burnout
• The role of patient-centered care in promoting shared decision-making
• Examining the effectiveness of patient-centered care in rural healthcare settings
• The impact of patient-centered care on patient quality of life
• The use of patient-centered care in managing acute and chronic pain
• Addressing the needs of elderly patients in patient-centered care
• The impact of patient-centered care on healthcare system performance
• Promoting patient-centered care through the use of standardized patient education materials

Nursing Education

Exploring innovative approaches to nursing education and training, such as simulation-based learning and online learning, is a growing area of nursing research. Such research can help identify effective ways to prepare nursing students for their future roles in the healthcare system.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Nursing Education

• The impact of simulation-based training on nursing education outcomes
• The effectiveness of online learning in nursing education
• Innovative approaches to clinical teaching in nursing education
• The role of technology in nursing education
• Student perceptions of nursing education and their impact on learning outcomes
• The impact of cultural competence training on nursing students’ attitudes and behaviors
• The effectiveness of peer-led teaching in nursing education
• Best practices for incorporating interprofessional education into nursing curricula
• The role of reflective practice in nursing education
• The effectiveness of flipped classroom models in nursing education
• The impact of virtual reality and augmented reality tools in nursing education
• Evaluating the effectiveness of online vs. traditional classroom nursing education
• Strategies for enhancing interprofessional education in nursing curricula
• The role of continuous professional development in enhancing nursing competencies
• Assessing the influence of mentorship programs on nursing student success and retention
• Transforming advanced nursing practice: embracing IOM recommendations and higher education
• The impact of mentorship on nursing students’ learning and professional development
• The use of team-based learning in nursing education
• The effectiveness of hands-on skills training in nursing education
• Student perceptions of clinical experiences in nursing education
• The impact of service learning on nursing students’ attitudes and behaviors
• The role of cultural humility in nursing education
• The effectiveness of blended learning in nursing education
• Best practices for incorporating patient-centered care into nursing curricula
• The impact of standardized patient encounters on nursing education outcomes
• Importance and application of patient education technology in healthcare
• The use of case-based learning in nursing education
• The role of faculty development in improving nursing education outcomes
• The effectiveness of clinical reasoning strategies in nursing education
• The impact of nursing education on patient outcomes
• The role of simulation in teaching critical thinking in nursing education
• Best practices for incorporating evidence-based practice into nursing curricula
• The use of gamification in nursing education
• The effectiveness of problem-based learning in nursing education
• The impact of nursing education on student stress and burnout
• The role of intercultural competence in nursing education
• The effectiveness of collaborative learning in nursing education
• The impact of teaching communication skills in nursing education
• Best practices for incorporating patient safety into nursing curricula
• The role of interprofessional collaboration in nursing education
• The effectiveness of clinical coaching in nursing education
• The impact of teaching teamwork skills in nursing education
• The use of high-fidelity simulation in nursing education
• The role of experiential learning in nursing education
• Best practices for incorporating leadership development into nursing curricula
• The impact of nursing education on student retention and graduation rates
• The effectiveness of self-directed learning in nursing education

Healthcare Policy

Studying the impact of healthcare policy on the nursing profession and patient outcomes, including the role of nursing in healthcare reform efforts, is a crucial area of nursing research. Nurses can examine the policy’s effect on healthcare access, quality, and affordability and propose solutions to address policy gaps and challenges.

List of Nursing Research Topics: Healthcare Policy

• The impact of the affordable care act on the nursing profession
• Exploring healthcare informatics: evolution, challenges, and solutions
• The role of nursing in healthcare reform efforts
• The impact of medicare and Medicaid on nursing practice
• The impact of private insurance on nursing practice
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing workforce development
• Combating workplace violence in nursing: the impact of policies, legislation, and organizational culture
• The role of nursing in healthcare policy decision-making
• The impact of healthcare policies on patient outcomes
• The role of nurses in implementing healthcare policies
• The implications of universal healthcare policies on nursing roles and responsibilities
• Evaluating the impact of health insurance reforms on nursing care delivery
• Strategies for nurses to influence healthcare policy decisions at the national and state levels
• The role of nursing in shaping policies related to patient rights and autonomy
• Assessing the influence of healthcare policy on nursing education and licensure requirements
• Evaluating the impact of nurse advocacy on shaping health policies at local and national levels
• Strategies for nurses to stay updated on changing healthcare policies and their implications
• The role of nursing in shaping policies related to electronic health records and patient privacy
• Assessing the implications of global health policies on nursing practices and education
• The influence of healthcare policies on the scope of practice for advanced practice nurses
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing education and training
• The impact of healthcare policies on nurse staffing ratios
• The impact of healthcare policies on patient satisfaction
• Understanding the impact of the American Healthcare System Regulatory Acts
• The impact of healthcare policies on healthcare costs
• The impact of healthcare policies on healthcare disparities
• The role of nursing in advocating for healthcare policy changes
• The impact of healthcare policies on patient safety
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing job satisfaction
• Understanding the US. Health Care Reform: necessity, challenges, and implementation
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing burnout
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing retention rates
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing leadership
• The role of nursing in shaping healthcare policies
• The impact of healthcare policies on healthcare quality
• Workplace violence in healthcare: causes, regulations, and prevention strategies
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing productivity
• The impact of healthcare policies on healthcare access
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing workload
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing autonomy
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing scope of practice
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing professional development
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing research
• The role of nursing in developing healthcare policies
• Massachusetts Health Reform Act: striving for universal coverage and controlled costs
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing career advancement
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing licensure and certification
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing accreditation
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing ethics
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing professionalism
• The role of nursing in healthcare policy implementation and evaluation
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing informatics
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing diversity and inclusion
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing practice in rural areas
• The impact of healthcare policies on nursing practice in underserved communities
• The impact of healthcare policies on international nursing practice

The Importance of Research in Nursing

Research is the bedrock of nursing practice. It provides evidence-based knowledge that informs clinical decision-making, enhances patient outcomes, and advances the nursing profession. For nursing students, engaging in research activities offers several benefits:

• Enhanced Clinical Practice

Evidence-based research provides nurses with the latest knowledge and techniques to deliver optimal patient care. It bridges the gap between theoretical learning and practical application, ensuring that patients receive the most current and effective treatments.

• Professional Development

Engaging in research sharpens critical thinking and analytical skills. It fosters a culture of continuous learning, allowing nurses to stay updated with the ever-evolving medical field.

• Contribution to the Field

By conducting research, nurses contribute to the larger body of knowledge in healthcare. Their findings can lead to improvements in patient care, the development of new interventions, or changes in healthcare policies.

• Enhanced Patient Outcomes

Research equips nurses with the knowledge to educate patients, advocate for their needs, and make informed decisions. This ensures better health outcomes and improved patient satisfaction.

• Career Advancement

For those looking to advance in their careers, research can open doors to academic positions, leadership roles, or specialized fields within nursing.

Tips for Selecting a Suitable Research Topic

• Align with Interests

Choose a topic that genuinely interests you. This will keep you motivated throughout the research process.

• Relevance to Current Trends

Consider current trends and challenges in healthcare. Addressing contemporary issues can make your research more impactful.

• Feasibility

Ensure that you have access to the necessary resources and tools to conduct your research. This includes access to participants, equipment, and relevant literature.

It’s essential to choose a topic that’s neither too broad nor too narrow. A well-defined research question will guide your study and ensure it’s manageable.

• Seek Guidance

Don’t hesitate to seek advice from mentors, professors, or professionals in the field. Their insights can help refine your topic and provide valuable direction.

In conclusion, research is a vital component of the nursing profession, driving innovation and ensuring the best patient outcomes. For nursing students and professionals, engaging in research is not only a pathway to academic and career success but also a means to contribute meaningfully to the betterment of patient care.

📎 Related Articles

1. Key EBP Nursing Topics: Enhancing Patient Results through Evidence-Based Practice 2. Nursing Debate Topics: The Importance of Discussing and Debating Nursing Issues 3. Mental Health Nursing Research Topics: Inspiring Ideas for Students 4. Top Nursing Argumentative Essay Topics: Engage in Thought-Provoking Debates 5. Top Nursing Topics for Discussion: Engaging Conversations for Healthcare Professionals 6. Interesting Nursing Research Topics To Choose 7. Examples of Research Questions 8. Exploring Controversial Issues in Nursing: Key Topics and Examples 9. Pediatric Nursing Research Topics for Students: A Comprehensive Guide

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• Powerful Panels Top Ten Trending Topics for Panel Discussions – Q1, 2024
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For the first quarter of 2024, these are the top ten trending topics for panel discussions at business events in priority order based on social media mentions and internet activity. These topics reflect current global concerns and interests, particularly in business, technology, and society at large.

Here’s what’s new:

We have a new topic that entered into the chart taking the number one spot: Leadership in Times of Change! What a blockbuster topic that is heavily influenced by the introduction and adoption of AI.

Additionally, In last quarter’s report , we lumped a few topics under “Digital Transformation” that have splintered off into its own category.

Here are the top ten trending topics for panel discussions in Q1, 2024:

• Leadership in Times of Change: Embracing the Future of Business. With constant changes and challenges including the role of AI, discuss how leaders can navigate uncertainty, drive change, and build resilient organizations.
• Sustainability and Business: The Green Revolution. Explore how businesses are integrating sustainability into their operations, products, and services to meet consumer demand and environmental responsibilities.
• The Metaverse: Next Frontier for Businesses. Delve into the potential opportunities and challenges that the metaverse presents for businesses in various sectors.
• Hybrid Work Model: Balancing Productivity and Employee Well-being. – Share insights on how companies are navigating the hybrid work model, ensuring productivity while prioritizing employee well-being.
• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) in Business: Progress & Challenges. Discuss the importance of DEI in business environments, sharing best practices and addressing ongoing challenges.
• Blockchain & Cryptocurrency: Disrupting Traditional Business Models. Examine how blockchain technology and cryptocurrency are revolutionizing traditional business models across industries.
• Data-Driven Decision Making: Leveraging Big Data for Business Success. Highlight how businesses can utilize big data to make informed decisions, improve customer experiences, and drive growth.
• Cybersecurity in a Digital Age: Protecting Your Business Assets. Discuss the increasing importance of cybersecurity measures to protect businesses from cyber threats amidst growing digitalization.
• E-commerce Trends & Innovations for 2024. Explore emerging trends in e-commerce such as personalized shopping experiences, AI-powered recommendations, voice commerce, etc., that are set to shape online retail in 2024.
• The Role of Social Media in Modern Marketing Strategies. Analyze how social media platforms continue to evolve as powerful tools for marketing, brand building, customer engagement, and driving sales.

These topics not only reflect current global and business trends but also offer insights into future directions and areas of focus for organizations and industries. We hope that this list is helpful in the identification of an important topic to discuss in a panel format for your next event.

The Powerful Panels Top Trending Topics is a compilation of social media and Internet posts published quarterly by PowerfulPanels.com . Rankings are based on social media mentions on the following channels: Facebook , Instagram, Pinterest , LinkedIn , Reddit, TikTok, YouTube , and X (formerly known as Twitter) as identified by Futuri’s Content Cloud and ChatGPT . For more information about this list, contact us .

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