ug long essay sample

Thesis Writing Format

All theses must be prepared according to both the University of Ghana format requirements and School/College documentation or reference formats. School/College formats must be deposited with the School of Graduate Studies. Where there is a conflict between the Departmental style and the University Style, the latter must be satisfied. Students must consult the University and School/College manuals for details.

School/College Format Requirements

 school/college formats shall apply to:.

• Chapter Structure Design
• Chapter Headings
• Reference Style
• Figures and Tables
• Chapter Content Design
• List of Abbreviations

Thesis Submission Dates

There are four submission windows (periods) in each academic year. These are:

-          Middle of June to July ending

-          The last two weeks in October

-          The first two weeks in December

-          The last two weeks in March.

The current open window is August 15 - October 31, 2023. for softbound submission and it is via the new UG Tracking System.

• Student Guideline to UG Thesis Tracking

University Format Requirements

University format requirements shall consist of the following sections:.

Preliminary Information

Substantive Section

Bibliography and Appendices

Publication of Hard-Bound Thesis For Graduation

The result of the thesis/dissertation and course work (where applicable) is published after the School of Graduate Studies has received the final copy of the thesis/dissertation.

The final (hard-bound) copy of thesis/dissertation is bound using the following colour scheme: 

Click here for more information .

Three hard copies and a soft copy (on CD) are submitted to the department/institute/centre. The unit then submits one hard copy and the soft copy together with a cover letter to the School of Graduate Studies (SGS). Upon receipt, SGS checks whether the student has passed all courses and met the required number of credits for graduation. When the student is cleared the result is published. That is, a written communication is sent to the department and all stakeholders that the student has met all the requirement for graduation.

i)         Title Page

The title page shall consist of the following which should be centered.

• Title of the Thesis
• Statement of Submission
• Name of Candidate (No Titles or Qualifications)
• Student Number (in brackets below the name)
• In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy (not abbreviated).
• Department/Centre/Institute
• The date of submission (Month and Year)

ii)         Declaration

A candidate submitting a thesis for a Doctoral degree shall make a declaration to the effect that the thesis is his/her own work produced from research under supervision.

Signature Page: 

The declaration page shall be signed by the following:

• The Candidate
• Supervisors

iv.        Abstract: Every candidate shall present a short abstract of his/her dissertation or thesis of a maximum of four (4) pages (double-spaced).

v.         Dedication (Optional)

vi.        Acknowledgement: (1-page maximum)

• The candidate may briefly acknowledge those who made important contributions to the success of his/her research and presentation of the thesis.
• Where the thesis has benefited from a collaborative project done in conjunction with the candidate’s Supervisor(s), this should be duly acknowledged.

vi.        Table of Contents: A well-aligned presentation of preliminary information, chapters with subsections, bibliography, and appendices of the thesis with relevant page numbers indicated.

vii.       List of Figures/Maps: A list of figures and maps with their relevant designated numbering and relevant pages at which they are located.

viii.      List of Tables: A list of tables with their relevant designated numbering and relevant pages at which they are located.

ix.        List of Abbreviations: A list of relevant abbreviations and their full rendering occurring in the thesis.

i.          Chapter Structure: A thesis must consist of substantive Chapters including an introduction, intervening chapters, and a concluding chapter as determined by the Faculty format which has been deposited with the School of Graduate Studies.

ii.         Reference Style: The reference style shall follow the School/College format.

iii.        Thesis Size: A thesis submitted for a Ph.D. degree shall normally be between 50,000 to 60,000 words excluding bibliography, figures, tables, photographs, and appendices.

i.          The bibliography should be placed at the end of the thesis and not after each chapter.

ii.         The order of arrangement of the bibliography and appendices should follow the prescribed departmental format.

iii.        The candidate may submit, as a subsidiary matter in support of his or her candidature, any printed contributions to the advancement of his/her subject, which he or she may have published independently or jointly, or any other supporting material. In the event of a candidate presenting material from joint work, he or she shall be required to state fully his or her own contribution.

Presentation Format

i.          Four typed or printed copies of the dissertation or thesis, using standard A4 paper, shall be submitted to the School of Graduate Studies through the Head of Department for examination.

ii.        Typed thesis should be on only one side of the paper.

iii.        Margins: When bound all margins of the thesis should be 2.54 cm (1 inch).

iv.        Font Type & Size: Theses should be typed in New Times Roman Font Size 12.

v.         Chapter headings should be in New Times Roman Font Size 14 Bold.

vi.        Font sizes for indented citations, graphs, figures, and tables should not be lower than New Times Roman font size 10.

vii.       Page Numbers: Page numbers should be centred at the bottom of the page throughout the thesis.

viii.      The preliminary pages should be numbered with Roman numerals.

ix.        Page numbering in Arabic numerals should run through the entire thesis.

Examination Copy

A thesis submitted for examination should be bound in soft manila card cover (green or light blue).

After the thesis has been approved, it must be bound in standard form Art vellum or cloth; overcast; edges uncut. The four (4) final copies of a thesis that has been accepted for the award of a Doctoral degree shall be distributed as follows:

Two (2) copies shall be sent to the School of Graduate Studies, one of which shall be deposited in the Balme Library and the other kept by the School;

The remaining two (2) copies shall be retained by the candidate’s Head of Department, one of which shall be kept in the Departmental Library and the other given to the candidate.

Labeling of Final Copy

         Front Cover: The front cover of the final copy should be lettered boldly in gold (0.5.-1.25cm) with the Title, Author, and Date (Month and Year).

        Spine: The spine of the thesis should be lettered boldly up back in gold (0.5 to 1.25cm) with the degree, year, and name, before the award of the Degree is published by the Registrar.

Binding Colour

       The colour scheme for a Ph.D. thesis shall be Dark Blue.

PDF Version

     A PDF version of the final thesis should be submitted with the hard copies to the School of Graduate Studies.

Progress Report Forms

Download the Progress Report Form for:

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2016, Eugene Danso

The study sought to identify the traditional political institutions and modern democratic governance in Ghana by using Akim Abuakwa as the case study. Eleven communities in the Abuakwa Traditional area were specifically selected for the study. The study employed the probability sampling technique which is more scientific in selecting forty-five (45) participants to participate in the study. The study employed the institutional model framework as its theoretical approach. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in collecting data from traditional authorities in the selected communities for the study. The quantitative data employed a standardized questionnaire whilst the qualitative data employed an interview guide. These data collection tools were used to collect primary data for the study. Secondary data was collected through articles, journals and online materials that related to the topic under study. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS Package and was presented in charts and figures. The study established that the traditional leaders in the country initiate and embark on a number of developmental projects on their own. It was also established that they partner the government in harnessing development for their various communities. It was again established that the traditional authority system is still relevant in modern society despite the immense changes it has encountered. The study again established that there is the need for the chieftaincy institution in the country to be refined in order for it to be abreast with the changing trend of society. The study concluded by making some recommendations for stakeholders in the institution. One major recommendation is that NGOs and stakeholders in the traditional establishments in the society should come on board and help the traditional authorities in developmental projects in the various communities.

Related papers

This study sought to examine the relevance of traditional political institution in modern democratic governance in Ghana by using Akim Abuakwa as the case study. This paper argues that the chieftaincy institution has become anachronistic due to elements of colonialism and modern democratic institutions which had adverse impact on the institution. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in collecting data from chiefs and local government authorities in the selected communities for the study. The primary data were obtained from both questionnaire administration and interview guides whereas the secondary data was collected from articles, journals and online materials that are related to the topic under study. The study revealed that the chieftaincy institution in Ghana to be refined to be abreast with the changing trend of society.

The relevance of traditional leadership in facilitating social and economic change and state building in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a highly contested matter. This study seeks to explore how traditional leadership has been integrated into mainstream development efforts in Ghana. Using the case study of two prominent traditional leaders, Otumfuo and Osagyefo, the paper seeks to elucidate the nature of conditions that must be present for traditional leaders to be effective in supporting grassroots development efforts, while also examining the ways in which the institution of chieftainship itself has adapted in response to social, economic and political demands of the 21st century. The paper draws on newspaper reports (n=142) on social and economic contributions of these two chiefs to development efforts in Ghana covering the period from 2010 to 2016. The data were then manually grouped under: social development, economic development and peace and security. The findings suggest that, given appropriate conditions, traditional leaders can play a vital role in facilitating desired social change. In particular, the study found that the institution of chieftainship itself is modernising under the weight of the 21st century demands and expectations, and that a measure of political and economic independence from the government is vital for chiefs to be able to assess, articulate, and advocate for the needs of their subjects, administer community development projects, and act as stewards of government and civil society initiatives at the local level. The findings indicate that given the necessary conditions, traditional leaders will serve as the missing link in delivering grassroots development in SSA. Keywords: Traditional Leaders, Development, sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana, Otumfuo, Osagyefo

Social Education Research, 2020

This paper seeks to create awareness on the perception of the people of Akyem Abuakwa about the usefulness of chieftaincy Institution in Ghana today. In pre-colonial Ghana, the chieftaincy institution was the main system of governance and adjudication of justice. It is the oldest form of government in Ghana. The institution equally in present times is ripped with a number of violent conflicts. With this development, some people are of the opinion that the institution has outlived its usefulness in contemporary Ghanaian society. There is the argument on the issue of chieftaincy institution and its usefulness in the Ghanaian society. Probing the situation, 200 indigenes from the Akyem Abuakwa state in the Eastern Region of Ghana were selected through quota and purposive sampling techniques in a cross-sectional study. The article found that few people in the traditional area believed that the institution is a potential source of conflict and violence while the majority of the people be...

Traditional rulers are the custodian of culture and traditional authority holders in the community. The paper examined the roles of traditional rulers in community development as well as the effect of traditional rulership in community development in Yewa South Local Government, Ogun State. The study make use of primary source of data through administration of questionnaire and content analysis of interview responses as well as secondary source of data which include related published journals, internet material, unpublished material, archival material and textbooks. The study was anchored on the institutional approach to development. The study discovered that traditional rules has many roles to play in the development of their community and those roles has significant effect on the improvement of citizen's standard of living as well as national development. The paper therefore argues that traditional rulers should be empowered politically and constitutionally to enhance community development as well as national development.

academicjournals.org

Politeja, 2016

Ghana is regarded as a leader of democracy and stability in Sub‑Saharan Africa. Owing to two decades of rapid economic growth and relatively peaceful transitions of power after elections, it is also one of the fastest developing and safest countries in the region. However, some challenges for internal stability and development are still to be addressed, for instance: the quality of leadership, poverty, environmental problems or inadequate and ineffective regulations. While solving these problems Ghanaian politicians and citizens have to either choose between or bring together both tradition and modernity. One of the aspects to analyse is traditional form of governance, in particular the role of traditional leaders, such as chiefs and queen mothers, in development, as well as their relationships and coexistence with the local and state government institutions. Therefore, this article focuses on understanding how traditional ways of thinking and acting, especially in the case of tradi...

Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences, 2009

The role of traditional Authorities in local governance was the subject of the study. The research design consisted of various methods of data collection including in-depth face-to face interviews, document reviews and observations. One technique that was used throughout the research to get information from all traditional role players was the appreciative technique. The population was made up of opinion leaders, settlers, chiefs, fetish priests, identified group leaders, tengdamba (land owners), family heads and local government staff. The instruments were pretested for reliability The analysis consisted of describing qualitative data while quantitative data was analysed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences). It emerged that traditional institutions have more good to offer the District Assembly in local governance than their limitation of the work of the Assembly. The institutions have remained resilient in the face of modern challenges because of the confidence and ...

Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 2018

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Psallite Sapienter: The Liturgy of the Hours. Proceedings of the 11th Fota International Liturgical Conference, 2019

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Essay writing guide

Introduction.

The subject of how to write a good essay is covered on many other sites and students are encouraged to read a sample of guides for a full understanding.

Recommended reading

• How to write an essay , University of Manchester, Faculty of Humanities Study Skills
• 3rd year project technical writing advice , University of Manchester, School of Computer Science
• William Strunk's elements of style

Examples of additional reading

• Essay writing & report writing , University of Wollongong
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Academic essays and articles usually contain 'references'. These can range from a generalised bibliography or list for "further reading" to specific references for particular points in the text. In this last category references are normally indexed either by the first author's name and publication date, e.g. "[Smith97]" or simply numerically "[5]".

• Read how to reference properly and avoid plagiarism

Advice on the subject of plagiarism can be found under the assessments section of this website.

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