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Doctorate (PhD) Degree

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BREAKING: Canada further limits international student numbers

• “We have allowed certain aspects of the market to get overheated, and for too long” said Immigration Minister – pointing to growing size of temporary resident population
• Further reduction of 10% this year on cap allocation while next year, Masters and PhD students will be included in the cap.
• Access to Canada’s Post-graduate Work Program to be controlled via language competency tests

The Canadian government has announced new international student study permits will be reduced by 10% from the 2024 target of 485,000 . The intake cap for 2026 will be stabilised, remaining the same as in 2025. For 2025, this means reducing study permits issued to 437,000. On September 18, during a joint press conference held in Ottawa, minister of immigration Marc Miller announced changes to the country’s immigration system, many pertaining to the international student program:

• Further limits on number international student permits, as outlined above
• 2025–2026 study permit intake cap will include master’s and doctoral students
• All PGWP applicants will be required to demonstrate a minimum language proficiency in French or English
• PGWP program will be updated to align with immigration goals and labour market needs
• Work permit eligibility to be limited to spouses of master’s degree students to only those whose program is at least 16 months in duration
• Work permit eligibility to be limited to spouses of foreign workers in management or professional occupations or in sectors with labour shortages—under Canada’s work permit programs (TFWP and IMP)

The original cap excluded students  enrolled in master’s and PhD programs. The 2025–2026 study permit intake cap will include master’s and doctoral students who will now have to submit a provincial or territorial attestation letter.

The government said it will be reserving approximately 12% of allocation spaces for these students in recognition of the benefits they bring to the Canadian labour market. As part of changes to the PGWP program, all applicants will be required to demonstrate a minimum language proficiency in French or English, which the government said will increase their “ability to transition to permanent residence and adapt to changing economic conditions”.

The reality is that not everyone who wants to come to Canada will be able to Immigration minister Marc Miller

“The reality is that not everyone who wants to come to Canada will be able to—just like not everyone who wants to stay in Canada will be able to,” said Miller. “We are taking action to strengthen our temporary residence programs and roll out a more comprehensive immigration plan to meet the demands of today’s changing landscape. Our immigration system must preserve its integrity, and be well managed and sustainable. And as we look forward, we will do everything it takes to achieve that goal and set newcomers up for success.” The January 2024 cap was said to be temporary, lasting initially for two years, with the aim of reducing international student numbers back to 2022 levels. There were over 800,000 international students in the country in 2022 – almost a third more than the previous year. 

“Simply put, the international student cap is here to stay.” said Miller.

He began summarising the changes by noting the number of temporary residents in Canada.

This number, he observed, “has grown almost exponentially over the last few years from about 437,000 individuals in 2019 alone to about 1.2 million in 2023”. And he observed, “That comes with consequences.” Canadian immigration data for the first half of 2024 showed a significant decline in study permit applications and issuance in Q2, in an early sign that the government’s caps are meeting objectives. The proposed reduction of temporary residents from 6.5% of Canada’s total population to 5% will be reflected in the 2025–2027 Immigration Levels Plan, which will be released by November 1, 2024. Miller was joined at the press  briefing  by Randy Boissonnault, minister for employment, workforce development and official languages. Boissonnault explained: “The temporary foreign worker program is an accordion. It’s meant to flex with the economy. When we have a high number of vacancies, we can bring in more people. “And as the economy tightens, we close the accordion and we make it harder for people to come in because Marc (minister Miller) and I and our government want those jobs to go to Canadians. We want them to go to people who live here. We want them to go to students. We want them to go to newcomers… and so we’re working hard every day to make sure there’s more jobs for Canadians.”

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Sweeping Changes to Canada’s Study Permit Program — “The Cap Is Here To Stay”

By Stephanie Ford and Rebecca Major

Posted on September 18, 2024

Rate article

Share article, international students will, unfortunately, have further measures put in place to limit study permits in the coming years. it seems these changes reflect 'a new normal' for studying in canada. but there is hope for those who want to study and work in canada..

The further restrictions placed on international students may come as a surprise, given the negative press Canada’s student program is currently experiencing. However, the Immigration Minister Marc Miller notes that these changes are needed to bring the levels of temporary residents in Canada in line with the target of 5%. 

“We have allowed certain aspects of this to get overheated and for too long.” – Immigration Minister Marc Miller

But that’s not to say there’s only bad news to glean from these recent changes. Anyone who lives abroad and wants to study in Canada may still be able to do so. And, as a result of the changes, it’s also more likely that international students will be able to find work in Canada during their studies and after graduation. It’s just also likely that the application process will be a little more complex, so planning early is more important than ever. 

With that out the way, let’s dig into the announced changes and what they mean for international students currently studying in Canada and those looking to study here in the future. 

Key Takeaways

• Canada’s temporary resident population jumped from 437,000 in 2019 to 1.2 million in 2023.
• Today’s announcement outlined an intent to introduce 6 new measures, all intended to create sustainable volumes of temporary residents in Canada. 
• Measures include extending the intake cap, language requirements for post-graduation work permits and restricting access to the spousal open work permit. 
• Measures are due to come into effect starting November 1st, 2024.

Tune into this reel for a brief recap

Need help settling in?

What you'll find on this page, what are the new measures for international students in canada.

The government announced that there will be six new measures for international students looking to study in Canada: 

• Increased Language Requirements: International students will need to demonstrate a CLB 7 for university graduates and CLB 5 for college graduates to apply for post graduation work permit on or after November 1, 2024. 
• PGWP Eligibility Based On Level Of Study: For prospective students applying after November 1st, Post graduation work permit eligibility will depend on the level of study. 
• PGWP Dependent on Field of Study: Graduates from programs at public colleges will remain eligible if they graduate from a field of study related to an occupation in long-term shortage. This PGWP could be up to three years. 
• Masters and Doctoral Students Subject To Cap: Master’s and PhD students will be subject to the study permit intake cap. However, about 12% of the cap allocation will be reserved for these students. 
• PALS for Post-Graduates: Masters and doctoral students will now need a Provincial Attestation Letter (or Territorial Attestation Letter).
• Reduced Spousal Open Work Permit Eligibility: Spousal Open Work Permits will be reserved to the spouses and common law partners of students in doctoral programs and certain masters programs, including those for professional programs and certain pilot programs.
• Spousal Open Work Permit Restriction: Limiting work permit eligibility to spouses of foreign workers in management or professional occupations or in sectors with labour shortage. 

The Canadian government expects that these changes will result in 300,000 fewer study permits being issued over the next three years, alongside a reduction of 175,000 fewer PGWPs in the near future.  

When Do These New Measures Come Into Effect?

Some measures, including the restrictions on SOWPs will come into effect November 1st, 2024. Other measures will be introduced over the next few months. 

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What Are The New Language Requirements For Canada’s Study Permit Program? 

The language level required will depend on the level of study undertaken. 

Those who have studied at a University level (Bachelor, Master or Doctorate) will need to demonstrate a CLB level 7. College graduates will need to demonstrate a CLB level 5. 

• Learn more about Canadian Language Benchmarks.

What Sectors Are In Demand In Canada With Long-Term Shortages? 

The government has not outlined exactly which programs are going to be eligible for spousal open work permits or a PGWP, however, we can guess that some or all of the following programs and industries may be included: 

• Skilled trades programs
• Health care
• Construction
• STEM workers
• Professional services workers, including lawyers.

As outlined during the live press conference: 

400,000 skilled trades workers will retire by 2032, it’s a great tsunami. We’ve got another demand of about 300,000 more skilled trades workers. So you can see that we have a challenge of making sure we have enough people with the right skills to get the right training to fit into jobs that are needed so we can grow the country.  

We will keep an eye on changes in this sphere. If you’d like to stay up-to-date about announcements, register for our newsletter. 

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Can I Bring My Spouse or Common Law Partner To Canada On My Study Permit? 

The previous restrictions announced earlier this year are still in effect. This initial change restricted Spousal Open Work Permits (SOWP) to the spouses and common law partners of students studying at the Masters and PhD level, as well as a limited number of undergraduate programs linked to occupations with long-term shortages. 

The change announced today further restricts the eligibility for SOWPs to doctoral candidates, with a carve out for Masters and other students studying to work in occupations tied to long-term shortages. In other words, Masters students are no longer automatically eligible for SOWPs. 

A further reduction of SOWP does not specifically target international students but affects all foreign workers in Canada. Starting later this year, only spouses of foreign workers in management or professional occupations or in sectors with labour shortages will be eligible to apply for a SOWP. Previously, the spouse of a foreign worker working in Canada was eligible for a SOWP, with no restriction to type or level of work.

These changes are expected to reduce the number of SOWPs by 50,000. 

I Thought Study Permit Rates Had Dropped, So Why Is Canada Further Restricting The Number of International Students? 

These changes are being brought in to address the high levels of temporary workers, which have not decreased in line with the government’s promise to reduce the number to 5% of Canada’s population. 

Minister Boissonnault noted that the temporary worker program is designed to fluctuate with economic conditions in Canada. It works like an accordion, he noted, expanding when the need for workers increases (such as immediately following the pandemic) and constricting when the need for workers decreases. This is what we’re seeing right now, due to an extended period of high interest and borrowing costs. In other words, the reduction in temporary workers isn’t indicative of Canada not valuing international workers – it just reflects the economic reality in Canada. 

How Do These Changes Impact Current Students In Canada? 

When the study permit cap was first announced in January 2024, study permit renewals were exempt from the cap. With this latest announcement, IRCC has not commented on whether study permit renewals continue to be exempt from the cap. 

Restrictions to PGWPs will apply to applicants who submit after November 1st, 2024. This means that this measure could impact current international students . 

There is no information on whether the SOWP limitations will apply to current international students. 

What To Do If You Want To Study In Canada As An International Student? 

While immigration policies can change at any moment, it does seem that Canada is committing to attracting and retaining workers in sectors that are in-demand or are experiencing a long-term shortage. International students may be more likely to succeed in receiving a study permit and PGWP by committing to studying within these sectors. So, an early step should be keeping up-to-date with any changes in this space, as well as researching in-demand sectors in Canada. 

As we outlined above, we don’t have specific information from IRCC at the moment regarding which long-term shortage occupations and in-demand sectors will be eligible for a PGWP, but we can make guesses based on existing policies that it could relate to health care, construction and trades, STEM occupations, and other professional degrees. 

Otherwise, given the increasing requirements (such as PALs and TALs for Masters and PhD students) and the uncertainty, it is a good idea to start preparing your application as early as possible. 

Finally, rejection rates for study permits in Canada are reportedly higher than previous levels. This means that it’s important to submit a complete application that doesn’t raise questions or concerns for the visa officer. We recently published a guide to writing a strong letter of explanation for your study permit. We recommend checking out that piece, and subscribing for our international student roadmap via your free Moving2Canada account . 

Want to study in Canada?

About the authors.

Stephanie Ford

Rebecca Major

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Masters/PhD Will Need PALs for 2025

• Thread starter Naturgrl
• Start date Yesterday at 2:57 PM
• The 2025–2026 study permit intake cap will include master’s and doctoral students who will now have to submit a provincial or territorial attestation letter. We will be reserving approximately 12% of allocation spaces for these students in recognition of the benefits they bring to the Canadian labour market.

forevermore76

Hero member.

Naturgrl said: Government announced today that all levels of study will need PALs. Private schools like UCW and NEU will be in trouble. The 2025–2026 study permit intake cap will include master’s and doctoral students who will now have to submit a provincial or territorial attestation letter. We will be reserving approximately 12% of allocation spaces for these students in recognition of the benefits they bring to the Canadian labour market. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2024/09/strengthening-temporary-residence-programs-for-sustainable-volumes.html Click to expand...

Star Member

akash08 said: Since when will this be applicable? From Jan 2025 or a later date? Click to expand...

Naturgrl said: Says 2025 intake so those who are starting in 2025. Click to expand...

PhD, Professor, and Postdoc Salaries in the United States in 2024

The United States is home to many of the world’s top universities, making it a leading destination for international researchers. Here’s a breakdown of the most common American academic job titles and their associated average annual salaries. All salary statistics in this article are in American Dollars (USD) and are pre-tax.

PhD Student

A Master’s degree is not always required to pursue a PhD in the U.S., as many top universities offer direct entry PhD programs. American PhD programs typically begin with two to three years of coursework, after which students take qualifying exams. It takes an average of six years to earn a PhD, and most students gain teaching experience during this time, either as teaching assistants or by leading their own courses.

In the U.S., there is no mandated national salary for PhD students. PhD students’ stipends vary widely depending on the institution, field of study, and location. As of 2024, PhD students typically earn between $20,000 and $35,000 per year. Stipends may be tax-free (if they are fellowship awards) or taxable (if classified as salary for teaching or research assistant roles). Many students are funded for nine months of the year, with optional summer funding ( WorldMetrics ).

After earning a PhD, many researchers take on postdoctoral positions to further specialize in their fields. Postdocs typically last two to three years, although it's common to complete more than one postdoc in the U.S. As of 2024, the average salary for postdocs is $61,000 to $72,000 per year, depending on factors such as the field and location​ ( UnivStats ) ​( WorldMetrics ).

A lecturer is a non-tenure-track teaching position. These positions usually carry a higher teaching load and no research obligations. Lecturers may or may not hold a PhD, and their positions are more common in the humanities and social sciences. The average salary for full-time lecturers in 2024 is approximately $70,000 per year​ ( WorldMetrics ).

Assistant Professor

This is the first rank on the tenure track. Assistant professors are responsible for teaching, research, and contributing to service activities within their institution. They typically teach two to four courses per semester while also supervising graduate students and maintaining an active research agenda. As of 2024, the average salary for assistant professors is $75,000 to $85,000 per year, with some variation depending on the institution and discipline​( UnivStats ).

Associate Professor

An assistant professor who is granted tenure is promoted to the rank of associate professor. Tenure is a key milestone that provides job security and reflects recognition of the professor's contributions to their field. Associate professors typically have a national reputation and are involved in service activities beyond their institution. The average salary for associate professors in 2024 is around $90,000 to $101,000 per year​ ( UnivStats ).

Professor (Full Professor)

After five to seven years as an associate professor, faculty members can apply for promotion to full professor. This rank is granted to those who have established themselves as national or international leaders in their field. Full professors have a significant track record of research and publications. As of 2024, the average salary for full professors is $115,000 to $130,000 per year, with some earning well above this in fields like law and engineering​( WorldMetrics ) ​( UnivStats ).

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Postdoctoral Researcher Salary: Average Salary of Postdocs Explored

Postdocs maybe one of the more natural paths to take after completing Ph.Ds, but like many jobs, salary matters. What is postdoctoral researcher salary like?

Postdoctoral researcher salary vary significantly depending on the country and sector. In the United States, the average postdoc salary is around $72,798 per year. You may earn around $60,000 a year in Canada, or up to 70,000 Euro annually in Europe.

In this post, we break down the average postdoctoral researcher salary, across places around the world. We also explore factors that determine the salary, and how you can land a postdoc position yourself.

Salary Of Postdoc Researcher Salary Per Year

Postdoctoral researcher salary vary significantly depending on the country and sector. In the United States, the average postdoc salary is around $72,798 per year , but this can vary with:

• experience,
• employer. 

For example, researchers in R&D roles within tech or pharmaceutical sectors might earn more than those in academia.

In higher-cost cities like Boston or San Francisco, the compensation is often higher but adjusted for the local cost of living​, so postdoctoral researcher salary in these areas are higher.

In Europe, postdoctoral researcher salary are also influenced by the country and institution. In Germany, postdocs typically earn between €4,253 and €5,951 per month depending on experience and the type of position.which amounts to an annual salary of around €51,000 to €71,000.​

In Switzerland, postdoctoral researcher salary are among the highest in Europe, with postdocs earning approximately CHF 80,000 to CHF 100,000 per year​.

Canada also offers competitive salaries for postdocs, with the average salary being about CAD 60,658 per year​.

Recent policy changes in Canada are aiming to improve postdoctoral researcher salary, especially in high-demand fields like biomedical and AI research.

What Factors Determine A Postdoctoral Researcher Salary?

When it comes to determining postdoctoral researcher salary, a variety of factors are at play.

Job Title & Field Of Work

The first is the job title and the specific field in which you work. Postdoctoral researcher salary in some fields are higher than others.

Postdocs in R&D roles in pharmaceutical companies often command higher salaries compared to those working in academia.

A postdoc in machine learning at a tech company could see an annual salary well above the national average for a postdoctoral researcher. In fields like AI and biomedical research, the postdoctoral researcher salary tend to be higher.

In machine learning or AI, a graduate with extensive industry experience might bypass the traditional PhD route and still get paid postdoc-level salaries. 

The second factor is the funding source.

Some postdoctoral researcher salary are supported through institutional funds, while others rely on fellowships or grants . The latter can make a big difference in your salary range.

In academia, a postdoctoral position funded by a prestigious fellowship might offer a more competitive salary than a standard postdoc position funded by an internal department budget.

Postdoctoral researcher salary with funding by federal grants or private foundations like the NIH or National Science Foundation typically pay more than roles supported by university funds alone.

Location plays a huge role in determining your salary. Postdoctoral researchers in the United States, especially in high-cost living areas such as Boston (Harvard, MIT), New York, or California, tend to make more annually compared to those in other regions.

However, the cost of living in these locations also significantly eats into that higher salary.

A postdoc in the Midwest might earn less per year, but with a much lower cost of living, the actual quality of life could be comparable to their coastal counterparts.

Your PhD Institution & Connections

Your PhD institution and connections can also influence salary. Graduates from prestigious universities often have more leverage in negotiating pay.

Those with high-impact publications or experience in in-demand fields may find themselves in a better position to secure higher salaries.

Alumni networks and career path mentorship also play a pivotal role, helping you land positions with better pay and benefits.

Overall Budget

The employer or hiring organization sets the salary range based on the overall budget, the field’s demand, and the seniority of the position.

Some companies, particularly in the tech or pharmaceutical sectors, offer generous benefits, stock options, and bonuses, in addition to the base postdoc salary.

This makes working outside of academia a lucrative option for many postdoctoral researchers looking to maximize their earnings.

Must All Postdoc Have A PhD?

Not all postdoctoral researchers need a PhD, but in most fields, it’s almost mandatory. 

From my experience in academia, a PhD is essential for a postdoc position, especially if you want to get a job as an assistant professor or move into a full-time research role. The PhD provides the foundation for executing independent research and securing funding.

In the pharmaceutical or tech industries, the situation can be different. While many postdocs in R&D roles still hold PhDs, some companies allow candidates with equivalent experience to take on similar roles.

Fellowships often require a PhD for eligibility. Still, some postdoctoral researchers may take on administrative or project associate roles that don’t require a doctoral degree.

These positions can offer lower salaries but still provide valuable research experience. If you are still stuck on whether to pursue a PhD for a postdoc, consider your long-term career path.

Tech companies may offer higher salaries without a PhD, but academic careers nearly always demand it.

How To Get A Postdoc Position?

Getting a postdoc position starts with finding the right job search strategies. You need to identify positions that align with your research interests, whether it’s in academia, industry, or R&D.

Job and researchers’ websites usually advertises available postdoctoral positions, like:

• National Postdoctoral Association, or
• Specific university job sites.

If you’re aiming for high-paying postdoc roles in the pharmaceutical industry or tech, look for positions with job titles in AI, machine learning, or biomedical research.

Networking plays a pivotal role. Connecting with mentors, attending academic conferences, or participating in webinars can lead to valuable insights on upcoming positions.

A postdoc in machine learning might learn about roles at tech companies directly through a former PhD advisor or industry connections.

Universities like Harvard or MIT may have exclusive job boards or connections to top employers.

Your CV and cover letter should emphasize not just your PhD, but also your publications, grants, and any research that aligns with the postdoc’s requirements.

Employers in academia typically look for strong publication records, while those in industry may prioritize specific project experience.

Funding is another important factor. Some postdoc positions are supported by fellowships, while others depend on institutional funds. A fellowship can offer higher salaries and more independence.

Remember that location impacts salary too. Postdocs in the United States, especially in high-cost cities, may earn more per year, but the cost of living should factor into your decision.

With persistence and the right connections, you can land a postdoc that suits your long-term career goals.

What Are The Benefits For Postdoctoral Researchers?

As a postdoctoral researcher, the benefits you receive go beyond your salary. Although postdocs are considered temporary roles, many employers offer comprehensive benefits packages.

In academia, government research labs, and the private sector, these benefits can significantly enhance your overall compensation.

Health Insurance

Health insurance is a common benefit, especially for full-time postdoc positions. In countries like the United States, postdoctoral researchers working at universities or large research institutions often receive:

• dental, and
• vision coverage.

The type and extent of the coverage depend on the employer and the job title, but it is generally aligned with the university or institution’s benefits for other full-time employees.

Pharmaceutical companies and tech firms offering postdoc positions often include top-tier health benefits, making industry roles particularly appealing.

Retirement Benefits

Retirement benefits can also be part of your package. While postdoctoral roles are typically short-term, many institutions still offer retirement savings plans, such as:

• 401(k) matching programs in the U.S.,
• Superannuation programs in Australia, or
• Pension contributions in Europe. 

This adds long-term value to your overall compensation, even if you’re only staying in the position for a few years.

Professional Development 

Professional development opportunities are another key benefit for postdocs. You may get paid to:

• attend conferences,
• present research, and
• access exclusive training. 

These opportunities not only enhance your CV but also offer valuable networking chances. Many postdocs also have the chance to publish as lead authors, boosting their career profile.

Fellowships

Fellowships may come with extra perks.

A prestigious fellowship might offer additional research funds or travel allowances, allowing you to attend international conferences or collaborate with researchers abroad.

Some postdocs also receive relocation assistance, making it easier to move for a new position, whether in academia or industry.

Stock Options and Bonuses

Postdocs working in high-demand fields like IT , AI or biomedical research might even receive stock options or bonuses in private-sector roles.

While this is less common in academia, tech companies and R&D labs often offer these benefits to attract top talent.

Many postdoctoral researcher salaries, especially in these sectors, include performance-based bonuses and access to company shares.

Postdoctoral Researcher Salary:  Get Paid Properly

Postdoctoral researchers’ salaries vary significantly depending on the country, institution, and field of study. Additional factors such as funding sources, experience, and cost of living influence pay.

Despite the relatively modest salary, postdocs are critical contributors to scientific advancement and academic research, often working long hours to further their expertise and career prospects.

How Much Is Postdoctoral Researcher Salary In The US?

In the United States, the average postdoc salary is around $72,798 per year

Location, job title, funding, your PhD, workload

Not necessarily, but most Postdoc position requires a PhD.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

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More than 200,000 international student work permits to expire by 2025, making transition to permanent residency harder

A student walks on the Conestoga College campus in Kitchener, Ont., on April 27. The main campus of Conestoga College has been experiencing an explosion of international students because of aggressive recruitment. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada shows there are 203,260 international students in Canada who hold postgraduation work permits set to expire in the next 15 months. Nick Iwanyshyn/The Canadian Press

More than 200,000 international students will see their work permits expire by the end of 2025 – many of them, however, might not successfully obtain permanent residence status in that time frame because of recent changes in immigration policy .

New data obtained by The Globe and Mail from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada show that there are 203,260 international students in Canada who hold postgraduation work permits that will expire in the next 15 months. Almost 70,000 of those permits expire between Sept. 1 and Dec. 31, 2024.

Postgraduation work permits (PGWP) are issued for between nine months to three years to foreign students who have obtained a diploma or degree at a Canadian college or university.

Tens of thousands of international students who spent years finding a pathway to permanent residency are out of options

Obtaining permanent residency as a PGWP holder used to be a fairly predictable process under Express Entry, an immigration system launched in 2015. The system effectively prioritized high-skilled workers and foreign graduates from Canadian institutions who had Canadian work experience, awarding them a score under the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) and then issued invitations to apply for permanent residence every two weeks to those with the highest scores. In 2016, the Liberals streamlined the Express Entry system even further to favour international students by awarding them bonus points for having studied at a Canadian postsecondary institution.

By the end of August this year, there were 471,810 PGWP holders, more than triple the number of permit holders from 2018, according to federal government data.

But as the number of permanent-residency (PR) hopefuls increased, a series of policy changes made during the pandemic unintentionally made it more difficult for PGWP holders to transition to PR status.

Ottawa halted a policy introduced during the pandemic that granted 18-month extensions to PGWPs to help ease a labour shortage. Those extensions would have enabled those with expiring PGWPs to wait out a backlog in PR applications that had accumulated during the pandemic.

Hopeful immigrants to Canada are learning French after other paths to permanent residency prove difficult

The government also changed its criteria for selection within the Express Entry system – it began prioritizing French speakers and people with job experience in health care, skilled trades, agriculture, transportation and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) fields as opposed to those with Canadian-specific education and experience. PR draws for the Canadian Experience Class immigration stream that most PGWP holders use were paused for almost three years, between August, 2021, and May, 2024. When draws resumed, the cut-off score to gain permanent residency in the Express Entry system had increased substantially, making it almost impossible for many applicants with a Canadian education and work experience to qualify.

Recently, hundreds of international students on expiring PGWPs set up a protest site in Brampton, Ont., campaigning for Ottawa to grant them an extension to their visas and a “fair pathway” to permanent residency – specifically, a guarantee that draws from all streams of the Express Entry system will be conducted regularly.

Cyclists pass by a small group of workers, international students and community members leading a protest-encampment in Brampton, Ont. calling for longer post-graduate work permits for international students and better pathways to permanent residency on Sept. 6. Sammy Kogan/The Globe and Mail

IRCC did not respond specifically to a query from The Globe about the percentage of PGWP holders with permits expiring in 2024 and 2025 that will be granted permanent residency.

Historical data from Statistics Canada show that between 2016 and 2020, approximately 40 per cent of PGWP holders were granted PR status within two years of receiving their work permit. Between 2011 and 2015, 73 per cent of PGWP holders obtained permanent residency within five years of receiving their work permit.

In an e-mailed statement, the ministry noted that work experience gained through holding a PGWP did not necessarily guarantee permanent residency.

Aissa Diop, director of communications for Marc Miller, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, said that the government’s current policy on immigration is to reduce the level of temporary residents and stabilize the level of permanent residents.

Student visa approvals projected to drop by almost half this year: report

“Part of the reduction in temporary residents includes transitioning some of them to permanent residency. But if they don’t qualify under any permanent resident program, then they have to go home. We cannot keep opening the taps saying everyone is welcome here,” she told The Globe in a recent interview.

There were 2.8 million temporary residents in Canada as of the first quarter of 2024, according to data from Statistics Canada. They comprise 6.8 per cent of the total population, up from 3.5 per cent two years ago. Temporary residents include international students, people on temporary work permits and asylum claimants.

Sarabjit Singh has been coming by the Brampton protest before and after his shifts as a CNC machinist, often sleeping in the tents before heading back to work. After coming to Canada as an international student, he was able to find full time work in his field directly out of school, but he worries about keeping his job as his temporary permit to stay in Canada expires at the end of this month - with no guarantee of renewal. Sammy Kogan/The Globe and Mail

There is an immense disconnect between the government’s proposed permanent resident approvals and the number of temporary residents already in the country, notes John Carlaw, an assistant professor at Toronto Metropolitan University specializing in immigration and refugee policy.

Canada is aiming to admit 485,000 permanent residents in 2024, 500,000 in 2025 and another 500,000 in 2026. This year, Ottawa is planning to issue permanent residency to 110,770 applicants in the Express Entry pool, the most popular PR pathway for PGWP holders. Next year that number is 117,500.

“We have hundreds of thousands of people coming to Canada, many of them international students, with the expectation that they would obtain permanent residency,” Dr. Carlaw said.

“But the figures the government sets out for PR in their immigration levels plan does not recognize the extent of migration into Canada. We are not providing a clear pathway to permanent residence for many.”

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BREAKING: IRCC announces tighter cap for study permits and changes to PGWP eligibility

• Published: September 18, 2024

“The international student cap is here to stay” according to Canada's Immigration Minister, Marc Miller.  

Specifically, Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) will issue just 437,000 study permits in 2025. According to the department, this number is based on a 1 0% reduction from the 2024 target of 485,000 new study permits issued, and then stabilizing the intake cap for 2026.  

IRCC expects this to result in 300,000 fewer study permits being issued to international students over the next few years.

Schedule a Free Work Permit Consultation with the Cohen Immigration Law Firm

This is just one of several announcements the minister made regarding ongoing changes to Canada’s international student program .  

“The reality is that not everyone who wants to come to Canada will be able to—just like not everyone who wants to stay in Canada will be able to,” said Miller.  

“Our immigration system must preserve its integrity and be well-managed and sustainable. And as we look forward, we will do everything it takes to achieve that goal and set newcomers up for success.”  

Master’s and PhD students now require a Provincial Attestation Letter  

The updated cap will now include master’s and doctoral students, who will no longer be exempt from obtaining a Provincial Attestation Letter (PAL).  

The department says it will be reserving approximately 12% of allocation spaces for these students “in recognition of the benefits they bring to the Canadian labour market.”  

PALs were introduced earlier this year for many college and undergraduate students to help IRCC verify that their applications are genuine and stabilize the number of study permits issued.  

Changes to PGWP eligibility  

Additionally, more changes have been made to eligibility requirements for a Post Graduation Work Permit (PGWP). Applicants will now be required to demonstrate a Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) score of 7 for university graduates and a CLB of 5 for college graduates who apply after November 1.  

Miller says he expects this will result in 175,000 fewer PGWPs being issued over the next three years.  

Limits for Spousal Open Work Permits  

IRCC is also limiting work permit eligibility , later this year, to spouses of master’s degree students whose program is at least 16 months in duration. This is expected to result in 50,000 fewer spousal work permits being issued over the next three years.  

Unrelated to the international student program, Spousal Open Work Permits will also be limited to the spouses of Canadians or permanent residents who are employed in critical work sectors.  

Impact on Temporary Foreign Worker Program  

Canada’s unemployment rate has been climbing since April 2023, rising 1.5 percentage points over that period. Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) says the overall unemployment rate has risen from 6.4% to 6.6%. In August 2024, there were 1.5 million unemployed people, an increase of 60,000 (+4.3%) from the previous month.  

The measures announced today aim to curb the volume of temporary residents in Canada on work permits in the near future.  

  Minister of Employment , Workforce Development and Official Languages, Randy Boissonnault spoke alongside Minister Miller and echoed many of his earlier remarks surrounding the intent of the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP). He said the TFWP should be a last resort measure and should never be used to replace Canadian workers or suppress their wages.  

Still, Minister Boissonnault noted that 99 % of economic growth in Canada is dependent on immigration. This is expected to rise to 100% by 2032.  

Changes to temporary and permanent resident levels in Canada  

This year has seen considerable overhauls of Canada’s immigration system, with multiple measures introduced.

In January IRCC put in place the first-ever cap on study permits , initially implemented as a temporary policy that would be in place until the end of 2025. As part of this cap, each provincial government was issued study permit allocations for their province. The implementation of this new cap also ushered in the PAL system. 

The announcement of the study permit cap was coupled with further restrictions on PGWP eligibility (making students in college programs with “curriculum licensing agreements” ineligible); as well as a new restriction on Spousal Work Permits to only spouses of students in master’s and PhD programs (with some exceptions).  

In March Minister Miller also announced that the Immigration Levels Plan for 2025-2027 will include temporary resident levels for the first time as the department seeks to reduce the number of temporary residents (those on a study or work permit).  

  Canada has taken other steps to reduce the number of temporary residents, including:  

• Ending the COVID-era policy allowing some visitors to apply for a job-supported work permit from inside Canada;  
• Pausing the processing of Labour Market Impact Assessments (LMIAs) in the low-wage stream of the TFWP, for jobs in Canada that are destined for Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) with an unemployment rate equal to or higher than 6%; and  
• Considering drastic changes to the issuance of Post-Graduation Work Permits (PGWP) to international graduates, tying the issuance of these work permits to educational programs that would enable graduates to work within in-demand sectors of the Canadian economy.  

Minister Miller has previously stated that he is also open to looking at options to address permanent immigration levels to Canada. The Minister noted that though it would be important not to “overcorrect” permanent immigration levels, the changes he was considering would be “significant” and not simply “cosmetic”. More information is expected on this front in the coming weeks  

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Strengthening temporary residence programs for sustainable volumes

From: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada

News release

Canada has a long and proud history of welcoming newcomers from around the world who support our economy and enrich our country. In response to labour shortages and the aftershocks of the pandemic, the federal government took steps to meet the urgent needs of businesses and support our economic recovery. Since then, Canada’s economy has evolved, and we must continue to adapt our immigration system to respond to new pressures, including a softening labour market.

September 18, 2024—Ottawa— Canada has a long and proud history of welcoming newcomers from around the world who support our economy and enrich our country. In response to labour shortages and the aftershocks of the pandemic, the federal government took steps to meet the urgent needs of businesses and support our economic recovery. Since then, Canada’s economy has evolved, and we must continue to adapt our immigration system to respond to new pressures, including a softening labour market.

Earlier this year, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada announced a decrease in the number of temporary residents—from 6.5% of Canada’s total population down to 5% by 2026. To achieve this goal, the federal government is taking action to manage the increase of temporary residents and hold employers misusing the system accountable. We are reforming the International Student Program, tightening eligibility requirements for temporary foreign workers, enforcing employer compliance more strictly, and making labour market impact assessments more rigorous to mitigate fraud, and more.

To ensure the temporary residents we welcome to Canada can be supported adequately, the Honourable Marc Miller, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, today announced additional measures to manage the volume of temporary resident arrivals, uphold the integrity of our immigration system and protect vulnerable people.

• For 2025, this means reducing study permits issued to 437,000
• updating the Post-Graduation Work Permit Program this fall to better align with immigration goals and labour market needs
• limiting work permit eligibility, later this year, to spouses of master’s degree students to only those whose program is at least 16 months in duration
• limiting work permit eligibility later this year to spouses of foreign workers in management or professional occupations or in sectors with labour shortages—under Canada’s work permit programs (TFWP and IMP)

Like many countries, Canada is experiencing more asylum claims as the number of displaced people worldwide continues to grow, and that contributes to growing temporary resident volumes. To align with our humanitarian responsibilities, the government has been working on several measures to address integrity issues and strengthen the in-Canada asylum system, including:

• implementing a partial visa requirements for Mexican nationals
• improving claims processing while maintaining the fairness and integrity of the asylum system, as announced in 2024
• reviewing visa decision-making so that our highly trained officers have the right tools to detect fraud and reduce the number of non-genuine visitors
• exploring more measures to further strengthen visa integrity

Actions we have taken, as well as the additional steps announced today, will strengthen our immigration system and help address the changing needs of our country. We have listened to Canadians, including our provincial, territorial and municipal partners, and other community leaders. We will continue to seek to protect the integrity of our system and responsibly grow our country.

“The reality is that not everyone who wants to come to Canada will be able to—just like not everyone who wants to stay in Canada will be able to. We are taking action to strengthen our temporary residence programs and roll out a more comprehensive immigration plan to meet the demands of today’s changing landscape. Our immigration system must preserve its integrity, and be well managed and sustainable. And as we look forward, we will do everything it takes to achieve that goal and set newcomers up for success.” – The Honourable Marc Miller, Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship

“The Temporary Foreign Worker Program was designed to address labour market shortages when qualified Canadians were not able to fill those roles. Right now, we know that there are more Canadians qualified to fill open positions. The changes we are making today will prioritize Canadian workers and ensures Canadians can trust the program is meeting the needs of our economy.” – The Honourable Randy Boissonnault, Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Official Languages

Quick facts

The proposed reduction of temporary residents from 6.5% of Canada’s total population to 5% will be reflected in the 2025–2027 Immigration Levels Plan, which will be released by November 1, 2024.

Graduates from programs at public colleges will remain eligible for a Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) of up to three years if they graduate from a field of study linked to occupations in long-term shortage.

As part of changes to the PGWP Program, all applicants will be required to demonstrate a minimum language proficiency in French or English. This will increase their ability to transition to permanent residence and adapt to changing economic conditions. A Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) level 7 for university graduates and CLB 5 for college graduates will be required for anyone applying for a post-graduation work permit on or after November 1, 2024.

The 2025–2026 study permit intake cap will include master’s and doctoral students who will now have to submit a provincial or territorial attestation letter. We will be reserving approximately 12% of allocation spaces for these students in recognition of the benefits they bring to the Canadian labour market.

On January 1, 2024, the cost-of-living requirement for study permit applicants was updated to better reflect the true cost of living in Canada and help prevent student vulnerability and exploitation.

Budget 2024 proposes $743.5 million over 5 years, starting in 2024–2025, and $159.5 million ongoing to support the stability and integrity of Canada’s asylum system.

Further information on the measures announced today will be available on our website in the near future.

Related products

• News Release – Minister Boissonnault reducing the number of temporary foreign workers in Canada
• News Release – Minister Boissonnault announces new measures to address fraud in Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program
• News Release – Changes to International Student Program aim to protect students
• News Release – Updated travel information for Mexican citizens coming to Canada

Associated links

• Backgrounder: Actions taken to strengthen Canada’s temporary residence programs and migration pathways

Contacts for media only:

Aïssa Diop Director of Communications Minister’s Office Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada [email protected]

Media Relations Communications Sector  Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 613-952-1650 [email protected]

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Cap for international students will stay: Canada introduces curbs on post graduate work and spousal work programs

About the Author

Lubna Kably is a senior editor, who focuses on various policies and legislation. In particular, she writes extensively on immigration and tax policies. The Indian diaspora is the largest in the world; through her articles she demystifies the immigration-policy related developments in select countries for outbound students, job aspirants and employees. She also analyses the impact of Income-tax and GST related developments for individuals and business entities. Read More

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Balancing passion with practicality is essential, especially when choosing a study destination. The good news? New Zealand is more than just a breathtaking destination and hobbit holes. It’s also home to various industries with impressive earning potential. 

Table of Content

And with an 85% student visa approval rate as of August 2024, your dream of studying and earning here is more within reach than you might think! But before you pack your bags, it is time to understand the breakdown of the average salary in New Zealand across different industries. 

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From tech to healthcare, understanding what each sector pays could help you plan your future. Dive in! 

Key Highlights 

The table below outlines the key highlights of the average salary in New Zealand, which you will learn about in greater detail.  

Average Salary in New Zealand by Industry

With an average salary of INR 27.4L (NZD 53K) per year, New Zealand could be your golden ticket to a slightly more luxurious lifestyle, like a couch, not from a second-hand store.

And here’s some good news to calm those post-graduation job fears. As of August 2024, New Zealand’s employment rate was a solid 68.4%. So, while you may still rely on caffeine and late-night study sessions, at least you can count on landing a decent job when you’re done. 

Now, dive into the top industries that offer the highest average wage in New Zealand.

• Information Technology (IT)

Information Technology (IT) is the magic behind everything from smartphones to self-driven cars. In fact, New Zealand’s ICT market hit an impressive US$12.77 billion in 2023, proof that tech is the way of the future.

Here are the top job roles with the average salary in New Zealand for this field. 

Healthcare is the heart of any society, keeping communities healthy and thriving. 

The healthcare and social assistance industry in New Zealand is valued at a whopping NZD 18 billion. It offers countless opportunities and a great average salary in New Zealand for healthcare professionals!

• Engineering

Engineering is the backbone of innovation, building everything from bridges to cutting-edge technology. In New Zealand, an impressive 77,000 engineers, about 3% of the workforce, are powering the country’s progress, according to PwC. 

With that, it’s time to check out the top job roles with the average salary in New Zealand for this field. 

Finance drives the engine of New Zealand’s economy, supporting everything from startups to major corporations. As of June 30, 2024, the country is home to 731,314 registered companies, all relying on sound financial strategies to thrive. 

• Construction and Property Development

Construction and property development is booming in New Zealand, shaping the skyline and transforming communities. With the real estate market hitting a staggering US$0.89 trillion this year , it’s an exciting time to build and invest. 

Highest Paying Jobs in New Zealand

Average earnings in New Zealand are on the rise, and knowing which paths lead to the highest-paying jobs can make all the difference. 

Plus, while you’re exploring your options, don’t forget to enjoy unique Kiwi traditions like the annual Pancake Day, where communities gather to flip pancakes in a fun competition. Because who doesn’t love a delicious reward for hard work? 

Now, dive into the top high-paying jobs!

Also Read: Jobs in New Zealand for Indians 2025: High Salary Jobs, Top Companies. 

Factors Affecting Average Salary in New Zealand

With New Zealand ranking 10th worldwide for quality of life by US News Report, you’re in for a treat! But when it comes to the average salary in New Zealand, a few factors decide whether you’ll be splurging on good food or sticking to instant noodles. 

It’s time to break down what influences those salary figures.  

Experience is like fine wine. It gets better (and often more expensive) with age! The average salary in New Zealand is based on experience, with seasoned professionals raking in the dough while newcomers are still trying to figure out which end of the stapler is which. 

Check out the difference in the average salary in New Zealand based on experience. 

Salaries vary like the weather. One minute, it’s sunny with a high average salary in Auckland New Zealand. The next, it’s chilly in the countryside, where your paycheck might be slightly leaner. 

Take a lighthearted look at how location influences the average salary in New Zealand. 

In New Zealand, salaries vary significantly with age, reflecting experience (or a few extra grey hair). Explore how the average salary in New Zealand shifts as you celebrate those birthdays.

Note: The starting-out and training minimum wage is based on a full-time employee working 40 hours per week. 

The average salary in New Zealand often tells a tale, with gender playing a significant role in those numbers. Males usually earn more than their female counterparts. 

Dive into how salaries differ by gender. 

Top Recruiters Paying a High Average Salary in New Zealand 

Some top recruiters offer a high New Zealand average salary per month that’ll make your bank account as happy as a sheep in a grassy meadow. Ready to see who’s dishing out the big bucks? 

Check out the table below for a breakdown of the top recruiters’ salaries. 

Explore all countries

Top universities with best average salary in new zealand.

With over 69,000 international students flocking to the country each year , it’s clear that this little corner of the globe is a serious player in the education game.  

But you’re probably curious about one thing.The average salary in New Zealand after you toss that graduation cap in the air.  

Here are the top 5 universities according to the QS Rankings 2025, with average fees and salaries.  

Ready to apply to top New Zealand universities? Most of them require a solid IELTS score to get in. Don’t worry. Leap Scholar offers free masterclasses to help you ace the test and boost your chances of admission!

Average Salary in New Zealand vs India

Spoiler alert! It’s not just the weather that’s different between these two countries. Check out the numbers and see how the monthly salary in New Zealand vs India measures up, with the example of one top job role.   

From this, you’ll see that the average monthly salary in New Zealand for a physician is 1,820% higher than in India. Now, it’s time to look at the work visas to earn that salary in New Zealand. 

Post-Study Work Visa in New Zealand

The Post-Study Work Visa in New Zealand is like your golden ticket to stick around and finally put that hard-earned degree to use. It’s your chance to trade those lecture halls for real-world experience and maybe even upgrade your diet while you’re at it. 

Here are some essential details you should know about. 

Top High-Paying Part-Time Jobs for Students in New Zealand

“Opportunities don’t happen, you create them.” – Chris Grosser. And what better way to create opportunities than by snagging a high-paying part-time gig while studying in New Zealand? 

You can work up to 20 hours a week during the semester and full-time on vacation . Your course must be at least two or one year as part of an approved exchange scheme.

But what work can you do that pays well, too? Check out the top jobs. 

How to Find Jobs in New Zealand?

Don’t worry. Finding the right gig doesn’t have to be as tricky as pronouncing Whakatāne (a town in the Bay of Plenty)! 

Dive into some tips that’ll make your job search smoother than a flat white.

• Use Job Portals : Use sites like Seek for IT roles, Trade Me Jobs for retail, and Indeed for hospitality positions.
• Network Locally : Attend local tech meetups or business events and connect with professionals on LinkedIn for potential opportunities.
• Visit Company Websites : Check Xero’s career page for tech jobs, Fonterra for agricultural roles, and ANZ Bank for finance-related positions.
• Use Recruitment Agencies : Agencies like Hays for construction roles or Randstad for healthcare jobs can match you with employers.
• Tailor Your CV : Adapt your CV for roles like marketing at startups or engineering positions in established firms.
• Apply for Part-Time or Internship Roles : Start with part-time gigs in retail or internships at local tech firms, which can lead to full-time offers.
• Check Government Resources : Explore Careers.govt.nz for advice on finding roles in education or government sectors in New Zealand.

Cost of Living in New Zealand

The average cost of living in New Zealand is INR 88.2K (NZD 1.7K) per month without rent. With that, understand the breakdown of other essential expenses to help you budget better while you earn.  

Also Read: A Guide on Cost of Living in New Zealand 2024. 

Conclusion 

New Zealand offers you not only a solid education but also a sweet paycheck to match! 

If you graduate from the University of Auckland, you could be pulling in an average salary of INR 31.1L (NZD 60K) annually. And while you’re busy launching your career, you can join in on the quirky Gumboot Day tradition. Yes, people literally throw gumboots (rubber boots) for fun! 

Ready to earn that high average salary in New Zealand? So, as the Kiwis say, “Kia kaha”! Stay strong and make the most of your adventure.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. what is the average salary in new zealand for fresh graduates.

A. For fresh graduates, the average salary in New Zealand typically starts around INR 27.4L (NZD 53K) per year. However, this can vary depending on the industry you enter and your level of experience. Salaries tend to increase as you gain more skills and expertise in your field.

Q. How does the average wage in New Zealand compare across industries?

A. The average wage in New Zealand varies widely across industries. For example, tech and healthcare sectors tend to offer higher salaries, with roles like Cloud Architects and Physicians earning significantly more than entry-level positions in retail or hospitality.

Q. What is the average monthly salary in New Zealand for IT professionals?

A. In the IT industry, the average monthly salary in New Zealand can reach INR 4.75L (NZD 9.1K) for roles like DevOps Engineers. Senior positions, such as Cloud Architects, can earn even higher. Tech professionals are in high demand, which contributes to the strong salaries.

Q. Which city offers the highest average salary in New Zealand?

A. Auckland is known for offering the highest average salary in New Zealand, with annual earnings of around INR 41.5L (NZD 80K). It’s a popular city for tech, finance, and professional services. Wellington and Christchurch are also top contenders for high-paying jobs.

Q. How much can healthcare professionals expect to earn in New Zealand?

A. Healthcare professionals, especially doctors, earn some of the highest salaries in the country. The average earnings in New Zealand for a physician are around INR 1Cr (NZD 204.4K) annually. This sector is crucial, with high demand and competitive pay.

Q. What’s the New Zealand average salary per hour?

A. The New Zealand average salary per hour varies based on the industry and role. For example, the adult minimum wage is NZD 21.2 per hour, while more specialised roles can offer significantly higher hourly rates. Highly skilled jobs can pay up to NZD 70 per hour or more.

Q. How does location affect the average salary in New Zealand?

A. Location plays a big role in determining salaries. For instance, the average salary in Auckland New Zealand is higher than in regions like Otago or Waikato, due to Auckland’s position as a business and tech hub. Regional areas may offer lower wages but often come with a lower cost of living.

Q. What’s the average monthly salary in New Zealand for finance professionals?

A. Finance professionals can expect an average monthly salary in New Zealand of around INR 5.42L (NZD 10.4K), with roles like Finance Managers being well-compensated for their expertise. Careers in finance are stable and offer growth opportunities across various sectors.

Q. What are the highest-paying industries for the average salary in New Zealand?

A. The highest-paying industries in New Zealand include healthcare, IT, and engineering. For example, Orthodontists earn an average of INR 1.2Cr (NZD 240K) per year, while Cloud Architects in IT earn INR 85L (NZD 163.6K) annually. These industries consistently offer top salaries due to the high demand for specialised skills.

Q. How does experience affect the average earnings in New Zealand?

A. Experience greatly impacts the average earnings in New Zealand. As you gain more experience, your earning potential increases significantly. Senior professionals in fields like healthcare and IT can command much higher salaries than entry-level positions. Experience also opens doors to leadership and management roles.

Q. What is the average salary in New Zealand after graduating from top universities?

A. Graduates from top universities like The University of Auckland can expect an average salary in New Zealand of INR 31.1L (NZD 60K) annually, especially in high-demand sectors like IT and engineering. Graduates from well-ranked institutions often find it easier to land high-paying jobs.

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Khushi Rabban

A passionate writer who bridges the gap between aspiring international students and their dream schools.

My student-friendly content, powered by SEO magic, simplifies applications, tackles scholarships, and provide you with all the information you need, to conquer your international academic dreams.

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