essay in present perfect

.  

can be omitted.  The meaning does not change.  

10 years.

10 years.

seen a falling star.

INCORRECT: What time have you done it?

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A Guide to the Present Perfect Tense

Posted by David S. Wills | Sep 5, 2021 | Grammar | 0

In this article, we’re going to look at the present perfect tense, which is really underused by IELTS candidates. To do this, we’ll explore why verb tense is important, what the present perfect actually is, how we normally use it in IELTS, and then look at some common problems.

This is explained in video form here:

Why does verb tense matter?

In the IELTS writing test, you will be assigned a grade that is the average of your scores for 4 sections: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. As you might imagine, that last one is what we’ll be focused on today.

When it comes to grammar, there is a lot to think about but one of the first and most important aspects is verb tense. This can be really confusing for English learners because we have twelve different tenses, as you can see here.

If you want to learn about each of these tenses, you can pick a copy of my book, Grammar for IELTS Writing , which shows you how and when to use each of them.

In short, the reason that verb tense is so important is that it can completely change the meaning of a clause or sentence. When we learn language, we usually think about vocabulary first, and this is great, but let’s say you learned the word “install” and you wanted to talk about installing software on a computer. Depending on the tense you use, the person listening to or reading your sentence could have a completely different impression. “I install software on computers” tells the person that this is probably your job because you often do it. “I installed software on computers” tells the person that you used to do this as a job, but that you no longer do this. “I will install software on computers” shows future intent, and “I have installed software on computers” is letting them know that this is an experience you had once or more in the past, and which may happen again in the future.

This last sentence is an example of the present perfect tense.

What is the present perfect tense?

The present perfect tense is made by using “have” or “has” and then the past participle form of the main verb. Like any other tense, it can be made into a positive or negative statement, or turned into a question. Just make sure that the subject matches with the first verb, have or has.

I’m not going to spend a lot of time explaining how to make the present perfect tense because if you are reading this article then you probably already know. It is, honestly, a pretty easy tense to make… The hard part comes when deciding when to use it.

With the present perfect tense, there are three main uses. First of all, we use the present perfect to describe a finished action or state that occurred at an indefinite time in the past. I could say, for example, “I have been to France.” This means that I went to France at some point in the past. The two important time factors, however, are that I do not say WHEN this trip occurred and it could theoretically happen again in the present or future. The same is true of these examples:

• She has eaten sushi.
• They have learned Chinese.

Next, we use the present perfect tense for describing something that has happened in the past and may happen again in the future because the time period is not yet finished. For example, “It has rained today.” This means it rained earlier in the day but because it is still the same day, it could possibly rain again. Unlike rule #1, here we often do have a stated time but the action happens during that time and could continue now or in the future. Here are two more examples:

• She has had four coffees this morning.
• They have been to the office twice this afternoon.

Finally, and similar to the previous rule, the present perfect tense can be used for events that started in the past and may or may not be continued into the future. This typically involves using “for” or “since” to give information about the time. For example, I could say “They’ve lived in Beijing for six years.” This began in the past, continues now, and could continue into the future.

• They’ve been a couple since 2012.
• I’ve worked in finance for almost a decade.

As you can see from all three rules, the present perfect basically is used for events that started in the past and could theoretically continue. It might seem easy, yet, as we shall see, it is often misused when it comes to IELTS…

The present perfect and IELTS

The present perfect tense is one of the most common tenses in English and it can be used in a wide range of circumstances. It is appropriate in both formal and informal English (as long as you know how to use contractions) and is very useful for indicating when something happened.

It is this specificity in terms of time that is why the present perfect is so important in IELTS writing and speaking. The tense is frequently mixed up with the past simple or present simple tenses, and yet these convey entirely different meanings. Let’s take an example. If I said, “The internet has changed the way people communicate around the world,” it tells my reader something very clear and obvious – starting at a point in the past, the internet began to change communication and it continues to do so today, in the present moment. If I said, “the internet changed the way people communicate around the world,” it implies that this happened in the past and no longer continues to change our communication. If I said, “the internet changes the way people communicate around the world,” it suggests a series of repeated events. The first two examples are quite reasonable, though I think most people can agree that the internet continues to evolve and we adapt with it. The third is a bit strange because it implies this repetition of singular moments of change, but it is theoretically possible.

The big problem arises, though, when we want to give more information, and that is advisable for IELTS. We typically like to give some more detail and so we would want to say something like “Since the mid-1990s, the internet has changed the way people communicate around the world.” This is a perfectly good sentence, but alas maybe people do not understand the correct use of the present perfect tense and so they take that first part (“Since the mid-1990s”) and connect it to a different tense. This would be entirely wrong.

As you can see, then, the present perfect tense is common, versatile, and important for giving precise information about actions and when they occurred. It is especially useful for issues of change over time and, as you can imagine, that is really important in the IELTS writing test. Think about the common topics they give you – technology , healthcare, society, culture, crime , education , and so on. These are things that have changed a lot in recent years and thus it is very likely that you would need to use the present perfect to adequately discuss them. Unfortunately, this is not done nearly enough.

Common problems

As I explained in the previous chapter, the present perfect is an important tense but IELTS candidates just do not use it enough. That is the first and most serious problem. In fact, in my IELTS writing correction service , more than 90% of times that I mentioned the present perfect in my feedback, it is to say that it SHOULD HAVE BEEN USED .

Here are some examples. In each case, the candidate clearly referred to something that began in the past and continues or could continue in the present moment. However, they have not used the present perfect tense and so the sentence is grammatically incorrect. This tells the examiner that they do not know how and when to use this essential verb tense, and so the chances of them scoring higher than band 6 for Grammatical Range and Accuracy are very slim.

When you begin a sentence with an introductory or transitional clause that talks about time, if you use the words “for” or “since,” then you probably should use the present perfect tense. You need to make it a habit to look at the times mentioned or implied in your writing and choose the most appropriate verb tense.

Another mistake is mixing up the present perfect and past perfect tenses. This happens because, although their meanings are very different, their structure is quite similar. Take the sentences, “He has drunk four cups of coffee” and “He had drunk four cups of coffee,” for example. The first one means that the time period is ongoing and the second that it started and ended in the past. They have completely different meanings, but there is only one letter that’s different. 

Aside from that, though, there aren’t too many mistakes in forming the present perfect tense as it is rather easy. Still, IELTS candidates sometimes get confused and use the correct form of “have” or “has,” then change the main verb from the past participle into something else. This can be very confusing for the reader as it no longer even resembles the present perfect and it can be hard for them to guess your meaning.

Finally, it is quite rare, but people sometimes use the present perfect instead of another verb. I only really see this error in task 1 reports because the time periods can be confusing and sometimes lead people to make silly errors. For example, they might say, “In 1985, interest rates have risen six percent.” This is wrong because of course 1985 was in the past and any changes to interest rates started and finished in that year.

In fact, the present perfect, whilst extremely common in English, is somewhat uncommon in task 1 because rarely does the data refer to the present moment. However, it can do. I actually covered this in a recent video all about the most difficult IELTS line graph. You can find that here:

Let’s review our lesson for today. The most important thing I want you to take away from this video is the fact that the present perfect tense is both common and useful. Sadly, many learners completely overlook it and this leads them to make big mistakes. For both IELTS writing and speaking, it can help you give accurate and grammatically correct answers, showing the examiner that you have the skill and knowledge required for a high band score.

Fortunately, it is not hard to learn how to use this tense. It can be formed very easily and we only have three rules for using it, which honestly could also be boiled down to one overall rule: if something started in the past and continues (or could continue) in the present, then we are probably going to use present perfect.

About The Author

David S. Wills

David S. Wills is the author of Scientologist! William S. Burroughs and the 'Weird Cult' and the founder/editor of Beatdom literary journal. He lives and works in rural Cambodia and loves to travel. He has worked as an IELTS tutor since 2010, has completed both TEFL and CELTA courses, and has a certificate from Cambridge for Teaching Writing. David has worked in many different countries, and for several years designed a writing course for the University of Worcester. In 2018, he wrote the popular IELTS handbook, Grammar for IELTS Writing and he has since written two other books about IELTS. His other IELTS website is called IELTS Teaching.

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The Present Perfect Simple Tense

Perfect english grammar.

How to form the present perfect

• Click here to download this explanation as a pdf
• Learn about USING the present perfect here
• For a list of all the present perfect exercises, click here
• 'have' / 'has' + the past participle
• Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play' becomes 'played')
• We also have some completely irregular verbs

(Also, here's some help if you are not sure how to pronounce '-ed' at the end of a verb).

Try an exercise about the positive form here

The negative is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

Try an exercise about the negative form here

To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject:

As you can imagine, for 'wh' questions, we just put the question word before 'have' or 'has':

• Click here for a list of all the present perfect exercises

Hello! I'm Seonaid! I'm here to help you understand grammar and speak correct, fluent English.

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Present Perfect

When you can use present perfect, time markers in present perfect, how to build present perfect.

Past Participle of the verbs (V3/ed)

Past Participle of Regular Verbs (ed)

Past Participle of some Irregular Verbs

already, just, yet in Present Perfect

since and for in Present Perfect

Present Perfect vs Past Perfect: Understanding the Key Differences

Published by

Olivia Drake

Summary:   Present Perfect (“have/has” + past participle) for actions impacting the present. Past Perfect (“had” + past participle) details events before others in the past. Key is understanding timing, sequence, and effects. Avoid common mistakes like incorrect time references. Examples clarify their application, ensuring precise expression of past actions’ relevance or sequence.

On this page:

The Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses are both used to talk about actions and situations in relation to a point in time, but they differ in their focus. Here’s a breakdown of the main differences:

Present Perfect

Usage:  Indicates actions or events that occurred at an unspecified time before now. It emphasizes the result or effect of the action in the present. Form:  “have/has” + past participle (e.g., “have done,” “has seen”). Key Phrases:  often used with “already,” “ever,” “just,” “never,” “not yet,” “so far.” Example Sentences:

• “I have finished my homework.” (The exact time is not specified; the focus is on the completion.)
• “She has visited Paris three times.” (Emphasizes the experience up to now.)

Past Perfect

Usage:  Describes actions or events that were completed before another action or event in the past. It highlights the sequence of past actions. Form: “had” + past participle (e.g., “had done,” “had seen”).Key Phrases: often used with “before,” “by the time,” “until.” Example Sentences:

• “I had finished my homework before dinner.” (Emphasizes that the homework was completed before another past event.)
• “She had visited Paris three times before she moved there.” (Indicates the visits occurred before another past action.)

Comparison Between Present Perfect and Past Perfect

Timeline and order.

When comparing the present perfect and past perfect, it’s important to understand the timeline and order of events. The present perfect is used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time before now, while the past perfect is used to describe an action that happened before another past action.

For example , if you say “I have eaten breakfast,” you’re talking about an action that happened at an unspecified time before now. But if you say “I had eaten breakfast before I went to work,” you’re talking about an action that happened before another past action (going to work).

Consequences and Results

Another difference between the present perfect and past perfect is the consequences and results of the actions. The present perfect focuses on the present result of a past action, while the past perfect focuses on the past result of a past action.

For example , if you say “I have lost my keys,” you’re talking about the present result (not having your keys) of a past action (losing your keys). But if you say “I had lost my keys before I found them,” you’re talking about the past result (not having your keys) of a past action (losing your keys).

Verbs and Actions

The choice between present perfect and past perfect can also depend on the verb and action being described. The present perfect is often used for actions that have a connection to the present, while the past perfect is often used for actions that are completely in the past.

For example , if you say “I have lived in this city for five years,” you’re talking about an action (living in the city) that has a connection to the present (you still live there). But if you say “I had visited that museum before it closed,” you’re talking about an action (visiting the museum) that is completely in the past.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Navigating the nuances between the Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses can be challenging, often leading to common mistakes. Here’s a look at these mistakes and tips on how to avoid them:

1. Confusing Time Reference

Mistake:  Using the Present Perfect to talk about a specific time in the past. Example of Mistake:  “I have seen him yesterday.”Correction: “I saw him yesterday.” (Use simple past for specific times in the past.) How to Avoid:  Remember that the Present Perfect connects the past action to the present moment without specifying when it happened. For actions at a specific past time, use the Simple Past.

2. Using the Past Perfect without a Second Past Action

Mistake:  Using the Past Perfect when there’s no second past action or event for it to precede. Example of Mistake:  “I had gone to the store.” (No second action mentioned.)Correction: “I went to the store.” (Use Simple Past if there’s no subsequent action in the past.) How to Avoid:  Use the Past Perfect only when you need to show that one past action happened before another past action. Otherwise, stick with the Simple Past.

3. Misplacing Time Expressions

Mistake:  Misusing time expressions specific to each tense. Example of Mistake:  “I had finished my work just now.”Correction: “I have just finished my work.” How to Avoid:  Use time expressions like “just,” “already,” “ever,” and “never” with the Present Perfect. For the Past Perfect, phrases like “by the time,” “before,” and “until” are more appropriate.

4. Overusing the Past Perfect

Mistake:  Overusing the Past Perfect for actions that don’t require emphasizing order. Example of Mistake:  “After I had woken up, I had brushed my teeth, and then I had gone to school.”Correction: “After I woke up, I brushed my teeth, and then I went to school.” How to Avoid:  Use the Past Perfect sparingly, mainly to clarify the sequence of past events when the sequence is not clear through context. Otherwise, the Simple Past is often sufficient.

5. Ignoring the Present Implication of Present Perfect

Mistake:  Forgetting that the Present Perfect implies a connection to the present. Example of Mistake:  “I have lived in Paris in 2005.” (The action is completely in the past.) Correction: “I lived in Paris in 2005.” (Use Simple Past for actions that happened and ended in the past.) How to Avoid:  Use the Present Perfect to talk about experiences that affect the present or when the exact time of the action is not important or not mentioned. For past actions with a clear end, use the Simple Past.

Practical Examples of Present Perfect vs Past Perfect

To better understand the difference between present perfect and past perfect tenses, let’s look at some practical examples and exercises.

Example 1: Event

• Past perfect : You had already finished your homework before the party began.
• Present perfect : You have finished your homework before the party started. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before the present moment.

Example 2: Experience

• Past perfect : You had never been to New York before you visited last year.
• Present perfect:  You have been to New York three times this year. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a past experience that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a past experience that happened at an unspecified time in the past and has relevance to the present moment.

Example 3: Dinner

• Past perfect : You had already eaten dinner when your friend arrived.
• Present perfect : You have eaten dinner already. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before the present moment.

Example 4: Not Finished

• Past perfect : You had not finished your work when your boss called.
• Present perfect : You have not finished your work yet. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe an incomplete action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe an incomplete action that is relevant to the present moment.

Example 5: So Far

• Past perfect : You had traveled to five countries before you turned 30.
• Present perfect : You have traveled to seven countries so far. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that is relevant to the present moment.

Example 6: Events

• Past perfect : You had missed the train when you arrived at the station.
• Present perfect : You have missed the last train. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that is relevant to the present moment.

Example 7: Will/Going to

• Past perfect : You had planned to go to the beach, but it rained.
• Present perfect : You have planned to go to the beach this weekend. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a planned action that did not happen because of an external factor. The present perfect tense is used to describe a planned action that is relevant to the present moment.

Example 8: Already Eat

• Past perfect : You had already eaten breakfast when your friend arrived.
• Present perfect : You have already eaten breakfast. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before the present moment.

Exercise 6: Learners

• Past perfect : You had studied English for three years before you moved to the United States.
• Present perfect : You have studied English for six months. In this example, the past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that happened before another past action. The present perfect tense is used to describe a completed action that is relevant to the present moment.

Related Articles:

• Present Perfect Tense: How to Use It
• Past Simple vs Present Perfect: A Clear Comparison Guide
• Questions in Present Perfect: Mastering its Usage and Structure
• Present Perfect Sentences with Examples

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The present perfect: the past embedded in the present

The distinction in English between the simple and perfect forms of all tenses is the key to understanding how English conceptualises time. If you haven't followed the introductory guide to English tenses yet, please consider doing so now (new tab).

Many languages have verbs forms selected to represent the speaker's view of the time an action took place or a state existed – that is what tenses do.  However, they differ in terms of what they see as the important distinctions. Some languages, such as Mandarin, have no changes to verbs to signify time at all, relying on adverbials, particles and the context to signal time concepts.  It is perfectly possible to be understood (at least on a basic level) and use no tense forms at all.  So:     I go tomorrow     I come yesterday     I always do this     I arrive recently     I finish work at 6 last week are all perfectly comprehensible even if they need a little interpretation from the listener.

The perfect aspect is signalled in English through the use of a form of the verb have . When the forms are used, it means that the user of English is relating one time to another so, for example:

• Mary has made lots of money means that she is rich now and that relates a past activity, making money, to a present state, being wealthy.
• Mary had made a lot of money means that she was wealthy then because of a previous activity, making money.

Sometimes, languages may have forms which look superficially similar to the perfect aspect in English but which do not signal a relational sense. German, for example, can form a sentence like :     Ich habe es gemacht roughly translatable as     I have done it but this does not necessarily signify present effect and could be translated as : I did it .

Many languages do not distinguish a perfect aspect at all and rely on adverbials and other time markers to make the connections between times even when they bother with the concept at all. Other languages content themselves with the use of the past simple form to cover both the past simple and the present perfect in English.  Speakers of these languages may not even see the need to distinguish. Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, Persian languages, French, Hungarian, Italian, Khmer, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Mongolian, Portuguese, Slovak, Somali, Tajik, Telegu, Turkish, Ukrainian, Yiddish and Zulu for example can all encode both:     I have done it and     I did it in precisely the same way, making no aspectual difference at all.

Italian distinguishes between distant past time and recent past time and all languages have ways of dividing and classifying time which may or may not overlap or run parallel with how English does it. This is one reason why the present perfect is problematic for many learners whose first languages have a similar form carrying a different kind of message. Speakers of languages which do not have a parallel forms may also be confused by the use of primary auxiliary verbs, such as have, be, do etc. to make tense forms which encode specific relationships.

The simple form of the present perfect is not too difficult to grasp or to teach.  It works like this:

The continuous or progressive form of the present perfect is slightly more complex.  It works like this:

It is not the forms of the tense that are difficult to learn.  It is the concepts that are harder to grasp.

The present perfect is a relational tense.  We use it to consider one state, event or action in relation to another. Fundamentally, the tense is a present tense, not a past tense, because it refers to the present in relation to the past.  Another way of putting that is that it refers to the past within the present. This is what is meant:

One way to understand the concept the present perfect in English indicates is to contrast it with the past simple. The past simple is an absolute tense, not a relative one, and refers to a finished event or action which may or may not have any relation to the present.  For example:

The key point to grasp in all of this (and the one your learners need to get hold of) is that the past action has changed the present in some way.  There are many times when it actually signals that a present event would not have happened or a present state would not exist if a past event or state had not. For example:     The money has arrived so we can buy the car signals the fact that but for the arrival of the money, the action of buying the car would not have occurred at all. Many course books and websites will focus on a rather nebulous concept of present relevance but it's hard to define that because relevance is a gradable concept.  If we get away from that term and focus on how the past has changed the present, we are on safer ground.

Compare these examples and see if you can figure out whether:

• the action took place at a particular point in time
• the action continued over a period of time
• the action continued up to the present
• the action has some obvious present effect

Fill in the grid (you can tick one or more boxes).  You can do this in your head or on paper.  Click on the table when you have an answer.

• ( Past simple )  You may have decided that she smoked a cigarette is an action that takes a period of time.  That's OK but the action is seen as taking place at a particular moment in time.  It tells us nothing at all about the present.
• ( Present perfect )  Clearly, the second sentence tell us two things: the action has extended over a period of time and it has extended up to now.  It is also possible but not certain that she will smoke more in the future.  You may have ticked D for this sentence, too.  That's OK, providing you have seen some present effect.
• ( Past Simple )  The third example tells us two things.  It is completed (and we know when it stopped) and it took place over an extended period of time.  It tells us nothing at all about the present.
• ( Present perfect )  The last example gives us the same kind of information that the second sentence conveys but we know that her action has made a difference to the situation now (perhaps she has determined to give up, perhaps this is her doctor's description of her life style etc.).

At the outset, we said that the present perfect tense embeds past events in the present.  A way of conceptualising this for learners is like this:

A quick way of presenting this concept to learners which you can return to frequently in a lesson is: Your browser does not support the video tag. You could even leave it running in the background.

Compare these and note the difference in meaning:

• Jo lived almost all her life in India
• Jo has lived almost all her life in India

When you have noticed two differences in meaning, click here .

• The first difference is that in sentence 1 we know that Jo is no longer living in India but in sentence 2 we would probably assume that she still does (or that her having spent time in India has some importance for now, for example, she can speak an Indian language, can find her way around an Indian menu, knows about Indian cultures and so on).
• The second difference is that in sentence 1 Jo is quite possibly a historical character or, sadly, no longer with us but in sentence 2, Jo is certainly alive and may continue living in India into the future.

This distinction between the simple past and the perfect form lies at the heart of the way English conceptualises past time.

A way to understand the use of the present perfect simple and the progressive form is to think in terms of telicity : whether an end point is in consideration, on which more below.  For example:     I lived in London for ten years clearly implies that the process is finished, and the sense is telic, whereas:     I have lived in London for ten years is atelic because the process is unfinished. Both tense forms can signal both types of telicity so we can find:     I read the book for two hours which implies that I did not finish it, although I am no longer reading it as I speak, whereas:     I read the book in two hours implies that the reading is finished. Equally:     I have been to New York three times implies that the visits are finished and the use is telic although there is a strong sense of this changing the present, whereas selecting the progressing form of the present perfect as in:     I have been visiting New York regularly for years implies that the events are not finished (atelic) and form part of a series. There is much more on the distinction between the simple and progressive aspects of the present perfect below.

The sense of the past within the present is not altered when we use the progressive forms but an extra layer of meaning is added. We use the progressive aspect with the present perfect to do a number of things, many of which are overlapping concepts. Here, we will try to tease out the underlying ideas.

We can use both tenses to refer to a past within the present so we can say either:     He has climbed the mountain or     He has been climbing the mountain but in the first we are emphasising his achievement (i.e., the outcome of his efforts) and in the second, the activity itself (i.e., the efforts themselves). In the first example, the change to the present concerns his current position (on top). In the second example, the change concerns his current state (exhaustion, perhaps). Another example may make things clearer.

Similar examples can be used when the activity is what interests us, not any kind of achievement and it is the activity which serves to explain the present .  Here are three:     I have been running (and I'm hot and tired)     She has been drinking (and she's not making sense)     What have you been doing? (to get so dirty, tired, wet etc .)

The term telicity is not something with which you should trouble learners but the concept is important to understand. The question to ask is whether an event or action is seen as finished (that is to say, perfective [not perfect]) or whether there is no end point in sight. The progressive form of the tense is used most frequently for events and actions which are seen as atelic, having no explicit finishing point and the simple aspect is used to refer to actions or events that are telic and, although finished, are still set in the present. Both forms refer to the past within the present. For example:     I have read the book clearly implies that the action of reading is now finished but that the reading of the book is set in the present because it makes a change to our conversation in some way, for example, removing any obligation to explain what it is about.     I have been reading the book on the other hand, means that the book is not finished.  It is still a past within the present in terms alterations to the present, of course.

The guide to talking about the present, which considers the present perfect (because it is a present tense) delves a bit deeper into the phenomenon of telicity.

The present perfect tenses, both simple and progressive are described as having a perfect aspect and by that it is meant that the tenses refer to the past within the present. This is true but the progressive form is also used to describe two other aspects which are not obvious by looking at the forms.

A key distinction here is semantic not grammatical.  Some verbs, by their nature, cannot refer to long-lasting events.  They are punctual verbs and include, for example: arrive, bang, begin, break, bump, burst, chop, crash, detonate, dip, dive, drop, explode, flash, glow, hit, jolt, kick, light, meet, name, open, pop, quip, rap, shatter, shoot, slam, smash, spit, spurt, steal, stop, tap, thump, upset, volunteer, wake etc. Other verbs, the majority, may be durative and the list includes: cry, design, enjoy, frighten, glow, hurry, inspect, justify, keep, love, moan, nurture, oppose, play, quieten, read, run, speak, talk, undo, vary, wish, write etc. Most verbs are polysemous and have closely connected but distinct meanings so, for example:     She has frightened the children implies a single event which was not long lasting but     She has been frightening the children implies a repeated, not necessarily long-lasting event. Verbs which can only be punctual in nature, such as flash, pop, thump etc. are, when they are used in the progressive form, always iterative, not durative.

Summary of progressive vs . simple tense uses

It makes sense, of course, to handle the distinctions piecemeal with learners rather than expecting them to absorb all this in a single sitting.

and that, of course, explains why it's called the present perfect. This little animation is taken from the lesson for elementary learners which tries to keep things simple but show how the present perfect is used to refer to past events which change the present.

It is because of the way that we think about past time that each of these tenses is associated with different time markers (not, incidentally, the other way around).  Here's what we mean:

Learners who don't have a good grasp of the concepts here will often produce incorrect sentences such as:     I have lived here two years ago     I lived here since 2014     I did it already*     I worked up to now and so on.  This is not usually because they don't understand the time markers, it is usually because they haven't got the concepts of the times right. * Standard American (AmE) uses this kind of construction frequently, as in, e.g.,     Did you just arrive? etc.

A number of coursebooks have an annoying habit of presenting learners with long lists (as in the table above) of time phrases to use with past tenses and others to use with the present perfect.  From the list, learners are expected to think something like     "If I am using last week, I must use the past simple" or     "If I am using since , I must use the present perfect". That is the wrong way round . The choice of the appropriate time marker depends on the speaker's perception of time which is represented by the tense structure. It is not the time marker which determines the tense; it is the speaker's understanding which determines the tense and the tense which determines the appropriate time marker.  To be clear, it does not work like this:

it works like this:

If that is not understood, it is virtually impossible to teach the form, the meaning or the use.

You will readily see that sentences such as     I have been to America     They have seen the aurora borealis     We have never seen anything like it     She has never smiled at me refer to a time between the speakers' earliest memories and now. The meanings are indefinite concerning the time and focuses on the event alone.  It is for this reason that the tense is often used to comment on the present or to introduce the topic of a conversation.  Here are some typical examples which do not relate to recentness but use the tense in this aspect of discussing experience or raising a topic:     Did you know that Mary has left her job and gone travelling? introducing a topic for discussion – it may be a recent event but that's not the point     You've been to Paris, haven't you? possibly a forerunner to some closer questioning about Paris     I've discovered something about this program requiring the hearer to say something like Oh, what's that?  Do tell. etc.     Have you tried the new restaurant in the square? a forerunner to asking what it's like or telling the hearer what it's like if the answer is 'no'.

It's pretty easy to make up examples of this very common use of the tense but the trick is to set it in context and give people a reason to introduce a topic and that's usually because:

• they want to get some information (now)
• they want to give some information (now) or
• they want to start a discussion (now)

If you have followed up to now, you will know:

• the present perfect simple in English embeds the past in the present as an aid to understanding the present
• the present perfect progressive refers to an atelic, iterative or long-lasting past event embedded in the present which also helps us to understand the present

and those two concepts are really all that is needed to understand the use of the tenses.

However, quite well meaning and experienced if not well informed practitioners persist in overwhelming learners by inventing ever more complex and refined uses of the tenses in an effort, forlorn, naturally, to help learners use and understand the forms. Some coursebook writers fall headlong into this trap, too. You will find, for example out here on the web something like the following seven uses for the present perfect simple including, but not limited to:

• past finished action The example here is usually along the lines of:      I have broken my pencil which we are asked to believe is a past tense. It is not, of course, because, although the action referred to is clearly a past event, we do not know when it happened but we do know why it was reported: it says something important about the present so the past is embedded in it.  It is vanishingly rare to hear or read something like that in isolation because it would inevitably be followed by something like:     ... so can I borrow yours, please? If we do want to focus on the present perfect for perfective actions or events, then we have to follow it with a comment about how the past event changes the present.  Otherwise, practice is misleading.
• recent completed action How this might differ from the previous example is hard to fathom because the terms finished and completed appear to be synonymous in these uses.  A typical model-sentence example is something like:     She has just arrived and, again, it is clear that this will inevitably be followed by an implied or stated fact about the present such as     ... so we can start the meeting. The other problem with this way of suggesting the present perfect is used lies in the meaning of the word recent .  The word is a gradable adjective so cannot be precisely pinned down.  If we have, for example:     Mary has lived in India it is unclear whether the event referred to is recent or happened a long time ago.  It actually doesn't matter, of course, because the sentence is about Mary, now and not about the past at all.
• unfinished actions The example usually trotted out here will be something like:     He has lived in London for 10 years and learners will be asked to believe that this is somehow a different use from the previous two cases.  It is not, of course, because the tense form does not tell us that the state is unfinished at all.  It could be followed by:     ... but left this morning. That aside, the form is still a past embedded in the present because its usual implication will be something like:     .... so he knows all the best places to eat around here which is, of course, a comment about the present which is affected by what has gone before.
• multiple actions The usual example is along the lines of:     I have visited The British Museum often and learners are now faced with trying to understand what distinguishes this from the last example. The answer, of course, is nothing.  What is happening here is a semantic issue because the verb live implies a long-lasting state unlikely to be seen as iterated and the verb visit implies a short action of some kind which can be repeated. All this implies is exactly the same as the last example and might be:      ... so I can show you around, if you like which is an offer applicable to the present.
• changes over time This is a wholly made-up category which might be represented with a model sentence such as:      She has taken to eating later and later these days and that, of course, assumes that it will be followed by:     ... and now she eats after 9 o'clock every evening which is, to labour the point, a comment about her present habits with the past embedded within them as a way of explaining why I am bothering to mention it at all. The key here is how it is described: changes over time means that the present is different from the past and that is exactly what embedding the past in the present suggests. There is no need at all to invent another category for this meaning.
• accomplishments This is another made-up category which has no discernible classroom utility and only serves to confuse learners unnecessarily.  An example often given is:     She has won! which is intended to be understood as a reference to the past. It is not, naturally, because it implies:     ... so she is now into the final or whatever, i.e., a comment about the importance of a present state of affairs. We saw above that this is a semantic issue to do with the meaning of the verb, not a grammatical issue at all.
• life experiences This is a very commonly used category often represented by something like:     I have never eaten Thai food or     I have visited the USA quite often on business and so on. This differs not at all from any of the foregoing examples because it is simply a way of explaining the present state of affairs as in, for example:     ... but I would like to try it     ... so I don't know if you would like it     ... so I can give you some advice about the USA     ... so we can exchange impressions concerning the country etc. There is nothing mysterious about this at all. The trick, as it so often is, is to set the practice with a co-text.  If the focus is left on using the present perfect for life experiences without going on to explain how the experience has changed you in the present, then it is wasted because, for example:     I went to school when I was five is a way of talking only about an experience without implying that it changed the present in any way and does not require the use of a perfect aspect form.

It is unfair, unnecessary and counterproductive to teach the tense this way because learners are being asked to acquire seven concepts in which the tense is usable rather than developing a feel for the language and knowing that past events are embedded in present forms for a good reason in English. That is not needed.

Here are some suggested contexts in which to teach and practise the form.

There is a lesson on helping elementary learners to understand how to use the present perfect which you can view here in a new tab.

Because it is the activity that is emphasised over the achievement or the event, visuals which emphasise present conditions caused by activities are effective.  It is vital to make sure the context is understood.

For example

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Present Perfect Tense With Examples, Rules, Usage

The present perfect tense describes actions or events with a connection to the present, even if they happened in the past. It’s formed with have or has + past participle.

• She has visited Paris.
• They have finished their project.
• He has never tasted sushi before.
• She hasn’t seen the movie yet.
• They haven’t been to the new restaurant.
• He hasn’t received the email.
• Have you ever been to London?
• Has she completed the assignment?
• Have they seen this movie before?

Table of Contents

Usages of the Present Perfect Tense

Actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past

“Actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past” refer to events that occurred before now, but the exact timing isn’t specified or isn’t important. This is often conveyed using the present perfect tense.

• They have studied Spanish.
• He has eaten sushi before.
• he hasn’t visited Paris.
• They haven’t studied Spanish.
• He hasn’t eaten sushi before.
• Has she ever visited Paris?
• Have they ever studied Spanish?
• Has he ever eaten sushi before?

Actions that have a connection to the present moment

“Actions that have a connection to the present moment” refer to events or activities that occurred at some point before the present time and are relevant or significant in the current context. These actions may have an impact on the present situation, or they may be recent events that continue to influence the current situation. This connection to the present moment is often expressed using the present perfect tense in English.

• She has just finished her work.
• They have already seen the movie.
• He has recently moved to a new city.
• She hasn’t started her assignment yet.
• They haven’t visited the new museum exhibit.
• He hasn’t met his new neighbors yet.
• Has she finished her work yet?
• Have they seen the movie already?
• Has he met his new neighbors?

Past actions with present relevance

“Past actions with present relevance” refer to actions or events that occurred in the past but still have some significance or impact on the present moment. These actions are relevant or important in the context of the current situation or discussion.

• She has written a report that we can use.
• They have completed the project on time.
• He has learned a valuable skill for his job.
• She hasn’t sent the email with the important information yet.
• They haven’t received the feedback from the client.
• He hasn’t applied the new technique correctly.
• Has he applied the new technique correctly?
• Has the company implemented the new policy?
• Have I shared the updated guidelines?

Emphasizing the result or completion of an action

“Emphasizing the result or completion of an action” means highlighting the successful or finished aspect of an activity. It focuses on the outcome, not the process. This is often expressed using language that emphasizes achievement or completeness.

• She has successfully completed the project.
• They have beautifully decorated the room.
• He has perfectly cooked the dinner.
• She hasn’t finished reading the book yet.
• They haven’t resolved the issue.
• I haven’t fixed the broken laptop.
• Has she finished reading the book?
• Have they resolved the issue yet?
• Have I fixed the broken laptop?

Present Perfect Tense Chart

Signal Words

Signal words in the present perfect tense are words or phrases that indicate the use of this specific tense. They often suggest a connection between the past and the present. Like Already, Just, Ever, Never, Not yet, So far, Have… ever, Have… yet, How long , etc.

• She has already finished her homework.
• They have just arrived at the party.
• Have you ever visited London?
• I have recently bought a new car.
• He has never traveled abroad.
• They have not yet received the package.
• We have not encountered any problems so far.
• They have not yet finished reading the book.
• He hasn’t seen that movie yet.
• Have they ever met the CEO?
• Have you finished the report yet ?
• How long have they been living in this city?
• Has the company announced the winner?
• Have they seen the latest episode of the show?

Time Expressions

Time expressions play a crucial role in providing context to actions or events described in the present perfect tense. They help indicate when the action took place or for how long it has been occurring.

•  I have just finished my work. (A very recent action)
•  She has already eaten breakfast. (The action has happened earlier than expected)
•  Have you finished your homework yet? (Asking about completion up to now)
•  Have you ever been to Paris? (In your entire life)
•  I have never tasted sushi before. (At any time in the past)
•  They have lived here for five years. (Indicates duration up to now)
•  She has been working here since 2010. (Specifies the starting point of an action)
•  He has recently moved to a new city. (Not long ago)
•  They have been studying a lot lately. (Recently, in the recent period)
• We have seen a lot of changes in the company in the past few years. (Recent years leading up to now)

Forming the Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative sentences.

Affirmative sentences in present perfect tense describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past with a connection to the present. They use have (for plural subjects and I ) or has (for singular subjects like he, she, it ) followed by the past participle form of the main verb.

Subject + has/have + verb(3rd form) + object.

• She has eaten breakfast.
• They have visited the museum.
• He has watched the movie.
• The cat has slept all day.
• I have read a book.
• We have cooked dinner.
• She has cleaned her room.
• He has finished his homework.
• They have played soccer.
• The sun has set.
• I have taken a shower.
• They have painted the walls.
• She has written a letter.

The sentences given above are broken down according to their grammatical structure.

Negative Sentences

Negative sentences in the present perfect tense indicate that actions or events have not happened up to the present moment. They use haven’t  (for plural subjects and  I ) or hasn’t (for singular subjects like he, she, it ) followed by the past participle form of the main verb.

Subject + has/have + not + verb (3rd form) + object.

• She hasn’t eaten breakfast.
• They haven’t visited the museum.
• He hasn’t watched the movie.
• The cat hasn’t slept all day.
• I haven’t read a book.
• We haven’t cooked dinner.
• She hasn’t cleaned her room.
• He hasn’t finished his homework.
• They haven’t played soccer.
• The sun hasn’t set.
• I haven’t taken a shower.

Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences in the present perfect tense ask questions about actions that have a connection to the present moment. They start with Have  (for plural subjects and b) or Has (for singular subjects like he, she, it ), followed by the subject, and then the past participle form of the main verb.

Has/have + subject + verb (3rd form) + object?

• Has she eaten breakfast?
• Have they visited the museum?
• Has he watched the movie?
• Has the cat slept all day?
• Have I read a book?
• Have we cooked dinner?
• Has she cleaned her room?
• Has he finished his homework?
• Have they played soccer?
• Has the sun set?

Contrast with Simple Past Tense

•  When to use simple past
•  When to use present perfect

Here’s a more clear and concise table contrasting the Simple Past Tense with the Present Perfect Tense:

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Here are some common mistakes to avoid when using the present perfect tense:

1. Mixing up ‘have’ and ‘has’:

Use have  with pronouns like I, you, we, and they. Use has  with he, she, and it.

Example: Incorrect – “He have finished the task.” Correct – “He has finished the task.”

2. Forgetting the past participle form:

Use the past participle form of the verb after have or has.

Example: Incorrect – “She has went to the store.” Correct – “She has gone to the store.”

3. Using the present perfect for specific times:

Avoid using the present perfect when you want to specify a particular time in the past.

Example: Incorrect – “They have visited the museum yesterday.” Correct – “They visited the museum yesterday.”

4. Using present perfect with time expressions that require past tense:

Some time expressions like yesterday, last week,  and in 2005  require past tense, not present perfect.

Example: Incorrect – “I have seen that movie last night.” Correct – “I saw that movie last night.”

5. Confusing present perfect with past continuous:

Be clear about whether you want to emphasize the result (present perfect) or the ongoing action (past continuous).

Example: Incorrect – “She has been cooking when I arrived.” Correct – “She had been cooking when I arrived.” (past continuous)

Present Perfect Tense Example Sentences

Affirmative Sentences:

• We have bought fruit.
• It has ceased raining.
• The bell has rung.
• The child has slept.
• The clock has struck four.
• Sana has won the prize.
• The students have taken the examination.
• Our army has defeated the enemy.
• We have revised our lesson.
• The bird has flown away.
• I have seen that movie.
• They have completed the puzzle.
• She has visited her grandparents.
• He has called his friend.
• We have played a board game.
• The cake has been baked.
• I have ridden a bike.
• They have taken a photo.
• She has finished her painting.

Negative Sentences:

• He has not cheated you.
• The sun has not set.
• The train has not steamed off.
• We have not taken tea.
• The hen has not laid an egg.
• You have not kept your promise.
• It hasn’t rained today.
• He hasn’t met his new neighbor.
• We haven’t had lunch yet.
• She hasn’t opened the package.
• They haven’t found their keys.
• I haven’t visited Paris.
• They haven’t finished their work yet.
• She hasn’t seen that movie.
• We haven’t traveled to Europe.
• He hasn’t met his new neighbors.
• The hen hasn’t laid an egg.
• She hasn’t learned to play the guitar.
• He hasn’t read that book.

Interrogative Sentences:

• Why have you not waited for me?
• Why have you come so late?
• Where have you come from?
• Have you received the parcel?
• Have you locked your bicycle?
• Have you ever traveled to Asia?
• Has she finished reading the novel?
• Have they visited the new art gallery?
• Have you learned any new languages recently?
• Has he met the famous author?
• Have we received any updates on the project?
• Has the company released their latest software?
• Have you tried the new restaurant in town?
• Has she seen the latest superhero movie?
• Have they ever been to a live concert?
• Have you painted any new artwork lately?
• Has he bought a new car this year?
• Have they completed the challenging puzzle?
• Have you taken any exciting trips recently?
• Has she won any awards for her writing?

1. Have you ever __________ to Paris?

a) been b) be

2. She __________ her homework already.

a) has finished b) finished

3. They __________ the new restaurant downtown.

a) have tried b) tried

4. He __________ in that company for five years.

a) has worked b) worked

5. We __________ to the beach this summer.

a) have not been b) not been

6.  Has she __________ her book yet?

a) finished b) finish

7. I __________ this movie before.

a) have seen b) saw

8. They __________ a new car recently.

a) have bought b) bought

9. The team __________ the championship last year.

a) won b) have won

10. She __________ English for three years.

a) has studied b) studied

11. Have they __________ to the new exhibit?

12. He __________ the report just now.

a) has submitted b) submitted

13. I __________ my keys. I can’t find them.

a) have lost b) lost

14. They __________ to that concert twice.

a) have been b) was

15. She __________ a great job on the presentation.

a) has done b) did

16. Has the company __________ the new product yet?

a) released b) release

17. We __________ a lot of progress in our project.

a) have made b) made

18. Have you __________ dinner yet?

a) had b) have

19. They __________ their flight on time.

a) have caught b) caught

20. She __________ to many countries in Europe.

a) has traveled b) traveled

• a) has finished
• a) have tried
• a) has worked
• a) have not been
• a) finished
• a) have seen
• a) have bought
• a) has studied
• a) has submitted
• a) have lost
• a) have been
• a) has done
• a) released
• a) have made
• a) have caught
• a) has traveled
• The present perfect tense is a verb form used to describe actions or events that have a connection to the present moment, even though they may have occurred at an unspecified time in the past.
• It is formed using the auxiliary verbs “have” or “has” with the past participle form of the main verb.
• “Have” is used with plural subjects (e.g., I, you, we, they), while “has” is used with singular subjects (e.g., he, she, it).
• Ever, never, just, already, yet, since, for, recently, lately.
• It’s generally better to avoid specific time expressions like “yesterday” or “last year” with the present perfect tense, as it is more suited for unspecific time references.
• The simple past tense is used for actions with a specific time in the past, while the present perfect tense emphasizes actions with a connection to the present, even if the exact timing is not specified.

Free Grammar and Vocabulary Worksheets Resources

• Worksheet Tenses
• English Worksheets
• Action Verbs Worksheets
• Present Perfect Tense Worksheets

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• B1-B2 grammar

Present perfect: simple and continuous

Sophie is working in Dubai but Amy was hoping she may be able to ask her a favour.

Instructions

As you watch the video, look at the examples of present perfect simple and continuous. They are in  red  in the subtitles. Then read the conversation below to learn more. Finally, do the grammar exercises to check you understand, and can use, present perfect simple and continuous correctly.

Amy: So is your mum home? Daisy: No, she’s not. She’s … Oliver? Where’s Mum? I’ve forgotten. Oliver: In Dubai. She’s been writing about the architecture there. Daisy: Ah, yeah. She’s been travelling so much recently. I never remember where she is. Why? What were you going to ask her? Amy: Oh, nothing much. My Chinese teacher has given me some homework to interview ‘an interesting person’, and translate it into Chinese for Monday. And your mum’s been writing her blog for years now, hasn’t she? She’s already visited lots of places, and hasn’t she won some awards? Daisy:  She’s only won one. But yeah, she won a big award earlier this year. Anyway, Oliver’s just made some cake. Do you want some? Mum’ll probably call soon. And if she doesn’t, you can interview Oliver! Amy: Oliver? Your brother, Oliver??? Daisy: Yeah, why not? He’s going to be a master chef, you know. He’s been learning to make amazing food and he’s been practising his baking too. And he’s travelled loads! Amy: OK, you’ve convinced me! Daisy: Hi! How’s Dubai? Sophie: Fine, it’s good. There’s a constant mist of desert sand, but it’s an interesting place. Particularly considering the city has only really been here a couple of decades. It was a port for a long time before, but the modern city of Dubai is new. Daisy: What have you seen so far? Sophie: Well, I’ve been in the Burj Khalifa – the tallest building – the one in that film with Tom Cruise. It’s incredible! And I’ve eaten at the Burj Al Arab too! That’s the hotel that looks like a yacht sail. It is so luxurious! I haven’t been to the palm tree island yet, that’s tomorrow. Daisy: Have you bought any souvenirs? A Ferrari? Sophie: Ha! No, I haven’t had time yet but I’ll bring you something, even if it’s only sand!

We use the present perfect simple ( have / has + past participle) or present perfect continuous ( have / has + been + - ing ) to talk about a state or an activity that has a link to the present.

Oh, the present perfect! It’s quite tricky!

Well, no, it’s quite logical, but it does have different uses. We often use present perfect for talking about something which happened in the past which is important now.

My Chinese teacher has given me some homework. (= I have the homework to do now.) I’ve forgotten . (= I can’t remember now.) She’s broken her leg. (= Her leg is still broken now.)

We also use present perfect with just for talking about a recent action.

Oliver’s just made a cake.

So that’s important now because I could have some cake?

Yes, that could be the reason. But with just for recent actions we usually use present perfect, anyway.

OK, but why can’t I say ‘Ollie’s been making a cake’?

You could, but then the focus would be more on the action rather than the result. Maybe you are explaining why the kitchen is in a mess. We use the present perfect simple more when there is a result in the present (like the cake) and the present perfect continuous more when the action is important.

Umm, OK. So you would say ‘She’s been travelling a lot recently.’

Exactly. Because we’re more interested in the action than the result.

Is the present perfect only used for recent events?

No, not at all. We also use it for life experiences which happened at any time in the past. The person’s life, which continues in the present, is the link to the present.

She’s won an award. Sophie has been to Berlin before.

So, she could have been to Berlin last month or ten years ago?

Exactly, we don’t know when and it isn’t important. If you wanted to say when, you would have to use the past simple:  ‘ Sophie went to Berlin ten years ago. ’

We also use the present perfect for actions or states that are unfinished.

Your mum’s been writing her blog for years now, hasn’t she?

She is still writing the blog now, so the action isn’t complete.

Could I say ‘She’s written her blog for years’?

No. We usually use the present perfect continuous for talking about the length of time something goes on for, with phrases like for years , for a long time , etc.

What about using still , already and yet ?

We use already to talk about something which has been done, and usually this is surprising to the speaker.

Wow, that was quick! You’ve finished your homework already .

Yet is mainly used in questions and negatives to talk about something which hasn’t happened, but which you thought would happen in the past and you expect to happen in the future.

I haven’t had time yet. Have you seen her new blog yet ?

We use still to talk about something which is going on longer than you expect.

They’ve been doing things with that computer for ages, but they still haven’t fixed it.

OK, I feel like I’ve been understanding more about the present perfect today.

Oh, sorry, you can’t say ‘I’ve been understanding’. Do you remember when we looked at the present continuous? There are certain verbs, called state verbs, which we don’t usually use in the continuous form – verbs for talking about emotions, thinking, existing, appearing, possession and the senses.

Oh, yes. You gave me a list of them.

That’s right, they’re in the Grammar Snack on the present continuous.

Right, I’ll look at them again. Well, we’ve been talking for ages …

For a few minutes!

Yes, but I’ve learned a lot.

Excellent – you used present perfect continuous with a length of time and present perfect simple with a result!

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• English Grammar
• English Tenses
• Present Tense
• Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense - Meaning, Definition, Formula, Structure and Uses with Examples

The present perfect tense is indeed simple and easy if you try to understand and use it the right way. It seems to be confusing to some though the tense has a very simple structure. However, anything can be learnt, and so this article on present perfect tense is here to help your learning process. In this article, the meaning, definition, formula, structure and uses will be explained along with examples to help you understand better.

Table of Contents

Definition of the present perfect tense, structure and formula of the present perfect tense.

• Rules to Be Followed When Using the Present Perfect Tense

Uses of the Present Perfect Tense

Examples of the present perfect tense, check your understanding of the present perfect tense, frequently asked questions on the present perfect tense, what is the present perfect tense.

The present perfect tense is employed in a sentence to represent an action that just happened in the recent past and still has its effect in the present or an action that represents an indefinite time in the past. To have a clearer idea of the tense, let us look at how different dictionaries define the tense.

The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines the present perfect tense as “the form of a verb that expresses an action done in a time period up to the present, formed in English with the present tense of ‘have’ and the ‘past participle’ of the verb, as in I have eaten .” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the present perfect tense is defined as “the form of the verb used for actions or events that have been completed or have happened in a period of time up to now.”

A much more elaborate definition is given by the Collins Dictionary and according to it, “the present perfect tenses of a verb are the ones used to talk about things which happened before the time you are speaking or writing but are relevant to the present situation, or things that began in the past and are still happening.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the present perfect tense as one “relating to, or constituting a verb tense that is traditionally formed in English with have and a past participle and that expresses an action or state begun in the past and completed at the time of speaking (as in “I have finished”) or continuing in the present (as in “We have lived here for several years”).

The general formula of the present perfect tense is as described below:

The structure of the present perfect tense can be analysed with reference to positive, negative, interrogative and negative interrogative types of sentences. Have a look at the table given below for a closer look at the same.

Rules to be Followed When Using the Present Perfect Tense

The very first thing that you will have to learn before you start using present perfect tense is how past participles are formed. In the English language , a past participle is formed by adding an ‘ed’ to the base form of the verb in most cases. However, there are a number of irregular verbs that have different spellings and do not, in any way, follow the concept of adding ‘ed’ to the base form like regular verbs . You can take a look at the extensive list of irregular verbs to analyse how these verbs are in their past participle form.

The next point to remember is that a sentence with the past perfect form of the verb uses two verbs – a helping verb and a main verb . ‘Have’ and ‘has’ are the two helping verbs that are used. ‘Have’ is used when the pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘they’ or plural nouns act as the subject in a sentence. ‘Has’ is used when the pronouns ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ or singular nouns act as the subject.

The present perfect tense can be used

• To denote an action or event that happened or started in the past and still has its impact or some connection to the subject in the present.
• To indicate an action that happened in the past and continues to occur in the present.
• To connect the events of the present to the events that happened in the past.

Learn how to use the present perfect tense effectively by going through the examples given below.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the present perfect tense in the following sentences:

1. We ___________ (find – negative) it yet.

2. Venu and Parvati ____________ (invited) all their friends for today’s party.

3. Shashi _________ (sleep – negative) all night.

4. ________ he _________ (finish) his work?

5. It ___________ (be – negative) the same ever since you left.

6. They __________ (buy) a 2BHK flat.

7. You ___________ (come) to the right place.

8. _______ you ever ________ (be) to Malaysia?

9. Do you know why she __________ (like – negative) it?

10. ________ you _________ (hear) about the new education policies?

Check if you have used the right form of the tense from the following sentences.

1. We have not found it yet.

2. Venu and Parvati have invited all their friends for today’s party.

3. Shashi has not slept all night.

4. Has he finished his work?

5. It has not been the same ever since you left.

6. They have bought a 2BHK flat.

7. You have come to the right place.

8. Have you ever been to Malaysia?

9. Do you know why she has not liked it?

10. Have you heard about the new education policies?

What is the present perfect tense?

The present perfect tense is employed in a sentence to represent an action that just happened in the recent past and still has its effect in the present or an action that represents an indefinite time in the past.

What is the definition of the present perfect tense?

What is the formula of the present perfect tense.

The general formula of the present perfect tense is as described below: Subject + have/has + past participle + the rest of the sentence

What are the rules to be followed when using the present perfect tense?

The point that you should keep in mind when using the present perfect tense is that it has two verbs – a helping verb and a main verb. ‘Have’ and ‘has’ are the two helping verbs that are used. This is followed by the main verb which appears in its past participle form.

Give some examples of the present perfect tense form.

Given below are a few examples of sentences using the present perfect form of the verb.

• Veena has not reached home yet.
• All the children have finished their assignments.
• Rinita has eaten all the mangoes.
• I have not watched the movie yet.
• Has she still not gone to the hospital?

What are the uses of the present perfect tense?

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• Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a tense used in present to indicate the action that has taken place at some specific time. It uses auxiliary verb and past participle for the main verb i.e. verb + ed. Some examples of present perfect tense are – I have watched this movie before, He has completed his homework. You will mostly use the present perfect in daily conversation while talking about some changes or experiences.

Definition of Present Perfect Tense

We use the present perfect to indicate a link between the present and the past. In other words, the time of the action is before now but not stated. In fact, most of the time, the result interests us more than the action itself. This tense forms by have/has + the past participle.

Thus, you will see that the construction of this verb tense is straightforward. Have or has is the first element which depends on the subject-verb is conjugated with. Similarly, the second element is the past participle of the very. It forms generally by adding –ed or –d to the root of the verb.

For instance, talked, leaned, wiped, mixed, and more. However, the English language does contain a few verbs that have irregular past participles. For instance, done, won, eaten, gone, thought, and more.

Present Perfect Sentences for Describing

We use present perfect tense to describe:

An action or situation which began in the past and is continuing to the present. I have lived in Mumbai since 1995. It means you are still living in Mumbai.

An action performed during a period that has not finished yet. He has been to the zoo thrice this month. It means the month is not over yet.

A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and present. They have visited London multiple times.

An action that was completed in the very recent past. ‘Just’ is used to express it. We have just completed our assignment.

An action when the time does not carry much importance. She has read ‘ Harry Potter’. Here, the result of her reading carries importance.

Similarly, please remember that you wish to give or ask details about when, where, who, you must use the simple past.

Suggested Topics –

• Introduction to Tenses
• Present Tense
• Present Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Continous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense
• Past Continous Tesne
• Past Perfect Continous Tense
• Future Tense
• Future Perfect Tense
• Future Continous Tense
• Future Perfect Continous Tense
• Sequence of Tenses
• Uses of Tenses

Examples of Present Perfect Tense

Unspecified time before now.

We make use of the present perfect tense to say that an action took place at an unspecified time before now. Thus, the exact time is not of that much importance. Do NOT use the present perfect with particular time expressions like yesterday, two years ago, last month, when I was a kid, when I lived in Gujarat, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. You can use the present perfect with unspecific expressions like ever, once, several times, never, already, many times, so far, yet, and more.

Examples –

• We have seen that video ten times.
• I think I have met her once before.
• There have been many wildfires on Amazon.
• Astronauts have traveled to the Moon.
• They have not traveled to Jupiter.
• Have you read the thesis yet?
• Nobody has ever visited that haunted house.

Q. Has there ever been a wildfire in California?

A. Yes, there has been a wildfire in California.

Rules for using the Present Perfect

We understand that the concept of ‘unspecified time’ can be very confusing to English learners. Thus, it will help in associating present perfect with the following topics:

We can make use of the present perfect for describing our experience. For instance, ‘I have the experience of…’ Similarly, this tense can also be used to say that you have never had a particular experience. We do not use the present perfect for describing a particular event.

• I have been to New York.
• Through this statement, you are telling me that you have had the experience of visiting New York. It may be that you visited it once or multiple times.
• I have been to New York five times.
• The number of times can be added at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to New York.
• Through this sentence, you will say that you have not had the experience of visiting New York.
• I think I have seen that video before.
• She has never traveled by car.
• Tina has studied four foreign languages.

Q. Have you ever met her?

A. No, I have not met her.

Change Over Time

Present perfect is also used to denote the change that has occurred over a certain period of time.

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The school has become more interested in extra-curricular activities.
• French has become one of the most popular courses at the school since the Foreign Language program was established.
• My Telugu has significantly improved since I moved to Telangana.

Achievements

The use of the present perfect is also done to list the achievements of people and humanity. But, you cannot mention a particular time.

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Scientists have split the atom.
• Our daughter has learned how to dance.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Uncompleted Action You are Expecting

We use the present perfect to tell about an action which we are expecting but has not happened yet. Using the present perfect will suggest that you are still waiting for the action to occur.

• Rahul has not completed his project yet.
• Priya hasn’t mastered Bengali, but she can communicate.
• Pete has still not reached.
• The rain hasn’t stopped.

Multiple Actions at Different Times

The present perfect tense is also used to talk about multiple different actions that have happened in the past at different times. It suggests the process is not complete and there is a possibility of more actions.

• The army has attacked the neighboring country two times.
• We have had two competitions and five events so far this year.
• I have had a lot of problems while teaching junior classes.
• He has talked to multiple doctors about her problem, but nobody can figure out the reason for her illness.

Questions on Present Perfect Tense

Choose the correct word for the blanks-

Question 1: ____ you completed your homework?

Answer 1: Option b- Have.

Question 2: Anjali’s been a vegan _____ two years.

Answer 2: Option b- For.

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• Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Future Continuous Tense

2 responses to “Uses of Tenses”

What is the present perfect form of “He does not smoke”? What is the difference between “He does not have to smoke” and “He has not smoked”?

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• Knowledge Base
• Present Perfect Continuous | Examples & Exercises

Present Perfect Continuous | Examples & Exercises

Published on July 11, 2023 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on September 25, 2023.

The  present perfect continuous  is a verb tense used to refer to an action that started sometime in the past and is still ongoing. It also sometimes describes an action that was just completed, as long as it’s still relevant to the present (e.g., “I’ve been working hard all day, and now I’m getting some rest”).

The present perfect continuous consists of “have been” or “has been” (depending on the subject) followed by the present participle (“-ing” form) of the main verb.

Table of contents

How to use the present perfect continuous, present perfect continuous vs. present perfect, present perfect continuous vs. present continuous, how to form negatives, how to form questions, how to form the passive voice, exercises: present perfect continuous, other interesting language articles, frequently asked questions about the present perfect continuous.

The present perfect continuous begins with either has (for the third-person singular) or have (for all other persons). It always continues with been  (the past participle of “be”) followed by the present participle of the main verb . The subject may be contracted with “have” or “has” (e.g., “I’ve,” “she’s”).

This tense is used to refer to actions that:

• Started in the past and are still ongoing
• Were recently completed and have results that are still relevant to the present

She has been dancing all night and feels exhausted this morning.

I have been searching for a new apartment recently, but I haven’t had any luck so far.

Finally, you’re here! We’ve been waiting for your arrival. Note As with other continuous tenses, the present perfect continuous requires a dynamic verb —one that describes an action—and not a stative verb —one that describes a fixed state (e.g., “know,” “appear”). Use the present perfect instead with these verbs:

• The United States of America has been existing as an independent nation since 1776.
• The United States of America has existed as an independent nation since 1776.

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The present perfect and present perfect continuous can often be used interchangeably with little difference in meaning (e.g., “I have worked here for a long time” or “I have been working here for a long time”).

But there are situations where one is more appropriate than the other:

• The present perfect continuous must refer to an action that is either still ongoing or only very recently completed.
• The present perfect may refer to an action that’s still ongoing, but it may also describe an action that was completed a long time ago. Unlike the continuous, it may also be used with stative verbs (e.g., “I have known”).

The present continuous should not be used interchangeably with the present perfect continuous. Both tenses usually describe an ongoing action, but the present continuous differs in a few ways:

• It never refers to a completed action (“I am walking” never means that I’ve recently stopped walking).
• It doesn’t place emphasis on the past and shouldn’t be used with adverbial phrases that do (i.e., “I am walking since 2 o’clock” is incorrect).
• It can also refer to the future  (e.g., “I am going to Rome in September”).

To create a negative statement in the present perfect continuous, just add the adverb not between “have”/”has” and “been.” It may also be contracted as “haven’t” or “hasn’t” in informal contexts.

Yes–no questions can be formed in the present perfect continuous by changing the word order: use “has”/”have,” followed by the subject , and then “been” and the present participle of the main verb .

You can form other types of questions with wh-words ( interrogative pronouns like “ whom ” and interrogative adverbs like “when”). Add the appropriate wh-word at the start, and then use the same word order as above.

It’s possible to use the present perfect continuous in the passive voice , but it’s quite rare to do so and often reads awkwardly. The awkwardness results from how long-winded this phrasing is and from the repetitive sound of “been being.”

If you do want to use the passive voice, the phrasing is “has/have been being” followed by the past participle of the main verb. But it’s almost always better to use the active voice instead or rephrase in some other way:

• John is convinced that he has been being followed for the last three miles.
• John is convinced that someone has been following him for the last three miles.
• Faisal has been being trained for his new position since June.
• Faisal has been in training for his new position since June.

Practice using the present perfect continuous correctly with the exercises below. In the blank space in each sentence, fill in the correct present perfect continuous form based on the subject and verb specified (e.g., “[she / ask]” becomes “she has been asking”). Some answers may also be negative statements or questions.

• Practice questions
• Answers and explanations
• __________ [I / think] a lot about my future.
• __________ [she / work] for the company for a long time.
• __________ [my dog / not / behave] herself lately.
• __________ [researchers / investigate] this phenomenon since the 1980s.
• __________ [we / look forward] to meeting you!
• Where __________ [you / stay] while you’re in town?
• The auxiliary verb “Have” is used with the first-person subject “I,” and the present participle of “think” is “thinking.” It would also be fine to write the contraction “I’ve” in place of “I have.”
• “Has” is used with the third-person singular subject “she.” It would also be fine to write the contraction “she’s” in place of “she has.”
• “Has” is again used for the third person singular. Here, it’s contracted with “not” to create a negative statement. It would also be fine to write “has not” instead.
• The third-person plural subject “researchers” requires “have.”
• The contraction “we’ve” is used here to combine the subject with the auxiliary verb “have.” It would also be fine to write “we have.”
• To creature a question (interrogative), the word order is changed so that the subject (“you”) appears after the auxiliary verb (“have”).

If you want to know more about nouns , pronouns , verbs , and other parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations and examples.

Nouns & pronouns

• Common nouns
• Possessive nouns
• Indefinite pronouns
• Relative pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns
• Present perfect tense
• Modal verbs
• Conditional sentences
• Subjunctive mood
• Imperative mood
• Interjections
• Determiners
• Prepositions

The present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous can both be used to refer to the present consequences of a past action or situation:

• The present perfect can be used to refer to a past action that may continue in the present (e.g., “I have lived here for six months”).
• The present perfect continuous refers to actions or situations that began in the past and are definitely continuing in the present (e.g., “I have been arguing with him constantly”).

The “-ing” form of a verb is called the present participle . Present participles can be used as adjectives (e.g., “a thrilling story”) and to form the continuous verb tenses (e.g., the present continuous : “We are partying ”).

Gerunds also use the “-ing” form of a verb, but they function only as nouns (e.g., “I don’t enjoy studying ”).

Present participles and gerunds look identical, but they have different grammatical functions:

• Present participles are used in various verb tenses (e.g., “I have been eating ”) and as adjectives (e.g., “a laughing child”).
• Gerunds function as nouns (e.g., “I enjoy jogging ”).

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Caulfield, J. (2023, September 25). Present Perfect Continuous | Examples & Exercises. Scribbr. Retrieved August 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/verbs/present-perfect-continuous/

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ESL LESSON PLAN:

Present perfect simple, download lessons.

(SV) Present Perfect Simple

(tv) present perfect simple.

Lesson Overview

The present perfect tense is studied and explained in this excellent ESL lesson plan. Students will study the grammar point through various fun, useful exercises. 

The lesson plan begins by explaining the theory before presenting students with six detailed tasks where they have to put the theory into practice, solidifying their understanding. 

We particularly love the free talk exercise because it enables learners to practice using the tense in a safe, structured environment. 

Overall, these are ideal exercises for students that wish to practice using the present perfect tense. We are sure you are going to love this ESL grammar lesson plan! 

Activities :

• Theory. 
• Create the tense.
• Multiple choice. 
• Complete the sentences.
• Create the questions. 
• Reading and comprehension. 
• Questions. 

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