literature review of justicia carnea

International Journal of Phytomedicine and Phytotherapy

• Original contribution
• Open access
• Published: 03 January 2021

Safety assessment of oral administration of ethanol extract of Justicia carnea leaf in healthy wistar rats: hematology, antioxidative and histology studies

• Emmanuel Sina Akintimehin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0332-1208 1 ,
• Kayode Olayele Karigidi 1 ,
• Tope Samuel Omogunwa 1 &
• Foluso Olutope Adetuyi 1  

Clinical Phytoscience volume  7 , Article number:  2 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Consumption of medicinal plants has diverse therapeutic benefits and could also have toxic effect. Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant that is used conventionally as blood tonic from time immemorial in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf assessing the hematology indices, organ antioxidant system and histology in healthy male wistar rats.

Powdered sample was extracted using absolute ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry paste of J. carnea ethanol extracts. Acute toxicity was determined in two phases using Lorke method. In subacute study, rats were randomized into six groups of five rats per group: Group 1 (control) received distilled water, group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 received 50, 100, 500, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of J. carnea ethanol extract once daily using oral gavage. At the end of 14th day of administration, rats were allowed to fast overnight, sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical analysis and histopathological examination.

The LD 50 of extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Higher doses (> 500 mg/kg) of extract significantly ( p  <  0.05 ) increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelet compared to the control. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) increased at 1200 mg/kg while other tested doses caused no detrimental effect on glutathione, catalase, SOD and malondialdehyde level in liver and kidney. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney showed mild to severe pathological lesion in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf is relatively safe, could be beneficial in alleviating hematology related abnormalities without causing adverse effects on endogenous antioxidant system. However, caution should be taken as higher dose at 1200 mg/kg could cause noticeable tissue injury .

In recent time, copious attention has been focused on the use of medicinal plants in the management and treatment of ailments such as anemia, diabetes and malaria. Due to the local availability, easy access and relatively low cost, medicinal plants are gaining attentions in health care programmes. Based on estimation by World Health Organization (WHO), larger percentage (between 80 and 90%) of the world’s population especially in developing countries depends on traditional system of medicine [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite the therapeutic importance of medicinal plants, toxic substances have been shown to be present in large numbers of plants investigated [ 3 ]. Contamination of medicinal plant could be as a result of contaminants (such as heavy metals, aflatoxin and pathogenic microbes) from soil and manner of herbal preparations [ 4 ].

Consumption of medicinal plants without scrutinizing its efficacy and safety can result in unexpected toxic effects resulting in physiology changes of different organs in the body. Liver and kidney are the main targets of toxicants because they are respectively involved in biotransformation and excretion of xenobiotics. Hepatic and renal damage has been recently linked with the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases [ 5 , 6 ].

Justicia carnea (belonging to Acanthaceae family) is a flowering plant consisting ~ 600 species that are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics [ 7 ]. In various parts of Africa, several species of Justicia are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of anemia, inflammation, fever, diarrhea, liver diseases and arthritis respiratory and gastrointestinal disorder [ 8 , 9 ]. Recently, it has also been reported that the species possess cardioprotective properties, antioxidant and are generally rich in vitamins and minerals [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].

In Nigeria, the leaf of Justicia carnea is usually prepared with edible vegetables to make soup, boiled separately in water to make tea or prepared by cooking with other medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes. Despite the avalanche use of medicinal plant, preliminary toxicity studies remain essential tools to ensure safe consumption and prevent unexpected toxicity that could arise from long term exposure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of J. carnea leaf extract on hematology indices and organ antioxidant system in healthy wistar rats.

Plant sample

Fresh leaves of Justicia carnea were collected from Okitipupa area Ondo State. The fresh leaves were thoroughly washed under running tap, air dried under shade, pulverized and extracted with ethanol. Extraction was carried out by maceration (72 h) following the method of Onoagbe et al. , [ 13 ]. Powdered sample (1000 g) was soaked in absolute ethanol (3000 mL) with constant stirring. After 72 h of soaking, the wine (dark purplish red) colored filtrate was filtered using a double cheese cloth, concentrated under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator and subsequently water bath at 40 °C to obtain a slurry (dark purple) extract termed Justicia carnea ethanol extract (JCEE).

Experimental animals

A total number of forty two (42) male albino rats weighing between 120 and 170 g were used in this study. These animals were obtained from the animal house of the Department of Chemical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria. The animals were randomly distributed into cages and allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks in a well ventilated room under natural lighting condition. The animals were allowed free access to rat chow and water ad libitum. Treatments of experimental animals were in accordance with the Principle of Laboratory Animal Care manual guide of National Institute of Health [ 14 ] as approved by the Institution Research Ethics committee.

Toxicity study

Oral acute toxicity study on J. carnea ethanol extract (JCEE) was carried out according to Lorke [ 15 ] method using the total of twelve (12) albino rats in two phases. In phase I, rats were randomized into 3 groups of 3 rats per group. Rats in the 3 different groups received 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of JCEE orally using oral gavage. The animals were initially examined for any signs of toxicity after 60 min of administration and further observed for a period of 24 h. The absence of rat mortality in phase I necessitated the conduct of the second phase. In phase two, three rats were separated into 3 groups of one rat per group. Each of the rats received 1500, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of JCEE respectively and examined within 24 h for manifestation of toxicity. Rats were further observed for extended hours of 48 h to see if mortality would occur. In sub-acute toxicity study, total of thirty (30) rats were randomized into six groups of five rats per group: Group 1 served as control and was administered with 1 ml of distilled water (dH 2 O). Group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 were respectively administered orally with 50, 100, 500, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of JCEE once daily for 14 days using an oral gavage. Rats were routinely observed for signs of toxicity.

Experiment termination and biochemical analysis

At the end of the 14th day of administration, the rats were allowed to fast overnight and sacrificed the following morning by anesthetizing each rat in a closed chamber containing drops of chloroform. Each rat was dissected and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture using 5 mL into tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for hematological analysis. The liver and kidneys were excised and rinsed immediately in a normal saline (0.9% Nacl) to remove blood stain, dried between layers of Whatman filter paper, weighed and homogenized to obtain the supernatant for biochemical analysis. Section of livers and kidneys were excised and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathology examination.

Hematological analysis

The haematological indices of the blood samples were determined using an automated URIT – 2900 Plus 3 Differential Haematological Analyzer. Parameter that were determined include total haemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell count (WBC), Lymphocyte count (LYM), MID – sized cell (MID), Granulocyte Count (GRM) and platelet count (PLT).

Total protein

Total protein concentration in tissue homogenates were determined using biuret method Tietz [ 16 ]. The principle is based on the formation of coloured complex when protein peptide interacts with cupric ions in an alkaline medium. Sample (or standard solution) (0.01 ml) was mixed with diluted (1:4 v/v distilled water) biuret reagent (100 mM sodium hydroxide, 16 mM sodium-potassium tartrate, 15 mM potassium iodide and 6 mM copper sulphate). The mixture was incubated at 28 °C for 30 min and the absorbance read at 550 nm against the reagent blank.

Oxidative stress markers

Catalase activity.

Catalase activity (U/ml) was measured following the method of Sinha [ 17 ]. The principle is based on the reduction of dichromate in a weak acid medium (acetic acid) to chromic acetate which is further heated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to form an unstable intermediate (perchromic acid) that can be monitored spectrophotometrically at 620 nm. In a reaction mixture containing 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.5 ml of 0.2 M H 2 O 2 and 0.4 ml distilled water, 0.5 ml of sample was added. The reaction is terminated by the addition of 2 ml of dichromoacetic acid mixture (potassium dichromate (5%) and glacial acetic acid; 1:3 v/v) and heated at 60 °C for 10 min. Absorbance reading was taken at 620 nm regularly at an interval of 1 min against reagent blank. The catalase activity was calculated using the expression:

Note: ΔA = change in absorbance, TV = total volume, TP = total protein, SV = sample volume, ɛ = molar extinction = 40 M − 1 cm − 1 .

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity

Superoxide dismutase was carried out using the method of Sun and Zigma [ 18 ]. SOD activity was determined by its ability to inhibit the auto-oxidation of epinephrine determined by the increase in absorbance at 480 nm. Total reaction mixture of 3 ml contained 2.95 ml of 0.05 M sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10.2), 0.02 ml tissue sample and 0.03 ml of epinephrine (2 mM) in 0.005 N HCl was used to initiate the reaction. The reference cuvette contained 2.95 ml buffer, 0.03 ml of substrate (epinephrine) and 0.02 ml of water. The absorbance was taken at interval of 1 min for 3 min at 480 nm.

Note: ΔA = change in absorbance, TV = total volume, SV = sample volume, ɛ = molar extinction = 4020 M − 1  cm − 1 , TP = total protein.

Reduced glutathione (GSH)

The concentration of reduced glutathione content of the tissues was estimated according to Sedlak and Lindsay [ 19 ] method. Exactly 1.0 ml of tissues (liver and kidney) was deproteinised using 0.1 ml of 10% TCA and centrifuged at 650×g for 5 min to obtain supernatant. Further, 0.5 ml of supernatant was treated with 0.5 ml of Ellmans reagent (containing 19.8 mg of 5 ′ ,5 ′ – dithiobis - (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in 100 ml of 0.1% sodium nitrate) and 3.0 ml of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 8.0). The absorbance was read at 412 nm against the reagent blank.

Note: ΔA = change in absorbance, TV = total volume, SV = sample volume, TP = total protein, ɛ = molar extinction =1.34 × 104 M − 1 cm − 1 .

Malondialdehyde

Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) according to the method described by Buege and Aust [ 20 ]. Briefly, 1.0 ml of the sample was mixed with 2 ml of TCA-TBA-HCl reagent (0.37% thiobarbituric acid, 15% trichloroacetic acid and 0.24 N HCl in 1:1:1) and boiled at 100 °C in a water bath for 15 min. The mixture was allowed to cool and centrifuged at 650×g for 10 min to obtain the supernatant. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured against reagent blank at 532 nm.

Extinction coefficient (ε) of MDA – TBA complex = 1.56 × 10 5  M − 1  cm − 1 .

Where, A = absorbance, TV = total volume, SV = sample volume, ɛ = extinction coefficient, TP = total protein.

Histopathological examination

The liver and kidneys excised from all the experimental rats were fixed in a labeled sample bottles containing 10% formalin and processed for histological examination. Tissues were processed automatically using automatic tissue processor (Leica TP 1020) and allowed to pass through varying percentage of alcohol and absolute alcohol for the purpose of dehydration following dewaxing in Xylene for 15 mins. Tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, mounted on glass slides and examined under a standard light microscope.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 17.0 and results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences between means were considered to be significant at ( p  < 0.05) using LSD (Least Square Difference) post hoc test.

Acute toxicity result

Results obtained from the acute oral toxicity study revealed tolerance of experimental rat to acute administration of J. carnea ethanol extracts since no mortality and signs of toxicity were observed after 24 h (Table  1 ). Mean lethal dose of the extract was found to be above 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw).

Organ weights

The weight of liver and kidney of rats were measured immediately after excising the organs and is presented in Table  2 . Rats that received 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight JCEE showed significant ( p  <  0.05 ) increase in liver weight while other doses showed no significant difference compared to the control. Kidney weight of rats treated with JCEE showed no significant difference with exception in 800 mg/kg JCEE that demonstrated significant reduction.

Hematology indices

The result of hematology indices is presented in Table  3 . Ethanol extracts of J. carnea leaf increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelet with significant increase ( p  <  0.05 ) in groups that received higher dose (> 500 mg/kg b.w) of extract compared to the control. WBC reduced in rats treated with doses of J. carnea with significant decrease ( p  <  0.05 ) in rats that received 50, 100 and 1200 mg/kg body weight. Relative to control, lymphocyte and granulocyte exhibited no significant difference in all doses while MID was elevated in treated groups with significant increase in rats administered with 500 and 800 mg/kg body weight. Packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in treated rats with JCEE were statistically unperturbed compared to the control. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed significant ( p  <  0.05 ) increased at 50 mg/kg while doses greater than 100 mg/kg showed no significant difference compared to the control.

Total protein and antioxidant system in organs

The effects of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf on total protein concentration and antioxidant system in liver and kidney of normal wistar rat is presented in Table 4 . Compared to the control, total protein in liver and kidney were statistically not altered except rats that were administered with 1200 mg/kg JCEE that showed significant ( p  < 0.05) decrease in the liver. Except the group that received 1200 mg/kg JCEE which showed significant ( p  < 0.05) elevation of SOD and MDA in the liver, other doses (< 1200 mg/kg) demonstrated no significant difference compared to the control. In the kidney, SOD and MDA level were indistinguishable compared to the control except SOD level in rats that received 800 mg/kg JCEE that reduced significantly ( p  < 0.05). While graded doses of J. carnea ethanol extract showed no significant difference in the liver and kidney GSH compared to the control, only rats that received 1200 mg/kg body weight JCEE statistically decreased in the kidney. Liver and kidney in all treated groups maintained similar activities of catalase (CAT) compared to the control.

Histopathological studies

Photomicrograph of liver sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) are presented in Fig.  1 . Relative to the control, liver of rats treated with doses of J. carnea ethanol extract showed varied degree of hepatic injury in a dose dependent manner. With exception of low doses that showed normal morphology of the hepatocyte and sinusoid that is not infiltrated, high doses of extract greater than 500 mg/kg showed mild fat congestion in the central venules with liver parenchyma showing area of hemorrhage compared to the control. The kidney of rats treated with doses of J. carnea ethanol extract revealed dose dependent degree of renal injury (Fig.  2 ). From mild to severe order, the graded doses showed distorted renal cortex with collapsed renal glomeruli and dillated capsular spaces. The renal tubules and interstitial spaces appears distorted with presence of red inflammatory cells infiltrating the renal interstitial spaces as well as focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli with associated degeration of the glomerular membrane.

Photomicrograph of a liver sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (Mag. × 400). The Portal triad (blue arrow) composed of the hepatic vein and artery as well as the bile duct (PT), the well distributed hepatocytes (H) (yellow arrow) and hepatic sinusoids (black arrow) are demonstrated across study groups. Control treatment showed normal central venules without congestion, the morphology of the hepatocytes appear normal, the sinusoids appear normal with no observable form of infiltration and no observable pathological lesion seen. 50 mg/kg-1200 mg/kg treatments relative to control showed varied degree of hepatic injury that is dose dependent. In these groups, from mild to severe order; shows observable congested portal vein, the liver parenchyma showed area of harmorrhage, the morphology of the hepatocytes appear pyknotic, some show mild fat infiltration (red arrow) the sinusoids appear fibrotic with infiltration of inflammatory red cells (red arrow). Summarily, experimental group shows some degenerative changes that can be termed as necrosis, some mild fibrosis and hemorrhage characterized by the presences of infiltrated red hemorrhagic and inflammatory cells. Also observed is a distortion in the walls of the blood vessels (red arrow), pyknotic hepatocytes and signs of inflammation (red arrow)

Photomicrographs of kidney sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (Mag. × 400). Control treated group showed normal micromorphological sections. The renal cortex showed normal glomeruli with mesangial cells and capsular spaces appeared normal (white arrow), the renal tubules appear normal (blue arrow) and interstitial spaces also observed normal (black arrow). No observable focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli, capsular spaces around the glomerulus appears normal with distinct layering of renal microcellular structures. 50 mg/kg-1200 mg/kg treatment relative to control treatment showed varied degree of renal injury that is dose dependent. In these groups, from mild to severe order; the renal cortex appears distorted, Renal glomeruli and dillated capsular spaces appeared collapsed with characteristic pyknosis of the mesangial cells, The renal tubules, interstitial spaces, appears distorted with presence of red inflammatory cells, hemorrhagic cells infiltrating the renal interstitial spaces as well as focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli with associated degeration of the glomerular membrane (red arrows)

This research focused on the safety and in – vivo antioxidant status of healthy albino rats exposed to J. carnea leaf ethanol extract. In an acute exposure of experimental rats to single oral doses of extract, no mortality and signs of adverse effects were observed. The higher LD 50 (> 5000 mg/kg body weight) of J. carnea leaf ethanol extract suggested that the ethanol extract is experimentally safe and not toxic. This is in agreement with study of Anthonia et al., [ 21 ] who obtained LD 50 above 5000 mg/kg for aqueous extracts of J. carnea leaf. According to acute toxicity grading standards, LD 50 of substances greater than 5000 mg/kg is practically considered non-toxic [ 22 , 23 ].

The weight of organs (liver and kidney) reduced steadily in a concentration dependent manner. The gradual decrease in the weight of organs following short-term exposure of J. carnea leaf ethanol extract may be attributed to adaptive response of the organs arising from daily dosage of the extract or its metabolites within their body. The non significant decrease observed in this study is in consonance with the work of Onyeabo et al. , [ 9 ] who also reported no significant difference in the relative weights of liver and kidney.

The hematopoietic systems represent a sensitive target of toxic compounds and an essential index of physiological and pathological status in experimental animals [ 24 ]. Ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf elevated red blood cell, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and platelet count with significant increase at higher doses of extracts compared to the control. This is in agreement with previous work on the reversed effect of J. carnea leaf extract on anaemia – induced experimental rat [ 9 , 21 ]. The possible anti-anaemic property of the leaf could be linked to the improved hemoglobin, PCV and RBC observed in this study. Several medicinal plants such as Xylopia aethiopica [ 25 ], Tectona grandis [ 26 ] and extracts of M. indica , A. hybridus and T. occidentalis [ 27 ] have also been reported to elevate RBC, hemoglobin and packed cell volume. The blood stimulating effects could be due to the presence of dietary bioactive constituents that stimulate activities of haematopoietic cells and stabilization of blood in circulation [ 21 ].

White blood cell counts usually increases following foreign invaders (pathogens) resulting in normal body physiological response which boost the body’s defense mechanisms [ 28 , 29 ]. Decreased white blood cell count was obtained in this report, the level of lymphocyte and granulocyte was not altered by the extract while MID – sized cell was significantly elevated at 500 and 800 mg/kg dose. The levels of white blood cell count, lymphocyte, granulocyte and MID could indicate that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf pose no toxicity or sub – acute inflammation to the overall defense mechanism and immunity of the experimental rats. Furthermore, increased MID by the extracts could indicate macrophage formation ability and pathogenic scavenging role.

From this study, the significant increase in platelet counts suggested that the extract could be useful in preventing excessive blood loss (through blood clotting) and resistance of capillary membranes to leakage of red cells when blood vessels are damaged. Macrocytic and hypochromic anemia usually results due to increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [ 30 ]. In this report, MCV, MCH and MCHC in treated group were not altered compared to the control. However, lowest (50 mg/kg) dose of extract significantly elevated MCH and MCHC.

The indistinguishable differences of total protein in the liver and kidney of rats treated with ethanol extract of J. carnea could indicate that the plant extract did not alter protein synthetic function of the organs. Significant ( P < 0.05 ) decrease observed in liver total protein of rat administered with 1200 mg/kg of extract could be due to intrinsic factors in-vivo that might not necessarily indicate adverse reaction of the extracts. The significant decrease in kidney GSH at 1200 mg/kg could be due to ample dietary bioactive constituents in the extract that requires frequent conjugation of GSH in the cell or oxidation to oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Previously, J. carnea leaf has been reported to contain high quantity of phytochemical constituents (such as saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids), vitamins (A, C and E) and minerals [ 9 , 10 ]. In-vivo studies have revealed that radicals produced from these dietary antioxidants are constantly regenerated back to their active form by GSH in the ascorbate – glutathione cycle. The ability of glutathione to regenerate these dietary antioxidants has been linked to the redox state of glutathione disulphide-glutathione couple (GSSG/GSH) ratio [ 31 ]. Paradoxically, oxidation of GSH has been reported to occur when GSH interact with metal ions thereby generating superoxide anions from the transfer of electrons from the metal ions to molecular oxygen [ 32 ]. As a consequence, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) either by removal from the cell or oxidation to GSSG could eventually lead to mild oxidative stress in cells and tissues [ 33 , 34 ].

Elevated activity of catalase in liver and kidney across tested doses of J. carnea ethanol extract showed no significant effect compared to the control. This suggested that the extract did not alter tissue function in converting harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were elevated across all doses in the liver with significant ( p < 0.05 ) difference only observed in the highest dose (1200 mg/kg) while kidney showed no significant difference compared to the control. This could possibly indicate SOD stimulating effects of J. carnea leaf ethanol extract. SOD is involved in the dismutation of the highly reactive superoxide anion to molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and to less reactive hydrogen peroxides (H 2 O 2 ) species, whereas CAT removes hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and toxic hydroxyl radical into water molecule [ 35 ].

The liver and kidney of rats administered with 500 mg/kg JCEE and above demonstrated slight increase in MDA level with significant ( P < 0.05 ) increase only observed in the liver of rats that received 1200 mg/kg of extract. The significant increase in MDA level at 1200 mg/kg might be due to the presence of active secondary metabolites in the extracts that could have acted as prooxidant. Consequently, the effects of the extract on MDA level could indicate damage to cell membrane lipids of the hepatocyte which could result to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been reported previously that under certain conditions, dietary antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol and carotenoids could act, occasionally, as pro-oxidants to initiate slight degree of oxidative stress microenvironment. However, the mechanism by which phytochemicals act as prooxidants in-vivo is still under investigation [ 25 ].

The liver histopathological examination of the groups treated with J. carnea ethanol extract (JCEE) leaf showed normal liver architecture with slight abnormalities (such as mild fat congestion and hemorrhage) in the central venules of groups that received high doses. Corroborating with the results of the antioxidant system and weight of the liver, continuous exposure to higher dose (1200 mg/kg) of JCEE could result in hepatic damage. While the renal tubules across the tested groups were normal with the interstitial spaces showing moderate congestion and hemorrhage, there appeared some abnormalities in the renal cortex (such as few sclerotic glomeruli with moderately dilated capsular spaces) resulting in fair architectural structure of the kidney (Fig. 2 ). The result from the kidney histology could be due to the presence of active secondary metabolites and daily dosing of the extract. Further study assessing the kidney indices (urea, creatinine and electrolytes) is however encouraged to ascertain the safety of the plant extract on renal function.

In conclusion, oral acute administration of J. carnea ethanol extract is safe because neither mortality nor any signs of toxicity were observed in experimental rats. The Hematological system and antioxidant status of rats following 14 days of sub-acute exposure tolerated the ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf. While histology of organs showed no adverse pathological lesions in the internal organs of rats, higher dose (1200 mg/kg) over a period of time could cause noticeable liver and kidney injury. This study has confirmed the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf and validates its conventional use as blood booster. However, serious caution of the dose should be taken into consideration when extrapolating this result for human consumption.

Availability of data and materials

All analyzed dataset to support the conclusions of this article is included as tables in the uploaded supplementary files.

Abbreviations

Justicia carnea ethanol extract

Standard error of mean

Hydrochloric Acid

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Mid-sized cell

Lethal dose

Superoxide dismutase

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The authors acknowledge the Director and staff of Peak – Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, for the technical support and interpretation of the histology.

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The research work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. ESA conceived and designed the study. Authors TSO, KOK and ESA manage experimental protocols and performed the experiments under the supervision of FOA. Author ESA managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript with the assistant of FOA. Authors KOK and ESA performed the statistical analysis and managed the analyses of study. All authors read and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

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Mr. E.S. Akintimehin is a lecturer in the Biochemistry unit of Chemical Sciences Department, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. He earned B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in Biochemistry from Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-iwoye, and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria respectively.

Mr. K.O. Karigidi is a lecturer in the Biochemistry unit of Chemical Sciences Department, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. He has B.Sc., and M.Sc. degree in Biochemistry from University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria and University of Ibadan, Nigeria respectively.

Mr. T.S. Omogunwa is a graduate of Biochemistry from the Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. He is a research assistant in the Biochemistry Unit of the same Department.

Prof. F.O. Adetuyi is a Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria.

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Akintimehin, E.S., Karigidi, K.O., Omogunwa, T.S. et al. Safety assessment of oral administration of ethanol extract of Justicia carnea leaf in healthy wistar rats: hematology, antioxidative and histology studies. Clin Phytosci 7 , 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00234-4

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Haematological and biochemical studies on Justicia carnea leaves extract in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia in albino rats

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
• 2 Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
• PMID: 28703962
• DOI: 10.17306/J.AFS.0492

Background: Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant used widely in Nigeria which is reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. Aim. The effect of the ethanol extract of Justicea carnea (JC) leaves in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia albino rats on haematological and lipid profile parameters was investigated.

Methods: The experimental animals were randomly grouped into five groups of six rats each &ndash; group 1 (non-anemic control), group 2 (anemic control), group 3 (500 mg/kg of JC extract), group 4 (1000 mg/kg of JC extract) and group 5 (DMSO control). Phenylhydrazine was administered once at a dose of 80 mg/kg b.w.&nbsp; to induce hemolytic anemia. After 28 days of extract administration, they were humanely sacrificed and the serum collected was used for biochemical analysis.

Results: In the acute toxicity study, the LD50 was found to be above 5000 mg/kg body weight. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values, Red Blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) sig- nificantly after 48 hours of phenylhydrazine induction, but after 28 days of administering extracts of Justicia carnea, PCV values, RBC and Hb increased (p < 0.05) significantly. There were significant (p < 0.05) de- creases in cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the extract-administered groups (groups 3&4) relative to the anemic control. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in HDL-cholesterol concentrations in the extract groups (3&4) relative to the non-anemic control.

Conclusions: Extracts of Justicia carnea not only reversed anemic conditions in the phenylhydrazine-induced rats, it also improved the lipid profile, and this may be attributed to its rich phytochemical, nutrient and vita- min composition. Therefore, the findings of the study suggest that J. carnea leaves could be used to manage lipid abnormalities associated with anemia.

Keywords: Justicia carnea; albino rats; anemia; lethal dose; lipid profile.

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• DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031190
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Overview of the Justicia Genus: Insights into Its Chemical Diversity and Biological Potential

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• Published in Molecules 25 January 2023
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Nutraceutical Effects of Justicia carnea Leaf Powder Supplementations on Performance, Blood Indices, Heat Shock Protein 70, Oxidative Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Biomarkers and Intestinal Microbes of Broiler Chickens, Under Tropical Condition

Oloruntola o. d.

1 Animal Science Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria

Ayodele S. O

2 Agricultural Technology Department, the Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

Oloruntola D. A

3 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria

4 Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

The main reason preventing broiler chickens from reaching their genetic potential and hurting their performance in the tropics is heat stress. This study aimed to ascertain how Justicia carnea leaf powder (JLP) supplementation affects broiler chickens’ performance, blood indices, antioxidant status, and gut microflora in tropical environments. A completely randomized method was used to assign 240 Cobb 500 broiler chicks to the experimental diets (6 replicates per diet, 10 birds per replication). Diet 1 included no supplement (negative control), diet 2 included 200 mg/kg vitamin C (positive control), diet 3 included 2,500 mg/kg JLP, and diet 4 included 5,000 mg/kg JLP. On day 42, the body weight gain (BWG) of the birds fed on diet 4 was significantly higher than those on diet 1. The packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration of the birds fed on diets 3 and 4 were significantly higher than those of the control ( P <0.05). The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol were lower in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1 ( P <0.05). The serum heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were lower in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1 (P<0.05). The lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) population was higher in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1( P <0.05). However, the Coliform bacteria population was reduced in birds fed on diets 3 and 4, compared to those on diet 1. The 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg JLP dietary supplementations enhanced BWG, improved erythrogram indices, and reduced blood AST, ALT, cholesterol, HSP 70, 8-OHdG, and caeca Coliform population but increased the caeca LAB population.

Introduction

Due to the expansion of the human population and the resulting rise in the demand for animal protein, broiler production has expanded across the tropics and subtropics over the past two decades. However, it has been determined that the effects of climate change, high ambient temperatures, and heat stress incidents are the main factors preventing broiler chickens from realizing their genetic potential and thus harming their performance ( 1 ).

Furthermore, broiler chickens can only function at their peak levels in their thermoneutral zone (18°C to 24°C). Some antioxidant enzymes are affected by heat stress, which also increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and leads to DNA damage, protein denaturation, as well as lipid peroxidation ( 2 ). Gut health is regulated by reactive nitrogen species and the reactive oxygen produced by the gut epithelia cells as a result of oxygen metabolism and enteric commensal bacteria. In general, the increased synthesis of reactive oxygen species causes oxidative stress by increasing the formation of free radicals and antioxidant insults ( 3 ).

As a result, genetic, management, and feeding approaches have been used to reduce the effects of climate change and heat stress on broiler production ( 1 ). However, in the tropics, feeding options and the dietary modification approach, which incorporates antioxidant supplements to mitigate the effects of oxidative and heat stress on broiler productivity, are less expensive and easier to adjust to ( 4 ).

Animal performance and product quality are currently improved by adding dietary supplements of synthetic antioxidants ( 5 ). However, the controversy surrounding the use of artificial supplements in animal agriculture has drawn attention to natural antioxidants or phytochemicals. Particularly, it has been observed that phytochemicals influence the animal’s endogenous antioxidant systems, performance, and product quality ( 5 ). When employed as dietary components, phytochemicals, phytogens, or other plant-derived compounds play significant roles in the physiology of the animal body and can prevent or treat diseases. They are plentiful, relatively less expensive, and less harmful ( 6 ).

Previous research has revealed the potential health benefits of certain botanicals, particularly goat weed, wild sunflower ( 7 ), Mucuna pruriens ( 8 ), Momordica charantia , and Ocimum gratissimum ( 9 ). Recently, Justicia carnea leaf powder (JLP)’s anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties have been published ( 10 ). Additionally, rats exposed to phenylhydrazine had their anemia corrected and their lipid profiles enhanced by Justicia carnea extract ( 11 ). Therefore, this study attempted to ascertain how JLP supplementation affects broiler chickens’ performance, hematological indices, serum biochemical indices, heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage biomarkers, and intestinal microbes in tropical environments.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. processing of justicia carnea leaf and experimental diets.

Justicia carnea leaves were minced and sparingly scattered on clean stainless-steel platters. They were then left to air dry for 14 days in the shade. Full details on the processing of Justicia carnea leaves to JLP have been previously published ( 10 ). In this study, JLP was employed as a phytogenic supplement.

Baseline diets were created and compounded ( Table 1 ) to meet the birds’ nutritional needs during the two stages (starter and finisher) of broiler chicken production. The baseline diet was divided into four equal portions at each phase of growth and named diets 1 through 4. Diet 1 included no supplement (negative control), diet 2 included 200 mg/kg vitamin C (positive control), diet 3 included 2,500 mg/kg JLP, and diet 4 included 5,000 mg/kg JLP.

Composition of the experimental basal diets

2.2. Experimental Site and Design

The feeding study was conducted on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Agricultural Technology Department, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, during February and March 2022. The HTC digital thermometer and hygrometer were used to calculate the average daily atmospheric temperature. During February and March 2022, the daily average temperature was 25.56±5.8°C and 26.11±4.73°C, respectively.

A total of 240 Cobb 500 broiler chicks were assigned randomly to the experimental diets (6 replicates per diet, 10 birds per replication). The experimental pen’s temperature was maintained at 31±3°C for seven days before it was decreased by 2 degrees each week until it reached 26±3°C. On the first day, the lights were on for 24 h, and on days two through seven, they remained on for 23 h. Eighteen hours per day of lighting were available during the raising phase. The birds were fed constantly during the six-week experiment.

2.3. Performance Indicators, Sample Collection, and Analysis

Body weight, feed intake, and body weight gain (BWG) were all measured at intervals of seven days. The ratio of the birds’ feed consumption to the increase in their body weight was used to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Twelve birds were randomly selected from each treatment group (2 birds/replica) on the 42 nd day of the experiment, and they were bled using a syringe and needle through the brachia vein. Blood was collected from the chickens and put into bottles containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ordinary sample vials. The plain bottle samples were centrifuged, and their serum was split into another set of plain bottles and frozen at -20°C before being used to measure serum chemical indices, HSP, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage lesions marker. The following serum parameters were measured using a Reflectron ® Plus 8C79 (Roche Diagnostic, GonbH Mannheim, Germany): total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, HSP 70 ( 12 ), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) ( 13 ). The samples were collected into EDTA sample vials, and the packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (Hbc) of the samples were measured ( 14 ). About 24 h before sample collection, agar plates were produced and streaked on the collection site to evaluate bacterial growth. The birds’ caecal contents from each replicate were then removed for a subsequent serial dilution investigation of the bacterial populations. Lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) were grown on Man Rogosa agar, while Coliforms were grown on MacConkey agar. The nutrient agar was utilized to cultivate the total number of aerobic bacteria ( 15 ).

2.4. Statistical Evaluation of Data

The SPSS software (version 20) was used for the statistical analysis. All of the acquired data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using the general linear model technique. The Duncan multiple range test included in the same package was applied to determine mean differences between the treatment groups. P <0.05 was used to denote statistical significance.

Table 2 shows the effects of JLP on the performance characteristics of broiler chickens. The BWG of the birds fed on diets 2 and 4 was higher than those on the control diet 1 ( P <0.05). The PCV, RBC, and Hbc concentrations of the birds on diets 2, 3, and 4 were higher than those on diet 1 ( P <0.05) ( Table 3 ). On the other hand, the total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and creatinine were similar across the dietary treatments ( P >0.05). The serum AST, ALT, and blood cholesterol were lower in the birds on supplemented diets, compared to those on diet 1 ( P <0.05). The effects of JLP on anti-oxidant and oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage biomarkers of broiler chickens are shown in table 4 . Lower ( P <0.05) HSP 70 and 8-OHdG concentrations were recorded in the experimental birds on supplemented diets (diets 2, 3, and 4), compared to diet 1. The LAB count was significantly higher in the birds on diets 2, 3, and 4 than those on diet 1 ( P <0.05) ( Table 5 ). On the other hand, the Coliform bacteria count was reduced in the birds fed on diets 2, 3, and 4, compared to those on diet 1 ( P <0.05). The aerobic bacteria counts were similar ( P >0.05) across the dietary treatments.

The effects of Justicia carnea leaf powder on the performance characteristics of broiler chickens

Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ ( P <0.05); JLP: Justicia carnea leaf powder; IBW: Initial body weight; BWG: Body weight gain; FI: Feed intake; FCR: Feed conversion ratio; Diet 1: Control, Diet 2: 200mg/kg vitamin C; Diet 3: 2,500mg/kg JLP; Diet 4: 5,000mg/kg JLP; SEM Standard error of the mean

The effects of Justicia carnea leaf powder on erythrogram and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens

Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ ( P <0.05); JLP: Justicia carnea leaf powder; Diet 1: Control, Diet 2: 200mg/kg vitamin C; Diet 3: 2,500mg/kg JLP; Diet 4: 5,000mg/kg JLP; SEM Standard error of the mean

The effects of Justicia carnea leaf powder on anti-oxidant and oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage biomarkers of broiler chickens

The effects of Justicia carnea leaf powder on gut microbes (log 10CFU/g) of broiler chickens

4. Discussion

In warm environments, broiler chickens with low mitochondrial respiratory chain activity produce excessive reactive oxygen species, suffer from oxidative stress and damage, and perform poorly ( 3 , 16 ). The antioxidant qualities of the supplements utilized in this study, including vitamin C and JLP, may have contributed to the increased body weight shown in the birds on diets 2 and 4, compared to those on the control diet. Vitamin C affects health and growth due to its biological functions as a water-soluble antioxidant and a co-factor for several enzymes, most notably hydroxylases, which are involved in collagen production ( 17 ). On the other hand, JLC has recently been reported to have antioxidant qualities ( 10 ).

Oxidative stress causes anemia by encouraging lipid peroxidation and DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals during aerobic metabolism ( 18 ). The observed decreased PCV, RBC count, and HBc in the birds fed on the control diet may be explained accordingly. However, the increased erythrograms value in the birds on supplemented diets in this study, compared to the control birds, further demonstrates the benefits of the antioxidant activities of the supplements in reducing the drawbacks of oxidative stress by reversing the negative effects of reactive oxygen species that disrupt the process of normal blood formation ( 11 ). It has been noted that Justicia carnea has antioxidant and anti-anemic properties ( 10 , 11 ).

The similar total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and creatinine across all the dietary treatments in this study suggests that the dietary supplements and the levels at which they were included were nutritionally safe ( 11 , 19 ). This is supported by the fact that the birds fed on supplemented feeds in this study had lower serum levels of AST and ALT, which suggests that the supplements have nutraceutical qualities that safeguard the heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscles. This could be a result of the supplements’ nutraceutical qualities manifested due to the activities of bioactive chemicals found in phytogenic supplements ( 8 , 10 , 11 ). Another health benefit of the supplements used in this study is the lower serum cholesterol concentration in the broiler chickens fed on diets 2, 3, and 4 than those on diet 1, as an abnormal rise in blood cholesterol is associated with arteriosclerosis and consequently, a sudden death syndrome in poultry ( 9 ). The lowered blood cholesterol may also be caused by saponin activities, such as intra-luminal physicochemical interactions, which would prevent the gut from absorbing cholesterol ( 9 ).

The HSP is a protein produced in reaction to stress in various ways, such as heat exposure and physical, chemical, or biological pressures ( 20 ). Lower serum HSP 70 concentrations in birds fed on supplemented diets suggests that JLP has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits in birds grown in a normal tropical environment outside their thermoneutral zone, which may have been related to the down-regulation of HSP 70 ( 10 , 21 ). Antioxidant food supplementation resulted in decreased HSP 70 mRNA expression in birds in hot climates ( 22 ). Since 8-OHdG is a helpful indicator of DNA damage brought on by oxidative stress, the reduced concentration of 8-OHdG in the serum of birds fed on supplemented diets in this study further demonstrates another significant nutraceutical benefit of JLP, particularly in suppressing the production of ROR that may bring about oxidative damage ( 10 , 21 , 22 ).

Due to the significant roles that LAB, such as Lactobacillus species, play in the fermentation of carbohydrates or starch in the gut, particularly in the caecum, the observed progressive increase in the LAB count with the increased JLP supplementation from 2,500 to 5,000 mg/kg in the broiler chickens is of nutritional and health value ( 9 ). In addition, the aerobic bacteria counts being stable across the dietary treatments depicts another health benefit of the JLP dietary supplementation. There have been reports of the involvement of phytogenic feed supplements in regulating the gut microbial population or inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms ( 15 ). This explains to an extent the reason for the Coliform bacteria counts that were generally lower in birds fed on diets 2, 3, and 4, compared to those on diet 1. The experimental birds’ gut health and general performance may have been enhanced by the bioactive ingredients in the dietary supplement, which may have selectively suppressed the population expansion of some gut microorganisms in favor of others ( 15 , 23 ).

In summary, the dietary supplementation of JLP at doses of 2,500 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg boosted BWG, improved erythrogram parameters, and decreased blood AST, ALT, cholesterol, HSP70, 8-OHdG, and caeca Coliform population but raised caeca LAB population.

Authors' Contribution

Study concept and design: O. D. O. and A. S. O.

Acquisition of data: O. D. O., A. S. O., J. A. O., O. D. A., and O. C. O.

Laboratory analysis: O. D. A., O. D. O., and J. A. O.

Analysis and interpretation of data: O. D. O., A. S. O., J. A. O., O. D. A., and O. C. O.

Drafting of the manuscript: O. D. O., A. S. O., J. A. O., O. D. A., and O. C. O.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: O. D. O. and J. A. O.

The experiment’s requirements and criteria for animal and animal protocol were accepted by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Agricultural Technology Department of the Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Published: 2022-07-07

DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i43B36327

Page: 58-74

Issue: 2022 - Volume 34 [Issue 43B]

Original Research Article

Article Metrics

The antioxidant modulating properties of justicia carnea extract on sheep red blood cells immunized mice.

Benedict Bolakponumigha Iwetan *

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

Atuboyedia Wolfe Obianime

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria.

Lawrence Oberhiri Ewhre

Godfrey Rume Kweki

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Aims: Inflammatory cytokines as well as exogenously invading antigens among others are keenly involved in the generation of oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species capable of causing related diseases. hence this study aimed at evaluating the In-vivo antioxidant modulatory properties of Justicia carnea aqueous leave extract on sheep red blood cells immunized mice.

Study Design:   The animals were grouped into six with five animals per group (Vehicle; distilled water 10 mL/Kg, Sheep Red Blood Cells 0.2 mL/Kg, Justicia carnea   125 mg/Kg, 250 mg/Kg and 500 mg/Kg, and Levamisole 7.5 mg/Kg )

Place and Duration of Study: The animals used for this study were breed, feed and housed at ambient temperature and well-ventilated animal house of the Basic Medical Sciences in Delta State University, Abraka and Emma-maria laboratory Abraka. The study lasted for two (2) weeks.

Methodology: All groups were immunized at day zero and day 5 with SRBC inducing immune response except for the VEH group that was not immunized. Treatment of the various groups with respective treatment agents commenced on day 3 to day 9. On day 10 the antioxidant enzymes (Determination of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Myeloperoxidase, Malondialdehyde, Glutathione Peroxidase, Nitric oxide and Xanthine Oxidase) of the brain, liver, kidney and Spleen were carried out.

Results: The findings in this study reveal the antioxidant enhancement by the plant Justicia carnea being significant when compared to the Vehicle and Sheep Red Blood Cells. Levamisole a standard immunostimulants drug also has significant antioxidant potentials.

Conclusion: The study was able to showcase the antioxidants activities of the plant Justicia carnea . Pharmacological antioxidants may be developed from the plant, which might be helpful in immune related diseases.

Keywords: Immunized, Immunostimulant, antigenic, antioxidants, free-radicals, Justicia carnea

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Overview of the justicia genus: insights into its chemical diversity and biological potential.

1. Introduction

2. results and discussion, 2.1. species, compounds and their effects, 2.2. molecular modeling of naringenin, 3.1. systematic review, 3.2. molecular modeling analysis, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest, sample availability.

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Carneiro, M.R.B.; Sallum, L.O.; Martins, J.L.R.; Peixoto, J.d.C.; Napolitano, H.B.; Rosseto, L.P. Overview of the Justicia Genus: Insights into Its Chemical Diversity and Biological Potential. Molecules 2023 , 28 , 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031190

Carneiro MRB, Sallum LO, Martins JLR, Peixoto JdC, Napolitano HB, Rosseto LP. Overview of the Justicia Genus: Insights into Its Chemical Diversity and Biological Potential. Molecules . 2023; 28(3):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031190

Carneiro, Marcos Rodrigo Beltrão, Lóide Oliveira Sallum, José Luís Rodrigues Martins, Josana de Castro Peixoto, Hamilton Barbosa Napolitano, and Lucimar Pinheiro Rosseto. 2023. "Overview of the Justicia Genus: Insights into Its Chemical Diversity and Biological Potential" Molecules 28, no. 3: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031190

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Haematological and biochemical studies on Justicia carnea leaves extract in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia in albino rats [pdf]

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria

Related Papers

Ekeleme -Egedigwe A Chima

Clinical Phytoscience

Emmanuel S AKINTIMEHIN

Background Consumption of medicinal plants has diverse therapeutic benefits and could also have toxic effect. Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant that is used conventionally as blood tonic from time immemorial in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf assessing the hematology indices, organ antioxidant system and histology in healthy male wistar rats. Methods Powdered sample was extracted using absolute ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry paste of J. carnea ethanol extracts. Acute toxicity was determined in two phases using Lorke method. In subacute study, rats were randomized into six groups of five rats per group: Group 1 (control) received distilled water, group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 received 50, 100, 500, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of J. carnea ethanol extract once daily using oral gavage. At the end of 14th day of administration, rats were allowed to fast overnight, sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical analysi...

IOSR Journals

Background: Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant reported to have diverse pharmacological functions including blood boosting potentials. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders accompanied with many metabolic syndromes. Use of herbal medicines has always been an option to treat a great number of diseases such as cancer, diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extract of Justicia carnea on the biochemical parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Method: Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke's method. Thirty (30) albino wistar rats of both sexes were assigned into five (5) groups of six (6) rats. All rats, except the normal control group, were induced with diabetes by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan. Group A (normal control) received water, group B received the standard drug; glibenclamide (0.1mg/kg) orally, Group C (diabetic control) received water while Groups D and E received 100 and 200mg/kg body weight of the extract orally once per day respectively. Treatment lasted for 14 days. At the end of the treatment period, fasting blood glucose level was determined and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture from the animals for the evaluation of the serum concentrations of biochemical parameters. Results: There wasa significant (p<0.05) reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels of the animals treated with extract compared with the diabetic untreated rats. The Serum levels of AST, ALT and creatinine decreased significantly (p<0.05) while the ALP, urea and total protein levels increased in the diabetic rats treated with the leaf extracts compared with the untreated diabetic rats.Diabetictreated groups showed non-significant decrease (p>0.05) in serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the serum levels of HDL, LDL and TC with a non-significant increase (p>0.05) in the serum levels of TG and VLDL in diabetic rats treated with 100mg/kg extract. At 200mg/kg dose, the serum levels of LDL, VLDL, TG and TC were significantly reduced (p<0.05), while the serum level of HDL was increased non-significantly (p>0.05) when compared with the untreated diabetic control group. Conclusion: The result shows that the Justicia carnea besides its hypoglycemic action will be useful in reducing the complications and metabolic syndrome which often coexist in diabetes.

International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review

asogwa kingsley kelechi

This study investigated the in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea and its effect on antioxidant status of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was assayed by determining the total phenol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene contents and by using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing antioxidant power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation antioxidant systems. Oxidative stress was produced in rats by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan and serum concentration of malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. Five experimental groups of rats (n=6) were used for the study. Two groups of diabetic rats received oral daily doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg Justicia carnea leaf extract respectively while gilbenclamide (5 mg/ml); a standard diabetic drug was also given to a specific group for 14 days. From the result, the leaf extract contained ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Godfrey kweki

Aims: Inflammatory cytokines as well as exogenously invading antigens among others are keenly involved in the generation of oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species capable of causing related diseases. hence this study aimed at evaluating the In-vivo antioxidant modulatory properties of Justicia carnea aqueous leave extract on sheep red blood cells immunized mice. Study Design: The animals were grouped into six with five animals per group (Vehicle; distilled water 10 mL/Kg, Sheep Red Blood Cells 0.2 mL/Kg, Justicia carnea 125 mg/Kg, 250 mg/Kg and 500 mg/Kg, and Levamisole 7.5 mg/Kg ) Place and Duration of Study: The animals used for this study were breed, feed and housed at ambient temperature and well-ventilated animal house of the Basic Medical Sciences in Delta State University, Abraka and Emma-maria laboratory Abraka. The study lasted for two (2) weeks. Methodology: All groups were immunized at day zero and day 5 with SRBC inducing immune res...

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro inhibitory potential of various leaf extracts of Justicia carnea on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities and the anti-diabetic activity of the ethanol leaf extract using albino wistar rats. The analyses were carried out using standard biochemical methods. The oral acute toxicity test (LD50) in rats of the ethanol leaf extract was determined using Lorke’s method. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of 120 mg/kg. b.w of alloxan. Six (6) experimental groups of rats (n=6) were used for the study. Three groups of diabetic rats received oral daily doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg ethanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea respectively while gilbenclamide (5 mg/ml); a standard diabetic drug was administered to a specific group. Treatment lasted for 14 days. From the results of the in-vitro inhibitory activity, the different extracts of Justicia carnea demonstrated dose dependent strong inhibi...

Journal of Biosciences and Medicines

Reimmel Kwame Adosraku

Daniel Abaye

Chinaka Nwaehujor

The study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic albino Wistar rats. Twenty five (25) rats of both sexes were randomly assigned to 5 groups. Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (negative control) was challenged with Phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) without treatment. Group 3 received M. oleifera extract at 300 mg/kg. Groups 4 and 5 were challenged with phenylhydrazine (40 mg/kg) and treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg of M. oleifera respectively. All treatments with the extract were per os. All animals were allowed free access to food and water pre and post treatment for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected from the rats via the retro-orbital plexus of the eye. The hematological parameters assayed for were red blood cell count, hemoglobin count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, platelet count, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration and lymphocytes count. Changes in body weight of the rats were also determined. Results showed that there was significant (P<0.05) increase in some blood parameters (red blood cell count, hemoglobin count, white blood cell count). Body weights were also found to increase with increasing doses of the extract in the PHZ-challenged animals. In conclusion, the oral administration of ethanol extract of M. oleifera has the tendency to increase some blood parameters and may be important in the treatment and management of anemia especially hemolytic and hemorrhagic anemia.

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences

Utibe Evans

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Nigeria’s medicinal plant: Justicia carne (Ewe eje)

Olufunke Faluyi

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