referencing images in dissertation

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• Can I Use It?

Images in Theses and Dissertations

Images used often add to an authors critique or discussion, while offering a visual to help their argument.  If you use an image in your thesis or dissertation, you must cite it.  Before Theses/ dissertations were born digital, they were printed and added to the library of an institution for preservation and add to the collective scholarly community.  When using images, you will need to include commentary on it.  Images should add to one's discussion/ argument.  Fair Use of copyrighted work in print form, generally, was easy to determine for educational purposes.  However, this is not always the case with digital forms which reach a wider audience, because "images can be reproduced easily, users may copy and paste images repeatedly without realizing they are committing copyright infringement (Kennedy, 2015)."

If under copyright protection, as a best practice, you should gain permission to use it especially if you plan to publish your work later.  You must give credit where credit is due, even if it is your own work from a previous publication or class work. Images include, but are not limited to, drawings, paintings, photographs, tables, graphs, and charts.   Images fall into several categories: public domain, fair use, Creative Commons (CC), or used with permission.  If an image is under a CC license, pay close attention to the allowances set up by the creator.

For copyrighted works you will need to contact the person, publisher, or other entities who hold the rights to it.  Publishers may have a form you need to fill out for the request.  Artists generally have a personal website in which an email is provided or a contact form.  When a form is not already available for a request to reproduce you will need to include as much information as you can in your request.  

• What image(s) you want to use.
• If you do plan on publishing your work later, include that too.  This will help you in going through the publishing process in the future.
• Include the thesis/ dissertation will be published electronically and included in the Mississippi State University Institutional Repository.

Keep in mind, you may have to pay a fee to use the image(s) if it is under copyright.

Further Reading:

Standards and Guidelines by the College Art Association

Statement on The Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Studying by the Visual Resource Association

ProQuest: Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis: Ownership, Fair Use, and Your Rights and Responsibilities

ProQuest: Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis   (Includes request sample letter)

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• Last Updated: Jun 29, 2024 9:41 AM
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an image in Harvard style

How to reference an image in Harvard style

Referencing images can be confusing. Do you reference the photographer or the subject of the image itself? Do you include where you saw or found the image? What if you took the photograph yourself? This guide will help clear up the confusion!  

Below, the guide will cover how to cite images in different scenarios, both as an in-text citation and a reference. For each scenario, you will be given a citation structure, along with examples to illustrate each case.

Online images/photographs  

Today, finding and citing a digital or online image is simple. You’ll need the following information:

• Photographer’s name
• (Year published)  
• Title of the photograph, italizised
• Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

In-text citation structure and example:

(Photographer’s name, Year published)

Photographer’s name (Year published)

B.B. King’s beautiful Gibson semi-hollow body ES-355 guitar (Joseph, 2001) ……

Reference list structure and example:

Photographer’s Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Joseph, J. (2001) Lucille. Available at: http://www.jackjoseph.co.uk/photo_23456.html (Accessed: 22 August 2016)

Online images/photographs from a curated collection  

As we know, the Internet has a vast repository of curated image collections, especially on sites like Tumblr, Pinterest and Instagram, to name just a few. The rules stay pretty much unchanged in this case, as well.  

You will just need to direct the viewer/reader to the source where you viewed or uploaded the image. You may cite relevant information about images sourced from such Internet collections as follows:

• (Year published)
• Title of the photograph/collection, italicized

Photographs by Gustavo Grandissimo (2015) …

Grandissimo, G. (2015) The heights of abstraction. Available at: https://instagram.com/theheightsofabstraction (Accessed: 10 August 2012)

Images without a listed photographer or artist  

You may cite information about images without a listed creator. You’ll need the following information:

• Title of the photograph, italicized

As you can see in the image of the controversial protest rally ( Up in arms , 2019) …

Title of the photograph (Year published) Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you sourced the image)  

Up in arms (2019) Available at: http://www.therevolutionbeat.com/protests/2019/image_34567.html (Accessed: 10 March 2019)

Prints or slides

A print refers to a printed reproduction of a popular work of art or image. A slide, on the other hand, is a transparent photograph that consists of chromogenic dyes mounted inside a plastic frame to be projected onto a large screen.  

Information needed:

• [Photograph]
• Place of publication: Publisher’s name, if available

The expanding mushroom cloud from the resulting blast was captured on that fateful day (Tanaka, 1945)

Tanaka, N. (1945) The day Fat Boy fell to Earth [Photograph]. Hokkaido: Kurosawa Publishers  

Images photographed by you

It is not necessary to provide a reference to a photograph or image if you are the creator. However, check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present original images or photographs in your work.

If you need to reference an original image, you can use the following citation structure:

• Your name (Year published or taken)

…lays emphasis on the fact that the sun doesn’t need to be the focus of a picture (Koenig, 2019)

Your Last Name, Initial. (Year published) Title of the photograph [Photograph]  

Koenig, K. (2019) The sunset [Photograph]  

Published October 29, 2020.

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• Page Numbers
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APA Citation Style, 7th edition: Figures/Images

• General Style Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• Three to Five Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Edition other than the First
• Translation
• Government Publication
• Journal Article with 1 Author
• Journal Article with 2 Authors
• Journal Article with 3–20 Authors
• Journal Article 21 or more Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Basic Web Page
• Web page from a University site
• Web Page with No Author
• Entry in a Reference Work
• Government Document
• Film and Television
• Youtube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Electronic Image
• Twitter/Instagram
• Lecture/PPT
• Conferences
• Secondary Sources
• Citation Support
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Your Paper

Helpful Tip!

If you are unable to find the author/artist then use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses.

If there is no date available then use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, you may use the year of publication.

Situations this Section Covers

There are are many different types of figures, however, APA uses certain basic principles for all figure types.

Types of figures:

• photographs/images

This section will cover the following examples:

• Image from an Electronic Source

For more examples and information, consult the following publications:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.)

Call Number:  BF76.7 .P83 2020

Locations:  Main Reference Collection 1st Floor (1 copy); Book Stacks (5 copies)

About Citing Works of Art

Online Map: Title of work [Map]. (Date or date of latest update {Year, Month Day }). Site name (if needed). URL

Online Image/Web site; Artist's last name, artist’s initials. (Year). Title of work [Online image]. Site name (if needed). URL

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and an example   will be provided.

The following format will be used:

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase) - entry that appears in the body of your paper when you express the ideas of a researcher or author using your own words.  For more tips on paraphrasing check out The OWL at Purdue .

In-Text Citation (Quotation) - entry that appears in the body of your paper after a direct quote.

References - entry that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Subject Guide

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Harvard Style

• Position of the citation
• Secondary Referencing
• Date of Publication
• Page numbers
• Paraphrasing and Summarising
• Examples of References in Harvard style
• Quick A-Z Examples of References
• Citation Tools and Software

It is sometimes useful to incorporate reproductions or copies of images, graphs, tables, diagrams, and drawings in your work. These materials can be cited as evidence to support scholarly claims in the text. They can be utilised to clearly and successfully present difficult material.

Figures include charts, graphs, drawings, photographs and other kinds of illustrations.

Images are a type of figure. They are visual depictions—e.g., photographs or computer-generated graphics.

Tables present numerical values/data or text in columns and rows.

At times the distinction between figures and tables can be unclear. Remember, tables are almost always displayed in column-row format. Any other illustration is referred to as a figure.

Number all tables sequentially as you refer to them in the text (Table 1, Table 2, etc.), likewise for figures (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.).

Printable guide

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Finding and referencing images: Referencing images

• Referencing images
• Finding images and videos

Introduction

In this guide, ' IMAGE ' is used to refer to any visual resource such as a diagram, graph, illustration, design, photograph, or video. They may be found in books, journals, reports, web pages, online video, DVDs and other kinds of media. This guide also refers to ‘ CREATOR ’. This could be an illustrator, photographer, author or organisation.

The examples are presented in Harvard (Bath) style and offer general guidelines on good practice. For essays, project reports, dissertations and theses, ask your School or Department which style they want you to use. Different referencing styles require the use of similar information but will be formatted differently. For more information on other referencing styles, visit our referencing guide .

Using images to illustrate or make clear the description and discussion in your text is useful, but it is important that you give due recognition to the work of other people that you present with your own. This will help to show the value of their work to your assignment and how your ideas fit with a wider body of academic knowledge.

It is just as important to properly cite and reference images as it is the journal articles, books and other information sources that you draw upon. If you do not, you could find yourself accused of plagiarism and/or copyright infringement.

Using images and copyright

For educational assignments it is sufficient to cite and reference any image used. If you publish your work in any way , including posting online, then you will need to follow copyright rules. It is your responsibility to find out whether, and in what ways, you are permitted to use an image in your coursework or publications. Please refer to our copyright guidance and ask for further assistance if you are unsure.

Some images are given limited rights for reuse by their creators. This is likely to be accompanied with a requirement to give recognition to their work and may limit the extent to which it can be modified. The ‘Creative Commons’ copyright licensing scheme offers creators a set of tools for telling people how they wish their work to be used. You can find out more about the different kinds of licence, and what they mean, on the organisation’s web pages .

What is a caption?

Any image that you use should be given a figure number  and a brief description of what it is. Permission for use of an image in a published work should be acknowledged in the figure caption. Some organisations will require the permission statement to be given exactly as they specify. If they are required, permissions need to be stated in addition to the citing and referencing guidance given below.

Referencing images in PowerPoint slides

For a presentation you should include a brief citation under the image. Keep a reference list to hand (e.g. hidden slide) for questions. Making a public presentation or posting it online is publishing your work. You must include your references and observe permission and copyright rules.

Example of a caption

Figure 1. Library book. Reproduced with permission from: Rogers, T., 2015, University of Bath Library

Citing and referencing images

Citing images from a book or journal article.

If you wish to refer to images used in a book or journal, they are cited in the same way as text information , for example:

The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell can be visualised as a complex system (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

Campbell et al. (2015, pp. 282-283) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.

If you were to include this example in an essay the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:

Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

The reference at the end of the work would be as recommended for a book reference in our general referencing guide .

For a large piece of work such as a dissertation, thesis or report, a list of figures may be required at the front of the work after the contents page. Check with your department for information on specific requirements of your work.

Google images

When referencing an image found via Google you need to make sure that the information included in your reference relates to the original website that your search has found. Click on the image within the results to get to the original website and take your reference information from there. Take care to use credible sources with good quality information.

Citing and referencing images from a web page

If you use an image from a web page, blog or an online photograph gallery you should reference the individual image . Cite the image creator in the caption and year of publication. The creator may be different from the author of the web page or blog. They may be individual people or an organisation. Figure 2 below gives an example of an image with a corporate author:

List the image reference within your references list at the end of your work, using the format:

NASA, 2015.  NASA astronaut Tim Kopra on Dec. 21 spacewalk [Online]. Washington: NASA. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-astronaut-tim-kopra-on-dec-21-spacewalk [Accessed 7 January 2015].

Wikipedia images

If you want to reference an image included in a Wikipedia article, double-click on the image to see all the information needed for your reference. This will open a new page containing information such as creator, image title, date and specific URL. The format should be:

Iliff, D., 2006. Royal Crescent in Bath, England - July 2006  [Online] .  San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation. Available from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Crescent_in_Bath,_England_-_July_2006.jpg [Accessed 7 January 2016].

Images and designs from exhibitions, museums or archives

If you want to reference an image or design that you have found in an exhibition, museum or archive, then you also need to observe copyright rules and reference the image correctly. The format is:

For example, if you want to reference an old black and white photograph from 1965 that is held in an archive at the University of Bath:

Bristol Region Building Record, 1965. Green Park House (since demolished), viewed from southwest [Photograph]. BRBR, D/877/1. Archives & Research Collections, University of Bath Library.

NB if you were to reproduce this archive image in your work, or any part of it (rather than just cite it), you would also need to note ‘© University of Bath Library’. This copyright note should be added to the image caption along with the citation.

Referencing your own images

If you take a photograph, you do not have to reference it. For sake of clarity you may want to add “Image by author” to the caption. If you create an original illustration or a diagram that you have produced from your own idea then you do not have to cite or reference them. If you generate an image from a graphics package, for example a molecular structure from chemistry drawing software, you do not need to cite the source of the image.

Referencing images that you adapt from elsewhere

If you use someone else’s work for an image then you must give them due credit. If you reproduce it by hand or using graphics software it is the same as if you printed, scanned or photocopied it. You must cite and reference the work as described in this guide. If the image is something that you have created in an earlier assignment or publication you need to reference earlier piece of work to avoid self-plagiarism. If you want to annotate information to improve upon, extend or change an existing image you must cite the original work. However, you would use the phrase ‘adapted from’ in your citation and reference the original work in your reference list.

AI generated images

If you have used an AI tool to generate an image you must acknowledge that tool as a source  (see point 7 of the  academic integrity statement ).

This content is not recoverable; it cannot be linked or retrieved. There is no published source that you can reference directly. Instead you would give an in-text, ‘personal communications’ citation , as described in part 15 of our 'Write a citation' guidance (from the Harvard Bath guide). This type of citation includes the author details followed by (pers. comm.) and the date of the communication.

For example, an image of a shark in a library generated with Craiyon with a ‘personal communications’ citation included in the image caption:

Figure 3. Shark in a library image generated using an AI tool (Craiyon, AI Image Generator (pers. comm.) 14 July 2022). 

Online images and resources for your work

The library has compiled a list of useful audio-visual resources, including images, that can be used for essays or assignments. Visit the ' finding images and videos ' tab of this guide to find out more.

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Referencing: Images & List of Figures

• Referencing Guide
• In-Text Citation
• Formatting the Bibliography
• Images & List of Figures
• Zotero Referencing Software

What is a List of Figures?

A List of Figures is a complete list of all images and diagrams you reproduce in your written work. 

As with any other material, you must credit the source from which any images you use in your work originated. The List of Figures is where you display all referencing information about images you have reproduced in your work. This is similar to your reference list/bibliography, but is only for images you use.

All images you use in your work need to be included in your List of Figures —this includes artworks, photographs, infographics, graphs, maps, logos, diagrams, charts and tables. It also includes any images you may have created yourself. F igures should not just be used for decoration, they are there to serve a purpose in your work. 

Image from a Book

References to images found in a printed book should be made up of the following elements:

• Creator's Family Name, Initial(s)
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title or description of image (in italics)
• [medium of image]
• Author's family name, Initial(s) - (if different to Creator)
• Title of book (in italics)
• Place of publication:
• Page number(s) of image.

Example: Burne-Jones, E. (1880). The golden stairs. [oil on canvas]. In: Wood, C. (1981). The Pre-Raphaelites. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p.121.

Image from a Magazine/Journal

References should consist of the following elements:

• Creator’s Family Name, Initial(s)
• [medium of image].
• Author’s Family Name, Initial(s) - (if different to Creator)
• Title of Article.
• Title of Journal/Magazine (in italics)
• Volume and Issue Number, or Month
• Page number of image (if applicable)

If accessed online, also include the following:

• Available from: Web Address
• [Accessed: Date]

Examples: Sobierajski, S. and Jeffree, W. (2017). Brand identity for AIGA conference. [illustration]. In: Tucker, E. (2018). A one-way ticket to Tokyo, please. Creative Review. Vol.38 No.4. p.65 or Walker, T. (2016). Model holding feather . [photograph]. In: Boy/Girl/Boy. Vogue Italia . July. Available from: https://www.vogue.it/moda/cover-fashion-stories/2016/07/14/boygirlboy. [Accessed 16 October 2019].

Image from a Museum/Gallery

• Location of collection
• Name of Institution

Example: Beaton, C. (1944). China 1944: a mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital. [photograph]. London: Imperial War Museum Collection. or Warhol, A. (1967). Marilyn Monroe. [screenprint on paper]. London: V&A. Available from: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O72303/marilyn-monroe-marilyn-print-warhol-andy/. [Accessed 24th March 2022].

Image from Social Media

Use this format for images published on social media platforms. For images that have been reposted from an original source, wherever practicable try to reference the original. References should consist of the following elements:

• Author's Family Name, Initial(s) or screen-name where this is not known
• Year of post (in brackets)
• Title or excerpt of post
• Title of platform (in italics)
• [online image]
• Day and Month of Post

Example: Nef, H. (2017). Space princess defends the Uffizi from aliens (house Medici 2078). Instagram . [online image]. 6 June. Available from: https://www.instagram.com/p/BGVJHgiCyyG/?taken-by=harinef. [Accessed 14 December 2018]

Image from a Website

Care should be taken when sourcing images online, as many websites repost images with key referencing data missing. Wherever possible, use the original source. References should consist of the following elements:

• Available from: Website URL.
• [Accessed date]

Examples: Glaser, M. (1966). Dylan. [online image]. Available from: https://www.moma.org/ collection/ works/8108. [Accessed 12 August 2018]. or Wong, A. (2019). Pierpaolo Piccioli takes his bow. [online image]. Available from: https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/valentino-couture-china. [Accessed 8 November 2018].

AI Generated Images

The full image generated using AI should be included in your work (e.g. essay, presentation, process book), and treated like any other image used in academic work. It should be captioned and referenced in the List of Figures.

The figure reference should be made up of the following elements:

• Name of AI organisation (or tool/platform where this is unavailable).
• Year work was generated.
• Full text prompt used to generate the image.
• Name of tool/platform (if different from above).
• [Generative AI].
• URL of platform.
• Date generated.

The organisation that created the model or the name of the tool itself should be treated as the ‘author’ of the work. Images produced by these technologies are not the product of human authorship, and should not be credited as your own work. The text prompt used to create the image should be used as the ‘title’ of the work.

Different AI tools/platforms (e.g. Dall-E, Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, etc.) may require slightly different referencing details, based on the information they provide.

Figure 2: OpenAI. (2023). ‘Pointillist painting of a sheep in a sunny field of blue flowers’ prompt. DALL-E 2 . [Generative AI]. Available from: labs.openai.com . [Accessed 10 May 2023].

Figure 3: Midjourney. (2023). ‘Tiny cute adorable ginger tabby kitten studio light’ prompt. [Generative AI]. Available from: https://www.midjourney.com/ . [Accessed 19 May 2023].

Screenshot from a Film/Video

Use this format for screenshots/screen captures/screengrabs for films watched on DVD/Blu-Ray or viewed through a streaming service or video-sharing platform. References may differ for other mediums, such as television or video games. Consult the main Referencing Guide for advice on these formats and adapt your reference accordingly.

• Director's Family Name, Initial(s)
• Title of Film or Video (in italics)
• [screenshot].
• Place of Production (if known).
• Production organisation (if known).

Examples: Donen, S. (1957). Funny Face. [screenshot]. Hollywood: Paramount Pictures. or The British Library. (2014). Lucy Tammam: Designer. [screenshot]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnQmKNlku9E. [Accessed 12 January 2020].

Your own Image

When referencing images you have created, such as photographs you have taken, you need to give yourself as the author. References should be made up as the following elements:

• Your Family Name, Initial(s)
• Year of creation (in brackets)
• In possession of: the author.

Example: Smith, J. (2019). Data collected from survey statistics. [pie chart]. In possession of: the author.

Captioning Figures

All figures need to be given a running number (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2 , Figure 3), and this should match its corresponding entry in your List of Figures. Number each figure consecutively. You only have one List of Figures—all artwork, photographs, graphs, tables, etc., should be numbered in the same way.

Include the figure number directly below the figure itself, followed by a short caption relating to the image, if appropriate. Captions are not included in your word count. If used, captions should be brief, appropriate and descriptive, explaining the image and its relevance to your text.

Figures should be displayed close to where they are most relevant to your writing, and should usually be mentioned directly. You can refer to each one by the figure number like an in-text citation, e.g. (Figure 1).

Example List of Figures

This is an example of how a List of Figures should be displayed:

Each figure is numbered in the order that it appears in your work, with a caption relating to the image where appropriate. Underneath the caption, you give the full reference for the image. This reference will vary depending on how you accessed the image —whether in a book, online, in a gallery, or if you created it yourself.

For dissertations or theses, you should also give the page number of your work where you reproduce the image, as you would in a table of contents. 

For artworks, images in library databases and images published in books, you should have all the information you need to provide a full reference. Images found online can present challenges, and are often missing important details needed for referencing. Check the website you found the image on first, to see if there is any further information, or links to where the image originally came from.

If you still need help with referencing images or putting together your List of Figures, contact your Subject Librarian . 

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• Research Guides

Using Images and Non-Textual Materials in Presentations, Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

• Documenting and Citing Images
• Finding Images - Select Sources

Documenting and Citing Images/Photographs and Their Sources

Please note that this is advice on best practices and considerations in documenting and citing images and non-print materials. It does not represent legal advice on obtaining permissions.

Generally, images copied from other sources should not be used without permissions in publications or for commercial purposes. Many American academic institutions require graduate students to archive their finished and approved theses/dissertations in institutional electronic repositories and/or institutional libraries and repositories, and/or to post them on Proquest's theses database. Unpublished theses and dissertations are a form of scholarly dissemination. Someone else's images, like someone else's ideas, words or music, should be used with critical commentary, and need to be identified and cited. If a thesis/dissertation is revised for publication,  waivers or permissions from the copyright holder(s) of the images and non-textual materials must be obtained. Best practices also apply to materials found on the internet and on social media, and, properly speaking, require identification, citation, and clearance of permissions, as relevant.

Use the following elements when identifying and citing an image, depending on the information you have available . It is your responsibility to do due diligence and document as much as possible about the image you are using:

• Artist's/creator's name, if relevant;
• Title of the work/image, if known, or description;
• Ownership information (such as a person, estate, museum, library collection) and source of image;
• Material, if known, particularly for art works;
• Dimensions of the work, if known.

The Chicago Manual of Style online can be searched for norms on appropriate ways to caption illustrations, capitalize titles of visual works, or cite print materials that contain images.

Including images/photographs in a bibliography:

Best practice is to not include images within a bibliography of works cited. It is common, instead, to create a separate list of images (or figures) and their source, such as photographer (even if it's you) or collection. It may be useful to also include location, e.g., museum, geographic reference, address, etc.

Examples of Documenting Images

The image below is scanned from a published book. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session, or  paper/thesis, as follows:

[ Figure 1. This photograph from 1990 shows the Monument against Fascism designed by Jochen Gerz and Esther Shalev-Gerz, Hamburg, 1986-1993. Image from James Young, ed.,  Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History (New York: Prestel, 1994), 70]

If you need to use this image in a published work, you will have to seek permission. For example, the book from which this image was scanned should have a section on photo credits which would help you identify the person/archive holding this image.

The image below was found through Google Images and downloaded from the internet. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

[Figure 2. This image shows the interior of Bibliotheca Alexandrina designed by the Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta in 2001. Image downloaded from https://mgkhs.com/gallery/alexandria in March 2016.]

If you want to use this image in a published work, you will have to do your best to track down its source to request permission to use. The web site or social media site where you found the image may not be an appropriate source, since it is common for people to repost images without attribution. Just because "everyone does it" does not mean that you should be using such materials without attribution or documentation. In this specific example, you may need to write to the photographer or to the architecture firm. If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source, or have not received a response, you may be able to use an image found on the internet with appropriate documentation in a publication.

The image below was downloaded from a digitized historic collection of photographs held by an institutional archive. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation,  classroom session, or paper/thesis, as follows:

[Figure 3. In the 1920s the urban landscape of Los Angeles started to change, as various developers began building multi-family apartment houses in sections previously zoned for single family dwellings. Seen in this photograph by Dick Whittington is the Warrington apartment building, which was completed in 1928, surrounded by older single family structures. Downloaded from the USC Digital Library in February 2016]

I f you plan to use this photograph in a publication, seek permission from the library/institution from whose digital archive you downloaded the image. Contact information is usually found in the record for the image.

The image below was taken by the author. It can be used in a critical context within a presentation, classroom session , paper/thesis, or a publication* as follows:

[Figure 4. Genex Tower, also known as West City Gate, is a residential tower located in New Belgrade. This example of late 20th century brutalist-style architecture was designed in 1977 by Mihajlo Mitrović. Photographed by the author in 2013.]

*Please note, if you re-photographed someone else's photograph or a work of art, or if you re-photographed a published image, you may not be able to publish your photograph without first seeking permission or credit for its content.  If you have done due diligence and were unable to find the source or have not received a response, you may be able to use your image with appropriate documentation.

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Harvard Referencing Style: Images or Diagrams

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• Images or Diagrams

Images, Tables, Diagrams etc

IN-TEXT CITATION

Mintzberg(1979) ...

.... (Mintzberg, 1979)

"....." (Mintzberg, 1979:186)

• ​Any image, diagram, table etc. needs a caption as well as an in-text citation to the original work
• If the image, diagram, table etc. being cited belongs to the author of the book, then cite the book as normal, but include the page number as if you were performing a direct quote.
• If the image, diagram table etc. being cited does not belong to the author of the book, then you will need to add additional information.

FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A IMAGE OR DIAGRAM

Author' s Surname, Initial. Year. Title of the Work. [Material Type]. In Author/Editors' surname, Initial. Year.  ​Title.  Place of Publication: Publishers. page number.

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE TO AN  IMAGE  FROM A PRINT BOOK

Mintzberg, H. 1979. The basic parts of organisations – Mintzberg’s model. [Diagram] In: Cole, G.A. 2004. Management theory and practice . 6th ed. London: Thomson. 186.

A caption should always include:

• The word  Figure  (with a capital letter and in italics)
• A number (from 1, in numerical order)
• A title for the figure 
• An in-text citation for the reference of the source, which includes the Author(s), date and page number of the source, i.e. (Saunders et al, 2007:102)
• The caption always appears under the image, figure etc
• They are always referred to by their number in the text.

​ ​EXAMPLE OF A DIAGRAM WITH A CAPTION

Figure 6: The Research Onion (Saunders et. al, 2007:102)

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How to Cite Images, Tables and Diagrams

The pages outlines examples of how to cite images, tables and diagrams using the Harvard Referencing method .

An image found online

In-text citations

Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date:

The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ...

If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image:

The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849)

List of References

Include information in the following order:

• author (if available)
• year produced (if available)
• title of image (or a description)
• Format and any details (if applicable)
• name and place of the sponsor of the source
• accessed day month year (the date you viewed/ downloaded the image)
• URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets).

Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, <http: // www . oph.gov.au/frith/theherald-01.html>.

If there is no named author, put the image title first, followed by the date (if available):

Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, <http: // www . aeraweb.org/khufu_quarry.asp>.

Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, accessed 13 April 2007, <http: // nla . gov.au/nla.map-f829>.  

Online images/diagrams used as figures

Figures include diagrams, graphs, sketches, photographs and maps. If you are writing a report or an assignment where you include a visual as a figure, unless you have created it yourself, you must include a reference to the original source.

Figures should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image.

Cite the author and year in the figure caption:

Figure 1: Bloom's Cognitive Domain (Benitez 2012)

If you refer to the Figure in the text, also include a citation:

As can be seen from Figure 1 (Benitez 2012)

Provide full citation information:

Benitez J 2012, Blooms Cognitve Domain, digital image, ALIEM, accessed 2 August 2015, <https: // www . aliem.com/blooms-digital-taxonomy/>.   

Online data in a table caption

In-text citation

If you reproduce or adapt table data found online you must include a citation. All tables should be numbered and table captions should be above the table.

  Table 2: Agricultural water use, by state 2004-05 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

If you refer to the table in text, include a citation:

As indicated in Table 2, a total of 11 146 502 ML was used (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006)

Include the name of the web page where the table data is found.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Water Use on Australian Farms , 2004-05, Cat. no. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 4 July 2007, <https: // www . abs.gov.au>.

FAQ and troubleshooting

Harvard referencing

• How to cite different sources
• How to cite references
• How to cite online/electronic sources
• Broadcast and other sources
• Citing images and tables
• FAQs and troubleshooting
• About this guide
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CUNY LibAnswers: Graduate Center Dissertation Office

How should i cite images in my thesis or dissertation.

The library's requirements do not specify a specific size or resolution for images, but we do require that images are labeled and numbered as figures in the text. You'll need to create a List of Figures that appears in the preliminary pages, directly following the Table of Contents. The images themselves may be placed within the text or collated together at the end (before the Bibliography/References/Works Cited).

Each image should be captioned with the label and number, and a brief title of the image. If you are reproducing images that you did not take or create yourself, you will need to cite them according to your citation style. This is often referred to as a credit line. For assistance in constructing credit lines for a variety of sources, consult the Chicago Manual of Style 4.102 (17th ed.). If you took the photo or created the image yourself, indicate that in the caption (e.g., "Photo by author").

The MLA provides examples of various figure captions in Chapter 1.7 of the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (free chapter online).

You may wish to also consult the library's guide on citing social media and digital images . If you include a full citation in the caption you do not need to include the source in your Bibliography. You may also choose to simply use an in-text citation in the caption (parenthetical or footnote, depending on your style guide), in which case you would include a full source citation in your Bibliography.

• Last Updated Aug 28, 2023
• Answered By Roxanne Shirazi

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• Subject guides
• Citing and referencing
• Images / Figures

Citing and referencing: Images / Figures

• In-text citations
• Reference list
• Books and book chapters
• Journals/Periodicals
• Newspapers/Magazines
• Government and other reports
• Legal sources
• Websites and social media
• Audio, music and visual media
• Conferences
• Dictionaries/Encyclopedias/Guides
• Theses/Dissertations
• University course materials
• Company and Industry reports
• Patents and Standards
• Tables and Figures
• Abbreviations used in referencing
• Medicine and Health sources
• Foreign language sources
• Music scores
• Journals and periodicals
• Government sources
• News sources
• Web and social media
• Games and apps
• Ancient and sacred sources
• Primary sources
• Audiovisual media and music scores
• Images and captions
• University lectures, theses and dissertations
• Interviews and personal communication
• Archival material
• In-Text Citations: Further Information
• Reference List: Standard Abbreviations
• Data Sheets (inc. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS))
• Figures & Tables (inc. Images)
• Lecture Materials (inc. PowerPoint Presentations)
• Reports & Technical Reports
• Theses and Dissertations
• Reference list guidelines
• Journal articles
• Government and industry publications
• Websites, newspaper and social media
• Conference papers, theses and university material
• Video and audio
• Images, graphs, tables, data sets
• Personal communications
• In-text Citations
• Journals / Periodicals
• Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
• Interviews and lectures
• Music Scores / Recordings
• Film / Video Recording
• Television / Radio Broadcast
• Online Communication / Social Media
• Live Performances
• Government and Organisation Publications
• Medicine & health sources
• Government/organisational/technical reports
• Images, graphs, tables, figures & data sets
• Websites newspaper & magazine articles, socia media
• Conferences, theses & university materials
• Personal communication & confidential unpublished material
• Video, audio & other media
• Generative AI
• Indigenous knowledges

Turabian Contents

• Introduction to Turabian Style
• Websites / Blogs
• Audiovisual
• Exhibitions
• Magazines / Newspapers
• Citing a source within a source
• University course materials / Theses / Exegeses

Rules for images

1. If you include any images in your document, also include a figure caption. See the "Positioning images in your document" box for more information.

2. If you refer to any visual material, i.e. art, design or architecture, you have seen in person and you are not including an image of it in your document, provide a detailed in-text citation or footnote. See the "Art, design and architecture you have seen in person" box for more information. 

3. If you have sourced an image from the web or a publication:

a) Notes Bibliography style: you need to include the publication information or web address in the footnote. See the "Images from the web" or "Images from books or other published sources" for more information. 

b) Author Date style: you need to include a brief in-text citation AND a full bibliography entry. See the "Images from the web" or "Images from books or other published sources" for more information. 

Positioning images in your document

• Author-Date (Parenthetical citations)

Positioning images in your document 

Figures are any images that you include in your document, i.e. illustrations, diagrams, graphs, photographs, images of artworks and etc. Whenever you include a figure in your document, you also provide a caption. Captions give concise descriptions, explanations, legends, or identify elements—depending on the type of figure. Position a caption below each figure.

Begin each caption with a figure number. And in your text, refer to the particular figure as you introduce it, spell out the word 'figure' if its in your sentence, or abbreviate to 'fig.' if it's written in parenthesis i.e. "in figure 1 you can see..." or (see fig. 1).

You may be the author of a figure in your document or you may have sourced it from elsewhere. If figures aren’t your work, captions can provide reference information, i.e. authors, titles and sources. Some assessments may require you to include a courtesy line acknowledging the name of the source organisation, archive or database, followed by an access date and the web address. 

Example:  In his painting The Banquet of Cleopatra (see fig. 1), Venetian artist Giambattista Tiepolo portrays a famous contest where Cleopatra wins a wager with Mark Antony by dissolving a pearl earring in a glass of vinegar and drinking it.  Tiepolo stage this scene amid columns of the composite order (see fig. 2), which visually underline links to ancient Rome (see fig. 3). 

Figure 1. Giambattista Tiepolo,  The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250 x 357 cm. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Victoria, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4409/.

Figure 2. The composite order, showing a , the entablature and b , the column capital. Courtesy of OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://pixabay.com/vectors/column-capital-composite-antiquity-148231/.

Figure 3. The Arch of Septimius Severus, 203 ce., Roman Forum, Rome. Courtesy of Artstor, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au.

Example:  In his painting  The Banquet of Cleopatra  (see fig. 1), Venetian artist Giambattista Tiepolo portrays a famous contest where Cleopatra wins a wager with Mark Antony by dissolving a pearl earring in a glass of vinegar and drinking it. Tiepolo stage this scene amid columns of the composite order (see fig. 2), which visually underline links to ancient Rome (see fig. 3). 

Figure 2. The composite order, showing  a , the entablature and  b , the column capital. Courtesy of OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://pixabay.com/vectors/column-capital-composite-antiquity-148231/.

Figure 3. The Arch of Septimius Severus, 203 ce., Roman Forum, Rome. Courtesy of Artstor, accessed 12 March, 2020, https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au.

Art, design and architecture you have seen in person

If you are referring to art, design or architecture and you are not including the image in your document, you only need to provide a detailed footnote.

Include the following information:

• artist or designer
• title of the work
• year of creation of work
• type of materials (optional)
• dimensions of the work (optional)
• location of item, e.g. name of the institution that houses the work, or city the building is in

Footnote     1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250.3 x 357.0 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

If you are referring to the actual artwork and you are not including the image in your document, you only need to provide a detailed in text citation. 

• location of item, e.g. name institution that houses the work,  or city the building is in

Parenthetical (In Text)     (Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys , 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin )

Images from the web

• Author-Date (Parenthetical citations)

If you found the image online you will need to include in your footnote:

• title of work
• access date

1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250.3 x 357.0 cm, accessed 24 May, 2012, http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/4409 .

2. Max Dupain, The Sunbaker , 1937, gelatin silver photograph, 38.0 x 43.1 cm, accessed 24 May, 2012 , http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/7621 .

If you found the image online you need to include a brief parenthetical (in text) citation and a bibliography entry that includes:

​ Examples:

Parenthetical (In Text)

(Tiepolo 1743-44)

(Dupain 1937)

Bibliography

Tiepolo,  Giambattista. 1743-44.  The Banquet of Cleopatra. Oil on canvas. A ccessed 24 May, 2012.   http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/4409 .

Dupain, Max. 1937. The Sunbaker . Photograph. A ccessed 24 May, 2012.  http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/7621 .

Images from books or other published sources

If you found the image in a book or other published source you will need to include in the footnote:

• date of creation of work
• author of book
• title of book
• place of publication
• date of publication
• figure or plate number of the reproduction (optional)

1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra , 1743-44, in Ted Gott and Laurie Benson, Painting and Sculpture before 1800 in the International Collections of the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2003), 102.

2. Max Dupain, "The Sunbaker", 1937, in Isobel Crombie, Body Culture: Max Dupain, Photography and Australian Culture 1919-1939 (Images Publishing Group in association with National Gallery of Victoria, 2004), 150, 17.1.

If you found the image in a book or other published source you will need to include an in text citation as well as a bibliography entry that includes:

(Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys , 1938, in Lynes, Poling-Kempes, and Turner 2004, 25)

Lynes, Barbara Buhler, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner. 2004. Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico: A sense of place . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Theses and Dissertations Guide: Citing Images

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Citing Images

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This page will help you cite images. Be sure to keep track of the basic information needed for citing images:

Creator name(s)

Title of work

Creation date

Materials and dimensions

Location of work (museum, repository, collection, et cetera)

If you found the image in a book or periodical, you will need to cite the book's or magazine's information.  See book and magazine examples on the libraries' Citing Sources guide .

If you found the image on the web or in an online database, you will need to include the database name and URL.

Your instructor may require you to use a specific style manual; consult the manual for the proper format of your citation.

• The Chicago Manual of Style
• MLA Handbook
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
• A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations (Turabian)

Some examples:

Chicago Style bibliography citation, work of art:

Chihuly, Dale.  Olive Macchia with Cadmium Yellow Lip Wrap.  1992. Blown glass and gold leaf, 19" high. Dayton Art Institute, Dayton.

Chicago Style bibliography citation, from an image database:

Monet, Claude. View of the Sea at Sunset.  1870-74. Pastel on paper, 6 x 15 3/4" (15.3 x 40 cm). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Artstor. https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AMICO_BOSTON_103833759

MLA Style citation, work of art:

Chihuly, Dale. Olive Macchia with Cadmium Yellow Lip Wrap . 1992, Dayton Art Institute, Dayton.

MLA Style citation, from an image database:

Monet, Claude. View of the Sea at Sunset . 1870-74. Artstor,  https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AMICO_BOSTON_103833759

MLA Style citation, image found in book:

Louis, Morris. Saraband . 1959. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Art Since 1900 . By Hal Foster, Rosalind Krauss, Yve-Alain Bois, and Benjamin H.D. Buchloh. New York : Thames & Hudson Inc., 2004. 440. Painting.

APA Style citation, work of art:

Chihuly, D. (1992). Olive macchia with cadmium lip wrap [Glasswork]. Dayton Art Institute,  Dayton, OH, United States.

APA Style citation, from an image database:

Monet, C. (1870-74). View of the Sea at Sunset [Painting]. Retrieved from https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/AMICO_BOSTON_103833759

Turabian citation (in note), work of art:

1. Dale Chilhuly, Olive Macchia with Cadmium Lip Wrap , blown glass and gold leaf, 1992, Dayton Art Institute, Dayton.

Turabian citation (in note), from an image database:

1. Claude Monet, View of the Sea at Sunset (1870-1874). Artstor. JPEG file. www.artstor.org, image ID AMICO_BOSTON_103834117 (accessed 1 September 2009).

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Images: finding, using and referencing

• Finding images
• Referencing images
• Copyright Overview This link opens in a new window
• Inclusive Images

Harvard Referencing

All the examples and references in this Images guide are the University of Lincoln Harvard style.

For the Harvard guide and other styles see the Library webpage .

Images, pictures, photographs

Every time you use an image or illustration in your writing, it should be referred to up to three times:

Images within the text

Alternatives:

Fig. 1. Shop until you drop (Banksy, 2011)

Fig. 1. Banksy (2011) Shop until you drop

Just be consistent…

Image sources within the reference list (online sources)

In-text citation

(Banksy, 2011)

Reference list or bibliography entry

Banksy (2011) Shop until you drop . Available from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG [accessed 2 November 2018]

Monet, C. (1886) Flood waters . London: The National Gallery. Available from http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/claude-monet-flood-waters [accessed 30 June 2015]

Image sources within the reference list (from books)

(Rodchenko, 1936, 107)

Rodchenko, A. (1936) Ready for work and defence. In: W.A. Ewing (ed.) (2000) The century of the body: 100 photoworks 1900-2000 . London: Thames & Hudson, 107.

List of Illustrations

• Either at the start of an essay or report or at the end, before the List of References.
• Unlike other references, the images/illustrations not listed alphabetically, but in the order they appear in the work.

In the text: (see fig. 1.) (Banksy, 2011) or Banksy (2011)

In the List of Illustrations:

Figure 1. Banksy (2011) Shop until you drop . [Graffitti Art] Available from  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shop_Until_You_Drop_by_Banksy.JPG [accessed 2 November 2018]

Referencing images tips

• If you refer to an image from a printed source (e.g. book), you must reference the source.
• Check with your tutor for specific criteria, e.g. a list of images or illustrations as an appendix.
• It is not necessary to provide a reference for an image you have created yourself.

Keeping track

• Bibliographic management tool - automatically generates citations and bibliographies for your assignments
• Accessible via the Library website
• You will need to register the first time you use it
• Export book references from the Library website
• Export journal article references from Library databases
• Set up Google Scholar to export references
• https://guides.library.lincoln.ac.uk/find/reference-management
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• Leeds Harvard referencing examples

Leeds Harvard: Image

Reference examples.

If you refer to an image that you have found in a printed source, eg a book , you must provide a reference for that source. Check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present images in your work, eg including a list of images in an appendix.

It is not necessary to provide a reference in your bibliography for an image that you have created yourself. Images generated by AI tools must be referenced. See below for an example of how to do this. 

Online image

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title of image . [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Bowry, J. 2013. Telephone boxes in the snow . [Online]. [Accessed 10 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.flickr.com/

Picasso, P. 1925. The Dance . [Online]. [Accessed 4 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.oxfordartonline.com

Original image or photograph

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title . [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).

Roux, E. 1915. Photograph taken at Gallipoli by Ernest Roux . [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library. Liddle Collection, FR 31.

Original image or photograph (missing details)

If there is no originator, start your reference with the image title. If there is no title, start with a description.

Title . Year. [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable).

Photograph of two members of the Shaikevich family . c1920. [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library, Leeds Russian Archive Collection. MS 1210.

Image generated by AI software

Some generative AI tools provide a shareable link to the output they have generated. If this is available, you should include it. Otherwise, include the URL of the tool’s homepage.  

Company and software name. Year. AI generated image of (description) . [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL 

Adobe Firefly. 2024. AI generated image of a tree standing in a field surrounded by wildflowers and small woodland creatures . [Online]. [Accessed 12 March 2024]. Available from: https://firefly.adobe.com/public/t2i?id=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AEU%3Abdae3474-5ded-425a-87ba-081ffbc50129&ff_channel=shared_link&ff_source=Text2Image  

Citation examples

Image, figure, table or diagram.

You should provide an in-text citation for any photographs, images, tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations that you reproduce in your work. The citation would normally be given after the title of the figure, table, diagram, etc.

Example: Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2015, p.54).

A reference within the text to a table, graph, diagram, etc. taken from a source should include the author, date and page number in brackets to enable the reader to identify the data.

Example: (Jones, 2015, p.33)

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year and page number needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Jones (2015, p.33) gave a detailed figures on the rapid increase of trade union membership during the twentieth century.

If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such.

Example: (United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2016, p.33)

If you use a table/graph, etc. from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment, you must make that clear in your reference.

We would suggest something along the lines of: Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22.

Corporate author

If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).  

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

MHRA referencing guide (Online): Images (photos, illustrations, diagrams, tables, etc.)

• MHRA or APA?
• Elements of the Style
• Elements of the Reference
• Secondary Referencing
• Use of Ibid.
• Formatting MHRA in Word
• Try some exercises
• Book with One Author
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• Sacred Texts
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• Archival Material
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• Acts of Parliament
• Conference Papers
• Theses and Dissertations
• Private Communications
• A Single Television Programme
• An Episode of a Television Programme/Series
• Radio Programme
• Images (photos, illustrations, diagrams, tables, etc.)
• Oral History
• Graphic Novel
• Music Track
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PRINT SOURCE FOOTNOTE

(first mention)

Angelica Kauffmann, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’, in John Tosh and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History , 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006), p. 167.

(subsequent mentions)

Kauffmann, p.167

ONLINE SOURCE FOONOTE

Angelica Kauffmann, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’, in John Tosh and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History , 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006), p. 167. Dawsonera ebook.

Angelica Kauffmann, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’ [online] < http://www.akg-images.co.uk/Docs/AKG/Media/TR3_WATERMARKED/b/3/1/d/AKG2507

23.jpg > [accessed 14 September 2017].

PRINT SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kauffmann, Angelica, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’, in John Tosh and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History , 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006), p. 167

ONLINE SOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kauffmann, Angelica, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’, in John Tosh and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History , 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006), p. 167. Dawsonera ebook

Angelica Kauffmann, ‘Clio, The Muse of History’ [online] < http://www.akg-images.co.uk/Docs/AKG/Media/TR3_WATERMARKED/b/3/1/d/A KG250723.jpg > [accessed 14 September 2017]

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Photographs and Images: Using Images in Theses and Dissertations

• What is Fair Use?

Using Images in Theses and Dissertations

• How to Cite an Image
• Copyright and Publishing an Image in a Book, Journal, Video, etc.
• Images of Albuquerque

Historically, images were reproduced in dissertations and theses without obtaining permissions from the copyright holders. Because of the clearly academic, non-commercial nature of theses and dissertations, and because access to theses and dissertations was typically confined to an academic, library setting, there seemed to be little dispute that the incorporation of such images into these or dissertations was a fair use.

As theses and dissertations began to be posted to online repositories, the publishers of those repositories sometime required that graduate students posting theses to their repositories obtain copyright permissions for images. While UNM's Digital Respository   does not have an institutional policy on the use of images in theses and dissertations, the  UNM Office of Graduate Studies  stipulates that students should obtain copyright.

The Office of Graduate Studies at UNM offers the following guidelines:  

Registering Your Copyright

Registering your copyright in your thesis or dissertation is optional. Under current United States copyright Law, the moment you reduce a work to a tangible medium (i.e., write it on paper, save on hard drive or other storage device, take the photograph, record the music, etc.) your thesis or dissertation is copyrighted. This applies to unpublished manuscripts as well. There is no longer the need to register your work for copyright to attach. Furthermore, there is no longer the requirement of putting a copyright notice on a work for it to be copyrighted. You may register your copyright either by having ProQuest do so (see above) or on your own by submitting a registration form, which you can pick-up at Zimmerman Library Government Publications or download from US Copyright Office's web page, with a check for thirty five ($35) dollars, and two copies of your thesis or dissertation. Additional information can be obtained by calling 202-287-8700 or going to the web site of the  United States Copyright Office .

Including Copyrighted Material in Your Manuscript

You should remember that if you quote or otherwise reproduce in your thesis or dissertation material previously copyrighted by another author, beyond brief excerpts, you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner. Keep in mind that if a work was created in or after 1989, there is no requirement that it have a copyright notice to be copyrighted This includes foreign works and foreign works for which the copyright has been reinstated pursuant to international treaty.

Copyright law is extremely complex and it can be difficult to determine what action you need to take and where to begin looking for permissions. The Office of Graduate Studies  Publishing  web site contains a great deal of information and has been helpful to students. The Office of Graduate Studies does not provide copyright advisement.

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• Last Updated: May 5, 2020 2:46 PM
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How to cite self-created images or pictures in thesis

When we put some images in a thesis, we provide a reference to its source where it’s located. If I have created my own images or pictures, how do I make it clear that they are my images and I did not copy and paste them from somewhere?.

So here is the scenario. I am comparing my application architecture with the existing architecture. Since it was a literature study, my architecture is quite different except for one or two components that share the idea with the other one. I am showing both architectures. I explicitly mention the source of the other. But what about my own?

Is there a need to cite self-created images? If yes then how to cite them?

• writing-style

3 Answers 3

Have a look at the relevant guidelines/rules at your university/department.

Where I am, one typically signs that everything that is not your work or that is not novel is cited. Novelty in the thesis context is defined as "has not been used in any other exam/thesis". Papers published as part of the thesis work do not hamper thesis-relevant novelty at "my" university . But since it is up to the unviersity (or even faculty) to decide their exam rules, you may be subject to different rules.

In addition, copyright plays a role. You may be author without having the copyright. The holder/owner of the copyright can allow you to re-use images but stipulate certain ways of citing.

Anything (images, diagrams, tables, text) you created for the current thesis (so they are novel according to the thesis rules ) and where you hold the copyright (so no rules binding to use particular citation forms) are not cited. If there is no citation, you claim it's yours and novel for this thesis - and thus that it should be included in the content based on which your work is judged by the thesis committee.

In my case, I needed to cite my own work only if/when:

I wanted to reuse an image/diagram that I used already for an earlier thesis or exam, e.g. had I wanted a diagram from my Master thesis to re-appear in my PhD thesis. In that case, I'd have cited my Master thesis like unrelated work. Unrelated since this is not part of the work the committee should judge.

I transfered copyright for several papers I authored to the respective publishers. They typically did allow re-use in theses but prescribed citation sentences like e.g. "This image is reused from [CB3] with kind permission of $publisher ." [CB3] would be how I cited e.g. the third paper I wrote as part of PhD current thesis. Had I retained copyright (non-exclusive license to the publisher), I wouldn't have need to cite this way. Nevertheless, I'd still think it advisable to tell the reader that this diagram can also be found in that paper - it saves people from trying to find out whether the paper contains anything in addition to what the thesis contains. Similarly, I could have used [3], i.e. there was no requirement to make the citiations of my papers for the thesis immediately distinguishable from other citations, but I thought it a good idea to provide such a distincition - e.g. because it makes it clear to the committee that this is part of what they judge as my thesis.

For your scenario of diagrams illustrating some application architecture described in some paper:

if the diagram for the existing one is directly taken from the paper, you apply for a license to re-use that image with the publisher and then do whatever they stipulate in this license.

if you draw your own diagram (in your architecture diagram "language"/style) from the description in the paper, you cite the idea/description, e.g. "diagram of architecture described in [27]" but the diagram itself is your own work , and novel and original part of your thesis.

With "your own diagram" I mean e.g. situations like: They have some diagram in the paper. But their way of illustrating isn't really suitable for your thesis since you need to highlight/contrast aspects that are similar to|differ from the architecture you developed. You therefore make a new graph that describes their architecture in another language/style that allows to depict their architecture as well as your architecture.

Your diagram of your architecture is original and novel work that is part of your thesis. No citation here, unless you signed away the copyright for this diagram - in which case you need a license by the new copyright owner (= journal publisher). In which case you do whatever the license says you should do.

• really helpful. I just wanted to avoid any ambiguity about the components. we are both using the same component because we have to. Its the component provided by the technology to use however we can. I just wanted to avoid that I stole the idea just because the name of the components are the same and function in the same way. but that's their job to provide this functionality –  Jonny_G Commented Aug 19, 2020 at 18:45

There is no need to cite self-created, previously-unpublished images any more than you need to cite self-written, previously unpublished words. By absence of a citation you are claiming the work as your own.

Since this is for a thesis, you should probably check with your advisor / supervisor to be absolutely certain they share that view.

• 7 You may be asked to document the sources of figures in your thesis as part of the process of submitting to ProQuest or other repositories. If that happens, just state that you created these images yourself. –  Brian Borchers Commented Aug 19, 2020 at 15:35

Cite your own work just like you'd cite someone else's. Without citation you're suggesting originality.

A reader knows when an author cites their own work. The author of both works are the same (or overlapping). There's no need to be explicit (by stating, for instance, in my earlier work ), unless it is useful.

For works derived from a thesis (as opposed to published works), there isn't an explicit need to self-cite, since works derived from a thesis are considered original, they haven't been published before. That said, you might want to mention something along the lines of: My thesis contains a preliminary version of this work, or similar. (You'll need to adapt slightly when you aren't the sole author.)

• 2 kindly check my updated question to understand the scenario –  Jonny_G Commented Aug 19, 2020 at 13:36
• Aren't the first two sentences in direct contradiction? You say to "cite your own work". Then you say "A reader knows when an author cites their own work [...] there's no need to be explicit", which I take to mean, "you don't need to cite your own work." –  user91988 Commented Aug 20, 2020 at 14:25
• @user91988 you don't need to cite your own work isn't my reading, my edit clarifies. –  user2768 Commented Aug 20, 2020 at 14:47

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Watch CBS News

Hurricane Beryl nears Caribbean islands as "extremely dangerous" Category 4 storm

Updated on: July 1, 2024 / 8:45 AM EDT / CBS/AP

Hurricane Beryl was closing in on the Windward Islands in the southeast Caribbean as an "extremely dangerous" Category 4 storm, the National Hurricane Center said Sunday night. Forecasters warned the first major hurricane of the Atlantic season would bring life-threatening winds and storm surge to the Windward Islands early Monday.

Hurricane warnings are already in effect in Barbados, St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago. Tropical storm warnings are in effect for Martinique and Trinidad, while a tropical storm watch is in effect in Dominica, the south coast of the Dominican Republic from Punta Palenque westward and the south coast of Haiti from the Dominican border to Anse d'Hainault. 

"This is a very serious situation developing for the Windward Islands," warned the Miami-based National Hurricane Center. The center said that Beryl was "forecast to bring life-threatening winds and storm surge … as an extremely dangerous hurricane."

Beryl is on track  to move across the Windward Islands early on Monday before traveling through the southeastern Caribbean on Monday night and Tuesday.

Two hurricane hunters were en route to the storm to gather more details about its intensity, according to the National Hurricane Center.

Historic hurricane

It took Beryl only 42 hours to strengthen from a tropical depression to a major hurricane — a feat accomplished only six other times in Atlantic hurricane history, and with Sept. 1 as the earliest date, according to hurricane expert Sam Lillo.

Beryl is now only the third Category 3 hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic in June, following Audrey in 1957 and Alma in 1966, hurricane specialist and storm surge expert Michael Lowry said.

"Beryl is an extremely dangerous and rare hurricane for this time of year in this area," he told the Associated Press in a phone interview. "Unusual is an understatement. Beryl is already a historic hurricane and it hasn't struck yet."

Hurricane Ivan in 2004 was the last strongest hurricane to hit the southeast Caribbean, causing catastrophic damage in Grenada as a Category 3 storm.

"So this is a serious threat, a very serious threat," Lowry said of Beryl.

Beryl is the second named storm in what is predicted to be a busy hurricane season, which runs from June 1 to Nov. 30 in the Atlantic. Last week, Tropical Storm Alberto brought torrential flooding to portions of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. It was responsible for at least four deaths in the Mexican states of Nuevo Leon and Veracruz.  

According to CBS News weather producer David Parkinson, Beryl is the farthest east a hurricane has formed in June, and one of only two to do so east of the Caribbean, with the other instance occurring in 1933. Parkinson expects Beryl to remain south of Jamaica, and forecasts that any U.S. impacts are still at least eight days away. 

Warm waters are fueling Beryl, with ocean heat content in the deep Atlantic the highest on record for this time of year, according to Brian McNoldy, University of Miami tropical meteorology researcher.

Forecasters warned of a life-threatening storm surge of up to 9 feet in areas where Beryl will make landfall, with up to 6 inches of rain for Barbados and nearby islands.

Bracing for the storm

Long lines formed at gas stations and grocery stores in Barbados and other islands as people rushed to prepare for a storm that rapidly intensified from a tropical storm with 35 mph winds on Friday to a Category 1 hurricane on Saturday.

"We need to be ready," Barbadian Prime Minister Mia Mottley said in a public address late Friday. "You and I know when these things happen, it is better to plan for the worst and pray for the best."

She noted that thousands of people were in Barbados Saturday for the  Twenty20 World Cup cricket final , with India beating South Africa on Saturday in the capital of Bridgetown. It is considered cricket's biggest event.

Meanwhile, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves said in a public address Saturday that shelters will open Sunday evening as he urged people to prepare. He ordered officials to refuel government vehicles and asked grocery stores and gas stations to stay open later before the storm.

"Please take this very seriously and prepare yourselves," said Gonsalves. "This is a terrible hurricane."

Caribbean leaders were preparing not only for Beryl, but for a cluster of thunderstorms trailing the hurricane that have a 70% chance of becoming a tropical depression.

"Do not let your guard down," Mottley said.

According to the National Hurricane Center, the season's first hurricane usually forms in early to mid-August, which makes Beryl unusual for having reached hurricane strength so early in the summer. In a report released last month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted an "above average" hurricane season with 17 to 25 storms, 8 to 13 hurricanes and 4 to 7 major hurricanes of category 3 or higher. An average Atlantic hurricane season produces 14 named storms, seven of them hurricanes and three major hurricanes.

A tropical storm is named when a tropical cyclone has maximum sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph, while a hurricane  is defined  as a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 74 mph. 

More from CBS News

"Historic" Hurricane Beryl barrels toward Caribbean isles

Beryl strengthens into hurricane in the Atlantic as it bears down on Caribbean

Hurricane Beryl maps show path and landfall forecast

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Contraception Is Free by Law. So Why Are a Quarter of Women Still Paying for It?

Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont has called on a government watchdog to investigate. Here’s what you need to know.

By Alisha Haridasani Gupta

Last week, Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, chair of the Senate health committee, called on a government watchdog to investigate why insurance companies are still charging women for birth control — a move that thrust access to contraceptives back into the spotlight .

In a letter to the Government Accountability Office , the senator noted that insurance companies were charging Americans for contraceptives that, under federal law, should be free — and that they were also denying appeals from consumers who were seeking to have their contraceptives covered. Some experts estimate that those practices could affect access to birth control for millions of women .

Since 2012, the Affordable Care Act has mandated that private insurance plans cover the “full range” of contraceptives for women approved by the Food and Drug Administration , including female sterilizations, emergency contraceptives and any new products cleared by the F.D.A. The mandate also covers services associated with contraceptives, like counseling, insertions or removals and follow-up care.

That means that consumers shouldn’t have any associated co-payments with in-network providers, even if they haven’t met their deductibles. Some plans might cover only generic versions of certain contraceptives, but patients are still entitled to coverage of a specific product that their providers deem medically necessary. Medicaid plans have a similar provision; the only exception to the mandate are plans sponsored by employers or colleges that have religious or moral objections.

Yet many insurers are still charging for contraceptives — some in the form of co-payments, others by denying coverage altogether.

A Quarter of Women Are Paying Unnecessarily for Contraceptives

In his letter, Senator Sanders cited a recent survey by KFF , a nonprofit health policy research organization, that found that roughly 25 percent of women with private insurance plans said they had paid at least some part of the cost of their birth control; 16 percent reported that their insurance plans had offered partial coverage, and 6 percent noted that their plans did not cover contraceptives at all. Additionally, a 2022 congressional investigation , which analyzed 68 health plans, found that the process to apply for exceptions and have contraceptives covered was “burdensome” for consumers and that insurance companies denied, on average, at least 40 percent of exception requests.

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• EO Explorer

• Global Maps

Record Rainfall Floods Midwest

June 9, 2024 JPEG

June 24, 2024 JPEG

June 9, 2024

June 24, 2024

Over a foot of rain fell on parts of South Dakota and Iowa in late June 2024, sending water over the banks of rivers. Overflowing rivers destroyed homes and bridges and inundated farm fields in the Midwestern states.

A front of dense moisture, drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico , parked over southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 20 and 21, unleashing torrential rainfall. Mitchell and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, recorded 6.5 and 7.7 inches of cumulative rain, respectively. It was the wettest two-day period for these cities in the National Weather Service’s (NWS) climate record, dating back to 1893. In Canton, South Dakota, near Iowa’s border, about 15 inches of rain fell on those days, according to NWS estimates .

The front brought rain to already saturated soils, according to the NWS National Water Center . The Great Plains region had already received 150–200 percent of its normal rainfall between mid-May and mid-June. Using soil moisture data from NASA’s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition ( SPoRT ) center, NWS forecasted that the ground may not be able to absorb more water.

The Big Sioux River, which runs along the Iowa-South Dakota border, rose to record heights after back-to-back days of heavy rainfall. On June 23, the level of the river in Sioux City, Iowa, reached almost 45 feet —7 feet higher than the previous record. That evening, a steel railroad bridge connecting North Sioux City, South Dakota, with Sioux City, Iowa, collapsed into the Big Sioux River.

The images above, acquired by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9 , show Sioux City on June 9 (left) and June 24 (right). Water had overtopped the banks of the Big Sioux River in the June 24 image, inundating adjacent farmland. The images are false-color to emphasize the presence of water, which appears dark blue. The image below shows a wider view of southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 24.

In northwestern Iowa, about a foot of rain fell over two days near the town of Rock Valley, 50 miles (80 kilometers) southeast of Sioux Falls. Excessive rain filled the Rock River, bringing it to an all-time high of 27 feet (19 feet is the major flooding stage ). The river broke a levee in Rock Valley on the morning of June 22, sending a torrent of floodwater across the town and forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate, according to news reports . The false-color image below, acquired by Landsat 8, shows water spilling over the banks of the Rock River near Rock Valley on June 24.

Next, the front passed over southern Minnesota and caused water levels to build along several rivers in the state. According to news reports , rising waters on the Blue Earth River washed out a portion of the Rapidan Dam, near Mankato.

As of June 25, the water levels of many rivers in this part of the Great Plains had begun to fall but were still in major flooding stage, according to the NWS.

NASA’s Disasters program has been activated in support of the floods in Iowa. As new information becomes available, the team will be posting maps and data products on its open-access mapping portal .

NASA Earth Observatory images by Wanmei Liang , using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey . Story by Emily Cassidy .

View this area in EO Explorer

Rivers burst their banks, inundating homes and farmland in South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa.

Image of the Day for June 26, 2024

Image of the Day Land Water Floods Human Presence

View more Images of the Day:

2024 Flooding in the Northern Hemisphere

Heavy rainfall in a short period of time can send rivers out of their banks.

References & Resources

• Fox Weather (2024, June 22) Evacuation orders remain in effect for northern Iowa town after levee break, flash flooding . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• KCRG (2024, June 21) Rock Valley residents evacuated early Saturday morning, all rescue calls completed by the afternoon . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• Minnesota Public Radio (2024, June 25) Minnesota flooding: Rapidan Dam near Mankato holds, roads and state parks closed . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• National Water Prediction Service (2024, June 25) Precipitation Estimates . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• National Weather Service, Sioux Falls, via X (2024, June 24) Did you know... June 20 and 21, 2024 is the wettest 2-day period on record at Mitchell SD and Sioux Falls SD? Accessed June 25, 2024.
• National Weather Service (2024) NWS Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Flooding Resource Page . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• National Weather Service (2024, June 21) Short Range Public Discussion . Accessed June 25, 2024.
• PBS News (2024, June 24) Railroad bridge between South Dakota and Iowa collapses among Midwest flooding . Accessed June 25, 2024.

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In June 2008, intense spring rains pushed the Iowa River over its banks in Iowa City. Though the flood had started to recede when the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ( ASTER ) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured the top image on June 22, the river was still swollen.

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Martin Mull, actor from 'Clue' and 'Arrested Development,' dies at 80

Martin Mull, the comic musician and actor who started with 1970s TV series “Fernwood 2 Night” and went on to appear as Colonel Mustard in “Clue” and on “Arrested Development” and “Roseanne,” died Thursday. He was 80.

His daughter Maggie announced  his death on Instagram , writing “I am heartbroken to share that my father passed away at home on June 27th, after a valiant fight against a long illness. He was known for excelling at every creative discipline imaginable and also for doing Red Roof Inn commercials. He would find that joke funny. He was never not funny. My dad will be deeply missed by his wife and daughter, by his friends and coworkers, by fellow artists and comedians and musicians, and—the sign of a truly exceptional person—by many, many dogs. I loved him tremendously.”

Mull was nominated for an Emmy in 2016 for his guest role as political aide Bob Bradley in “Veep.” Most recently he had made guest appearances on “The Afterparty,” “Not Dead Yet” and “Grace and Frankie.”

He guested in 2015 on NBC comedy “Community” as George Perry, the father of Gillian Jacobs’ Britta Perry, and on CBS’ comedy “Life in Pieces.”

Mull had a recurring role from 2008-2013 on “Two and a Half Men” as Russell, a pharmacist who uses and sells drugs illegally and attended Charlie’s funeral in the Season 9 premiere episode. The actor also recurred on “Arrested Development” as a rather incompetent private investigator named Gene Parmesan who has a habit of showing up in inane disguises.

Mull was a series regular on Seth MacFarlane’s single-season Fox comedy “Dads,” starring Seth Green and Giovanni Ribisi as the owners of a video-game company, in 2013-14, playing the father of Ribisi’s character.

In 2008 he guested on “Law & Order: SVU” as Dr. Gideon Hutton, whose denial of the existence of AIDS leads to his conviction for willful negligence in the deaths of several people.

Mull’s film and television career really all began with his stint as talk show host Barth Gimble on the wickedly satirical, Norman Lear-created TV series “Fernwood 2 Night,” which was later renamed “America Tonight,” in 1977 and 1978. The mock talk show also featured Fred Willard co-starring as Gimble’s dimwitted sidekick Jerry Hubbard. These shows were spin-offs from Lear’s seminal soap opera sendup “Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.”

Willard and Mull reteamed on the 1985 HBO mockumentary “The History of White People in America.” Mull played Roseanne’s gay boss Leon Carp on her same-titled ABC sitcom from 1991-97, and he was reunited with Willard for a 1995 episode of the show in which the two were featured in what was certainly one of television’s first gay weddings.

On the Ellen De Generes sitcom “The Ellen Show” (not to be confused with the earlier “Ellen”), which ran for 18 episodes on CBS in 2001-02, Mull was a series regular as Ed Munn. He recurred on “Sabrina, the Teenage Witch” as Principal Willard Kraft from 1997-2000.

From 1998-2004 Mull was a regular on game show “Hollywood Squares” in a run of 425 episodes, many of them as the center square.

Martin Eugene Mull was born in Chicago to a mother who was an actress and director and a father who was a carpenter. The family moved to North Ridgeville, Ohio, when he was 2; when he was 15, they moved to New Canaan, Connecticut. He studied painting and graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design with a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts in painting.

Mull first broke into show business not as an actor or comedian but as a songwriter, penning Jane Morgan’s 1970 country single “A Girl Named Johnny Cash,” which peaked at No. 61 on Billboard’s country charts. He began his own recording career shortly thereafter.

He composed the theme song for the 1970 series “The 51st State,” and he was the music producer on the 1971 film “Jump.”

Throughout the 1970s, and especially in the decade’s first half, Mull was best known as a musical comedian, performing satirical and humorous songs both live and in studio recordings. He opened for Randy Newman, Frank Zappa and Bruce Springsteen at various live gigs in the early ’70s.

His self-titled debut album, released in 1972, featured noteworthy musicians including Ramblin’ Jack Elliott, Levon Helm from the Band, Keith Spring of NRBQ and Libby Titus. Other albums included 1974’s 1973’s “Martin Mull and His Fabulous Furniture in Your Living Room,” 1974’s “Normal,” “Days of Wine and Neuroses” (1975), “No Hits, Four Errors: The Best of Martin Mull” (1977), “Sex and Violins” (1978) and “I’m Everyone I’ve Ever Loved.” According to a  profile on the A.V. Club  website, Mull earned “a hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with the single ‘Dueling Tubas.’ ” His early albums were recorded for Georgia-based Capricorn Records which was closely associated with the Allman Brothers and other Southern rockers of the era.

In the A.V. Club interview, Mull was asked how a painter found his way into acting, to which he responded: “You know, every painter I know has a day job. They’re either teaching art at some college or driving a cab or whatever. And I just happened to luck into a day job that’s extraordinary and a lot of fun and buys a lot of paint.”

“As far as the acting thing goes, I had a musical career on the road for about 17 years or so, I had bands and so forth, and it boiled down to just my wife and I playing big rooms in Vegas, and you couldn’t ask for more than that. There were limousines and suites and the whole thing. But I got sick of it. So I thought I’d try my hand at  writing  for television. And I had an ‘in’ to have an interview with Norman Lear, and I was a huge fan of ‘Mary Hartman.’ I went in and talked to him for, oh, I would say a good hour. We had a great chat. And afterward he said, ‘We don’t need any writers. It’s been nice meeting you. I’ll see you.’ And then six months later I got a call to come in and read for a part.”

After the attention he received for playing Barth Gimble on the syndicated series “Fernwood 2 Night,” he played one of the few lead roles of his career in the 1980 feature comedy “Serial,” a satire of life in Marin County.

Also in 1980, Mull had a supporting role in Tony Bill’s “My Bodyguard” as the hotel-manager father of Chris Makepeace’s protagonist Clifford. In “Mr. Mom” (1983), Michael Keaton was the stay-at-home dad, Teri Garr was the working mother, and Martin Mull “is the snaky president of the advertising agency, with plans for promoting Garr into his own life,” in the words of Roger Ebert.

In 1984 Steve Martin and Martin Mull teamed to create the sitcom “Domestic Life,” in which Mull starred as a Seattle TV commentator whose teenage son operates very successful businesses from his room and makes loans to his parents, but the CBS series lasted only 10 episodes.

The actor was part of the ensemble in Robert Altman’s satirical, little-known take on the lives of high school boys, “O.C. and Stiggs” (1985). That year Mull also played Colonel Mustard in “Clue,” an adaptation of the board game, one of the movie roles for which he is best remembered.

He starred in and wrote the screenplay for another little known film, the Robert Downey Sr.-directed “Rented Lips” (1988).

Mull tried series-regular television again as the star opposite Stephanie Faracy of NBC’s “His & Hers,” which disappeared after 13 episodes in 1990, and on “The Jackie Thomas Show” (1992), starring Tom Arnold and gone from ABC after 18 episodes.

The actor began his voiceover sideline with 1993’s “Family Dog,” an early series from Brad Bird in which he provided the lead voice.

Mull guested as himself on two episodes of Garry Shandling’s HBO series “The Larry Sanders Show” in 1992-93. He also had a supporting role in Robin Williams’ 1993 hit “Mrs. Doubtfire.”

Trained as a painter, Mull had practiced his art since the 1970s, and his work appeared both in group and solo exhibits. One of his paintings, After Dinner Drinks (2008), which is owned by Steve Martin, was used for the cover of “Love Has Come for You,” an album by Martin and Edie Brickell. 

He is survived by his wife, the former Wendy Haas, an actor and composer whom he married in 1982, and his daughter Maggie, a TV writer and producer.