science for human welfare essay

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Man lives in two worlds – the world of matter and the world of spirit. The scientist indeed is the ruler of the world of matter which is completely under his dominance. But the latter is altogether beyond his sway. The scientific mind seems quite helpless in the world of spirit which is of vital importance for human life, his interrelationship, relationship with nature, spiritual rituals and ways of being which form an essential and important part of his life. Moreover, there are large lacunae in clearly understanding man's relation with God and nature. There are fundamental queries of birth and death, sin and virtue – which science is unable to explain and these form an integral part of human life. These finer mysteries still remain far beyond the reach of human mind and are likely to continue to remain so.

It is true that science encourages forward looking and active temper of mind. It helps in removing the cobwebs of superstition, dogma and ignorance. It provides insight into the complexities of life and outer space, but unsupplemented and uncorrected, it gives an inadequate view of the world. The human mind envisages endless possibilities to unravel the mysteries of this world and beyond with constant support and funding in billions. India also is striding towards becoming an innovative superpower within this century. It sounds extremely wonderful and fascinating. The scientific manpower in India is estimated to be three million, with its nationals leading the world in cutting-edge technology. But in spite of this potential resource the other side is that there are many who lack access to basic life care, education and amenities. For 63 years (1947-2011) we have been celebrating Republic and Independence Day. However, in spite of having the maximum number of medical and dental institutions which provide a large number of medical scientists, India's health system is under consistant burden of infectious diseases. A large section of the society lives in poverty and many die of hunger, malnutrition, infectious diseases like TB, HIV-AIDS and also due lack of basic care and basic healthcare which is their fundamental right. What to talk of the oral healthcare which is considered far below satisfaction. All these scientific advances, achievements by the scientific mind, are of no worth to these underprivileged. How do we bridge the gap, provide for all, educate and provide for meaningful existence? How do we accomplish this mammoth task? The scientist with all his logic and objective enquiry is not capable of achieving it. That is where the world of spirit enters. For is it not the undying devotion towards God, spiritualism, the undying human spirit that provides for the existence of these marginalized sections? The coordination of the different branches and sub-branches of knowledge and its application to human welfare is the main function of man's life.

It is, therefore, with the temper and approach of science allied to philosophy and with reverence for all that lies beyond that we must face life. The research advancements and benefit of science exists only when it percolates downwards benefitting all. Thus we may develop an integral vision of life which embraces in its wide scope the past and the present with all their heights and depths.

Human welfare should be the ultimate goal of science, because in the end are we not inhabitants of the same world whose actions affect fellow human beings?

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Essay on “Science and Human Welfare” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Science and Human Welfare

Science has transformed human life beyond all imaginations. Thanks to the efforts of a few scientists, man is no longer a helpless toy in the hand of nature , but the proud master of the three worlds of land, air and water. Science has changed our outlook, our mental makeup, our thoughts and ideas, our dreams and our hopes. We live more and have our being in Science.  

The triumph of science is seen everywhere in life. According to Bertrand Russel, science has changed the face of the earth and the world has changed more during the last 150 years than during 4000 years prior to that. In fact, now , we have  ceased to look upon trains or motor cars, electricity or telegraph or radio as marvels of science. Can we visualize the shape of things before the birth of science? People living fifty miles away from London had hardly seen the world’s greatest so they remained the preserve of only a few. Communication was almost non – existent, except for those who could afford to send special messengers. Small- pox and other diseases reaped a harvest of people.  In short disease, ignorance and suspicion were prevalent everywhere.

Science has spanned the sky, measured the ocean and wrested from nature many of her hidden treasures. It has relieved human suffering by discovering secrets of health and disease. It has annihilated time and space and made communication and contact with world easier and quicker. It has extended the frontiers of our knowledge in various ways and various directions. It has enabled us to fight natural calamities and to revolutionize industrial and agricultural  process. Indeed when we think of triumphs of science, we gape in wonder and  admiration.

However, there is the other side of the picture. Science has done great disservice to mankind by putting into its lap the most dreadful discoveries of gunpowder, the hundreds and  thousands of deadly weapons including the deadliest of all, that is, the nuclear weaponry. Curiously enough, in the laboratories of different nations some of the best scientific brains of the world are vying with one another in production of news weapons of death and destruction. And so the question arises, is science bane or boon?

If science meant for man’s happiness is employed by man for his own death and destruction, who can help him? It is certainly not the fault of science, if we go on multiplying engines of destruction. Again if science has invented ingenious methods of death and destruction, it has not been slow to invent effective means of counter- acting them. It is reported that some effective weapons have been made to tame the fury of the nuclear bomb. It is not science, which is responsible for war, it is the beast in man. Alferd Noble had invented dynamite to help workers in mines and to construct roads in hilly places, but not to blow up their property. In holding science responsible for the havocs of modern war is injustice to it.    

It has been found that the energy generated by the release of an Atom bomb is sufficient to burn about four square kilometers of land, say about 80,000 people. But if the same energy is applied for constructive purposes, it is capable of working wonders. It has been found that one pound of uranium, when converted into energy is equivalent to 15,000 tonnes of coal. Therefore, the lovers of peace denounce the atomic weapons and not the atomic energy, which is presently. Being applied in the field of agriculture, medicine, industry and as a source of power on a limited scale.

Before us, now lies a new era in which the power of atomic energy has been released. That age will either be of complete devastation or in which new sources of power will lighten the labour of mankind and increase the standard of living all over the world. It is for us to decide, whether we will destroy the world with atomic bomb or rebuild it with atomic energy.   

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The most important application of science

Valentí rull.

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Issue date 2014 Sep.

Science is valued by society because the application of scientific knowledge helps to satisfy many basic human needs and improve living standards. Finding a cure for cancer and a clean form of energy are just two topical examples. Similarly, science is often justified to the public as driving economic growth, which is seen as a return-on-investment for public funding. During the past few decades, however, another goal of science has emerged: to find a way to rationally use natural resources to guarantee their continuity and the continuity of humanity itself; an endeavour that is currently referred to as “sustainability”.

Scientists often justify their work using these and similar arguments—currently linked to personal health and longer life expectancies, technological advancement, economic profits, and/or sustainability—in order to secure funding and gain social acceptance. They point out that most of the tools, technologies and medicines we use today are products or by-products of research, from pens to rockets and from aspirin to organ transplantation. This progressive application of scientific knowledge is captured in Isaac Asimov’s book, Chronology of science and discovery , which beautifully describes how science has shaped the world, from the discovery of fire until the 20 th century.

However, there is another application of science that has been largely ignored, but that has enormous potential to address the challenges facing humanity in the present day education. It is time to seriously consider how science and research can contribute to education at all levels of society; not just to engage more people in research and teach them about scientific knowledge, but crucially to provide them with a basic understanding of how science has shaped the world and human civilisation. Education could become the most important application of science in the next decades.

“It is time to seriously consider how science and research can contribute to education at all levels of society…”

More and better education of citizens would also enable informed debate and decision-making about the fair and sustainable application of new technologies, which would help to address problems such as social inequality and the misuse of scientific discoveries. For example, an individual might perceive an increase in welfare and life expectancy as a positive goal and would not consider the current problems of inequality relating to food supply and health resources.

However, taking the view that science education should address how we apply scientific knowledge to improve the human condition raises the question of whether science research should be entirely at the service of human needs, or whether scientists should retain the freedom to pursue knowledge for its own sake—albeit with a view to eventual application. This question has been hotly debated since the publication of British physicist John D. Bernal’s book, The Social Function of Science , in 1939. Bernal argued that science should contribute to satisfy the material needs of ordinary human life and that it should be centrally controlled by the state to maximise its utility—he was heavily influenced by Marxist thought. The zoologist John R. Baker criticised this “Bernalistic” view, defending a “liberal” conception of science according to which “the advancement of knowledge by scientific research has a value as an end in itself”. This approach has been called the “free-science” approach.

The modern, utilitarian approach has attempted to coerce an explicit socio-political and economic manifestation of science. Perhaps the most recent and striking example of this is the shift in European research policy under the so-called Horizon 2020 or H2020 funding framework. This medium-term programme (2014-2020) is defined as a “financial instrument implementing the Innovation Union, a Europe 2020 flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe’s global competitiveness” ( http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm ). This is a common view of science and technology in the so-called developed world, but what is notable in the case of the H2020 programme is that economic arguments are placed explicitly ahead of all other reasons. Europe could be in danger of taking a step backwards in its compulsion to become an economic world leader at any cost.

“Europe could be in danger of taking a step backwards in its compulsion to become an economic world leader at any cost.”

For comparison, the US National Science Foundation declares that its mission is to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity and welfare; to secure the national defence; and for other purposes” ( http://www.nsf.gov/about/glance.jsp ). The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) states that it “promotes creation of intellect, sharing of intellect with society, and establishment of its infrastructure in an integrated manner and supports generation of innovation” ( http://www.jst.go.jp/EN/about/mission.html ). In his President’s Message, Michiharu Nakamura stated that, “Japan seeks to create new value based on innovative science and technology and to contribute to the sustained development of human society ensuring Japan’s competitiveness” 1 . The difference between these declarations and the European H2020 programme is that the H2020 programme explicitly prioritises economic competitiveness and economic growth, while the NIH and JST put their devotion to knowledge, intellect, and the improvement of society up front. Curiously, the H2020 programme’s concept of science as a capitalist tool is analogous to the “Bernalistic” approach and contradicts the “liberal” view that “science can only flourish and therefore can only confer the maximum cultural and practical benefits on society when research is conducted in an atmosphere of freedom” 2 . By way of example, the discovery of laser emissions in 1960 was a strictly scientific venture to demonstrate a physical principle predicted by Einstein in 1917. The laser was considered useless at that time as an “invention in the search for a job”.

“… we need to educate the educators, and consequently to adopt adequate science curricula at university education departments.”

The mercantilisation of research is, explicitly or not, based on the simplistic idea that economic growth leads to increased quality of life. However, some leading economists think that using general economic indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), to measure social well-being and happiness is flawed. For example, Robert Costanza, of the Australian National University, and several collaborators published a paper in Nature recently in which they announce the “dethroning of GDP” and its replacement by more appropriate indicators that consider both economic growth and “a high quality of life that is equitably shared and sustainable” 3 .

If the utilitarian view of science as an economic tool prevails, basic research will suffer. Dismantling the current science research infrastructure, which has taken centuries to build and is based on free enquiry, would have catastrophic consequences for humanity. The research community needs to convince political and scientific managers of the danger of this course. Given that a recent Eurobarometer survey found significant support among the European public for scientists to be “free to carry out the research they wish, provided they respect ethical standards” (73% of respondents agreed with this statement; http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_224_report_en.pdf ), it seems that a campaign to support the current free-science system, funded with public budgets, would likely be popular.

The US NSF declaration contains a word that is rarely mentioned when dealing with scientific applications: education. Indeed, a glance at the textbooks used by children is enough to show how far scientific knowledge has advanced in a few generations, and how these advances have been transferred to education. A classic example is molecular biology; a discipline that was virtually absent from school textbooks a couple of generations ago. The deliberate and consistent addition of new scientific knowledge to enhance education might seem an obvious application of science, but it is often ignored. This piecemeal approach is disastrous for science education, so the application of science in education should be emphasised and resourced properly for two reasons: first, because education has been unequivocally recognised as a human right, and second, because the medical, technological and environmental applications of science require qualified professionals who acquire their skills through formal education. Therefore, education is a paramount scientific application.

“The deliberate and consistent addition of new scientific knowledge to enhance education might seem an obvious application of science, but it is often ignored.”

In a more general sense, education serves to maintain the identity of human culture, which is based on our accumulated knowledge, and to improve the general cultural level of society. According to Stuart Jordan, a retired senior staff scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, and currently president of the Institute for Science and Human Values, widespread ignorance and superstition remain “major obstacles to progress to a more humanistic world” 4 in which prosperity, security, justice, good health and access to culture are equally accessible to all humans. He argues that the proliferation of the undesirable consequences of scientific knowledge—such as overpopulation, social inequality, nuclear arms and global climate change—resulted from the abandonment of the key principle of the Enlightenment: the use of reason under a humanistic framework.

When discussing education, we should therefore consider not only those who have no access to basic education, but also a considerable fraction of the populations of developed countries who have no recent science education. The Eurobarometer survey mentioned provides a striking argument: On average, only the half of the surveyed Europeans knew that electrons are smaller than atoms; almost a third believed that the Sun goes around the Earth, and nearly a quarter of them affirmed that earliest humans coexisted with dinosaurs ( http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_224_report_en.pdf ). Another type of passive ignorance that is on the increase among the public of industrialised countries, especially among young people, is an indifference to socio-political affairs beyond their own individual and immediate well-being.

Ignorance may have a relevant influence on politics in democracies because ignorant people are more easily manipulated, or because their votes may depend on irrelevant details, such as a candidate’s physical appearance or performance in public debates. A democracy should be based on an informed society. Education sensu lato —including both formal learning and cultural education—is therefore crucial for developing personal freedom of thought and free will, which will lead to adequate representation and better government 5 .

To improve the cultural level of human societies is a long-term venture in which science will need to play a critical role. We first need to accept that scientific reasoning is intimately linked to human nature: Humanity did not explicitly adopt science as the preferred tool for acquiring knowledge after choosing among a set of possibilities; we simply used our own mental functioning to explain the world. If reason is a universal human feature, any knowledge can be transmitted and understood by everyone without the need for alien constraints, not unlike art or music.

Moreover, science has demonstrated that it is a supreme mechanism to explain the world, to solve problems and to fulfil human needs. A fundamental condition of science is its dynamic nature: the constant revision and re-evaluation of the existing knowledge. Every scientific theory is always under scrutiny and questioned whenever new evidence seems to challenge its validity. No other knowledge system has demonstrated this capacity, and even, the defenders of faith-based systems are common users of medical services and technological facilities that have emerged from scientific knowledge.

For these reasons, formal education from primary school to high school should therefore place a much larger emphasis on teaching young people how science has shaped and advanced human culture and well-being, but also that science flourishes best when scientists are left free to apply human reason to understand the world. This also means that we need to educate the educators and consequently to adopt adequate science curricula at university education departments. Scientists themselves must get more involved both in schools and universities.

“Dismantling the current science research infrastructure, which has taken centuries to build and is based on free enquiry, would have catastrophic consequences for humanity.”

But scientists will also have to get more engaged with society in general. The improvement of human culture and society relies on more diffuse structural and functional patterns. In the case of science, its diffusion to the general public is commonly called the popularisation of science and can involve scientists themselves, rather than journalists and other communicators. In this endeavour, scientists should be actively and massively involved. Scientists—especially those working in public institutions—should make a greater effort to communicate to society what science is and what is not; how is it done; what are its main results; and what are they useful for. This would be the best way of demystifying science and scientists and upgrading society’s scientific literacy.

In summary, putting a stronger emphasis on formal science education and on raising the general cultural level of society should lead to a more enlightened knowledge-based society—as opposed to the H2020 vision of a knowledge-based economy—that is less susceptible to dogmatic moral systems. Scientists should still use the other arguments—technological progress, improved health and well-being and economic gains—to justify their work, but better education would provide the additional support needed to convince citizens about the usefulness of science beyond its economic value. Science is not only necessary for humanity to thrive socially, environmentally and economically in both the short and the long term, but it is also the best tool available to satisfy the fundamental human thirst for knowledge, as well as to maintain and enhance the human cultural heritage, which is knowledge-based by definition.

Conflict of interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

• Japan Science and Technology Agency. 2013. Overview of JST program and organisation 2013–2014 http://www.jst.go.jp/EN/JST_Brochure_2013.pdf ). Last accessed: March 20, 2014.
• McGucken W. On freedom and planning in science: the Society for Freedom in Science, 1940–46. Minerva. 1978;16:42–72. [ Google Scholar ]
• Costanza R, Kubiszewski I, Giovannini E, Lovins H, McGlade J, Pickett KE. Time to leave GDP behind. Nature. 2014;505:283–285. doi: 10.1038/505283a. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jordan S. The Enlightenment Vision. Science, Reason and the Promise of a Better Future. Amherst: Promethous Books; 2012. [ Google Scholar ]
• Rull V. Conservation, human values and democracy. EMBO Rep. 2014;15:17–20. doi: 10.1002/embr.201337942. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
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In recent centuries, the advancement of science has become intertwined with the progress of modern civilization. It is widely believed that the primary objective of scientific endeavors should be to enhance the well-being of individuals. Whether it be through medical breakthroughs or technological innovations, the focus of scientific research should ultimately be dedicated to uplifting […] Read More Band 8+

The primary purpose of science is to save the lives of people. In my opinion, I strongly agree with that statement because the lives of people are most important factor for anyone. One of the reasons to agree with that statement is that development of science always improves the people’s lives. One particularly good example […] Read More Band 4+

Science is achieving the feat never imagined before. Throughout the human history the applications of science has been controversial. However we can’t ignore the immense contribution of science for human welfare. Though some individuals intention made it look like curse, according to me it is boon for mankind. To elaborate, Through the science we are […] Read More Band 5+

There are plenty of discussions about the science’s aim. While an array of masses argue that science should concentrate on enhancing the living standard of humans, others emphasize that there are more fields that scientists need to pay attention to many fields such as space exploration. This essay strongly agrees that people’s lives are undeniably […] Read More Band 6+

Some people opine that in an era marked by unprecedented scientific advancements, the paramount goal of science should fundamentally be directed towards improving the lives of individuals. I wholeheartedly concur with this notion and will elaborate on the reasons supporting this viewpoint. The most compelling argument in favour of science’s primary aim being the improvement […] Read More Band 8+

Science stands as one of the paramount forces propelling human progress, and its pivotal role in shaping our world is undeniable. It is often contended that the most critical aim of science should be the advancement of human well-being, a perspective I staunchly endorse. In this essay, I will not only reaffirm the importance of […] Read More Band 8+

Improving people’s lives should be a priority in science. I completely disagree with this point of view because science is responsible for saving our planet and environment and also being a key driver in countries economic growth. Firstly, science is the main place to save our planet from detrimental effects. Every day, the earth became […] Read More Band 4+

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• Biology and Human Welfare

Biology and Human Welfare   Share

What is biology and human welfare.

There's biology in everything, even when you're feeling spiritual.  - Helen Fisher

Human welfare is the core of subjective ethics. It simply means that the scientific and technological advancements ultimately aim at the welfare of humans. Having said that, biology itself is the branch of science that not only studies morphology, anatomy, physiology, genetics, and metabolism of living beings but also aims at improving, innovating and carving new niches to bring about fundamental changes in the welfare of humans. Biology and human welfare began right from human civilization. Biology and human welfare are exemplified by the domestication of plants and animals, making of cheese and curd, brewing of alcohol and the list can continue to eternity! Agricultural practices, food processing, and diagnostics have brought socio-cultural changes in human communities. Hence, it is essential for us to understand the very basics of biology and human welfare along with exploring the future possibilities. Therefore, allow yourself to be introduced to the astounding chapter of biology and human welfare where you would get to know various applicable aspects of biology in human welfare.

Introduction to Biology and Human Welfare

From the perspective of NEET biology syllabus, the chapter of biology and human welfare encompass a wide variety of topics that account for an approximate 5% weightage in the NEET exam. Now, here is the point where most of the aspirants make a grave mistake! The weightage does not seem quite lucrative and so the concepts of biology and human welfare are left to be studied for the last moment. You should understand that easy and interesting chapters like biology and human welfare increase the chances for better scoring. Hence, they are not supposed to be ignored. Rather, they should be taken as goody-bag in the syllabus!

The application-based concepts are well defined in the eighth unit of the NCERT textbook for class 12. We shall make it our base of studying and understanding by correlating the various topics of biology and human welfare mentioned in the NEET biology syllabus. 

Notes on Biology and Human Welfare

Let us explore the various topics of the chapter biology and human welfare along with understanding their practical utility and importance from the NEET exam perspective.

1. Human Health and Diseases: Since time immemorial, human health has intrigued the intelligence of philosophers and thinkers. Earlier, health was the component of physical well-being only. The  Greeks like Hippocrates as well as Indian Ayurveda system of medicine asserted health to be the balance of certain ‘humour’ in the body. However, with the advent of scientific discoveries, like the circulation of blood by William Harvey, that establish more than just ‘humour’ balance, these notions changed and health began to expand its horizon beyond physical well being. 

Crack JEE 2021 with JEE/NEET Online Preparation Program

Presently, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." As a consequence, the biological improvisations are made with this holistic view of health. Therefore, in order to achieve ‘healthy’ human populations across the globe, it is crucial to realise the threats to health and this is the essence of the chapter human health and diseases. Isn’t fascinating to read such an impactful topic for your NEET preparation?

So, let us see the topics mentioned in this chapter of biology and human welfare:

• Common diseases in humans:  pathogens and parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm)
• Basic concepts of immunology: Innate immunity, Acquired immunity,  Active and Passive Immunity, Vaccination and Immunisation, Allergies, Auto Immunity
• Immune System in the Body
• AIDS and HIV:  Replication of retrovirus, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Prevention of AIDS, 
• Cancer: Causes of cancer, Cancer detection and diagnosis, treatment of cancer
• Drugs and alcohol abuse: Opioids, Cannabinoids, Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse, Addiction and Dependence, Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse, Prevention and Control

Given the nature of topics covered under this chapter of biology and human welfare, it becomes imperative to read and understand these topics not only to score well in the NEET exam but also to gather practical implications in daily life. You can disseminate the word on AIDS, alcohol and drug abuse, etc. to different groups and can be a part of human welfare.

2. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: As the holistic understanding of health progressed and improved the health quotient in the human population, the life expectancy increased which resulted in pressure over the existing sources of food. Therefore, enhancement of food production also became the component of biology and human welfare. Biological principles as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding have a major role in our efforts to increase food production. This chapter of biology and human welfare offers un understanding of such techniques. 

Let us understand the make-up of different strategies used for the enhancement of food production:

• Animal husbandry: Dairy Farm Management, Poultry Farm Management,
• Animal breeding: Inbreeding, inbreeding depression, Out-breeding, Out-crossing, Cross-breeding, Interspecific hybridization, artificial insemination,  Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)
• Plant breeding: Green revolution, Indian hybrid crops, Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance, Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests, Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality, 
• Single-cell protein
• Tissue culture

You would be glad to find that this chapter of biology and human welfare offers a plethora of specialization programs and jobs! Hence, you would read it through the NEET preparation but can provide career guidance to someone who is interested in the applied field of food enhancement. Remember that the chapter of biology and human welfare is a goody-bag in the syllabus!

3. Microbes in Human Welfare: It is a general perception that microbes are disease-causing organisms. This is in fact true. However, when it comes to the application of biology in human welfare, we have tapped a plethora of microbes for human welfare. This has become such an integral part of human lives that removal of these microbes would dwindle a great proportion of human populations. 

Therefore, this chapter would take you to the world of microbes doing mammoth tasks for human welfare. Let us understand the various topics entailed in this chapter of biology and human welfare:

• Microbes in household products: lactic acid bacteria, baker’s yeast, fungi
• Microbes in industrial products: Fermented Beverages, Antibiotics, Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules
• Microbes in sewage treatment
• Microbes in production of biogas
• Microbes as biocontrol agents
• Microbes as biofertilizers

Hence, an exhaustive account of useful microbes can be understood along with the practical implication. This chapter is one of the captivating chapters that would really gather your attention. This is the all-time recommended chapter for those students who are appearing for class 12 boards for making the annual biology assignments. There is a direct incidence of the practical application associated with this chapter. Therefore, it provides room for innovation as well. 

Tips for Biology and Human Welfare

• Read the chapter biology and human welfare with an awareness of its practical implications.
• Remember the pathogens, disease-outbreak in recent past, concepts of immunity along with newly discovered vaccines, if any.
• Solve previous years’ questions to gather insight into the pattern of questions.
• Read the chapter on regular interval to prevent any slip of memory. 
• Chapter biology and human welfare offer chances to score well. Therefore, do not ignore it until the last months of preparation. 

Books to Refer for Biology and Human Welfare

• The NCERT textbook for class 12
• A Textbook of CBSE Biology for Class 12 by Sarita Aggarwal
• Trueman’s Elementary Biology Volume 2

Biology Units-wise Notes for Medical Exams

Topics from biology and human welfare.

• Health and Disease [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (12 concepts)
• Parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (33 concepts)
• Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (23 concepts)
• Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (36 concepts)
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (49 concepts)
• Apiculture and Animal husbandry [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (35 concepts)
• Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (37 concepts)
• Pathogens [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (3 concepts)
• Cancer, HIV and AIDS [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (33 concepts)
• Improvement in food production [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (7 concepts)
• Human Health and Disease [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (30 concepts)
• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (15 concepts)
• Microbes in Human Welfare [REST_COUNT]+ More '> ( NEET, AIIMS MBBS, JIPMER MBBS, AP EAMCET Pharmacy, TS EAMCET Pharmacy, BITSAT Pharmacy, KVPY SA, KVPY SB/SX ) (9 concepts)

Frequent Doubts from Biology and Human Welfare

Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to:

Cell-mediated immune response

Passive immune response

Innate immune response

Humoral immune response

Choose the wrong statement:

Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical genetics

Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms

Yeast is unicellular and useful in fermentation

Penicillium is multicellular and produces antibiotics

Golden rice is a genetically modified crop plant where the incorporated gene is meant for biosynthesis of:

Important Books for Biology and Human Welfare

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