2020).
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Rakich, N. (2020) âHow does Biden stack up to past Democratic nominees?â, , 28 April. Available at: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-does-biden-stack-up-to-past-democratic-nominees/ (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. [username] (Year) or text [Website name] Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Dorsey, J. [@jack] (2018) Weâre committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation ⌠[Twitter] 1 March. Available at: https://twitter.com/jack/status/969234275420655616 (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) [Medium]. Institution, City or Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Bosch, H. (1482) [Triptych]. Groeningemuseum, Bruges. |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Vox (2020) . 10 April. Available at: https://youtu.be/BE-cA4UK07c (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , date, p. page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Butler, S. (2020) âWomenâs fashion manufacturer to make reusable gowns for NHSâ, , 28 April. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/28/womens-fashion-manufacturer-to-make-reusable-gowns-for-nhs (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , Volume(Issue) or (Month) or (Season), pp. page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Newman, J. (2020) âFor autistic youths entering adulthood, a new world of challenges awaitsâ, , (May), pp. 20â24. |
Notes |
When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by â et al. â:
Number of authors | Reference example |
---|---|
1 author | Davis, V. (2019) ⌠|
2 authors | Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) ⌠|
3 authors | Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) ⌠|
4+ authors | Davis, V. (2019) ⌠|
Sometimes a source wonât list all the information you need for your reference. Hereâs what to do when you donât know the publication date or author of a source.
Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words âno dateâ. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:
When a source doesnât list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with âScribbrâ in the above example. When thatâs not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:
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Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by â et al. â
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add âaâ to the first one you cite, âbâ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 24 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
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Published: 2022-09-24
Every written assignment must include a bibliography, which is just as important as the material itself. This phrase refers to a list of all the resources you used to complete a particular assignment.
Written down, such as in books, articles, reports, etc.
The majority of digital sources are found on the web.
Many students find it difficult to finish the first, second, and third pages of their bibliography. Continue reading if you want to learn how to effectively compose a Bibliography for a project on any subject.
Every written assignment must include a bibliography, which is just as important as the material itself. This phrase refers to a list of all the resources you used to complete a particular assignment. These resources primarily fall under two categories:
The majority of digital sources are found on the web
A work's author should be credited using their full name;
Title in its entirety (for magazines, be sure to note the volume and number);
Date, location, and publication company (often, the city will suffice);
The name of the publishing house;
The page's border.
If there is a clear title,
The name of the business that designed the website;
The date that you last used this source;
Copy the URL in its entirety.
A research paper may be required for several academic assignments. The chore of writing a paper for a school project can be challenging. You must keep track of the sources you utilize, whether you are writing for a college or high school audience, and cite them at the end of your paper. Your professor or you will determine the style of a reference list or bibliography you use for your academic project.
Better use end-to-end numbering when compiling a bibliographic list. Before you hit the submit button on your work, go over the basics and double-check that no sources were consulted. All sources must be cited in this manner.
Not sure about the proper order in which to list your sources? Generally, follow the accepted procedure.
The official literature is the first to be cited in an academic publication. Therefore, the works by foreign authors ought to be removed. You should continue immediately to the native works in the other language.
The alphabet is your best buddy if one author uses a lot of sources.
Theses and term papers have no place in a bibliography. These are instructional pieces. The specific guidelines of a journal govern the sequence of links in a bibliography for academic articles. As a result, before turning in a paper, you should thoroughly research how to create a bibliography for an assignment using, for example, the MLA style.
Last but not least, remember that the bibliographic description includes crucial details about the document. Its presentation often adheres to a set of guidelines. Typically, the goal is the same: to identify and describe the document's general features in the bibliographic record.
Despite the intricacy, adhering to following general guidelines will help you succeed while creating bibliographies for your assignments.
You have completed your essay. Make an alphabetical list of all the books, magazines, and websites you used right now. This list is sometimes referred to as the bibliography. Get a sample of a bibliography in the MLA, APA, or Chicago styles because a bibliography example can be more persuasive than words. Then, educate yourself on the many kinds of bibliographies that are available and that you might utilize.
It can be complicated when it comes to bibliography examples. This is due to the fact that, in terms of writing styles, the word "bibliography" can have two different meanings.
A general term for all source listings in all writing styles is "bibliography." It also serves as the heading for the end citation in Chicago/Turabian. However, MLA and APA styles use reference lists rather than bibliographies in actuality. Following are the differences between each style:
All the sources utilized to construct a piece of literature are included in the bibliography. Even if you didn't cite something in the writing itself, everything you used to create the work falls under this category. This may comprise background materials but need not be confined to them.
Only the sources that were specifically cited in the text of the essay or paper are listed in the references. These are genuine quotations and concepts that have been applied by other authors or materials.
We have put together a thorough, step-by-step guide to help you better understand how to construct a bibliography for an assignment.
Choose your sources: There aren't many things more crucial when it comes to academic tasks than sources. As a result, college students must become adept at conducting research and locating reliable sources. Here's an illustration for you. Let's say you are political science, security studies, or international relations major. On the other hand, the best strategy would be to search Scopus or Web of Science for the most reliable sources, such as the academic journals listed below: - Security on a global scale; - The world's affairs; - Journal of American Political Science
Analyse Every Source: Beyond having some seemingly excellent sources available, your primary duty while completing a bibliography goes beyond that. The task includes evaluating each and every one of them. Let's examine some typical traits of reliable sources: - - Find current publications, such as those that were released no earlier than 2011; - The texts should, of course, be authored by reputable authors; - Whenever a website is required, look for those of governmental and educational institutions; - If you haven't already, look into the Google Scholar database as well as other academic databases.
Unqualified authors (those without academic degrees or institutional ties) have published texts; avoid commercial websites to avoid blatantly biassed promotional content;
It is best to omit any texts that lack appropriate references;
Blog posts lack sufficient authority.
Examine the author's experience and credentials.
Lastly, you must be selective while choosing sources and writers if you want to create a stellar bibliography. Before adding a resource, please respond to the following questions at least twice:
Is the author authority in the subject matter of your research questions?
Are you and a certain researcher on any similar intellectual wavelengths? What school of thinking does this scientist represent?
Not everything will always function properly. However, these straightforward responses will enable you to select the appropriate writers to mention.
You must follow specific guidelines while working on a variety of sources in order to create a stellar bibliography. You can learn how to cite someone for an assignment, regardless of the subject.
The bibliography item will closely mirror the one for a book if you use the one from the journal. Normally, mention the author's name and the article's title.
Name of the journal, volume, issue (sometimes, the year of publication is included), page range.
When you use evidence from one of your sources in your assignment, you will typically need to include a citation in the text of your paper (references). When you discuss or summarise an idea or piece of information in your either in your own words or a direct quote from that source.
Avoid using a lot of in-depth direct quotes. For direct quotations, even if your in-text citations are exact, these mostly indicate. You are able to point out a pertinent quotation to the reader.
It is necessary to confirm the significance and intent of the quote after it has been used. transparent to your reader. How does the quotation help to make your point or support it?
The information you provide in your in-text reference must be sufficient for your reader to locate the complete specifics of the source of your evidence in your "List of References" (or "Bibliography").
The extent to which the information in your in-text citation will replicate the detail provided in the ‘List of References’ depends on the referencing system. Systems that use endnotes or footnotes typically provide more information about the entire source than Harvard in-text references that are enclosed in brackets. If a "brief direct quotation is given," Harvard often simply wants the author's last name and the date of publication, with page numbers provided.
If you keep track of each book, encyclopedia, or article you use as you read and make notes, it will be simpler for you to create your final bibliography. Start a preliminary or draft bibliography by making a list of all your sources on a separate piece of paper. For each source, make a note of the whole title, author, publication location, publisher, and publication date.
List your sources (texts, articles, interviews, etc.) in alphabetical order by the last names of the writers when creating a final bibliography. Encyclopedias and movies are examples of sources without writers that should be arranged alphabetically by title. Use the format that your teacher likes if there are multiple options for bibliographies.
You must include a specific list called a bibliography for assignments or in your essay whenever you refer to a book, magazine, or website. Even if you are only using the source to further your understanding of the subject without really quoting it, you still need to include it. You would just need to include the author's name and the source's publication date when citing the source in the text.
Additional information is required in your bibliography, where the citation about it will appear. The citation style and source type, though, would be important factors. Check out our guide if you're not familiar with the standards and the various citation formats.
What is an annotated bibliography, introduction to the annotated bibliography.
An annotated bibliography is the same as a bibliography with one important difference: in an annotated bibliography, the bibliographic information is followed by a brief description of the content, quality, and usefulness of the source. For more, see the section at the bottom of this page.
Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. For example, say you want to add an interesting comment to a sentence you have written, but the comment is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph. In this case, you could add the symbol for a footnote. Then, at the bottom of the page you could reprint the symbol and insert your comment. Here is an example:
This is an illustration of a footnote. 1 The number “1” at the end of the previous sentence corresponds with the note below. See how it fits in the body of the text? 1 At the bottom of the page you can insert your comments about the sentence preceding the footnote.
When your reader comes across the footnote in the main text of your paper, he or she could look down at your comments right away, or else continue reading the paragraph and read your comments at the end. Because this makes it convenient for your reader, most citation styles require that you use either footnotes or endnotes in your paper. Some, however, allow you to make parenthetical references (author, date) in the body of your work.
Footnotes are not just for interesting comments, however. Sometimes they simply refer to relevant sources -- they let your reader know where certain material came from, or where they can look for other sources on the subject. To decide whether you should cite your sources in footnotes or in the body of your paper, you should ask your instructor or see our section on citation styles.
Whenever possible, put the footnote at the end of a sentence, immediately following the period or whatever punctuation mark completes that sentence. Skip two spaces after the footnote before you begin the next sentence. If you must include the footnote in the middle of a sentence for the sake of clarity, or because the sentence has more than one footnote (try to avoid this!), try to put it at the end of the most relevant phrase, after a comma or other punctuation mark. Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a sentence, skip only one space after it.
The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document. If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. Endnotes, on the other hand, are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your paper.
Sometimes you may be asked to include these -- especially if you have used a parenthetical style of citation. A "works cited" page is a list of all the works from which you have borrowed material. Your reader may find this more convenient than footnotes or endnotes because he or she will not have to wade through all of the comments and other information in order to see the sources from which you drew your material. A "works consulted" page is a complement to a "works cited" page, listing all of the works you used, whether they were useful or not.
Well, yes. The title is different because "works consulted" pages are meant to complement "works cited" pages, and bibliographies may list other relevant sources in addition to those mentioned in footnotes or endnotes. Choosing to title your bibliography "Works Consulted" or "Selected Bibliography" may help specify the relevance of the sources listed.
This information has been freely provided by plagiarism.org and can be reproduced without the need to obtain any further permission as long as the URL of the original article/information is cited.
How Do I Cite Sources? (n.d.) Retrieved October 19, 2009, from http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_how_do_i_cite_sources.html
An Annotated Bibliography is a collection of annotated citations. These annotations contain your executive notes on a source. Use the annotated bibliography to help remind you of later of the important parts of an article or book. Putting the effort into making good notes will pay dividends when it comes to writing a paper!
Being an executive summary, the annotated citation should be fairly brief, usually no more than one page, double spaced.
Academic integrity and documentation, explore more of umgc.
Types of Documentation
What is a bibliography.
A bibliography is a list of books and other source material that you have used in preparing a research paper. Sometimes these lists will include works that you consulted but did not cite specifically in your assignment. Consult the style guide required for your assignment to determine the specific title of your bibliography page as well as how to cite each source type. Bibliographies are usually placed at the end of your research paper.
A special kind of bibliography, the annotated bibliography, is often used to direct your readers to other books and resources on your topic. An instructor may ask you to prepare an annotated bibliography to help you narrow down a topic for your research assignment. Such bibliographies offer a few lines of information, typically 150-300 words, summarizing the content of the resource after the bibliographic entry.  Â
Waddell, Marie L., Robert M. Esch, and Roberta R. Walker. The Art of Styling       Sentences: 20 Patterns for Success.â3rd ed. New York: Barronâs, 1993.       A comprehensive look at 20 sentence patterns and their variations to       teach students how to write effective sentences by imitating good style.
Mailing Address: 3501 University Blvd. East, Adelphi, MD 20783 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . Š 2022 UMGC. All links to external sites were verified at the time of publication. UMGC is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information located at external sites.
Chapter 1: College Writing
How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing?
What Is College Writing?
Why So Much Emphasis on Writing?
Chapter 2: The Writing Process
Doing Exploratory Research
Getting from Notes to Your Draft
Introduction
Prewriting - Techniques to Get Started - Mining Your Intuition
Prewriting: Targeting Your Audience
Prewriting: Techniques to Get Started
Prewriting: Understanding Your Assignment
Rewriting: Being Your Own Critic
Rewriting: Creating a Revision Strategy
Rewriting: Getting Feedback
Rewriting: The Final Draft
Techniques to Get Started - Outlining
Techniques to Get Started - Using Systematic Techniques
Thesis Statement and Controlling Idea
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Freewriting
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Summarizing Your Ideas
Writing: Outlining What You Will Write
Chapter 3: Thinking Strategies
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone: Style Through Vocabulary and Diction
Critical Strategies and Writing
Critical Strategies and Writing: Analysis
Critical Strategies and Writing: Evaluation
Critical Strategies and Writing: Persuasion
Critical Strategies and Writing: Synthesis
Developing a Paper Using Strategies
Kinds of Assignments You Will Write
Patterns for Presenting Information
Patterns for Presenting Information: Critiques
Patterns for Presenting Information: Discussing Raw Data
Patterns for Presenting Information: General-to-Specific Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Specific-to-General Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Summaries and Abstracts
Supporting with Research and Examples
Writing Essay Examinations
Writing Essay Examinations: Make Your Answer Relevant and Complete
Writing Essay Examinations: Organize Thinking Before Writing
Writing Essay Examinations: Read and Understand the Question
Chapter 4: The Research Process
Planning and Writing a Research Paper
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Ask a Research Question
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Cite Sources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Collect Evidence
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Decide Your Point of View, or Role, for Your Research
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Draw Conclusions
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Find a Topic and Get an Overview
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Manage Your Resources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Outline
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Survey the Literature
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Work Your Sources into Your Research Writing
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Human Resources
Research Resources: What Are Research Resources?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Electronic Resources
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Print Resources
Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure
Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure
The Nature of Research
The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated?
The Research Assignment: When Is Research Needed?
The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research?
Chapter 5: Academic Integrity
Academic Integrity
Giving Credit to Sources
Giving Credit to Sources: Copyright Laws
Giving Credit to Sources: Documentation
Giving Credit to Sources: Style Guides
Integrating Sources
Practicing Academic Integrity
Practicing Academic Integrity: Keeping Accurate Records
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Paraphrasing Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Quoting Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Summarizing Your Sources
Types of Documentation: Bibliographies and Source Lists
Types of Documentation: Citing World Wide Web Sources
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - APA Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - CSE/CBE Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - Chicago Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style
Types of Documentation: Note Citations
Chapter 6: Using Library Resources
Finding Library Resources
Chapter 7: Assessing Your Writing
How Is Writing Graded?
How Is Writing Graded?: A General Assessment Tool
The Draft Stage
The Draft Stage: The First Draft
The Draft Stage: The Revision Process and the Final Draft
The Draft Stage: Using Feedback
The Research Stage
Using Assessment to Improve Your Writing
Chapter 8: Other Frequently Assigned Papers
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Article and Book Reviews
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Reaction Papers
Writing Arguments
Writing Arguments: Adapting the Argument Structure
Writing Arguments: Purposes of Argument
Writing Arguments: References to Consult for Writing Arguments
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Anticipate Active Opposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Determine Your Organization
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Develop Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Introduce Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - State Your Thesis or Proposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Write Your Conclusion
Writing Arguments: Types of Argument
Dictionaries
General Style Manuals
Researching on the Internet
Special Style Manuals
Writing Handbooks
Collaborative Writing: Assignments to Accompany the Group Project
Collaborative Writing: Informal Progress Report
Collaborative Writing: Issues to Resolve
Collaborative Writing: Methodology
Collaborative Writing: Peer Evaluation
Collaborative Writing: Tasks of Collaborative Writing Group Members
Collaborative Writing: Writing Plan
General Introduction
Peer Reviewing
Working with Your Instructorâs Comments and Grades
Devising a Writing Project Plan and Schedule
Reviewing Your Plan with Others
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A publication of the harvard college writing program.
Harvard Guide to Using SourcesÂ
If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Hereâs a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .
Complete note vs. shortened note
Hereâs an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.
Note vs. Bibliography entry
The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the authorâs last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .
For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:
Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Citing a source with two or three authors
If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use âandâ before the last named author.
1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,â The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .
Shortened note:
1. Borja and Gibson, âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,â 80-81.
Bibliography:
Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.â The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80â93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .
Citing a source with more than three authors
If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means âand othersâ).
1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., âRisk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,â Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.
Short version of note:
1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., âRisk Factors for Disability,â 1271.
Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda LeoâSummers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. âRisk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.â Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270â78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .
Citing a book consulted online
If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .
Bibliography entry:
Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .
Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database
If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.
Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.
Last Updated: June 12, 2024 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 667,655 times.
When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.
To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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A list of all cited source materials, known as a bibliography or reference list , must be included at the end of your essay.
They are divided into two sections: primary sources and secondary sources . Each of these sections need to be in alphabetical order .
Each bibliographical reference needs:
Depending on the assessment task, you will either be asked to create a bibliography or a reference list. Here are the differences between the two:
Regardless of which you're required to create, you must follow the formatting shown below.
These examples use the popular APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style.Â
Required Elements:
Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication). Name of book . City of Publication: Name of Publishing Company.
Smith, J. (2004). . New York: Harper's Publishing. | |
Smith, J., & Jones, B. (2004). . New York: Harper's Publishing. | |
Smith, J., Jones, B., & Taylor, A. (2004). . New York: Harper's Publishing. | |
(Use the book title in place of the author's name) | History is an awesome subject. (2004). New York: Harper's Publishing. |
(Use "n.d." in place of the year) | Smith, J. (n.d.). . New York: Harper's Publishing. |
| Smith, J. (Ed.). (2004). New York: Harper's Publishing. |
Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day OR Season - if known - of publication). Article title. Name of Journal the Article Appeared In ,  Journal Volume Number (Issue or Part Number), page number(s) of the article.
Smith, J. (2004, January). Studying History at School.  (2), 12-9. | |
Smith, J., & Jones, B. (2004, January). Studying History at School.  (2), 12-9. | |
Smith, J., Jones, B., & Taylor, A. (2004, January). Studying History at School.  (2), 12-9. | |
(Use "n.d." in place of the year) | Smith, J. (n.d.). Studying History at School.  (2), 12-9. |
(Include 'Retrieved from' at the end) | Smith, J. (n.d.). Studying History at School.   (2), 12-9. Retrieved from Australia New Zealand Reference Centre database. |
Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month day of publication). Article title. Name of Newspaper/Magazine , page number(s) of the article.
Smith, J. (2004, January 26). Students gave full attention in class. , p. 13. | |
Smith, J., & Jones, B. (2004, January 26). Students gave full attention in class. , p. 13. | |
Smith, J., Jones, B., & Taylor, A. (2004, January 26). Students gave full attention in class. , p. 13. | |
(Use the article title in place of the author's name) | Students gave full attention in class. (2004, January 26). , p. 13. |
(Use "n.d." in place of the year) | Smith, J. (n.d.). Students gave full attention in class. , p. 13. |
(Include 'Retrieved from' at the end) | Smith, J. (2004, January 26). Students gave full attention in class. , p. 13. Retrieved from http://thisisnotarealurl.com/notarealarticle |
Speaker's Surname, First Initials. (Year, Month Day Speech was Given). Title of Speech. Institution, City the Speech was Given at/in.
Smith, J. (2004, January 26). . Capital University, New York. | |
(Use the speech title in place of the author's name) |  (2004). Capital University, New York. |
(Use "n.d." in place of the year) | Smith, J. (n.d.). . Capital University, New York. |
Author's Surname, First Initials. (Year of Publication). Name of webpage. Retrieved from URL.
1 Author | James, M. (2019). . Retrieved from https://www.historyskills.com/referencing/bibliographies/. |
(Use the web page title in place of the author's name) | . (2019). Retrieved from https://www.historyskills.com/referencing/bibliographies/. |
(Use "n.d." in place of the year) | James, M. (n.d.). . Retrieved from https://www.historyskills.com/referencing/bibliographies/. |
Ancient Author's Name. Name of Ancient Work. (Name of Modern Translator that You're Using, trans.). Location of Modern Translation's Publisher: Name of Modern Translation's Publishing Company, Year of Modern Translation's Publication.
1 Author | Appian.  (John Carter, trans.). New York: Penguin, 1996. |
On some occasions you find a source in the pages of different source. Your first task should be to try and quote the source you have found separately from the book that it is in. Do this, look in the bibliography of the book in order to gain the necessary details.
However, if you cannot find the information necessary to create a separate bibliographical entry, you will need to create a bibliographical entry that acknowledges the book that the source was found in.
To do this you will need:
For example:
Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, pp. 903).
Reference List
Primary Sources
Appian. The Civil Wars .  (John Carter, trans). New York: Penguin, 1996.
Department of Defence. (1959). Strategic basis of Australian defence policy . Canberra: Department of Defence.
Department of Defence. (1976). Defence White Paper . Canberra: Department of Defence.
Millar, T. (1979). The political-military relationship in Australia . Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Working Paper , 6, p. 12.
Nixon, R. (1969). (As found in US Government Printing Office 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon , Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, p. 903).
Secondary Sources
Dibb, P. (2007). The self-reliant defence of Australia: The History of an Idea . (As found in  Huisken, R., & Thatcher., M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australiaâs defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 11-26).
Horner, D. (1997). Security objectives . (As found in Mediansky, F. (ed). Australian foreign policy: Into the new millennium . South Melbourne: Macmillan, p. 73-92).
Lawson, E. (2009). The Australian defence environment . Australian Defence Force Journal , 179, p. 70-81.
White, H. (2007). Four decades of the defence of Australia: Reflections on Australian defence policy over the past 40 years . (As found in Huisken, R & Thatcher, M. (eds). History as policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australiaâs defence policy . Canberra: ANU Press and Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, p. 163-187).
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Table of Contents
Why are bibliographies needed, how to write a bibliography for an assignment, example of a bibliography for an assignment, annotated bibliographies.
Bibliographies are generally not the easiest or most fun writing tasks, but they are necessary, so itâs important to get them right! Read on, to find out âhow to make bibliographyâ!
A bibliography is an alphabetized list of resources (e.g., books, journals, articles, websites, images, movies, newspapers, videos) used in the creation of an academic assignment. A bibliography will include resources you have cited within the assignment as well as resources that you used to help your general understanding of the assignment topic (background sources). A bibliography differs from a reference page for an assignment as a reference page (or reference list) only includes cited resources.
Most bibliographies appear on a separate numbered page, use double line spacing, a clear, traditional font, such as times new roman  (font size 11-12), and include the following:
Bibliographies do not necessarily list the resource information in this order and different citation styles may have different requirements as regards line spacing and whether a hanging indent* is required Furthermore, additional information such as page numbers, the location of publication, issue numbers, and volume numbers may be required.
*Text in the bibliography entry is indented (excluding the first line).Â
The purpose of a bibliography is to enable a reader to locate the resources used, to find out more information on the topic if they desire, and to acknowledge the work of others. If you fail to accurately acknowledge the work of others in your bibliography or reference list , you are claiming it to be yours and you can face the consequences of plagiarism investigations. Thus, although a bibliography may be boring and seem unimportant, they are an essential part of your assignment.
There are five main styles of bibliography that also have different editions e.g., APA 5th, APA 6th, and APA 7th. Referencing in an assignment is tricky, and you will need to ensure you have included an in-text citation (citation in the assignment) for any resources you directly copied or paraphrased information from. Your educational instructor can tell you which type of citation style and edition you are required to use if you are unsure but provided below are the most up-to-date editions for each main citation style. The following recommendations are intended as a basic guide only:
APA 7th edition requires the creatorâs name, date of publication, title, then publisher. Do not forget about the hanging indent if there is more than one line:
Hamilton, S. (2001). Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford Paperbacks.
Website entry in APA 7th:
Ruhl, C. (2021, June 29). Montessori Method of Education | Simply Psychology . www.simplypsychology.org. https://www.simplypsychology.org/montessori-method-of-education.html
MLA 9 th edition needs the creatorâs name, title, publisher, then date of publication and a hanging indent:
Katz, Mark. Groove Music. The Art And Culture Of The Hip-Hip DJ . Oxford University Press, 2012.
Website entry in MLA 9 th :
Ruhl, Charlotte. âMontessori Method of Education | Simply Psychology.â www.simplypsychology.org , 29 June 2021, www.simplypsychology.org/montessori-method-of-education.html.
Harvard Citation style includes the creatorâs name, date of publication, title, then publisher:
Burg, D., 2005. Encyclopedia of student and youth movements . New York: Facts on File.
Website entry in Harvard citation style:
Ruhl, C. (2021). Montessori Method of Education | Simply Psychology . [online] www.simplypsychology.org. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/montessori-method-of-education.html [Accessed 28 Nov. 2021].
Turabian citation style lists the author, title, publisher, then date of publication and a hanging indent:
Dianne Berkell Zager, Autism Spectrum Disorders Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.
Your Bibliography:Â
Berkell Zager, Dianne. Autism Spectrum Disorders . Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.
Website entry in Turabian citation style:
Ruhl, Charlotte. 2021. âMontessori Method of Education | Simply Psychology.â www.simplypsychology.org. June 29, 2021. https://www.simplypsychology.org/montessori-method-of-education.html.
Chicago citation style begins each entry with the authorâs name, date of publication , then the title of the resource, followed by the publisher and a hanging indent:
Symons, Michael. 2021. “A History Of Cooks And Cooking (The Food Series)”. Â Abebooks.Com. Â Â Â Â https://www.abebooks.com/9780252071928/History-Cooks-Cooking-Food-Series -0252071921/plp.
Website entry in Chicago citation style:
You can write bibliographies manually, but you may find it easier to use an online citation generator , many of which are free. However, these are not failproof and none are 100% accurate all the time so be sure to enter the information accurately and skim read over each entry after it has been generated.
Find the writer according to your requirements
To help you gain a better idea of what a completed bibliography may look like, hereâs one of the most common types in the most recent edition (APA 7th):
If you are requested to provide an annotated bibliography , then you will need to include a descriptive summary of each resource (around 150 words) under each bibliography entry.
Bibliographies are complex but are often a requirement in academic writing. Ensure you know exactly which style and edition are used by your educational establishment, then find an online citation generator to help you. Be sure to double-check each generated entry and donât forget the in-text citation (reference in an assignment) for each bibliography entry you have copied or paraphrased.
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Basics of annotated bibliographies.
An annotated bibliography is a combination of the words "annotation" and "bibliography." An annotation is a set of notes, comments, or critiques. A bibliography is list of references that helps a reader identify sources of information. An annotated bibliography is a list of references that not only identifies the sources of information but also includes information such as a summary, a critique or analysis, and an application of those sources' information.
Review our resources on the following pages for more information about each component of an annotated bibliography. As always, read the instructions and any examples in your assignment carefully; some of what follows might not be required in your particular course.
Download the following sample to see the components of an annotated bibliography. Follow the links to more information on formatting, summary, critique/analysis, application, and example in the left sidebar menu. Note that citations are not necessary in the annotations since the notes are understood to be about the listed source.
Didn't find what you need? Email us at [email protected] .
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Compiling a reference list or bibliography.
A reference list is a list of all the sources that you have referred to in your text. A reference list may be ordered in alphabetical order of authors' names, or numerically, depending on the referencing system you are using.
If you have been asked to include a reference list, you may also include a bibliography which lists works that you have read but not cited.
A bibliography lists all the sources you used when researching your assignment. You may include texts that you have not referred to directly in your work, but which have had an influence on your ideas. If you find you have a lot of works that are not referred to directly though, you may wish to look back over your work and check that all of the ideas are fully referenced.
A reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author’s surname unless you are using a numeric referencing system. In this case, sources are assigned a number when they first appear in the text, and are listed in numerical order.
Example bibliography using the Harvard referencing style
Abu Salem, H., Gemail, K.S. and Nosair, A.M. (2021) 'A multidisciplinary approach for delineating wastewater flow paths in shallow groundwater aquifers: A case study in the southeastern part of the Nile Delta, Egypt', Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 236, article number 103701.
Ashbourn, J. (2014) Biometrics in the new world: the cloud, mobile technology and pervasive identity . 2nd edn. London: Springer.
Environment Agency (2020) The flood and coastal erosion risk management strategy action plan 2021. Bristol: Environment Agency.
Mintel (2019) Sports and energy drinks - UK. Available at: http://www.academic.mintel.com (Accessed: 5th July 2022).
Nasta, S. and Stein, M.U. (ed.) (2020) The Cambridge history of Black and Asian British writing . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tiwari, S. and Ambinakudige, S. (2020) 'Streetscapes and stereotyping: streets named after Martin Luther King, Jr., and the geographies of racial identity', GeoJournal, doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10291-4.
World Health Organization (2020) Salt reduction . Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction (Accessed: 24 June 2022).
Compiling a bibliography
Use a single list which integrates all the different types of source material you have used. The exception is where you have discussed a number of primary sources (such as novels, films, ancient sources, letters, historical documents etc), when you should separate your bibliography into primary and secondary sources. All lists should be ordered alphabetically by first-named author's surname or organisation if there is no named author.
Video on compiling a bibliography
Although this video focuses on compiling a bibliography most of the guidance also applies to compiling a reference list.
If you are unable to view this video on YouTube it is also available on YuJa - view the Compiling a bibliography video on YuJa (University username and password required)
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbrâs free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide youâre working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style youâre using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions youâve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations theyâre looking for:
These specific terms wonât necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a sourceâs abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . Youâll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69â86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the sourceâs arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
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A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the sourceâs usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the authorâs own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319â331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovichâs article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, youâll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that youâve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether theyâre relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, itâs probably important.
Once youâve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : theyâre both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/
Other students also liked, evaluating sources | methods & examples, how to find sources | scholarly articles, books, etc., hanging indent | word & google docs instructions, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
The most tedious and time-consuming part of any school or college written assignment is the bibliography. Sometimes, it can even be challenging! For example, if youâre confused by the variety of citation styles. That is why Custom-Writing experts prepared a brief guide about creating a perfect bibliography for a project. Some tips regarding the formatting are also included!
First of all, you shouldnât be worried about how to write this dreadful part of your assignment. A bibliography is just a list of all the sources, such as books and articles, that you have used for creating your project. No matter how short your writing task is, you will most likely need to add a list of references.
đ references.
Every time you use a book, magazine, or a webpage for your essay , you need to mention it in a special list called a bibliography. Even if you are not quoting the source but just using it for the general understanding of the topic, you should still include it there. For citing the source in the text , you would only need to write the author’s name and the publication date. Then, the reference about it goes into your bibliography, and that’s where extra information is needed. However, it would depend on the type of source and the citation style. In case you’re not familiar with the variety of the citation styles and the requirements, have a look at our guide , which can save you some time!
Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.
Now you know what a bibliography is. It is time to learn how to write it! We assure you: there is nothing complicated. Follow the steps below.
The first thing you need to do is find the proper sources for your research assignment. When selecting the sources, you should consider the questions below.
â | What is the primary purpose of my research? What problem should I explore? |
â | What kind of sources am I looking for? Do I need printed or online sources? |
â | Should I find primary sources on my topic? |
The next step in writing a bibliography is a brief assessment of each source’s importance.
In case you need a bibliography as part of an assignment, you should identify the reason why and the way how you want to use the source. If youâre assigned to write an annotated bibliography as an independent project, examine the sourceâs contribution to the research area.
By the way, you may want to use the following questions for sources assessment.
â | Why do I want to use the source? Is it interesting in terms of its theory, methods, or data? |
â | Does the source explore new connections or ways of understanding a research topic? |
â | How does the chosen source use a research topicâs initial concept and theoretical framework? |
â | Are its methods of investigation valuable? |
â | Is there enough good evidence? |
When writing a bibliography for a project, you may need to examine the authorâs credentials and experience. Here are some questions to help you.
â | Does the author have rich expertise related to your ? |
â | Are there any authorâs credentials as both critical and academic reviews related to the research topic? |
â | What is the intellectual inclination of the author and the school of thought he belongs to? |
Look through the following questions that will guide you. And donât forget to search for the summarizing paragraphs. You may find them at the beginning or conclusion of each section. If there is none or you aren’t satisfied with its contents, you can take the role of a summary typer yourself and create your own custom summary.
â | What is the central claim or purpose, authorâs thesis, or research question? Look through the introduction and the conclusion for an answer. |
â | Does the source explore new connections or ways of understanding a research topic? |
â | What are the key ideas and terms? |
â | How is the text organized? What are the main sections? |
â | How does an author use theory to interpret the data and evidence? What are the methods used to explore the research problem? |
Well, youâre almost there. Youâve evaluated your sources, took short notes, wrote an outline for each reference.
Use your notes and write your bibliography. How?
You will have to use different writing patterns for different sources. Check these guidelines for bibliography writing:
Jones, Edward. The Toy. New York: Random House, 1987.
Jones, Edward and Amelia Smith. Strangers. New York: Random House, 1987.
Old Lake. New York: Random House, 1987.
Swans. Flora and Fauna. New York: Random House, 1987.
Jones, Edward. 100 Recipes for You. New York: Random House, 1987.
Jones, Edward. âLearning to communicate.â The Toy. Ed. Helen Stevenson. New York: Random House, 1987.
Jones, Edward. âThe Wild Swans.â World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.
âThe Wild Swans.â World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. New York: Random House, 1987.
Jones, Edward, âThe Wild Swans.â Flora and Fauna 15:1, (2007): 8-11.
Jones, Edward. âNever been kissedâ Us Sept 23, 2002: 221-2.
Jones, Edward. âHandbags are Health Hazard.â Daily News [New York] Oct 31 2002: 26.
Jones, Edward. Writer. February 10, 2006.
Titanic, Dir. James Cameron, 20th Century Fox, 1998
Edward Jones, (May 23, 2006). New Winners. Teen Booklist (Online). Edward [email protected]
(Boston Globeâs www address) https://www.boston.com/. Todayâs News, May 23, 2006.
Nobody wants to do routine work. So you may want to use a citation builder for your assignment. Try one of the source-generating apps or websites below!
Cite This For Me is a great citation generator that allows you to make references in Harvard, APA, MLA, and other styles. All you have to do is scan a bookâs barcode. Moreover, you may download your completed bibliography into MS Word format! | |
Cite generator is another excellent online tool for your papers. It supports various citation styles and offers templates to create a citation manually. Moreover, if you sign up, you can edit and save bibliography pages for future use. | |
Bibme is an entirely free reference generator. You may create citations in various styles within just a few clicks and save your precious time. | |
Citefast is an online reference maker and bibliography generator. It supports APA, MLA, and Chicago styles. By the way, you can use its feature and create a title page for your paper. | |
Citation Machine is a powerful student app. Make a citation in various styles less than in a minute. All you have to do is to select the citation style, search for a source in auto or manual mode, and make a reference for your assignment! |
By the way,
Have you checked our citation guidelines already?
A preliminary bibliography is basically the draft of all the sources you think might help your research. You create it when you are still not too familiar with the topic and scanning all the sources available. It’s not the final version of your bibliography since you might find some of the books not as useful as you thought and never use them.
A bibliography card is used to make the process of gathering and categorizing the sources easier. Itâs a small piece of paper the size of a standard sticky note. You would take a new one every time you find a useful source. There you need to mention all the information for later referencing. On the back, you can write a brief summary.
Writing a bibliography for a science project is usually no different from creating one for other assignments. It’s a list of the sources the student uses for completing their task. Every source mentioned in the bibliography needs to have some specific publication information as well.
First of all, you need to make sure that your bibliography follows the citation style you are required to use. Otherwise, it will not be alphabetized correctly. Then, if youâre using the MS word program or a similar one, itâs easy to alphabetize your list by choosing the option âSort.â
An appendix is the part of the paper that contains supplementary material. The information from an appendix in paper writing is not essential. If the readers ignore this part, they still have to get the paperâs idea. Appendices help the readers to understand the research better. They might be useful...
Writing an abstract is one of the skills you need to master to succeed in your studies. An abstract is a summary of an academic text. It contains information about the aims and the outcomes of the research. The primary purpose of an abstract is to help readers understand what...
So you have to write a literature review. You find your favorite novel and then start analyzing it. This is how itâs usually done, right? Itâs not. You have to learn the elements of literature review and how to deal with them.
A research proposal is a text that suggests a topic or research problem, justifies the need to study it, and describes the ways and methods of conducting the study. Scholars usually write proposals to get funding for their research. In their turn, students might have to do that to get...
It’s longer than your Bachelor’s thesis. It’s more stressful. It’s more important. And you have no clue how to write it. We understand that a lot comes with the responsibility of creating a Master’s thesis from scratch. But no need to stress out; you can get all the help you...
Students struggle with academic writing rules. Mastering them takes longer than writing the paper. But when the conventions become a normal state of things, the process becomes faster and easier than before. The less you think about the form, the more time you have to think about the contents.
Few students fully get the meaning and the importance of a research proposal. If you have a good research proposal, it means that you are going to carry out adequate research. A low-quality research proposal may be the reason your research will never start.
A lab report is quite a serious piece of paper that has a massive value in your research. And don’t be deceived by the name as the lab report is not a form you just need to fill in. There is an impressive list of components you need to describe...
A literature review is an update on the status of current research related to the issue in question. Its purpose is to provide the reader with a guide to a particular research topic. And for the writer, a well-written literature review is the best way to show their competence in...
A research proposal is a document that aims to show the significance and value of a particular project. It is common to have to write research proposals to acquire funding for various research projects. But thatâs not all. Perhaps the most important function of a research proposal is that it...
Are you tired of getting average grades for your term papers? Well, that’s good that you’re here! It may be true that some excellent writing and time-management skills can help you create an impressive piece, but it’s not necessary. Most of the assignments have similar outlines, whether it’s a term...
Congratulations! A dissertation is your last step before getting your doctoral degree. But, no matter how great the excitement is, the frustration and panic might be overwhelming. And itâs understandable as there is a lot of pressure on you right now. The good news is that there is nothing to...
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How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style. Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list: Title your bibliography section "References" and center the title on the top line of the page. Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1 ...
A bibliography is a detailed list of all the sources consulted and cited in a research paper or project. The bibliography structure always includes citing the author's name, the title of the work ...
Bibliography Entry for a Book. A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author's name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author's name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in ...
To create a bibliography, gather up all of the sources that you might use in your paper. Create an APA format reference for each source and then write a brief annotation. Your annotation should be a brief summary of what each reference is about. You can quickly refer to these annotations When writing your paper and determine which to include.
APA/Harvard reference order. If using Harvard referencing, title your bibliography as 'References'. Author's last name. Author's first initial. The publication date (in brackets). The book title. The publication place. The name of the book publisher.
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
When using web sources, the following information is necessary. If there is a clear title, The name of the business that designed the website; The date that you last used this source; Copy the URL in its entirety. What is the Meaning of Bibliography. A research paper may be required for several academic assignments.
A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names. the titles of the works. the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources. the dates your copies were published.
Follow these steps to write the perfect APA bibliography. Step One: Gather your sources together in a preliminary bibliography. Step Two: Format each citation entry by following these rules: List authors by last name, first name initial, and middle name initial (e.g., Doe, J. J.). Do not spell out first or middle name (s).
Bibliography This is a list of everything that you have cited in your work and any other sources that you might have consulted during your research but have chosen not to cite in the assignment. Whether you are asked to provide a reference list or a bibliography, both should provide accurate and full references.
A bibliography is a list of books and other source material that you have used in preparing a research paper. Sometimes these lists will include works that you consulted but did not cite specifically in your assignment. Consult the style guide required for your assignment to determine the specific title of your bibliography page as well as how ...
Bibliography. If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last ...
When it is time to turn in your Bibliography, type all of your sources into a list. Use the examples in MLA Format Examples or APA Format Examples as a template to insure that each source is formatted correctly. List the sources in alphabetical order using the author's last name.
6. Cite books. Include the author's last name and first name, separated by a comma and ending with a period. Then the book title comes in italics with a period at the end of the title. The place of publication and the name of the publishing company are separated by a colon, and then a comma and the publication date.
A bibliography lists all of the materials that have been consulted during your research, regardless of whether or not you've quoted from them; A reference list states only the sources that you've quoted in your assignment; Regardless of which you're required to create, you must follow the formatting shown below.
Many people use the term bibliography as an umbrella term to mean the references listed at the end of your school paper. However, depending on what type of writing style you are using (e.g. MLA, APA, etc.), this can have a different official name. The reference sheet at the end of your work might be called a works cited in MLA, a reference list ...
A bibliography differs from a reference page for an assignment as a reference page (or reference list) only includes cited resources. Most bibliographies appear on a separate numbered page, use double line spacing, a clear, traditional font, such as times new roman (font size 11-12), and include the following: A centred heading 'Bibliography'.
An annotated bibliography is a combination of the words "annotation" and "bibliography." An annotation is a set of notes, comments, or critiques. A bibliography is list of references that helps a reader identify sources of information. An annotated bibliography is a list of references that not only identifies the sources of information but also ...
Bibliography Examples In MLA, APA and Chicago. When it comes to examples of bibliographies, it can get confusing. This is because the word "bibliography" can have a double meaning when it comes to writing styles. "Bibliography" can be a catch-all word to mean all source lists in all writing styles. It is also the title of the Chicago ...
Compiling a reference list. A reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author's surname unless you are using a numeric referencing system. In this case, sources are assigned a number when they first appear in the text, and are listed in numerical order. Example bibliography using the Harvard referencing style.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic. Scribbr's free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage ...
Author name (if mentioned) Title (if mentioned) Name of the company that created the webpage. Web address (just copy the URL) The date when you used the page last time. Most of the time, your teacher would request to collect at least three printed sources, so try not to rely on the Internet solely.
ANNOTATED BIBLOGRAPHY 3 into the situation to hopefully solve the problem and can retain the information. The study did find that the method also improved students' reading comprehension scores and received positive feedback from students. Having that support through various resources that the teacher provides could further enhance the student's reading comprehension, which could be positive ...