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1 Introduction to the Internet

Mar 22, 2019

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1 Introduction to the Internet. Learning Outcomes. Describe the Evolution of the Internet and the Web Explain the Need for Web Standards Identify Networking Protocols Define Addressing and Domain Names Describe HTML, XHTML, and HTML5 Describe Popular Trends in the Use of the Web.

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Learning Outcomes • Describe the Evolution of the Internet and the Web • Explain the Need for Web Standards • Identify Networking Protocols • Define Addressing and Domain Names • Describe HTML, XHTML, and HTML5 • Describe Popular Trends in the Use of the Web

The Internet • Worldwide Collection of Networks • Links Millions of: • Businesses • Government Agencies • Educational Institutions • Individuals

Internet Services • World Wide Web • E-mail • File Transfer • Newsgroups • Message Board • Chat • Instant Messaging

History of the Internet • Origination • Originated as ARPANET in Sept 1969 • Goals • Allow Scientists in Different Places to Collaborate • Function Even if Part of Network Disabled • Renamed Internet in the Late 1980s • World Wide Web Proposed In 1989 • Tim Berners-Lee

Reasons for Internet Growth in the 90’s • Removal of the Ban on Commercial Activity • Development of the World Wide Web • By Tim Berners-Lee at CERN • Development of Mosaic • First Graphics-based Web Browser at NCSA • PCs Were Increasingly Available and Affordable • OSPs Offered Low-cost Connections to the Internet

Recent Growth of the Internet Internetworldstats.com 6/2012

Internet Standards & Coordination • The Internet Society • Global Cause-driven Organization • Dedicated to Ensuring the Internet Stays: • Open, Transparent, and Defined By You • IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) • Develop New Internet Protocol Specifications

Internet Standards & Coordination • ICANN • Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers & Names • Non-profit Organization • Coordinate the Assignment of: • Internet Domain Names • IP Address Numbers • Protocol Port Numbers

Internet Standards & Coordination • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Develops Prototype Technologies Related to the Web • Produces Recommendations • Specifications to Standardize Web Technologies • Tim Berners-Lee, Director

Internet Mechanics • Access Providers • ISP (Internet Service Provider) • Regional - Access to Specific Geographical Area • National - Access in Cities & Towns Nationwide • OSP (Online Service Provider) • Member-only Features • e.g., Comcast • WISP (Wireless Internet Service Provider)

Internet Mechanics • Web Client • Connected to the Internet when Needed • Usually Runs Web Browser (Client) Software • E.g., Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari • Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Requests Web Pages from Server • Receives Web Pages & Files from Server

Internet Mechanics • Web Browser • Program that Allows Access to Web Pages • Netscape • Internet Explorer • Spent $1.25 B • Mozilla • Firefox • Safari • Chrome • Microbrowser • Mobile Devices

Internet Mechanics • Web Server • Continually Connected to the Internet • Runs Web Server Software • E.g., Apache, Internet Information Server • Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Receives Request for Web Page • Transmits Status Code, Web Page, & Associated Files

Protocols • Rules Used for Clients & Servers to Communicate • No Single Protocol Makes the Internet & Web Work • E-Mail • Sending • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) • Receiving • POP / POP3 (Post Office Protocol) • IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol)

Protocols • FTP • Allows Exchange of Files Over the Internet • Commonly used by Web Developers • Transfer Web Pages From Their Computers to Web Servers • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Rules for Exchanging Files on the Web • Text, Graphics, Sound, Video, Other Multimedia Files

Protocols • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) • Official Communication Protocol of the Internet • TCP • Ensure Integrity of Communication • Breaks Files and Messages into Individual Units (Packets) • IP • Controls how Data is Sent Between Computers on the Internet • Routes a Packet to the Correct Destination Address • Packet Gets Forwarded to Next Closest Router • Until Destination is Reached

Addressing • IP Address • Identifies Each Device Connected to Internet • Unique Number • Domain Name • Text Version of IP Address

Addressing • TLD (Top Level Domain) • Identifies Type of Organization • ccTLD • Two-letter Country Code Outside US • ICANN Assigns & Controls TLDs • DNS (Domain Name System) • DNS Server • Translates Domain Name to IP Address

Addressing • Web • URL (Uniform Resource Locator) • Unique Address for Page Located on Server

Markup Languages • SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) • Standard for Specifying a Markup Language or Tag Set • HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) • Set of Markup Codes Used to Display Pages in a Web Browser • XML (eXtensibleMarkup Language) • Designed to Describe, Deliver, & Exchange Structured Data • E.g., Display Data from Databases on Web Pages

Markup Languages • XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language) • Developed by the W3C • Reformulation of HTML 4.0 as an Application of XML • Formatting Strengths of HTML 4.0 • Data Structure & Extensibility Strengths of XML • HTML 5 • Next Version of HTML 4 & XHTML

Markup Languages History

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