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Mla format guide.

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Get the facts on citing and writing in APA format with our comprehensive guides. Formatting instructions, in-text citation and reference examples, and sample papers provide you with the tools you need to style your paper in APA.

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Looking to format your paper in Chicago style and not sure where to start? Our guide provides everything you need! Learn the basics and fundamentals to creating references and footnotes in Chicago format. With numerous examples and visuals, you’ll be citing in Chicago style in no time.

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• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Citing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

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In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing : This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Citing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

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Guides & Resources

Complete guide to mla format.

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Useful guide to APA format

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How To Write a Bibliography (Plus Printable Guide With Examples)

Give credit where credit is due.

Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.

Plus grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . Just fill out the form on this page to get the free guide.

IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure they’re using the most up-to-date formats and styles.

What is a bibliography?

When you’re researching a paper, you’ll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, it’s vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.

A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you don’t quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but aren’t limited to):

• Books and e-books
• Periodicals like magazines or newspapers
• Online articles or websites
• Primary source documents like letters or official records

Bibliography vs. References

These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.

A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled “List of Works Cited” or simply “References.”

Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they don’t, consider choosing a bibliography to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported and allow them to do further reading on their own if they’re interested.

Bibliography vs. Citations

Citations refer to direct quotations from a text that are woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.

What does a bibliography entry include?

Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order and may include: ADVERTISEMENT

• Author/s or creator/s
• Publication date
• Volume and issue numbers
• Publisher and publication city
• Website URL

These entries don’t generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.

What are the different bibliography styles?

In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for K–12 students.

Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they don’t, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.

Below, you’ll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. We’ve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isn’t shown here, refer directly to the style guide you’re using.

APA Style Bibliography and Examples

Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list to only items you cite throughout your work.

How To Write a Bibliography (References) Using APA Style

Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:

• Title your bibliography section “References” and center the title on the top line of the page.
• Do not center your references; they should be left-aligned. For longer items, subsequent lines should use a hanging indent of 1/2 inch.
• Include all types of resources in the same list.
• Alphabetize your list by author or creator, last name first.
• Do not spell out the author/creator’s first or middle name—only use their initials.
• If there are multiple authors/creators, use an ampersand (&) before the final author/creator.
• Place the date in parentheses.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, unless the word would otherwise be capitalized (proper names, etc.).
• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and videos.
• For websites, include the full site information, including the http:// or https:// at the beginning.

Books and E-Books APA Bibliography Examples

For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisher’s website for e-books):

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized (unless there’s a proper name/noun) . Publisher. Publisher’s website

• Wynn, S. (2020). City of London at war 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military. https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical APA Bibliography Examples

For journal or magazine articles, use the following format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL

• Bell, A. (2009). Landscapes of fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945. Journal of British Studies (48) 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

Here’s the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL:

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL

• Blakemore, E. (2022, November 12) Researchers track down two copies of fossil destroyed by the Nazis.  The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic APA Bibliography Examples

For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format:

Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL

• Wukovits, J. (2023, January 30). A World War II survivor recalls the London Blitz . British Heritage . https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

When an online article doesn’t include a specific author or date, list it like this:

Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Growing up in the Second World War . (n.d.). Imperial War Museums. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war

When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:

Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL

• War Stories. (2023, January 15). How did London survive the Blitz during WW2? Cities at war: London [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc

For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.

APA Bibliography (Reference List) Example Pages

MLA Style Bibliography Examples

MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didn’t directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.

How To Write a Bibliography (Works Cited and Works Consulted) in MLA Style

For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:

• Start your Works Cited list on a new page. If you include a Works Consulted list, start that on its own new page after the Works Cited section.
• Center the title (Works Cited or Works Consulted) in the middle of the line at the top of the page.
• Align the start of each source to the left margin, and use a hanging indent (1/2 inch) for the following lines of each source.
• Alphabetize your sources using the first word of the citation, usually the author’s last name.
• Include the author’s full name as listed, last name first.
• Capitalize titles using the standard MLA format.
• Leave off the http:// or https:// at the beginning of a URL.

Books and E-Books MLA Bibliography Examples

For books, MLA reference list entries use the following format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Pen & Sword Military, 2020. www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/City-of-London-at-War-193945-Paperback/p/17299

Periodical MLA Bibliography Examples

Here’s the MLA-style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing:

For magazines and journals:

Last Name, First Name. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page Number–Last Page Number.

• Bell, Amy. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 48, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 153–175. www.jstor.org/stable/25482966

When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles:

Last Name, First Name. “Title of article.” Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL

• Blakemore, Erin. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post. 2022, Nov. 12. www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/

Electronic MLA Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Month Day, Year published. URL

• Wukovits, John. 2023. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” January 30,   2023. https://britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz

Website. n.d. “Title.” Accessed Day Month Year. URL.

• Imperial War Museum. n.d. “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Accessed May 9, 2023. www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war.

Here’s how to list YouTube and other online videos:

Creator, if available. “Title of Video.” Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.

• “How did London survive the Blitz during WW2?” Cities at war: London | War stories.” YouTube . Uploaded by War Stories, 15 Jan. 2023. youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing MLA-style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.

MLA Bibliography (Works Cited) Example Pages

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called “Turabian”) actually has two options for citing reference material: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, you’ll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.

How To Write a Bibliography Using The Chicago Manual of Style

Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:

• You may title it “Bibliography” or “References.” Center this title at the top of the page and add two blank lines before the first entry.
• Left-align each entry, with a hanging half-inch indent for subsequent lines of each entry.
• Single-space each entry, with a blank line between entries.
• Include the “http://” or “https://” at the beginning of URLs.

Books and E-Books Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use the following format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.

• Wynn, Stephen. City of London at War 1939–45 . Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2020. Kindle edition.

Periodical Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Here’s the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.

For journal and magazine articles, use this format:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page Number–Last Page Number. URL.

• Bell, Amy. 2009. “Landscapes of Fear: Wartime London, 1939–1945.” Journal of British Studies, 48 no. 1, 153–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25482966.

When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles:

Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title: Subtitle.” Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.

• Blakemore, Erin. 2022. “Researchers Track Down Two Copies of Fossil Destroyed by the Nazis.” The Washington Post , November 12, 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/11/12/ichthyosaur-fossil-images-discovered/.

Electronic Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Examples

Last Name, First Name Middle Name. “Title.” Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.

• Wukovits, John. “A World War II Survivor Recalls the London Blitz.” British Heritage. 2023, Jan. 30. britishheritage.com/history/world-war-ii-survivor-london-blitz.

“Title.” Site Name . URL. Accessed Month Day, Year.

• “Growing Up in the Second World War.” Imperial War Museums . www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war. Accessed May 9, 2023.

Creator or Username. “Title of Video.” Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.

• War Stories. “How Did London Survive the Blitz During WW2? | Cities at War: London | War Stories.” YouTube video, 51:25. January 15, 2023. https://youtu.be/uwY6JlCvbxc.

For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.

Chicago Manual of Style Bibliography Example Pages

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI

• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

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Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

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An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

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How to Write a Bibliography

Last Updated: June 12, 2024 References

This article was co-authored by Diane Stubbs . Diane Stubbs is a Secondary English Teacher with over 22 years of experience teaching all high school grade levels and AP courses. She specializes in secondary education, classroom management, and educational technology. Diane earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Delaware and a Master of Education from Wesley College. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 677,030 times.

When you write a paper or a book, it's important to include a bibliography. A bibliography tells your reader what sources you've used. It lists all the books, articles, and other references you cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are typically formatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association (APA) for scientific papers, Modern Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. Make sure you always check with your superior - whether a professor or boss - about which style they prefer.

Sample Bibliographies

Writing an APA Bibliography

• For example, if the author's name for a source is "John Adams Smith," you would list him as "Smith, J.A.," before listing the title of his piece.

• For example, if one source has twelve authors, and the seventh author is "Smith, J.A." and the twelfth is "Timothy, S.J.," you would list the first six authors, then write "Smith, J.A. ...Timothy, S.J."

• For example, if you have a World Health Organization Report without an author as one of your sources, you would write, "World Health Organization, "Report on Development Strategies in Developing Nations," July 1996."

• For example, an article citation might look like this: Jensen, O. E. (2012). "African Elephants." Savannah Quarterly , 2(1), 88.
• If the periodical the article comes from always begins with page number 1 (these types of periodicals are called “paginated by issue” periodicals, you should include the full page range of the article.
• If the article was retrieved online, end the citation with the words "Retrieved from" followed by the web address.

• Example: Worden, B. L. (1999). Echoing Eden. New York, New York: One Two Press.
• If the title is more than one word long and doesn’t contain any proper nouns, only the first word should be capitalized. Only the first letter of any subtitle should be capitalized as well.

• For example, a cited website might look like this: Quarry, R. R. (May 23, 2010). Wild Skies. Retrieved from https://wildskies.com.
• If no author is available, just start with the title. If no date is available, write "n.d."

Writing a MLA Bibliography

• You shouldn’t use an author’s title or degrees when listing their names in your bibliography. This is true even if they are listed that way on the source.

• For example, a book citation might look like this: Butler, Olivia. Parable of the Flower. Sacramento: Seed Press, 1996.

• For example, an article published in a scholarly journal might look like this: Green, Marsha. "Life in Costa Rica." Science Magazine vol. 1, no. 4, Mar 2013: 1-2.
• If you’re citing an article in a newspaper, you only need the name of the newspaper, followed by the date it was published, and the page number. A citation for that might look like this: Smith, Jennifer. “Tiny Tim Wins Award.” New York Times, 24 Dec 2017, p. A7.

• For example, a website citation might look like this: Jong, June. "How to Write an Essay." Writing Portal. 2 Aug. 2012. University of California. 23 Feb. 2013. <https://writingportal.com>
• Some websites, particularly academic ones, will have what’s called a DOI (digital object identifier). Write “doi:” in front of this number in place of the website’s url if a DOI is available.

Writing a CMS Bibliography

• Example: Skylar Marsh. "Walking on Water." Earth Magazine 4(2001): 23.

• For example, a book entry might look like this: Walter White. Space and Time . New York: London Press, 1982

• Example: University of California. "History of University of California." Last modified April 3, 2013. https://universityofcalifornia.com.
• Unless there is a publication date for the website you’re citing, you don’t need to include an access date. If you do have an access date, it goes at the end of the citation.

Expert Q&A

• Ask your teacher or professor which style they prefer you to use in your paper. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2
• Be sure to include each and every source you reference in your work. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 5
• When writing a bibliography or a reference page, it really comes down to looking at an example and applying it to your own information. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/compilingbibliography
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
• ↑ Cite articles
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/08/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
• ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/mla/works-cited/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_basic_format.html
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/06/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/07/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/03/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/

About This Article

To create an APA bibliography, title a separate page at the end of your paper "References." Then, use the authors' last names to organize your list alphabetically, for example by writing the author John Adam Smith as "Smith, J. A." If a source has more than 7 authors, list the first 7 before adding an ellipses. To cite an article, include the author's name, year of publication, article title, publication title, and page numbers. When citing a book, begin with the author's name, then the date of publication, title in Italics, location of the publisher, and publisher's name. For tips on how to write an MLA or CMS bibliography, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Cite a Website

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in apa.

Once you’ve identified a credible website to use, create a citation and begin building your reference list. Citation Machine citing tools can help you create references for online news articles, government websites, blogs, and many other website! Keeping track of sources as you research and write can help you stay organized and ethical. If you end up not using a source, you can easily delete it from your bibliography. Ready to create a citation? Enter the website’s URL into the search box above. You’ll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It’s that easy to begin!

If you’re wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below.

Author Last Name, First initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of web page . Name of Website. URL

Example of an APA format website:

Austerlitz, S. (2015, March 3). How long can a spinoff like ‘Better Call Saul’ last? FiveThirtyEight. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-can-a-spinoff-like-better-call-saul-last/

Keep in mind that not all information found on a website follows the structure above. Only use the Website format above if your online source does not fit another source category. For example, if you’re looking at a video on YouTube, refer to the ‘YouTube Video’ section. If you’re citing a newspaper article found online, refer to ‘Newspapers Found Online’ section. Again, an APA website citation is strictly for web pages that do not fit better with one of the other categories on this page.

Social media:

When adding the text of a post, keep the original capitalization, spelling, hashtags, emojis (if possible), and links within the text.

Facebook posts:

Structure: Facebook user’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Monday Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of Facebook post [Source type if attached] [Post type]. Facebook. URL

Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached]

Post type examples: [Status update], [Video], [Image], [Infographic]

Gomez, S. (2020, February 4). Guys, I’ve been working on this special project for two years and can officially say Rare Beauty is launching in [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/Selena/videos/1340031502835436/

Life at Chegg. (2020, February 7) It breaks our heart that 50% of college students right here in Silicon Valley are hungry. That’s why Chegg has [Images attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/LifeAtChegg/posts/1076718522691591

Twitter posts:

Structure: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [Twitter Handle]. (Year, Month Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of tweet [source type if attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached], [Poll attached]

Example: Edelman, J. [Edelman11]. (2018, April 26). Nine years ago today my life changed forever. New England took a chance on a long shot and I’ve worked [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Edelman11/status/989652345922473985

Instagram posts:

APA citation format: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [@Instagram handle]. (Year, Month Day). Up to the first 20 words of caption [Photograph(s) and/or Video(s)]. Instagram. URL

Example: Portman, N. [@natalieportman]. (2019, January 5). Many of my best experiences last year were getting to listen to and learn from so many incredible people through [Videos]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsRD-FBB8HI/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

If this guide hasn’t helped solve all of your referencing questions, or if you’re still feeling the need to type “how to cite a website APA” into Google, then check out our APA citation generator on CitationMachine.com, which can build your references for you!

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What Is Cite This For Me’s Reference Generator?

Cite This For Me’s open-access generator is an automated citation machine that turns any of your sources into references in just a click. Using a reference generator helps students to integrate referencing into their research and writing routine; turning a time-consuming ordeal into a simple task.

A referencing generator accesses information from across the web, drawing the relevant information into a fully-formatted bibliography that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work.

If you don’t know how to reference a website correctly, or have a fast-approaching deadline, Cite This For Me’s accurate and intuitive reference generator will lend you the confidence to realise your full academic potential. In order to get a grade that reflects all your hard work, your references must be accurate and complete. Using a citation machine not only saves you time but also ensures that you don’t lose valuable marks on your assignment.

Not sure how to format your citations, what citations are, or just want to find out more about Cite This For Me’s reference generator? This guide outlines everything you need to know to equip yourself with the know-how and confidence to research and cite a wide range of diverse sources in your work.

Why Do I Need To Reference?

Simply put, when another source contributes to your work, you have to give the original owner the appropriate credit. After all, you wouldn’t steal someone else’s possessions so why would you steal their ideas?

Regardless of whether you are referencing a website, an article or a podcast, any factual material or ideas you take from another source must be acknowledged in a citation unless it is common knowledge (e.g. Winston Churchill was English). Failing to credit all of your sources, even when you’ve paraphrased or completely reworded the information, is plagiarism. Plagiarising will result in disciplinary action, which can range from losing precious marks on your assignment to expulsion from your university.

What’s more, attributing your research infuses credibility and authority into your work, both by supporting your own ideas and by demonstrating the breadth of your research. For many students, crediting sources can be a confusing and tedious process, but it’s a surefire way to improve the quality of your work so it’s essential to get it right. Luckily for you, using Cite This For Me’s reference generator makes creating accurate references easier than ever, leaving more time for you to excel in your studies.

In summary, the citing process serves three main functions:

• To validate the statements and conclusions in your work by providing directions to other sound sources that support and verify them.
• To help your readers locate, read and check your sources, as well as establishing their contribution to your work.
• To give credit to the original author and hence avoid committing intellectual property theft (known as ‘plagiarism’ in academia).

How Do I Cite My Sources With The Cite This For Me Referencing Generator?

Cite This For Me’s reference generator is the most accurate citation machine available, so whether you’re not sure how to format in-text references or are looking for a foolproof solution to automate a fully-formatted bibliography, this referencing generator will solve all of your citing needs.

Crediting your source material doesn’t just prevent you from losing valuable marks for plagiarism, it also provides all of the information to help your reader find for themselves the book, article, or other item you are citing. The accessible interface of the reference generator makes it easy for you to identify the source you have used – simply enter its unique identifier into the citation machine search bar. If this information is not available you can search for the title or author instead, and then select from the search results that appear below the reference generator.

Don’t know how to reference a website? The good news is that by using tools such as Cite This For Me’s reference generator, which help you work smarter, you don’t need to limit your research to sources that are traditional to cite. In fact, there are no limits to what you can cite, whether you are referencing a website, a YouTube video or a tweet.

To use the reference generator, simply:

• Select your style from Harvard, APA, OSCOLA and many more*
• Choose the type of source you would like to cite (e.g. website, book, journal, video)
• Enter the URL , DOI , ISBN , title, or other unique source information to find your source
• Click the ‘Cite’ button on the reference generator
• Copy your new citation straight from the referencing generator into your bibliography
• Repeat for each source that has contributed to your work.

*If you require another style for your paper, essay or other academic work, you can select from over 1,000 styles by creating a free Cite This For Me account.

Once you have created your Cite This For Me account you will be able to use the reference generator to create multiple references and save them into a project. Use Cite This For Me’s highly-rated iOS or Android apps to generate references in a flash with your smartphone camera, export your complete bibliography in one go, and much more.

What Will The Reference Generator Create For Me?

Cite This For Me’s reference generator will create your citation in two parts: an in-text citation and a full citation to be copied straight into your work.

The reference generator will auto-generate the correct formatting for your bibliography depending on your chosen style. For instance, if you select a parenthetical style the reference generator will generate an in-text citation in parentheses, along with a full citation to slot into your bibliography. Likewise, if the reference generator is set to a footnote style then it will create a fully-formatted citation for your reference list and bibliography, as well as a corresponding footnote to insert at the bottom of the page containing the relevant source.

Parenthetical style examples:

In-text example: A nation has been defined as an imagined community (Anderson, 2006).* Alternative format: Anderson (2006) defined a nation as an imagined community.

*The reference generator will create your references in the first style, but this should be edited if the author’s name already appears in the text.

Bibliography / Works Cited list example: Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.

What Are Citation Styles?

A citation style is a set of rules that you, as an academic writer, must follow to ensure the quality and relevance of your work. There are thousands of styles that are used in different academic institutions around the world, but in the UK the most common are Harvard, APA and Oscola.

The style you need to use will depend on the preference of your lecturer, discipline or academic institution – so if you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your department and follow their guidelines exactly, as this is what you’ll be evaluated on when it comes to marking. You can also find your university’s style by logging into your Cite This For Me account and setting your institution in ‘My Profile’.

Citing isn’t just there to guard against plagiarism – presenting your research in a clear and consistent way eases the reader’s comprehension. Each style has a different set of rules for formatting both the page and your references. Be sure to adhere to formatting rules such as font type, font size and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Furthermore, if your work is published as part of an anthology or collected works, each entry will need to be presented in the same style to maintain uniformity throughout. It is important to make sure that you don’t jump from one style to another, so follow the rules carefully to ensure your reference list and bibliography are both accurate and complete.

If you need a hand with your citations then why not try Cite This For Me’s reference generator? It’s the quickest and easiest way to cite any source, in any style. The reference generator above will create your citations in the Harvard referencing style as standard, but it can generate fully-formatted references in over 1,000 styles – including university variations of each style. So, whether your lecturer has asked you to adopt APA referencing , or your subject requires you to use OSCOLA referencing , we’re sure to have the style you need. To access all of them, simply go to Cite This For Me’s website to create your free Cite This For Me account and search for your specific style such as MLA or Vancouver .

How Do I Format A Reference List Or Bibliography?

Drawing on a wide range of sources greatly enhances the quality of your work, and reading above and beyond your recommended reading list – and then using these sources to support your own thesis – is an excellent way to impress your reader. A clearly presented reference list or bibliography demonstrates the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

Typically, a reference list starts on a new page at the end of the main body of text and includes a complete list of the sources you have actually cited in your paper. This list should contain all the information needed for the reader to locate the original source of the information, quote or statistic that directly contributed to your work. On the other hand, a bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the material you may have consulted throughout your research and writing process. Both provide the necessary information for readers to retrieve and check the sources cited in your work.

Each style’s guidelines will define the terminology of ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’, as well as providing formatting guidelines for font, line spacing and page indentations. In addition, it will instruct you on how to order each list – this will usually be either alphabetical or chronological (meaning the order that these sources appear in your work). Before submitting your work, be sure to check that you have formatted your whole paper according to your style’s formatting guidelines.

Sounds complicated? Citing has never been so easy; Cite This For Me’s reference generator will automatically generate fully-formatted citations for your reference list or bibliography in your chosen style. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your bibliography.

How Do References Actually Work?

Although the reference generator will create your bibliography for you in record time, it is still useful to understand how this system works behind the scenes. As well as saving you time with its referencing generator, Cite This For Me provides the learning resources to help you fully understand the citing process and the benefits of adopting great citing standards.

The referencing process:

• Find a book, journal, website or other source that will contribute to your work
• Save the quote, image, data or other information that you will use in your work
• Save the source information that enables you to find it again (i.e. URL, ISBN, DOI etc.)
• Format the source information into a citation
• Copy and paste the citation into the body of the text
• Repeat for each source that contributes to your work.
• Export or copy and paste the fully-formatted citation into your bibliography.

Manage all your references in one place

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With BibGuru, you can quickly add all the sources for your paper and make citations in APA , MLA , Harvard , Chicago , and thousands of other citation styles.

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Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

Have you tried other citation and bibliography generators?

Then you know how annoying it is when the citations are incomplete or just wrong. You’ve been frustrated by their slow, ugly websites. And you’ve accidentally clicked the ads that fill the page.

BibGuru has none of that. Here's what makes BibGuru your better choice:

Easy-to-use... and did we mention it’s fast?

Citing a website? Drop the URL in and BibGuru cites it in seconds.

Citing a book? Search the title and then click the citation that matches what you need.

Citing an article? Just search the title or author and we’ll pull it right up for you. You won’t believe how quick and easy it is.

Stay focused: no flood of distracting ads

BibGuru wants you to keep your focus on your citations and nothing else!

Don’t lose points for careless mistakes

Don’t worry about losing points on your grade because you spelled something wrong or made a mistake with punctuation.

BibGuru takes care of all of that for you. Just imagine a team of robots working day and night to find the latest, accurate citations for all the sources out there.

That’s what BibGuru does for you. To date, our database contains more than 100 million journal articles and 35 million books.

APA, MLA, Chicago and many other citation styles

Whether you need a bibliography for APA or a works cited page for MLA, BibGuru has got you covered.

Our team has double-checked every rule of those referencing guidelines to make sure BibGuru provides the most accurate computer generated citations to date.

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How to Write a Bibliography For a Project From Any Sources

How to Write a Bibliography For a Project – Bibliography is an indispensable part of writing a paper, essay, school project, journal article, book, and other forms of writing.

The bibliography contains many sources that you use as references when you make your writing. These sources could be books, journal articles, articles in newspapers or magazines, articles on the websites and blogs, visual illustrations (photos, diagrams, or tables), and many more.

It’s writing rules also vary by source. And now, we will be discussing a complete guide on how to write a bibliography for a project from any sources.

Table of Contents

Tips on Writing a Bibliography for Your Project

Before you start writing a bibliography, you need to know a few useful tips below:

• You should use reference sources for your project which published no more than 5 years.
• The list of reference sources in the bibliography should be sorted in alphabetical order.
• You are allowed to write references from journal articles that have been sent to you and have been approved for publication by the author

How to Write a Bibliography From Any Sources

The following are examples of a bibliography from many sources, each source has its own formula to write.

1. Author’s Name 2. Blog Title 3. Post Title (Italicized) 4. Weblog 5. [Online] 6. URL 7. [Accessed on (date)]

Adam S. Bad Science. Trivial Disputes . Weblog. [Online] http://www.badscience.net/2019/02/trivial-disputes-2/ [Accessed May 21, 2019].

Journal Article

1. Author’s Name 2. Journal Title 3. Article Title (Italicized) 4. Volume and Issue 5. [Date published] 6. URL 7. Pages

Graham, Elspeth and Boyle, Paul. Editorial introduction: (re)theorising population geography: mapping the unfamiliar.  International Journal of Population Geography  7, no. 6 (2001): 389-394. Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework.  The Modern Language Journal,   78 (1), 12-28. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/329249 doi:1 on November 2016.

Newspaper or Magazine

1. Author’s Name 2. Article Title 3. The Name of Newspaper/Magazine (Italicized) 4. Date published

Jowit, Juliette. Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms.  Guardians . 10-09-22.

Book (Chapter & Page)

1. Author’s Name 2. Chapter Title 3. In 4. Book title (Italicized) 5. Editor’s Name (ed. / eds.) 6. Edition (optional) 7. Page Numbers 8. Publisher’s City 9. Publisher’s Name 10. The Year of Publication

Ellet, Elixabeth F.L. By rail and stage to Galena. In  Prairie state: impressions of Illinois, 167301967, by travelers and other observers , Paul M. Angle (ed.), 271-279. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Book (with Editor’s Name)

1. Name of Author 1, 2, and so on (if there’s more than 1 author) 2. Editor’s Name (Ed. / Eds.) 3. Book Title (Italicized) 4. Edition (optional) 5. Publisher’s City 6. Publisher’s Name 7. The Year of Publication

Allen, Jefffner and Young, Iris Marion (eds.).  The thinking muse: feminism and modern French philosophy . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Book (Single Author)

1. Author’s Name 2. Book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication

Bryman, Alan.  Social research methods . 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Book (Multiple Authors)

1. Name of Author 1, 2, and so on 2. Book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication

Modigliani, Franco and Jones, Frank J.  Foundations of financial markets and institutions . 4th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.

Dissertation

1. Author’s Name 2. Dissertation Title (Italicized) 3. Title of Degree 4. The University’s Name 5. The Year of Publication

Eckerberg, Katarina.  Environmental protection in Swedish foresty: a study of the implementation process.  PhD diss., Umeå University, 1987.

1. Author’s Name 2. E-book Title (Italicized) 3. Edition (optional) 4. Publisher’s City 5. Publisher’s Name 6. The Year of Publication 7. “E-book”

Bowen, Natasha K. & Guo, Shenyang.  Structural equation modeling . New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. E-book.

Note: If the date of the book’s copyright has expired, you must include the website address and date of access. For example:

Strindberg, August.  Three plays: countess Julie; the Outlaw; the Stronger.  Boston: International pocket library, 1912. https://books.google.com/ (Accessed on May 30, 2019)

Online Encyclopedia

Writer’s Name Article Title Encyclopedia’s Name The Year of Publication URL Address (http: // …) Date Accessed

Visual Illustration (Photos, Diagram, Table, etc)

Hazel, Edward. Prague by day [Photography]. In  Czech photography in the twenty-first century , S. Johnson (ed.), 32. Prague: Autumn Publishing, 2015.

Lennver, Anders.  Night against procrastination  [Photography]. 2012. http://www.ub.umu.se/nightagainstprocrastion/ (Accessed May 4, 2019).

Annual Report

1. Author’s name or Organization’s name 2. Report’s Title (Italicized) 3. City / Place of Publication 4. Publisher’s Name 5. The Year of Publication

Chevron Corporation.  Annual Report . San Ramon, CA: Chevron Corporation 2006.

Online Annual Report

1. Author’s name or Organization’s name 2. Report’s Title (Italicized) 3. [Online] 4. The Year of Publication 5. URL address 6. [Accessed on (date)]

Chevron Corporation.  Annual Report . [Online] 2006. http://www.chevron.com/documents/ Annualreport/Chevron2006AnnualReport_full.pdf [Accessed on May 6, 2019].

That’s it! Our explanation on how to write a bibliography for your project from any source, such as blog post, journal article, newspaper / magazine, book, dissertation, e-book, online encyclopedia, visual illustration, and annual report.

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A moment for Made in UK: Inside Net-a-Porter’s Modern Artisan project

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In the Scottish countryside, close to the windswept southwest coast, there is a playground for sustainable fashion. Plants are grown that can be turned into natural dyes; rare breeds of sheep are reared for wool to be spun into fine yarns; students can learn about regenerative farming and the benefits of natural versus synthetic fibres; and a textile training centre is dedicated to teaching responsible design and preserving heritage skills.

This is Dumfries House, built in the 18th century originally as the home of the 5th Earl of Dumfries, and now owned by The King’s Foundation — the educational charity set up by King Charles in 1986 to support people to make the most of their local communities and work towards a more sustainable future.

I’m visiting to find out more about The Modern Artisan, a programme that has been run by The King’s Foundation and Yoox Net-a-Porter (YNAP) since 2019. In the textile training centre, amid the rows of sewing machines, I’m given a sneak peek of the womenswear capsule collection the 2023/24 cohort has produced, which launches on the Net-a-Porter website on 2 September. The collection comprises 13 pieces made by six trainee artisans, including a lounge suit dyed using native heathers from the Scottish Highlands, a black top with intricately smocked sides, and an oversized British wool scarf. The palette is muted, drawing inspiration from nature — including the hills surrounding Balmoral, the King’s estate in the Highlands.

It’s a small but important collection, which YNAP sees as a testbed for some of its wider sustainability and traceability efforts, including using digital IDs in its private label collections, reducing its carbon footprint and sourcing more fabrics locally. “The programme has inspired us and strengthened our knowledge in some key areas,” says Vikki Kavanagh, managing director of Net-a-Porter and Mr Porter. The challenge is how to scale up these learnings in an industry that is no longer built for volume manufacturing.

Boosting Made in UK

The first two editions were split between artisans in Italy and the UK, reflecting YNAP’s anglo-Italian identity (Milan-based fashion e-commerce company Yoox acquired Net-a-Porter, Mr Porter and The Outnet in 2015; today, the combined group is owned by Richemont). This year, it’s a smaller intake, and all of the trainees are based in the UK.

“We felt that this year would be a great opportunity to really advocate for UK manufacturing and design,” Kavanagh explains. “Made in Italy has always had real kudos; anybody, when they think of Italian style, thinks of chic, high-quality silhouettes and high-quality materials. Whereas with Made in UK, I think there’s a misconception of a slight kind of fustiness — that it’s not as sleek. Some of the materials we’re able to produce in this country are of the highest quality, and we are proving with this programme that they are wearable; they are soft and luxurious to the touch.”

It’s been a trying few years for Made in UK, which has been hit hard by Brexit and suffered several blows as a number of British designer brands struggled and Matches collapsed . A wider industry shift towards reshoring has been hindered in the UK by the lack of infrastructure to support high-volume manufacturing and a skills gap that shows no signs of shrinking.

There have also been bright spots: the Victoria & Albert Museum’s blockbuster Chanel exhibition in London, which ran until March, shone a light on the history of Scottish textiles. For Dior’s resort 2025 show in June , held in the gardens of Drummond Castle — 80 miles north of Dumfries House — Maria Grazia Chiuri collaborated with Scottish companies, including Johnstons of Elgin, Esk Cashmere and Harris Tweed Hebrides. In England, knitwear brand John Smedley announced a £4.5 million investment to revive its third-party manufacturing arm in response to growing demand, boosting confidence in Made in UK.

The hope is that The Modern Artisan can build on this momentum. The programme places strong emphasis on British materials and, this year, wool in particular. The oversized scarf I’m shown in the textile training centre was hand knitted using “The King’s Clip”: a new yarn developed from the fleeces of three flocks of sheep kept at Dumfries House, processed by The Natural Fibre Company in Cornwall into yarn, and knitted by Corgi in Wales. The collection also includes two knitwear pieces made in partnership with regenerative yarn and knitwear company Herd.

“When I grew up, we all had wool jumpers. Now we hear about wool getting burned or used for compost,” says Jacqueline Farrell, education director at The King’s Foundation, who began her career in fashion and textiles. “Why don’t we value British wool anymore? Partly because of the way it’s been spun and its history of being used for carpets and scratchy jumpers. But there are many different breeds of sheep in the UK [whose wool] can be spun in different ways and then knitted or woven together to create a usable fashion fabric.”

Recognising that the project is relatively small in scope, Net-a-Porter has also worked with think tank Fashion Roundtable to develop a new open-source mapping tool that aims to make it easier for brands to find and partner with farms, mills and suppliers that use British wool. “We have a handful of mills left, and the once easy-to-navigate farm-to-fibre value chain is difficult to work with,” says Tamara Cincik, founder and CEO of Fashion Roundtable. “If we want to really meet net-zero targets and support local economies, we need to ensure we rebuild broken or fractured domestic supply chains and support local farmers and makers.”

Challenges of scale

Both Kavanagh and Farrell echo John Smedley’s view that demand for Made in UK is growing. “We are meeting [people from the] industry — from luxury to mid-market — all the time, and you can see that there is a growth in the number of partnerships [between brands and UK manufacturers],” says Farrell. Kavanagh adds that the customer response to The Modern Artisan’s first two collections was overwhelmingly positive.

However, significant barriers remain to scaling up UK production. “The biggest challenge is around volumes,” says Kavanagh. “We are a huge organisation, although the volumes of our private labels are quite small compared to the brands we stock wholesale. For us to be able to get the certification that we require for the standard of responsible sourcing and production that we want for our customers, it’s very difficult to marry our production volumes with the mills.”

How is Net-a-Porter navigating this? “We’ve used a lot of secondary materials, so deadstock, for example,” says Kavanagh. “And we have some fantastic relationships with the mills, so we’ve been able to arrive on a quantity and a price that is doable because, of course, we’re also very conscious that we want our customers to be able to access the product.” Farrell says government intervention is needed to truly move the needle on growing the UK’s manufacturing capabilities.

Boosting UK production isn’t the only aim of the project, however, and Net-a-Porter has found ways to use the learnings to make larger-scale changes in how its supply chain operates.

“We’re a bit of a living laboratory for Net-a-Porter and its Infinity strategy,” says Farrell, referring to the retailer’s 10-year sustainability plan, launched in 2020. For example, the first Modern Artisan collection incorporated digital IDs that told each garment’s story and offered post-purchase care guidance for customers. “Those are now used widely through any private label products we produce across the group,” says Kavanagh. Similarly, the artisans work with environmental consultancy Carbonsink to measure the collection’s carbon footprint, the learnings from which are disseminated throughout YNAP.

Creating a pipeline for talent

An important aim of the project is to reposition heritage craftsmanship and the making — not just the designing — of clothes as an aspirational career path. Some 60 candidates from across the UK applied for the current programme, and the six successful trainees underwent nine months of paid training, including working with YNAP’s private label design team at its London HQ and a six-month residency at Dumfries House. To date, the programme has launched the careers of 26 emerging designers and makers.

“I’m doing things now that I didn’t think I was capable of,” says Graeme Bone, who was part of the first edition of The Modern Artisan and continues to work out of Dumfries House. He shows off a selection of handcrafted kilts in bespoke tartans, which he now produces under his own name. “It gave me that grounding in using natural, local resources that are sustainable, and how to source materials properly; checking where they come from and what dyes they use.”

Artisans from the latest edition agree. “The programme taught me about the realities of choosing sustainability when bringing luxury fashion to market,” says Flavia Maria Nistor. “I’ve learned to design using data in order to create outfits that the customers will love for many years to come, about sustainable design practices and batch production, and manufacturing to the highest standards and finishes for luxury.”

“As somebody who wants to start a couture fashion business, learning about small batch production was a great experience for me,” adds Sarah Jane Sleeba. “I learned how to set up production, how to manage it, and how to source materials.”

For this edition, a bigger emphasis has been placed on commerciality, Kavanagh says. “They’ve been really challenged this year to create a commercial capsule that meets the audience’s needs and will sell very well. We looked at silhouettes, wearable textures, fits and a colour palette that sits together. The artisans have had to work together to produce something cohesive, as they would do in any commercial environment.”

Any plans for future editions are being kept firmly under wraps. For now, Net-a-Porter’s focus is on maximising the impact of this edition’s collection, both from a consumer engagement and acquisition point of view, as well as implementing any new learnings into its private label production.

Kavanagh hopes the relatively small collection could be part of a much bigger movement. “Changes such as those that John Smedley is making — bringing the manufacturing back in — are fantastic and I think there will be a moment as Made in UK strengthens. Hopefully, this programme will be part of that moment and that charge. We are very proud that we are standing for Made in UK manufacturing.”

Comments, questions or feedback? Email us at [email protected] .

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