demonstrate magnetic induction by an experiment

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Published: 23 August 2024

Acid-degradable lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of mRNA

• Sheng Zhao   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0002-9890-048X 1   na1 ,
• Kewa Gao   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-890X 2   na1 ,
• Hesong Han   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5545-5238 1   na1 ,
• Michael Stenzel 1 ,
• Boyan Yin 2 ,
• Hengyue Song 2 ,
• Atip Lawanprasert   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0001-3163-8803 1 ,
• Josefine Eilsø Nielsen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5533 3 , 4 ,
• Rohit Sharma   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-5521 1 ,
• Opeyemi H. Arogundade   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0667-3292 5 ,
• Sopida Pimcharoen 3 ,
• Yu-Ju Chen 6 ,
• Abhik Paul 6 ,
• Jan Tuma 6 , 7 ,
• Michael G. Collins   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-0595 6 ,
• Yofiel Wyle   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-9304 2 ,
• Matileen Grace Cranick 2 ,
• Benjamin W. Burgstone   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0000-8256-3867 1 ,
• Barbara S. Perez 1 ,
• Annelise E. Barron 3 ,
• Andrew M. Smith   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-4816 5 ,
• Hye Young Lee   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-6886 6 ,
• Aijun Wang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2985-3627 2 &
• Niren Murthy   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-7337 1  

Nature Nanotechnology ( 2024 ) Cite this article

4170 Accesses

8 Altmetric

Metrics details

• Biomaterials
• Biotechnology
• Nanobiotechnology

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)–mRNA complexes are transforming medicine. However, the medical applications of LNPs are limited by their low endosomal disruption rates, high toxicity and long tissue persistence times. LNPs that rapidly hydrolyse in endosomes (RD-LNPs) could solve the problems limiting LNP-based therapeutics and dramatically expand their applications but have been challenging to synthesize. Here we present an acid-degradable linker termed ‘azido-acetal’ that hydrolyses in endosomes within minutes and enables the production of RD-LNPs. Acid-degradable lipids composed of polyethylene glycol lipids, anionic lipids and cationic lipids were synthesized with the azido-acetal linker and used to generate RD-LNPs, which significantly improved the performance of LNP–mRNA complexes in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, RD-LNPs delivered mRNA more efficiently to the liver, lung, spleen and brains of mice and to haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vitro than conventional LNPs. These experiments demonstrate that engineering LNP hydrolysis rates in vivo has great potential for expanding the medical applications of LNPs.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 12 print issues and online access

251,40 € per year

only 20,95 € per issue

Buy this article

• Purchase on SpringerLink
• Instant access to full article PDF

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

Fast and facile synthesis of amidine-incorporated degradable lipids for versatile mRNA delivery in vivo

Preparation of selective organ-targeting (SORT) lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) using multiple technical methods for tissue-specific mRNA delivery

Self-assembled lipid–prodrug nanoparticles

Data availability.

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the Article and its Supplementary Information files. Should any raw data files be needed in another format, they are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.

Tenchov, R., Sasso, J. M. & Zhou, Q. A. PEGylated lipid nanoparticle formulations: immunological safety and efficiency perspective. Bioconjug. Chem. 34 , 941–960 (2023).

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Müller, S. S. et al. Biodegradable hyperbranched polyether–lipids with in-chain pH-sensitive linkages. Polym. Chem. 7 , 6257–6268 (2016).

Article   Google Scholar  

Kedmi, R., Ben-Arie, N. & Peer, D. The systemic toxicity of positively charged lipid nanoparticles and the role of Toll-like receptor 4 in immune activation. Biomaterials 31 , 6867–6875 (2010).

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Huotari, J. & Helenius, A. Endosome maturation. EMBO J. 30 , 3481–3500 (2011).

Gao, W., Chan, J. M. & Farokhzad, O. C. pH-Responsive nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol. Pharm. 7 , 1913–1920 (2010).

Zhuo, S. et al. pH-sensitive biomaterials for drug delivery. Molecules 25 , 5649 (2020).

Shin, J., Shum, P. & Thompson, D. H. Acid-triggered release via dePEGylation of DOPE liposomes containing acid-labile vinyl ether PEG-lipids. J. Control. Release 91 , 187–200 (2003).

Guo, X. & Szoka, F. C. Steric stabilization of fusogenic liposomes by a low-pH sensitive PEG-diortho ester–lipid conjugate. Bioconjug. Chem. 12 , 291–300 (2000).

Jayaraman, M. et al. Maximizing the potency of siRNA lipid nanoparticles for hepatic gene silencing in vivo. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 , 8529–8533 (2012).

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Zhang, Y., Sun, C., Wang, C., Jankovic, K. E. & Dong, Y. Lipids and lipid derivatives for RNA delivery. Chem. Rev. 121 , 12181–12277 (2021).

Roise, J. J. et al. Acid-sensitive surfactants enhance the delivery of nucleic acids. Mol. Pharm. 19 , 67–79 (2022).

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Yang, X. et al. Making smart drugs smarter: the importance of linker chemistry in targeted drug delivery. Med. Res. Rev. 40 , 2682–2713 (2020).

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Liu, B. & Thayumanavan, S. S. Substituent effects on the pH sensitivity of acetals and ketals and their correlation with encapsulation stability in polymeric nanogels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 , 2306–2317 (2017).

Hansch, C., Leo, A. & Taft, R. W. A survey of Hammett substituent constants and resonance and field parameters. Chem. Rev. 91 , 165–195 (1991).

Takahata, Y. & Chong, D. P. Estimation of Hammett sigma constants of substituted benzenes through accurate density-functional calculation of core–electron binding energy shifts. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 103 , 509–515 (2005).

Waggoner, L. E., Miyasaki, K. F. & Kwon, E. J. Analysis of PEG-lipid anchor length on lipid nanoparticle pharmacokinetics and activity in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Biomater. Sci. 11 , 4238–4253 (2023).

Kim, J. et al. Engineering lipid nanoparticles for enhanced intracellular delivery of mRNA through inhalation. ACS Nano 16 , 14792–14806 (2022).

Lokugamage, M. P. et al. Optimization of lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of nebulized therapeutic mRNA to the lungs. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5 , 1059–1068 (2021).

Coelho, F., Salonen, L. M. & Silva, B. F. B. Hemiacetal-linked pH-sensitive PEG-lipids for non-viral gene delivery. N. J. Chem. 46 , 15414–15422 (2022).

Fang, Y. et al. Cleavable PEGylation: a strategy for overcoming the “PEG dilemma” in efficient drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 24 , 22–32 (2017).

Kozma, G. T., Shimizu, T., Ishida, T. & Szebeni, J. Anti-PEG antibodies: properties, formation, testing and role in adverse immune reactions to PEGylated nano-biopharmaceuticals. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 154-155 , 163–175 (2020).

Wang, H. et al. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated immune responses triggered by clinically relevant lipid nanoparticles in rats. NPJ Vaccines 8 , 169 (2023).

Yanez Arteta, M. et al. Successful reprogramming of cellular protein production through mRNA delivered by functionalized lipid nanoparticles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115 , E3351–E3360 (2018).

Kilchrist, K. V. et al. Gal8 visualization of endosome disruption predicts carrier-mediated biologic drug intracellular bioavailability. ACS Nano 13 , 1136–1152 (2019).

CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Schmiderer, L. et al. Efficient and non-toxic biomolecule delivery to primary human hematopoietic stem cells using nanostraws. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117 , 21267–21273 (2020).

Levetzow, G. V. et al. Nucleofection, an efficient non-viral method to transfer genes into human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev. 15 , 278–285 (2006).

Vhora, I., Lalani, R., Bhatt, P., Patil, S. & Misra, A. Lipid-nucleic acid nanoparticles of novel ionizable lipids for systemic BMP-9 gene delivery to bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells for osteoinduction. Int. J. Pharm. 563 , 324–336 (2019).

Shi, D., Toyonaga, S. & Anderson, D. G. In vivo RNA delivery to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via targeted lipid nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 23 , 2938–2944 (2023).

Kumar, V. et al. Shielding of lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: impact on physicochemical properties, cytokine induction, and efficacy. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 3 , e210 (2014).

Sakurai, Y. et al. Efficient siRNA delivery by lipid nanoparticles modified with a non-standard macrocyclic peptide for EpCAM-targeting. Mol. Pharm. 14 , 3290–3298 (2017).

Chander, N., Basha, G., Yan Cheng, M. H., Witzigmann, D. & Cullis, P. R. Lipid nanoparticle mRNA systems containing high levels of sphingomyelin engender higher protein expression in hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 30 , 235–245 (2023).

Ruoslahti, E. Brain extracellular matrix. Glycobiology 6 , 489–492 (1996).

Dankovich, T. M. et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling through endocytosis and resurfacing of Tenascin-R. Nat. Commun. 12 , 7129 (2021).

Cheng, Q. et al. Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR–Cas gene editing. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 , 313–320 (2020).

LoPresti, S. T., Arral, M. L., Chaudhary, N. & Whitehead, K. A. The replacement of helper lipids with charged alternatives in lipid nanoparticles facilitates targeted mRNA delivery to the spleen and lungs. J. Control. Release 345 , 819–831 (2022).

Frohlich, E. The role of surface charge in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of medical nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 7 , 5577–5591 (2012).

Hu, M., Zhou, N., Cai, W. & Xu, H. Lysosomal solute and water transport. J. Cell Biol. 221 , e202109133 (2022).

Zahid, M. U., Ma, L., Lim, S. J. & Smith, A. M. Single quantum dot tracking reveals the impact of nanoparticle surface on intracellular state. Nat. Commun. 9 , 1830 (2018).

Pei, Y. et al. Synthesis and bioactivity of readily hydrolysable novel cationic lipids for potential lung delivery application of mRNAs. Chem. Phys. Lipids 243 , 105178 (2022).

Qiu, M. et al. Lung-selective mRNA delivery of synthetic lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119 , e2116271119 (2022).

Li, Q. et al. Engineering caveolae-targeted lipid nanoparticles to deliver mRNA to the lungs. ACS Chem. Biol. 15 , 830–836 (2020).

Landesman-Milo, D. & Peer, D. Toxicity profiling of several common RNAi-based nanomedicines: a comparative study. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 4 , 96–103 (2014).

Sanders, L. M. & Zeisel, S. H. Choline: dietary requirements and role in brain development. Nutr. Today 42 , 181–186 (2007).

Gibellini, F. & Smith, T. K. The Kennedy pathway—de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. IUBMB Life 62 , 414–428 (2010).

Raghu, G., Nyberg, F. & Morgan, G. The epidemiology of interstitial lung disease and its association with lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 91 , S3–S10 (2004).

McAleer, J. P. & Kolls, J. K. Directing traffic IL‐17 and IL‐22 coordinate pulmonary immune defense. Immunol. Rev. 260 , 129–144 (2014).

Muhl, H. et al. IL-22 in tissue-protective therapy. Br. J. Pharmacol. 169 , 761–771 (2013).

Mizoguchi, A. et al. Clinical importance of IL-22 cascade in IBD. J. Gastroenterol. 53 , 465–474 (2018).

Hwang, S., Feng, D. & Gao, B. Interleukin-22 acts as a mitochondrial protector. Theranostics 10 , 7836–7840 (2020).

Download references

Acknowledgements

N.M. thanks the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) DISC2-14045, and the NIH for NIAID award number UM1AI164559, co-funded by NHLBI, NIMH, NIDA, NIDDK and NINDS. N.M. also thanks NIH grants UG3NS115599, R33 and R61DA048444-01, R01MH125979-01, funding from the BAKAR Spark award, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, the Innovative Genomics Institute, the CRISPR Cures for Cancer Initiative and the Heritage Medical Research Institute. Cryo-TEM data were collected at the Cal-Cryo facility at the University of California, Berkeley Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3). A.E.B. thanks the NIH for funding this work with a Pioneer Award, grant number 1DP1OD029517-01 and J. J. Truchard and the Truchard Foundation. J.E.N. was funded by grant NNF21OC0068675 from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and the Stanford Bio-X Program. A.W. thanks the NIH grant with number 1R21NS133881-01, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) DISC2-14097, Shriners Children’s basic research award 85400-NCA-24. We thank SLAC for SAXS beamtime, and T. Weiss for support during the SAXS experiment. Use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract no. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The SSRL Structural Molecular Biology Program is supported by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and by the NIH, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P30GM133894). We also thank the Doudna laboratory for help with the HSPCs transfection experiments.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Sheng Zhao, Kewa Gao, Hesong Han.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Bioengineering and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Sheng Zhao, Hesong Han, Michael Stenzel, Atip Lawanprasert, Rohit Sharma, Benjamin W. Burgstone, Barbara S. Perez & Niren Murthy

Department of Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine/Shriners Children’s, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

Kewa Gao, Boyan Yin, Hengyue Song, Yofiel Wyle, Matileen Grace Cranick & Aijun Wang

Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

Josefine Eilsø Nielsen, Sopida Pimcharoen & Annelise E. Barron

Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Josefine Eilsø Nielsen

Department of Bioengineering and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Opeyemi H. Arogundade & Andrew M. Smith

Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Yu-Ju Chen, Abhik Paul, Jan Tuma, Michael G. Collins & Hye Young Lee

Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

N.M., A.W. and H.H. conceived the study and supervised the project. S.Z. and M.S. synthesized compounds. S.Z. performed the characterizations of LNPs. H.H. performed cell culture experiments. H.H., K.G., B.Y., H.S., B.W.B. and A.W. designed and conducted most of the in vivo experiments and data analysis. A.P., J.T., M. G. Collins and Y.-J.C. performed brain editing experiments. H.L. supervised brain editing experiments. B.S.P. performed HSPC transfection experiments. O.H.A. performed the quantum dots/LNPs imaging experiments, and A.M.S. supervised these experiments. A.L., J.E.N. and S.P. performed the SAXS and cryo-TEM experiments, and A.E.B. supervised these experiments. N.M. wrote the paper with contributions from all authors, and N.M., S.Z., H.H. and R.S. finalized and corrected the paper with input from all authors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hesong Han , Aijun Wang or Niren Murthy .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare the following competing interests: H.H., K.G. and N.M. own equity in Opus Biosciences. All the other authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information.

Nature Nanotechnology thanks Craig Duvall, Richard Hoogenboom and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

Detailed methods of experiments in this paper; Supplementary Schemes 1–6, Figs. 3-1–3-4, 4-1, 5-1, 6-1–6-5, 7-1–7-5, 8-1, 9-1–9-10 and 10-1–10-8, Tables 1–11; NMR spectra of compounds 1 – 7 ; and high-resolution mass spectra of compounds 1 – 3 .

Reporting Summary

Supplementary video 1.

The movement of quantum dots (QDs) delivered with ADA-LNPs in cell.

Supplementary Video 2

The movement of quantum dots (QDs) delivered with NDA-LNPs in cell.

Supplementary Video 3

The movement of quantum dots (QDs) delivered with Std-LNPs in cell.

Supplementary Data

Statistical source data for supplementary figures.

Source data

Source data fig. 2.

Statistical source data.

Source Data Fig. 3

Source data fig. 4, rights and permissions.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Zhao, S., Gao, K., Han, H. et al. Acid-degradable lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of mRNA. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01765-4

Download citation

Received : 05 September 2023

Accepted : 19 July 2024

Published : 23 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01765-4

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma.

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Injectable hydrogel-encapsulating pickering emulsion for overcoming lenvatinib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma via cuproptosis induction and stemness inhibition.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. materials, cell lines, and mice, 2.2. preparation and characterization of cuo nps, 2.3. preparation and characterization of dsf@cuo, 2.4. preparation and characterization of dsf@cuo gel, 2.5. rheological characterization, 2.6. hemolysis assay, 2.7. differential gene selection and gene enrichment analysis, 2.8. gsea and gsva analysis, 2.9. cytotoxicity evaluation and ic50, 2.10. inhibition of lenr hcc cell spheroid formation experiment, 2.11. cell cloning experiment, 2.12. transwell experiment, 2.13. western blot for cell protein expression, 2.14. in vivo treatment of lenr balb/c nude mice model, 2.15. in vivo drug retention experiment, 2.16. evaluation of in situ hcc model treatment efficacy, 2.17. immunofluorescence staining, 2.18. in vivo biosafety assessment in mice, 2.19. statistical analysis, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. preparation and characterization of injectable hydrogel, 3.2. cytotoxicity of dsf@cuo in lenr hcc, 3.3. dsf@cuo can effectively induce lenr hcc cuproptosis, 3.4. dsf@cuo could inhibit the cell stemness of lenr hcc, 3.5. the mechanism of dsf@cuo in overcoming lenr hcc, 3.6. dsf@cuo gel could overcome lenr in vivo, 3.7. dsf@cuo gel could overcome in situ hcc model, 3.8. biosafety evaluation of dsf@cuo gel, 4. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

• Siegel, R.L.; Giaquinto, A.N.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2024 , 74 , 12–49. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Mo, D.C.; Jia, R.R.; Zhong, J.H. Letter to the Editor: Hepatic Resection Compared to Chemoembolization in Intermediate- to Advanced-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comment For Moving Forward. Hepatology 2019 , 70 , 446–447. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Finn, R.S.; Ikeda, M.; Zhu, A.X.; Sung, M.W.; Baron, A.D.; Kudo, M.; Okusaka, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Kumada, H.; Kaneko, S.; et al. Phase Ib Study of Lenvatinib Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020 , 38 , 2960–2970. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Kudo, M.; Finn, R.S.; Qin, S.; Han, K.H.; Ikeda, K.; Piscaglia, F.; Baron, A.; Park, J.W.; Han, G.; Jassem, J.; et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018 , 391 , 1163–1173. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jin, H.; Shi, Y.; Lv, Y.; Yuan, S.; Ramirez, C.F.A.; Lieftink, C.; Wang, L.; Wang, S.; Wang, C.; Dias, M.H.; et al. EGFR activation limits the response of liver cancer to lenvatinib. Nature 2021 , 595 , 730–734. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Lu, S.; Tian, H.; Li, B.; Li, L.; Jiang, H.; Gao, Y.; Zheng, L.; Huang, C.; Zhou, Y.; Du, Z.; et al. An Ellagic Acid Coordinated Copper-Based Nanoplatform for Efficiently Overcoming Cancer Chemoresistance by Cuproptosis and Synergistic Inhibition of Cancer Cell Stemness. Small 2024 , 20 , e2309215. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Xiang, D.M.; Sun, W.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, C.; Cheng, Z.; Li, S.C.; Jiang, W.; Wang, R.; Fu, G.; Cui, X.; et al. Oncofetal HLF transactivates c-Jun to promote hepatocellular carcinoma development and sorafenib resistance. Gut 2019 , 68 , 1858–1871. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, J.; Yu, H.; Dong, W.; Zhang, C.; Hu, M.; Ma, W.; Jiang, X.; Li, H.; Yang, P.; Xiang, D. N6-Methyladenosine-Mediated Up-Regulation of FZD10 Regulates Liver Cancer Stem Cells’ Properties and Lenvatinib Resistance Through WNT/β-Catenin and Hippo Signaling Pathways. Gastroenterology 2023 , 164 , 990–1005. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ladd, A.D.; Duarte, S.; Sahin, I.; Zarrinpar, A. Mechanisms of drug resistance in HCC. Hepatology 2024 , 79 , 926–940. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lee, T.K.; Guan, X.Y.; Ma, S. Cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma—From origin to clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2022 , 19 , 26–44. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zheng, P.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Hu, F. Disulfiram suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion in cervical cancer through the HSP90A/NDRG1 pathway. Cell Signal. 2023 , 109 , 110771. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Pastushenko, I.; Mauri, F.; Song, Y.; de Cock, F.; Meeusen, B.; Swedlund, B.; Impens, F.; Van Haver, D.; Opitz, M.; Thery, M.; et al. Fat1 deletion promotes hybrid EMT state, tumour stemness and metastasis. Nature 2021 , 589 , 448–455. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Skrott, Z.; Mistrik, M.; Andersen, K.K.; Friis, S.; Majera, D.; Gursky, J.; Ozdian, T.; Bartkova, J.; Turi, Z.; Moudry, P.; et al. Alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram targets cancer via p97 segregase adaptor NPL4. Nature 2017 , 552 , 194–199. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lu, Y.; Pan, Q.; Gao, W.; Pu, Y.; Luo, K.; He, B.; Gu, Z. Leveraging disulfiram to treat cancer: Mechanisms of action, delivery strategies, and treatment regimens. Biomaterials 2022 , 281 , 121335. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Zhou, W.; Zhang, H.; Huang, L.; Sun, C.; Yue, Y.; Cao, X.; Jia, H.; Wang, C.; Gao, Y. Disulfiram with Cu 2+ alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Theranostics 2023 , 13 , 2879–2895. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tsvetkov, P.; Coy, S.; Petrova, B.; Dreishpoon, M.; Verma, A.; Abdusamad, M.; Rossen, J.; Joesch-Cohen, L.; Humeidi, R.; Spangler, R.D.; et al. Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins. Science 2022 , 375 , 1254–1261. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Wang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yang, Y.; Fleishman, J.S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, H. Cuproptosis: A novel therapeutic target for overcoming cancer drug resistance. Drug Resist. Updates 2024 , 72 , 101018. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Oliveri, V. Selective Targeting of Cancer Cells by Copper Ionophores: An Overview. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022 , 9 , 841814. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Vyas, A.; Harbison, R.A.; Faden, D.L.; Kubik, M.; Palmer, D.; Zhang, Q.; Osmanbeyoglu, H.U.; Kiselyov, K.; Méndez, E.; Duvvuri, U. Recurrent Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Cancer Undergoes Metabolic Reprogramming and Is Driven by Oxidative Phosphorylation. Clin. Cancer Res. 2021 , 27 , 6250–6264. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yang, G.G.; Zhou, D.J.; Pan, Z.Y.; Yang, J.; Zhang, D.Y.; Cao, Q.; Ji, L.N.; Mao, Z.W. Multifunctional low-temperature photothermal nanodrug with in vivo clearance, ROS-Scavenging and anti-inflammatory abilities. Biomaterials 2019 , 216 , 119280. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Majumder, S.; Dutta, P.; Mookerjee, A.; Choudhuri, S.K. The role of a novel copper complex in overcoming doxorubicin resistance in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vivo. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2006 , 159 , 90–103. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Kucinska, M.; Pospieszna, J.; Tang, J.; Lisiak, N.; Toton, E.; Rubis, B.; Murias, M. The combination therapy using tyrosine kinase receptors inhibitors and repurposed drugs to target patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2024 , 176 , 116892. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Johansson, B. A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of disulfiram and its metabolites. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1992 , 369 , 15–26. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Kannappan, V.; Ali, M.; Small, B.; Rajendran, G.; Elzhenni, S.; Taj, H.; Wang, W.; Dou, Q.P. Recent Advances in Repurposing Disulfiram and Disulfiram Derivatives as Copper-Dependent Anticancer Agents. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2021 , 8 , 741316. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Butcher, K.; Kannappan, V.; Kilari, R.S.; Morris, M.R.; McConville, C.; Armesilla, A.L.; Wang, W. Investigation of the key chemical structures involved in the anticancer activity of disulfiram in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell line. BMC Cancer 2018 , 18 , 753. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Uriu-Adams, J.Y.; Keen, C.L. Copper, oxidative stress, and human health. Mol. Asp. Med. 2005 , 26 , 268–298. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Xu, G.; Bao, X.; Yao, P. Protamine and BSA-dextran complex emulsion improves oral bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel. Drug Deliv. 2020 , 27 , 1360–1368. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pan, J.; Chen, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Fan, J.-B. Pickering emulsion: From controllable fabrication to biomedical application. Interdiscip. Med. 2023 , 1 , e20230014. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jeong, J.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, S.; Lee, D.K.; Han, Y.; Jeon, S.; Cho, W.S. Differential Contribution of Constituent Metal Ions to the Cytotoxic Effects of Fast-Dissolving Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles. Front. Pharmacol. 2018 , 9 , 15. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Al-Musawi, M.M.S.; Al-Shmgani, H.; Al-Bairuty, G.A. Histopathological and Biochemical Comparative Study of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Copper Sulphate Toxicity in Male Albino Mice Reproductive System. Int. J. Biomater. 2022 , 2022 , 4877637. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chakraborty, A.; Alexander, S.; Luo, W.; Al-Salam, N.; Van Oirschot, M.; Ranganath, S.H.; Chakrabarti, S.; Paul, A. Engineering multifunctional adhesive hydrogel patches for biomedical applications. Interdiscip. Med. 2023 , 1 , e20230008. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, S.; Hong, B.; Fan, Z.; Lu, J.; Xu, Y.; Pera-Titus, M. Aquivion-Carbon Composites with Tunable Amphiphilicity for Pickering Interfacial Catalysis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018 , 10 , 26795–26804. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, L.; Yu, Y.; Wei, D.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, G.; Ding, D.; Xiao, H.; Zhang, D. A Systematic Strategy of Combinational Blow for Overcoming Cascade Drug Resistance via NIR-Light-Triggered Hyperthermia. Adv. Mater. 2021 , 33 , e2100599. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Huang, L.; Zhu, J.; Xiong, W.; Feng, J.; Yang, J.; Lu, X.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yi, P.; Feng, Y.; et al. Tumor-Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Storm for High-Performance Ferroptosis Therapy. ACS Nano 2023 , 17 , 11492–11506. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Shimada, K.; Reznik, E.; Stokes, M.E.; Krishnamoorthy, L.; Bos, P.H.; Song, Y.; Quartararo, C.E.; Pagano, N.C.; Carpizo, D.R.; deCarvalho, A.C.; et al. Copper-Binding Small Molecule Induces Oxidative Stress and Cell-Cycle Arrest in Glioblastoma-Patient-Derived Cells. Cell Chem. Biol. 2018 , 25 , 585–594.e7. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yip, N.C.; Fombon, I.S.; Liu, P.; Brown, S.; Kannappan, V.; Armesilla, A.L.; Xu, B.; Cassidy, J.; Darling, J.L.; Wang, W. Disulfiram modulated ROS-MAPK and NFκB pathways and targeted breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell-like properties. Br. J. Cancer 2011 , 104 , 1564–1574. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Wang, X.; Shi, Y.; Shi, H.; Liu, X.; Liao, A.; Liu, Z.; Orlowski, R.Z.; Zhang, R.; Wang, H. MUC20 regulated by extrachromosomal circular DNA attenuates proteasome inhibitor resistance of multiple myeloma by modulating cuproptosis. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2024 , 43 , 68. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Mok, E.H.K.; Leung, C.O.N.; Zhou, L.; Lei, M.M.L.; Leung, H.W.; Tong, M.; Wong, T.L.; Lau, E.Y.T.; Ng, I.O.L.; Ding, J.; et al. Caspase-3-Induced Activation of SREBP2 Drives Drug Resistance via Promotion of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2022 , 82 , 3102–3115. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Ma, X.L.; Hu, B.; Tang, W.G.; Xie, S.H.; Ren, N.; Guo, L.; Lu, R.Q. CD73 sustained cancer-stem-cell traits by promoting SOX9 expression and stability in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2020 , 13 , 11. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, Y.; Lai, S.; Wang, Z.; Yang, Y.; Liu, W.; Wang, H.; Tang, B. The m(6)A demethylase ALKBH5-mediated upregulation of DDIT4-AS1 maintains pancreatic cancer stemness and suppresses chemosensitivity by activating the mTOR pathway. Mol. Cancer 2022 , 21 , 174. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Xiong, Y.X.; Zhang, X.C.; Zhu, J.H.; Zhang, Y.X.; Pan, Y.L.; Wu, Y.; Zhao, J.P.; Liu, J.J.; Lu, Y.X.; Liang, H.F.; et al. Collagen I-DDR1 signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell stemness via Hippo signaling repression. Cell Death Differ. 2023 , 30 , 1648–1665. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Nevi, L.; Di Matteo, S.; Carpino, G.; Zizzari, I.G.; Samira, S.; Ambrosino, V.; Costantini, D.; Overi, D.; Giancotti, A.; Monti, M.; et al. DCLK1, a Putative Stem Cell Marker in Human Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2021 , 73 , 144–159. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Tang, Q.; Chen, J.; Di, Z.; Yuan, W.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, Z.; Han, S.; Liu, Y.; Ying, G.; Shu, X.; et al. TM4SF1 promotes EMT and cancer stemness via the Wnt/β-catenin/SOX2 pathway in colorectal cancer. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2020 , 39 , 232. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Liu, C.; Liu, L.; Chen, X.; Cheng, J.; Zhang, H.; Shen, J.; Shan, J.; Xu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Lai, M.; et al. Sox9 regulates self-renewal and tumorigenicity by promoting symmetrical cell division of cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2016 , 64 , 117–129. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Chen, J.; Li, H.; Zhang, B.; Xiong, Z.; Jin, Z.; Chen, J.; Zheng, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, S. ABI2-mediated MEOX2/KLF4-NANOG axis promotes liver cancer stem cell and drives tumour recurrence. Liver Int. 2022 , 42 , 2562–2576. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kudaravalli, S.; den Hollander, P.; Mani, S.A. Role of p38 MAP kinase in cancer stem cells and metastasis. Oncogene 2022 , 41 , 3177–3185. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Bharti, R.; Dey, G.; Lin, F.; Lathia, J.; Reizes, O. CD55 in cancer: Complementing functions in a non-canonical manner. Cancer Lett. 2022 , 551 , 215935. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• de Castro, L.R.; de Oliveira, L.D.; Milan, T.M.; Eskenazi, A.P.E.; Bighetti-Trevisan, R.L.; de Almeida, O.G.G.; Amorim, M.L.M.; Squarize, C.H.; Castilho, R.M.; de Almeida, L.O. Up-regulation of TNF-alpha/NFkB/SIRT1 axis drives aggressiveness and cancer stem cells accumulation in chemoresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 2024 , 239 , e31164. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Méndez-Blanco, C.; Fondevila, F.; García-Palomo, A.; González-Gallego, J.; Mauriz, J.L. Sorafenib resistance in hepatocarcinoma: Role of hypoxia-inducible factors. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018 , 50 , 1–9. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gong, M.; Yang, H.; Zhang, S.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, D.; Qi, Y.; Zou, L. Superparamagnetic core/shell GoldMag nanoparticles: Size-, concentration- and time-dependent cellular nanotoxicity on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and the suitable conditions for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2015 , 13 , 24. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhao, Z.; Li, Q.; Qin, X.; Zhang, M.; Du, Q.; Luan, Y. An Injectable Hydrogel Reshaping Adenosinergic Axis for Cancer Therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022 , 32 , 2200801. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Li, X.; Tang, C.; Ye, H.; Fang, C. Injectable Hydrogel-Encapsulating Pickering Emulsion for Overcoming Lenvatinib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Cuproptosis Induction and Stemness Inhibition. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 2418. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172418

Li X, Tang C, Ye H, Fang C. Injectable Hydrogel-Encapsulating Pickering Emulsion for Overcoming Lenvatinib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Cuproptosis Induction and Stemness Inhibition. Polymers . 2024; 16(17):2418. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172418

Li, Xin, Chuanyu Tang, Hanjie Ye, and Chihua Fang. 2024. "Injectable Hydrogel-Encapsulating Pickering Emulsion for Overcoming Lenvatinib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Cuproptosis Induction and Stemness Inhibition" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2418. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172418

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, supplementary material.

ZIP-Document (ZIP, 1560 KiB)

Further Information

Mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

Explain with a neat diagram the coil-coil experiment demonstrating electromagnetic induction.

Consider the coils placed coaxially as shown in diagram. p → primary coil s → secondary coil a current can be established in p by means of a battery b and a key ‘k’. s is connected to a sensitive galvanometer g. current in p produces a magnetic field in the region of s. o b s e r v a t i o n s : – –––––––––––––– – (a) when the key is closed, a deflection is observed in the galvanometer. (b) when the key is opened, a deflection is observed in galvanometer (opposite deflection). (c) if the key is closed and a relative motion is caused between the p and s, then there is a deflection, whose direction depends upon the coils approaching or receding. (d) jerky motion of coils produces large deflection. (e) if the current is steady and p and s are stationary, no deflection is observed in the galvanometer. (f) induction of an iron rod into s increases the above effects appreciably..

(a) What do you understand by the term "electromagnetic induction" ? Explain with the help of a diagram.

(b) Name one device which works on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

(c) Describe different ways to induce current in a coil of wire.

(a) What is electromagnetic induction (b) Describe one experiment to demonstrate the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

By using a compass needle describe how can you demonstrate that there is a magnetic field around a current carrying conductor. - Physics

Advertisements.

By using a compass needle describe how can you demonstrate that there is a magnetic field around a current carrying conductor.

Solution Show Solution

Take a current and run it through a conductor AB in the diagram. Placing a compass needle close to the current carrying wire causes the compass needle to point in a specific direction. Changing the direction of the current causes the needle's deflection to shift as well.

That a magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying conductor is demonstrated by this.

RELATED QUESTIONS

Describe an experiment to demonstrate that there is a magnetic field around a current carrying conductor.

What will happen to a compass needle when the compass is placed below a wire with needle parallel to it and a current is made to flow through the wire? Give a reason to justify your answer.

When current flows in a wire, it creates ______.

The present of magnetic field at a point can be detected by ______.

By reversing the direction of current in a wire, the magnetic field produced by it:

State whether a magnetic field is associated or not around a current carrying conductor.

State and explain ‘Ampere’s Swimming Rule’ to determine the direction of magnetic field (or magnetic lines of force) around a current carrying conductor.

Describe an experiment to show that there is a magnetic field around a current carrying conductor.

• Maharashtra Board Question Bank with Solutions (Official)
• Balbharati Solutions (Maharashtra)
• Samacheer Kalvi Solutions (Tamil Nadu)
• NCERT Solutions
• RD Sharma Solutions
• RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions
• RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions
• Lakhmir Singh Solutions
• TS Grewal Solutions
• ICSE Class 10 Solutions
• Selina ICSE Concise Solutions
• Frank ICSE Solutions
• ML Aggarwal Solutions
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology
• NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics
• NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry
• NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science
• CBSE Study Material
• Maharashtra State Board Study Material
• Tamil Nadu State Board Study Material
• CISCE ICSE / ISC Study Material
• Mumbai University Engineering Study Material
• CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts
• CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce
• CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science
• CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10
• Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts
• Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce
• Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science
• Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10
• CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts
• CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce
• CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science
• CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10
• Entrance Exams
• Video Tutorials
• Question Papers
• Question Bank Solutions
• Question Search (beta)
• More Quick Links
• Privacy Policy
• Terms and Conditions
• Shaalaa App
• Ad-free Subscriptions

Select a course

• Class 1 - 4
• Class 5 - 8
• Class 9 - 10
• Class 11 - 12
• Search by Text or Image
• Textbook Solutions
• Study Material
• Remove All Ads
• Change mode

What is the conclusion of electromagnetic induction experiment?

Conclusion: After conducting all the experiments, Faraday finally concluded that if relative motion existed between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changed and this change in flux produced a voltage across a coil.

Table of Contents

What is electromagnetic induction PDF?

The phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying magnetic fields is appropriately called electromagnetic induction. When Faraday first made public his discovery that relative motion. between a bar magnet and a wire loop produced a small current in the.

What is electromagnetic induction explain with an experiment?

Definition: Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field. Experiment: Two different coils of copper wire having large number of turns (say 50 and 100 turns respectively) are taken.

How do I create a physics project for class 12?

What is Lenz’s law class 12?

Lenz’s law states that. The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that the original flux is maintained through the loop when current flows in it.

What does Lenz’s law state?

Lenz’s law, in electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it. This law was deduced in 1834 by the Russian physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (1804–65).

What are the three laws of electromagnetic induction?

By rotating the coil relative to the magnet. By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field. By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field. By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.

What is the formula for induced EMF?

The induced emf is ε = – d/dt (BA cos θ ). The magnitude of the magnetic field can change with time. The area enclosed by the loop can change with time.

What are the two laws of Faraday?

Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states that if the same amount of electricity is passed through different electrolytes, the masses of ions deposited at the electrodes are directly proportional to their chemical equivalents.

What are the applications of electromagnetic induction?

• Current clamp.
• Electric generators .
• Electromagnetic forming.
• Graphics tablet.
• Hall effect sensors.
• Induction cooking.
• Induction motors.
• Induction sealing.

Who invented the principle of electromagnetic induction?

Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday’s law of induction. Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field.

What is electromagnetic induction give an experiment which demonstrate this phenomenon?

Faraday conducted an experiment in which a coil connected to a galvanometer is placed near a bar magnet. The movement of the bar magnet towards or away from the coil causes the generation and flow of electric current in the coil.

Which topic is best for project in physics?

• Physics Projects on Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents.
• Physics Projects on Current Electricity.
• Physics Projects on Electrostatics.
• Physics Projects on Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism.
• Physics Projects on Optics.
• Physics Projects on Oscillations and Waves.
• Modern Physics Topics for Project.

Which topic is best for project in physics class 12?

The important topics students can choose from Class 12th Physics projects are electromagnetic induction, capacitor, optics, magnetism, current electricity, electrostatics, transistor, etc. Students can create these Physics projects for their practical tests or school science exhibition.

What are good topics for a project in physics?

• Astrophysics, Fusion and Plasma Physics .
• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
• Condensed Matter and Materials Physics.
• Energy Systems.
• Biophysics.
• Microfluidics and Microsystems.
• Optical Physics and Quantum Information Science.

What is the unit of inductance?

henry, unit of either self-inductance or mutual inductance, abbreviated H, and named for the American physicist Joseph Henry. One henry is the value of self-inductance in a closed circuit or coil in which one volt is produced by a variation of the inducing current of one ampere per second.

What is Lorentz force explain?

Lorentz force, the force exerted on a charged particle q moving with velocity v through an electric field E and magnetic field B. The entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the Lorentz force (after the Dutch physicist Hendrik A. Lorentz) and is given by F = qE + qv × B.

What is called self-inductance?

Self-inductance is the tendency of a coil to resist changes in current in itself. Whenever current changes through a coil, they induce an EMF, which is proportional to the rate of change of current through the coil.

What does Faraday’s law say?

This relationship, known as Faraday’s law of induction (to distinguish it from his laws of electrolysis), states that the magnitude of the emf induced in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change with time t of the magnetic flux Φ that cuts across the circuit:emf = −dΦdt.

Which electromagnet is the strongest?

Explanation: The strongest continuous magnetic fields on Earth have been produced by Bitter magnets.

What is the unit of magnetic flux?

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb). A flux density of one Wb/m2 (one Weber per square metre) is one Tesla (T).

What is the difference between Faraday’s law and Lenz law?

While Faraday’s law tells us the magnitude of the EMF produced, Lenz’s law tells us the direction that current will flow. It states that the direction is always such that it will oppose the change in flux which produced it.

What is Faraday’s experiment?

When Michael Faraday made his discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, he hypothesized that a changing magnetic field is necessary to induce a current in a nearby circuit. To test his hypothesis he made a coil by wrapping a paper cylinder with wire.

How induced emf is produced?

An emf is induced in the coil when a bar magnet is pushed in and out of it. Emfs of opposite signs are produced by motion in opposite directions, and the emfs are also reversed by reversing poles. The same results are produced if the coil is moved rather than the magnet—it is the relative motion that is important.

What is the unit of induced emf?

So, induced emf has a S.I unit V o l t .

Craving More Content?

Read our latest blog posts

How do you calculate headwind and tailwind.

Crosswind speed = wind speed * sin ( α ) Headwind speed (or tailwind) = wind speed * cos ( α ) How do headwinds or…

How do you calculate eccentricity of transfer orbit?

The eccentricity is e = ri/a, and thus the period of the orbit is given by (a3/4π2G M)−1/2 and the binding energy can be calculated using…

What is the force applied when riding a bike?

The primary external forces on the bike are gravity, ground, friction, rolling resistance, and air resistance. How does riding a bike relate to physics? Bicycles turn…

(a) What is electromagnetic induction? (b) Describe one experiment to demonstrate the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

(a) electromagnetic induction: whenever there is change in number of magnetic field lines associated with conductor. an electromotive force is developed between the ends of the conductor which lasts as long as the change is taking place. (b) demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction: in the figure: (i) when the magnet is stationary there is no deflection in galvanometer. the pointer read zero. [fig. (a)] (ii) when the magnet with north pole facing the solenoid is moved towards the solenoid. the galvanometer shows a deflection towards the right showing that a current flows in the solenoid in the direction as shown in [fig (b)] (iii) as the motion of magnet stops, the pointer of the galvanometer comes to the zero position [fig (c)]. this shows that the current in the solenoid flows as long as the magnet is moving. (iv) if the magnet is moved away from the solenoid, the current again flows in the solenoid, but now in a direction opposite to that shown in [fig. (b)] and therefore the pointer of the galvanometer deflects towards left[ fig. (d)]. (v) if the magnet is moved away rapidly i.e. with more velocity, the extent of deflection in the galvanometer increases although the direction of deflection remains the same. it shows that more current flows now. (vi) if the polarity of the magnet is reversed and then the magnet is brought towards the solenoid, the current in solenoid flows in the direction opposite to that shown in fig (b) and so the pointer of galvanometer deflect towards left [fig. (e)]..

(a) What is electromagnetic induction (b) Describe one experiment to demonstrate the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

• PDF Generator App
• Online Examination Module
• Our Clients

Explain the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Describe an experiment to show that a current is set up in a closed loop when an external magnetic field passing through the loop increases or decreases.

The process by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor is called electromagnetic induction. 

Explain the working of the set up with the help of the diagram.

Similar Questions

State the observation made by oersted on the basis of his experiment with current carrying conductors., for a current in a long straight solenoid $n-$ and $s-$ poles are created at the two ends. among the following statements, the incorrect statement is, list three sources of magnetic fields., name the rule used to find the direction of force on a current carrying conductor., a coil of insulated wire is connected to a galvanometer. explain what happens if a bar magnet with its north pole towards one face of the coil is: $(i)$ moved quickly towards the coil, $(ii)$ kept stationary inside the coil, and $(iii)$ moved quick away from the coil .

Demonstrating Induction ( CIE IGCSE Physics )

Revision note.

Demonstrating induction

• electrical generators which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
• transformers which are used in electrical power transmission
• a magnet and a coil
• a wire and a U-shaped magnet

Experiment 1: moving a magnet through a coil

• When a coil is connected to a sensitive voltmeter, a bar magnet can be moved in and out of the coil to induce an e.m.f.

An e.m.f. is induced in a coil when a bar magnet is moved through it. This can be seen by connecting the coil to a voltmeter

• The expected results are...

1. When the bar magnet is stationary, the voltmeter shows a zero reading

• When the bar magnet is held still inside, or outside, the coil, there is no cutting of magnetic field lines
• As a result, no e.m.f. is induced in the coil

2. When the bar magnet is moved inside the coil, there is a reading on the voltmeter

• As the bar magnet moves, its magnetic field lines are cut by the coil
• This induces an e.m.f. within the coil, shown momentarily by the reading on the voltmeter

3. When the bar magnet is moved back out of the coil, there is a reading on the voltmeter with the opposite sign 

• As the magnet changes direction, the direction of the current changes
• An e.m.f. is induced in the opposite direction , shown momentarily by the reading on the voltmeter with the opposite sign

An e.m.f. is induced only when the bar magnet is moving through the coil

• moving the magnet faster through the coil
• adding more turns to the coil
• increasing the strength of the bar magnet

Experiment 2: moving a wire through a magnet

• When a long wire is connected to a voltmeter and moved between two magnets, an e.m.f. is induced
• Note: there is no current flowing through the wire to start with

An e.m.f. is induced in a wire when it is moved between magnetic poles. This can be seen by connecting the wire to a voltmeter

1. When the wire is stationary, the voltmeter shows a zero reading

• When there is no relative motion between the wire and the magnetic field, no field lines are cut
• As a result, no e.m.f. is induced in the wire

2. As the wire is moved between the magnetic poles, there is a reading on the voltmeter

• As the wire moves, it cuts the magnetic field lines of the magnet
• This induces an e.m.f. in the wire, shown momentarily by the reading on the voltmeter

3. When the wire is moved back out of the magnet, there is a reading on the voltmeter with the opposite sign

• As the wire changes direction, the direction of the current changes
• increasing the length of the wire
• moving the wire between the magnets faster
• increasing the strength of the magnets

Factors affecting electromagnetic induction

Factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f..

1. The speed at which the wire, coil or magnet is moved:

• Increasing the speed will increase the rate at which the magnetic field lines are cut
• This will increase the size of the induced e.m.f.

2. The number of turns on the coils in the wire:

• Increasing the number of turns on the coils in the wire will increase the size of the induced emf
• This is because each turn (loop) of wire in the coil cuts the magnetic field lines 
• Therefore, the total induced e.m.f. increases with each additional turn (loop)

3. The size of the coils:

• Increasing the area of the coils will increase the size of the induced e.m.f.
• This is because there will be more wire to cut through the magnetic field lines

4. The strength of the magnetic field:

• Increasing the strength of the magnetic field will increase the size of the induced e.m.f.
• This is because there will be more magnetic field lines in a given area

Factors affecting the direction of the induced e.m.f.

1. The orientation of the poles of the magnet:

• Switching the poles of the magnet induces an e.m.f. in the opposite direction

2. The direction in which the wire, coil or magnet is moved:

• Reversing the direction in which the wire, coil or magnet is moved induces an e.m.f. in the opposite direction

When discussing factors affecting the size of an induced e.m.f., make sure to use the correct terminology:

• say "add more turns to the coil" instead of “add more coils”. This is because these statements do not mean the same thing
• say "a stronger magnet" instead of "a bigger magnet". This is because larger magnets are not necessarily stronger

You've read 0 of your 10 free revision notes

Get unlimited access.

to absolutely everything:

• Downloadable PDFs
• Unlimited Revision Notes
• Topic Questions
• Past Papers
• Model Answers
• Videos (Maths and Science)

Join the 100,000 + Students that ❤️ Save My Exams

the (exam) results speak for themselves:

Did this page help you?

Author: Katie M

Katie has always been passionate about the sciences, and completed a degree in Astrophysics at Sheffield University. She decided that she wanted to inspire other young people, so moved to Bristol to complete a PGCE in Secondary Science. She particularly loves creating fun and absorbing materials to help students achieve their exam potential.

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.

• Question Answer
• Explain briefly the coil and m...

Repeaters Course for NEET 2022 - 23

• Network Sites:
• Technical Articles
• Market Insights

• Or sign in with
• iHeartRadio

• Intro Lab - Electromagnetic Induction

Join our Engineering Community! Sign-in with:

• DIY Electronics Projects

Basic Projects and Test Equipment

• Intro Lab - How to Use a Voltmeter to Measure Voltage
• Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance
• Intro Lab - How to Use an Ammeter to Measure Current
• Intro Lab - Ohm’s Law
• Intro Lab - Resistor Power Dissipation
• Intro Lab - A Simple Lighting Circuit
• Intro Lab - Nonlinear Resistance
• Intro Lab - Circuit With a Switch
• Intro Lab - Build an Electromagnet

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will learn about electromagnetic induction using an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.

Project overview.

Electromagnetic induction is a complementary phenomenon to electromagnetism . Instead of producing a magnetic field from electricity, we produce electricity from a magnetic field. There is one important difference, though, whereas electromagnetism produces a steady magnetic field from a steady electric current, electromagnetic induction requires motion between the magnet and the coil to produce a voltage . In this project, you measure electromagnetic induction using the test setup illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Circuit for measuring the induced voltage from the electromagnet.

Parts and materials.

• Electromagnet from the previous project:  building an electromagnet
• Permanent magnet

Learning Objectives

• Relationship between magnetic field strength and induced voltage

Instructions

Step 1:  Connect the multimeter to the coil, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, and set it to the most sensitive DC voltage range available. 

Figure 2.  The schematic diagram for measuring the induced voltage from the electromagnet.

If you are using an analog multimeter , be sure to use long jumper wires and locate the meter far away from the coil, as the magnetic field from the permanent magnet may affect the meter’s operation and produce false readings. Digital meters are unaffected by magnetic fields.

Step 2:  Measure the voltage output from the electromagnet. Hint: it should be zero! 

Step 3:  Move the magnet slowly to and from one end of the electromagnet, noting the polarity and magnitude of the induced voltage.

Step 4:  Experiment with moving the magnet, and discover for yourself what factor(s) determine the amount of voltage induced. Consider the distance from the electromagnet and speed of movement.

Step 5:  Repeat the process at the other end of the electromagnet coil and compare results.

Step 6: Repeat the process using the other end of the permanent magnet and compare.

Related Content

Learn more about the fundamentals behind this project in the resources below.

• Magnetism and Electromagnetism
• Electromagnetism

Worksheets:

• Basic Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction Worksheet
• Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction Worksheet
• Advanced Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction Worksheet
• Textbook Index
• Back To Index

Lessons in Electric Circuits

Volumes ».

• Direct Current (DC)
• Alternating Current (AC)
• Semiconductors
• Digital Circuits
• EE Reference

Chapters »

• 1 Introduction to Electronics Projects

Pages »

• 3 DC Circuit Projects
• 4 AC Circuit Projects
• 5 Discrete Semiconductor Circuit Projects
• 6 Analog IC Projects
• 7 Digital IC Projects
• 8 555 Timer Circuit Projects
• 9 Contributor List
• Advanced Textbooks Practical Guide to Radio-Frequency Analysis and Design
• Designing Analog Chips
• Silicon Labs Bluetooth Solutions
• Innovative Bluetooth Technology with Silicon Labs
• Smart Bench Essentials and Remote Lab Access
• Silicon Labs Wi-SUN | Tech Chats - Silicon Labs and Mouser Electronics
• Matter Over Wi-Fi and Thread – Silicon Labs
• Safeguarding Your PCBA Design From Electromagnetic Interference

You May Also Like

The Current Video Podcast Series, Coming Back for Season 3 Soon!

In Partnership with Future Electronics

Understanding Dimensional Resonance in High-Frequency Magnetic Cores

by Dr. Steve Arar

Bluetooth Mesh Feature Enhancements

by Silicon Labs

USB PD Sensorless Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor Controller Using EZ-PD™ PMG1-S3 MCU

by Infineon Technologies

Intel Makes Its Debut Into Automotive Discrete GPUs

by Jake Hertz

Welcome Back

Don't have an AAC account? Create one now .

Forgot your password? Click here .