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Disparities in access to U.S. quantum information education

Design, integration, and commissioning of the first linac for image guided hadron therapy prototype

Adapting to the Abyss: Passive Ventilation in the Deep-Sea Glass Sponge Euplectella aspergillum

Quick charging of a quantum battery with superposed trajectories

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Physics is the study of matter, motion, and energy of constituents of the observable universe using the language of mathematics with the aim to find a unified set of laws that govern matter, motion, and energy at subatomic, macroscopic, and very large length scales. The Physics Research Network on SSRN is an open-access preprint server that provides a venue for authors to showcase their research papers in our digital library, speeding up dissemination and providing the scholarly community access to groundbreaking working papers and early-stage research. SSRN provides the opportunity to share different outputs of research such as preprints, preliminary or exploratory investigations, book chapters, PhD dissertations, course and teaching materials, presentations, and posters, among others. SSRN also helps physics scholars discover the latest research in their own and other fields of interest while providing a platform for the early sharing of their own work, making it available for subsequent work to be built upon more quickly.

Discoveries in physics have enabled an understanding of physical phenomena in many disciplines, including astronomy, biology, engineering, materials science, medicine, and the life sciences. Furthermore, the mathematical framework developed from these discoveries has led to applications in the social sciences, such as economics. Scholars and researchers in physics address a wide range of challenges; from finding fundamental laws that govern the very small (subatomic) to very large (universe) length scale systems to addressing issues impacting humanity and its surroundings. Examples include finding the fundamental law unifying General Relativity and Quantum mechanics, new materials and methods to efficiently generate and manipulate all forms of energy, and devising engineering solutions to improve human life, survivability, and living conditions.

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Most complete physics resource. Over 17 million records, international in scope, in all fields of physics, materials science, computer science, and engineering. PROS: • Much greater historical backlog (starting 1898) • Coverage much broader than arXiv • Coverage contains published works not found in GS CONS: • Basic searching not as “smart” as Google Search

Google Scholar

This service can be used to find articles from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories and universities, as well as scholarly articles available across the web. It has the fastest, simplest interface. PROS: • Fewer clicks • Very smart, very flexible unstructured searching (you can copy and paste citations into the search box) • Shows multiple versions of each article in multiple publications (when available) • Includes non-peer-reviewed publications (including the arXiv) • Includes Google Books (some full text) CONS: • Less comprehensive than Inspec, especially for older materials

ADS (SMITHSONIAN/NASA ASTROPHYSICS DATA SYSTEM)

A Digital Library portal for research in Astronomy and Physics. PROS: • Highly customizable searching • Broad coverage of physics topics • Searches all of arXiv CONS: • May not include all the materials covered by Inspec

WEB OF SCIENCE (SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDED)

Indexes major journals in science disciplines. PROS: • Very good cited literature search features • Goes back to 1900 CONS: • Does not have the depth of coverage of INSPEC or ADS

Cutting-edge preprint server for many (but not all) major physics fields. PROS: • Most up-to-date resource • Preprints • Always full text • Always free • Shows today’s papers CONS: • No peer review • Quality control issues • Not all subfields upload regularly to the arXiv

High-Energy Physics Literature Database. PROS: • Very good search and citation statistics features CONS: • Limited to HEP subjects

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

Primary journal resource for pedagogical and student-friendly physics articles. PROS: • Papers are highly readable. • Good for quickly getting background and context in a new topic • Good for coursework and teaching materials. CONS: • Not best source to find cutting-edge research

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ON THE COVER

Radio-frequency magnetometry based on parametric resonances, august 27, 2024.

In an RF magnetometer setup with a beam splitter and photodiodes (image right), circularly polarized light along the z axis acts as the pump for polarizing atoms, and linearly polarized light along the y axis detects atomic spin.

Wei Xiao et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 093201 (2024)

• Issue 9 Table of Contents
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Editorial: Whither Letters?

July 19, 2024.

Today we announce a new initiative, called End Matter, to allow up to about two pages at the end of a Letter of appendixes or other content that specialists will want or need to read.

EDITORS' SUGGESTION

Hyperdensity functional theory of soft matter.

A new scheme utilizing machine learning allows for the investigation of complex observables in spatially inhomogeneous many-body systems in a way not possible with conventional density functional theory.

Florian Sammüller, Silas Robitschko, Sophie Hermann, and Matthias Schmidt Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 098201 (2024)

Interferometry of Non-Abelian Band Singularities and Euler Class Topology

Two methods are proposed to experimentally probe Euler class topology in ultracold atomic systems.

Oliver Breach, Robert-Jan Slager, and F. Nur Ünal Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 093404 (2024)

Enantioselective One-Photon Excitation of Formic Acid

Handedness of excited formic acid molecules is controlled by the direction of propagation of the exciting laser without the need for chiral light.

D. Tsitsonis et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 093002 (2024)

Probing the Shape of the Weyl Fermi Surface of NbP Using Transverse Electron Focusing

Combining quantum oscillations and transverse-electron focusing experiments enables the measurement of the Weyl Fermi surface and separation between Weyl points in NbP.

F. Balduini et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 096601 (2024)

Avoided Quantum Tricritical Point and Emergence of a Canted Magnetic Phase in LaCr 1 − x Fe x Sb 3

Magnetization measurements on the itinerant ferromagnet LaCrSb 3 as a function of chemical substitution show a quantum tricritical point is avoided along with the appearance of a new magnetic phase.

R. R. Ullah et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 096701 (2024)

Reformulation of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Nonperturbative Dynamics: The Rabi Oscillation Problem Resolved

Reformulated time-dependent density functional theory can correctly capture electron dynamics and Rabi oscillations for systems far from equilibrium.

Davood B. Dar, Anna Baranova, and Neepa T. Maitra Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 096401 (2024)

Altermagnetic Anomalous Hall Effect Emerging from Electronic Correlations

Researchers predict that antiferromagnetic electron interactions can induce altermagnetism and consequently the anomalous Hall effect in a honeycomb lattice.

Toshihiro Sato et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 086503 (2024)

Non-Hermitian Fermi-Dirac Distribution in Persistent Current Transport

The non-Hermitian Fermi-Dirac distribution provides a framework to compute persistent currents in dissipative superconducting junctions and other non-Hermitian systems in equilibrium.

Pei-Xin Shen, Zhide Lu, Jose L. Lado, and Mircea Trif Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 086301 (2024)

Magicity versus Superfluidity around O 28 viewed from the Study of F 30

The first identification of the unbound nucleus 30 F observed at the Samurai spectrometer in RIKEN has consequences for the superfluidity of 28 O and the two-neutron halo nature of 29 , 31 F.

J. Kahlbow et al. (SAMURAI21-NeuLAND Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 082501 (2024)

Fundamental Limits for Realizing Quantum Processes in Spacetime

In order for quantum processes with indefinite causal order to be realized on a classical spacetime, the inputs and outputs cannot be localized in spacetime.

V. Vilasini and Renato Renner Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 080201 (2024)

NEWS AND COMMENTARY

Photon “sifter” separates single photons from multiphoton states, august 21, 2024.

A device that sorts photon states could lead to a basic component of an all-optical quantum computer.

Synopsis on: Natasha Tomm et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 083602 (2024)

ANNOUNCEMENT

Aps releases refreshed data availability policy for the physical review journals, august 1, 2024.

The policy requires authors to explain where research data can be found starting Sept. 4.

Essay: Quantum sensing with atomic, molecular, and optical platforms for fundamental physics

Next in the PRL series of forward-looking Essays, Jun Ye and Peter Zoller envision exciting research paths at the intersection of AMO physics, quantum technologies, and fundamental physics.

APS Announces Outstanding Referees for 2024

APS has selected 156 Outstanding Referees for 2024 who have demonstrated exceptional work in the assessment of manuscripts published in the Physical Review journals. A full list of the Outstanding Referees is available online .

Current Issue

Vol. 133, Iss. 9 — 30 August 2024

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• Vol. 133, Iss. 8 — 23 August 2024
• Vol. 133, Iss. 7 — 16 August 2024
• Vol. 133, Iss. 6 — 9 August 2024
• Vol. 133, Iss. 5 — 2 August 2024

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Clarivate Analytics has released the 2023 Journal Citation Reports, which provides journal impact factors and rankings for over 11,000 scholarly journals.

APS has selected 156 Outstanding Referees for 2024 who have demonstrated exceptional work in the assessment of manuscripts published in the Physical Review journals. A full list of the Outstanding Referees is available online.

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Physical Review Letters seeks three dynamic and personable individuals with postdoctoral experience in quantum information science and technology, photonics, condensed matter physics, or materials science to join our close-knit team of editors running the world’s leading physics journal.

Trending in PRL

Fundamental Limits for Realizing Quantum Processes in Spacetime V. Vilasini and Renato Renner Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 080201 (2024)

Realization of a Coherent and Efficient One-Dimensional Atom Natasha Tomm et al . Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 083602 (2024)

Moiré Exchange Effect in Twisted WSe 2 /WS 2 Heterobilayer Jiayi Zhu et al . Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 086501 (2024)

Exact Ansatz of Fermion-Boson Systems for a Quantum Device Samuel Warren, Yuchen Wang, Carlos L. Benavides-Riveros, and David A. Mazziotti Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 , 080202 (2024)

PRL Nobel Prize winning research

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The Physics Department strives to be at the forefront of many areas where new physics can be found. Consequently, we work on problems where extreme conditions may reveal new behavior. We study the largest things in the universe: clusters of galaxies or even the entire universe itself. We study the smallest things in the universe: elementary particles or even the strings that may be the substructure of these particles. We study the hottest things in the universe: collisions of nuclei at relativistic velocities that make droplets of matter hotter than anything since the Big Bang. We study the coldest things in the universe: laser-cooled atoms so cold that their wave functions overlap resulting in a macroscopic collective state–the Bose-Einstein condensate. While we often study the simplest things, such as individual atoms, we study the most complicated things too: unusual materials like high temperature superconductors and those that are important in biology. By pushing the limits, we have the chance to observe new general principles and to test theories of the structure and behavior of matter and energy. The links at the left will lead you to overviews of the research done in the Physics Department, organized in four broad areas, as well as to the web pages of the faculty working in each area.

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JSmol Viewer

Development of a miniaturized 2-joule pulsed plasma source based on plasma focus technology: applications in extreme condition materials and nanosatellite orientation.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. the apparatus, 2.2. experimental characterization, 2.2.1. electrical diagnostics, 2.2.2. optical refractive diagnostics, 4. discussion, 4.1. training in experimental plasma physics, 4.2. plasma deposition of materials and nanomaterial fabrication, 4.3. pulsed plasma sources to study materials at extreme conditions: first wall of nuclear fusion devices, 4.4. pulsed plasma thruster for nanosatellite orientation, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

• Soto, L.; Pavez, C.; Tarifeno, A.; Moreno, J.; Veloso, F. Studies on scalability and scaling laws for the plasma focus: Similarities and differences in devices from 1 MJ to 0.1 J. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2010 , 19 , 055017. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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• Soto, L. New trends and future perspectives on plasma focus research. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 2005 , 47 , A361. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Krishnan, M. The dense plasma focus: A versatile dense pinch for diverse applications. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2012 , 40 , 3189–3221. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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• Pavez, C.; Pedreros, J.; Tarifeño-Saldivia, A.; Soto, L. Observation of plasma jets in a table top plasma focus discharge. Phys. Plasmas 2015 , 22 , 040705. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Beskin, V.S.; Kalashnikov, I.Y. Internal Structure of the Jets from Young Stars Simulated at Plasma Focus Facilities. Astron. Lett. 2020 , 46 , 462–472. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Beskin, V.S. Simulation of the “Central Engine” of Astrophysical Jets within the Plasma Focus Facility. Astron. Rep. 2023 , 67 , 27–34. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Krauz, V.I.; Vinogradov, V.P.; Kharrasov, A.M.; Myalton, V.V.; Mitrofanov, K.N.; Beskin, V.S.; Vinogradova, Y.V.; Il’ichev, I.V. Influence of Poloidal Magnetic Field on the Parameters and Dynamics of a Plasma Flow Generated in a Plasma-Focus Discharge in a Laboratory Simulation of Jets from Young Stellar Objects. Astron. Rep. 2023 , 67 , 15–26. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
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Soto, L.; Pavez, C.; Pedreros, J.; Jain, J.; Moreno, J.; San Martín, P.; Castillo, F.; Zanelli, D.; Altamirano, L. Development of a Miniaturized 2-Joule Pulsed Plasma Source Based on Plasma Focus Technology: Applications in Extreme Condition Materials and Nanosatellite Orientation. Micromachines 2024 , 15 , 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091123

Soto L, Pavez C, Pedreros J, Jain J, Moreno J, San Martín P, Castillo F, Zanelli D, Altamirano L. Development of a Miniaturized 2-Joule Pulsed Plasma Source Based on Plasma Focus Technology: Applications in Extreme Condition Materials and Nanosatellite Orientation. Micromachines . 2024; 15(9):1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091123

Soto, Leopoldo, Cristian Pavez, José Pedreros, Jalaj Jain, José Moreno, Patricio San Martín, Fermín Castillo, Daniel Zanelli, and Luis Altamirano. 2024. "Development of a Miniaturized 2-Joule Pulsed Plasma Source Based on Plasma Focus Technology: Applications in Extreme Condition Materials and Nanosatellite Orientation" Micromachines 15, no. 9: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091123

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MoEDAL Search in the CMS Beam Pipe for Magnetic Monopoles Produced via the Schwinger Effect

B. acharya et al., phys. rev. lett. 133 , 071803 – published 15 august 2024.

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• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We report on a search for magnetic monopoles (MMs) produced in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions during Run 1 of the LHC. The beam pipe surrounding the interaction region of the CMS experiment was exposed to 184.07     μ b − 1 of Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV center-of-mass energy per collision in December 2011, before being removed in 2013. It was scanned by the MoEDAL experiment using a SQUID magnetometer to search for trapped MMs. No MM signal was observed. The two distinctive features of this search are the use of a trapping volume very close to the collision point and ultrahigh magnetic fields generated during the heavy-ion run that could produce MMs via the Schwinger effect. These two advantages allowed setting the first reliable, world-leading mass limits on MMs with high magnetic charge. In particular, the established limits are the strongest available in the range between 2 and 45 Dirac units, excluding MMs with masses of up to 80 GeV at a 95% confidence level.

• Received 23 February 2024
• Revised 30 May 2024
• Accepted 25 July 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.071803

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.

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The distribution of the MMs’ kinetic energies ( E kin ) within the beam pipe at the point of turning (black histogram). The dashed red and maroon lines show the two assumed binding energies ( E bind ). The distribution of initial polar angles for MMs that turn inside the beam pipe is also shown (blue dots). The distributions correspond to MMs with an 8     g D charge and 80 GeV mass.

The MM trapping efficiency in the CMS beam pipe as a function of the magnetic charge.

Top: distribution of average persistent currents for the beam pipe samples. Bottom: average persistent current vs sample number.

The 95% CL exclusion region for MM search via the Schwinger effect in the CMS beam pipe (BP) exposed to Pb-Pb collisions during Run 1 of the LHC. The region shaded in green corresponds to the mass bounds from the MoEDAL search using its MMT detectors exposed to Pb-Pb collisions in Run 2 [ 29 ]. The insert zooms in on the low-charge region. The limit from indirect searches for MMs produced by neutron stars [ 30 ] is also shown, indicating that the current search provides the strongest available limits for charges up to 45     g D . The lines connecting the discrete charge values are to guide the eye.

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Experimental characterization of \({\text {H}}_2\) /water multiphase flow in heterogeneous sandstone rock at the core scale relevant for underground hydrogen storage (UHS)

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Spin-polarized imaging of the antiferromagnetic structure and field-tunable bound states in kagome magnet FeSn

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Dynamics of quantum droplets in an external harmonic confinement

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Clinical data classification with noisy intermediate scale quantum computers

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Prediction of topological Dirac semimetal in Ca-based Zintl layered compounds CaM 2 X 2 (M = Zn or Cd; X = N, P, As, Sb, or Bi)

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Laser-based ultrasound interrogation of surface and sub-surface features in advanced manufacturing materials

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Topological magnon modes on honeycomb lattice with coupling textures

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Unusually large exciton binding energy in multilayered 2H-MoTe 2

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Conformal properties of hyperinvariant tensor networks

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Accurate magnetic field imaging using nanodiamond quantum sensors enhanced by machine learning

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Reservoir computing with dielectric relaxation at an electrode–ionic liquid interface

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Unique evidence of fluid alteration in the Kakowa (L6) ordinary chondrite

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Glycine amino acid transformation under impacts by small solar system bodies, simulated via high-pressure torsion method

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Gap coupled symmetric split ring resonator based near zero index ENG metamaterial for gain improvement of monopole antenna

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Experimental research on surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization for drug delivery

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Realizing quasi-monochromatic switchable thermal emission from electro-optically induced topological phase transitions

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High-charge electron beams from a laser-wakefield accelerator driven by a CO 2 laser

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Polarization based discrete variables quantum key distribution via conjugated homodyne detection

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Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base stations

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Blog The Education Hub

https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2024/08/20/gcse-results-day-2024-number-grading-system/

GCSE results day 2024: Everything you need to know including the number grading system

Thousands of students across the country will soon be finding out their GCSE results and thinking about the next steps in their education.   

Here we explain everything you need to know about the big day, from when results day is, to the current 9-1 grading scale, to what your options are if your results aren’t what you’re expecting.  

When is GCSE results day 2024?  

GCSE results day will be taking place on Thursday the 22 August.     

The results will be made available to schools on Wednesday and available to pick up from your school by 8am on Thursday morning.  

Schools will issue their own instructions on how and when to collect your results.   

When did we change to a number grading scale?  

The shift to the numerical grading system was introduced in England in 2017 firstly in English language, English literature, and maths.  

By 2020 all subjects were shifted to number grades. This means anyone with GCSE results from 2017-2020 will have a combination of both letters and numbers.  

The numerical grading system was to signal more challenging GCSEs and to better differentiate between students’ abilities - particularly at higher grades between the A *-C grades. There only used to be 4 grades between A* and C, now with the numerical grading scale there are 6.  

What do the number grades mean?  

The grades are ranked from 1, the lowest, to 9, the highest.  

The grades don’t exactly translate, but the two grading scales meet at three points as illustrated below.  

The bottom of grade 7 is aligned with the bottom of grade A, while the bottom of grade 4 is aligned to the bottom of grade C.    

Meanwhile, the bottom of grade 1 is aligned to the bottom of grade G.  

What to do if your results weren’t what you were expecting?  

If your results weren’t what you were expecting, firstly don’t panic. You have options.  

First things first, speak to your school or college – they could be flexible on entry requirements if you’ve just missed your grades.   

They’ll also be able to give you the best tailored advice on whether re-sitting while studying for your next qualifications is a possibility.   

If you’re really unhappy with your results you can enter to resit all GCSE subjects in summer 2025. You can also take autumn exams in GCSE English language and maths.  

Speak to your sixth form or college to decide when it’s the best time for you to resit a GCSE exam.  

Look for other courses with different grade requirements     

Entry requirements vary depending on the college and course. Ask your school for advice, and call your college or another one in your area to see if there’s a space on a course you’re interested in.    

Consider an apprenticeship    

Apprenticeships combine a practical training job with study too. They’re open to you if you’re 16 or over, living in England, and not in full time education.  

As an apprentice you’ll be a paid employee, have the opportunity to work alongside experienced staff, gain job-specific skills, and get time set aside for training and study related to your role.   

You can find out more about how to apply here .  

Talk to a National Careers Service (NCS) adviser    

The National Career Service is a free resource that can help you with your career planning. Give them a call to discuss potential routes into higher education, further education, or the workplace.   

Whatever your results, if you want to find out more about all your education and training options, as well as get practical advice about your exam results, visit the  National Careers Service page  and Skills for Careers to explore your study and work choices.   

You may also be interested in:

• Results day 2024: What's next after picking up your A level, T level and VTQ results?
• When is results day 2024? GCSEs, A levels, T Levels and VTQs

Tags: GCSE grade equivalent , gcse number grades , GCSE results , gcse results day 2024 , gsce grades old and new , new gcse grades

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

Title: solving oscillator odes via soft-constrained physics-informed neural network with small data.

Abstract: This paper compared physics-informed neural network (PINN), conventional neural network (NN) and traditional numerical discretization methods on solving differential equations (DEs) through literature investigation and experimental validation. We focused on the soft-constrained PINN approach and formalized its mathematical framework and computational flow for solving Ordinary DEs and Partial DEs (ODEs/PDEs). The working mechanism and its accuracy and efficiency were experimentally verified by solving typical linear and non-linear (e.g., Primer, Van der Pol, Duffing) oscillator ODEs. We demonstrate that the DeepXDE-based implementation of PINN is not only light code and efficient in training, but also flexible across CPU/GPU platforms. PINN greatly reduces the need for labeled data: when the nonlinearity of the ODE is weak, a very small amount of supervised training data plus a few unsupervised collocation points are sufficient to predict the solution; in the minimalist case, only one or two training points (with initial values) are needed for first- or second-order ODEs, respectively. We also find that, with the aid of collocation points and the use of physical information, PINN has the ability to extrapolate data outside the time domain of the training set, and especially is robust to noisy data, thus with enhanced generalization capabilities. Training is accelerated when the gains obtained along with the reduction in the amount of data outweigh the delay caused by the increase in the loss function terms. The soft-constrained PINN can easily impose a physical law (e.g., conservation of energy) constraint by adding a regularization term to the total loss function, thus improving the solution performance to ODEs that obey this physical law. Furthermore, PINN can also be used for stiff ODEs, PDEs, and other types of DEs, and is becoming a favorable catalyst for the era of Digital Twins.

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