potato osmosis experiment results table

No category

Biology – Potatoes Osmosis Lab Report

Study collections

education if my future

Add this document to collection(s)

You can add this document to your study collection(s)

Add this document to saved

You can add this document to your saved list

Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer

A study of osmosis can be done using a potato osmometer. Osmosis is a phenomenon in which water moves from high solvent to low solvent concentration. The movement of water occurs between two compartments, separated by a semipermeable membrane .

The cell membrane of living organisms behaves as a semipermeable or selective membrane. The permeability of a selective membrane differs based on the size, charge and mass of different molecules.

Biological membranes are impermeable to large biomolecules and polar molecules like ions. But, non-polar molecules (lipids) and small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.) can cross the selective barrier.

Water is the solvent that travels down or up the cell concentration gradient through osmosis. We can study water diffusion by creating two compartments and a semipermeable membrane in between.

The difference in the concentration of solutes or solvents between two compartments is the driving force responsible for water movement. Here, we need to note that only solvents can pass the selective barrier, not solutes.

Thus, the diffusion or distribution of water is related to osmosis . This post describes the meaning, requirements, procedure and results of the potato osmometer experiment.

Content: Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer

Potato osmometer, materials required, precautions.

It is a common experiment to demonstrate both endosmosis and exosmosis using a potato. Using a potato Osmoscope, we can study osmosis in a living system.

Here, a potato is used because the porous outer surface of the potato acts as a selective membrane .

The contents within the cell form one compartment.
The solution surrounding the cell forms another compartment.

Thus, a selective membrane separates two compartments and allows the process of osmosis .

High solvent concentration in the cell surrounding.
Low solvent concentration in the cavity of potato tuber.

Following the rule of osmosis, water in the cell surrounding enters the tuber cavity via the cell membrane.

High solvent concentration in the cavity of potato tuber.
Low solvent concentration in the cell surrounding.

Following the rule of osmosis, water in the potato cavity enters the surrounding solution via the cell membrane.

Peeled off potato
Concentrated sugar solution
Petri plate

Video: Study of Osmosis

To perform the potato osmometer experiment, we need to follow the given procedure:

First, peel off the large-sized potato using a peeler or knife.
Then cut the upper and lower portions of the peeled potato using a knife. Through this step, we can easily place the potato on the Petri plate.
Using a knife, make a cavity from the centre of the potato deep into the bottom, leaving some space. Here, the bottom of the potato will function as a selective membrane.
Then, keep the potato on the Petri plate.
To study endosmosis , pour water into half of the Petri plate. Next, pour the concentrated sugar solution into half of the cavity created in the potato.
To study exosmosis , add concentrated sugar solution on the Petri plate and water into the cavity of the potato tuber.
Then, fix a pin into the potato tuber-A and B to mark the level of sugar solution and water added into the cavity.
Leave the plate undisturbed for some time until you notice any change.

Observation

Observe the level of sugar solution in the cavity of potato tuber-A.
Notice the level of water in the cavity of the potato tuber-B.

Potato Osmosis Experiment Results

The level of sugar solution in the cavity of potato tuber-A increases . It occurs because the water in the Petri plate will move towards the cell with a high solute or low solvent concentration. This experiment shows endosmosis , as water goes into the cell or potato tuber.
In contrast, the level of water in the cavity of potato tuber-B decreases . Here, water in the cavity moves toward the solution in the Petri plate due to the high solute concentration in the surrounding. This experiment shows exosmosis as water leaves the cell or potato tuber.
The cavity should be deep enough by leaving a minimum thickness at the bottom.
The sugar solution should have a high osmotic concentration.

The water movement from the Petri plate to the potato cavity or vice versa is due to the difference in the solvent or solute concentration between the two compartments.

Start typing and press enter to search

Biology Article
Study Of Osmosis By Potato Osmometer

Understanding Osmosis Using Potato Osmometer

To study by demonstrating the osmosis process by potato osmometer.

What is Osmosis?

Osmosis is the phenomena in which solvent molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The process continues until the quantity of fluid is balanced or equalized in both regions, the region of higher concentration and the region of lower concentration of the semipermeable membrane. In other words, osmosis is the diffusion or movement of water from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.

In osmosis, what are solvent and solute?

The fluid that permeates through the semipermeable membrane is called the solvent, whereas the solute is the dissolved particles in the fluid.

What is the solution?

The mixture of solute and solvent form the solution.

List the different types of solutions.

The following are the types of solutions:

Hypertonic solution – It is a solution with a high solute level. If living cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, because of lower concentration water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink and becomes plasmolyzed.
Hypotonic solution – It is a solution with low concentration levels of solute. If living cells are placed in this solution, water passes into the cells because of higher water concentration in comparison to the cell causing the cells to swell and turn turgid.
Isotonic solution – A solution is said to be isotonic if both solutions have an equal concentration of solute. If living cells are placed in an isotonic solution, no change is shown as there is the equal concentration on both the regions hence the cell retains its original shape.

Material Required

A fresh large-sized potato tuber
20% sucrose solution
Scalpel/blade
A Bell pin needle that is labelled with a waterproof ink

Slice the potato tuber into two equal halves with the help of a scalpel or a blade. The outer skin is to be peeled off. Since the tuber shape is irregular, slice the halves into squares
From the mid-region of the tuber, scoop from the soft parenchyma, so as to form a tiny cavity of a square or a circular shape. At the base, the cavity prepared should have a minimum thickness.
Fill up half the cavity with the freshly prepared 20% sugar solution. Into the cavity, fix a pin in a way that the mark is in the same line with the layer of the sucrose solution.
Set up the osmometer in a Petri dish/beaker that is filled with water in a way such that 75% of the potato osmometer is immersed in water
The set up should remain uninterrupted for close to 1 hour.
Notice the sugar solution in the osmometer towards the end of the experiment
Carry out the experiment with the help of water in the cavity and the sucrose solution in the petri dish/beaker.

Observation

After a period of time, within the osmoscope, the sugar solution rises and is seen coloured.

An increase in the level of sucrose solution is observed in the osmometer. It is because of the entrance of water due to endosmosis from the beaker.
Also, a water potential gradient is built between the sucrose solution in the external water and the osmometer.
Though both the liquids are divided by living cells of the potato tuber, they allow the entrance of water into the sugar solution.
This demonstrates the entrance of water into the sugar solution through the tissues of potato serving as a selectively permeable membrane.

Viva Questions

Q.1. What is plasmolysis?

A.1. It is a process, wherein the protoplasm of the plant cell turns round as a result of contraction when placed in a hypertonic solution due to exosmosis resulting in the decline in the tension of the cell wall.

Q.2. What is the significance of osmosis?

A.2. Osmosis maintains cell turgidity. It causes the transportation of nutrients and discharge of metabolic waste products. It preserves the interior environment of a living entity to maintain an equilibrium between the intracellular fluid levels and water.

Q.3. What is diffusion?

A.3. The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion.

For more information on related biological concepts and experiments, please register at BYJU’S.

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

January 9, 2020

Make a Potato Shrink--with Saltwater

A water-moving science project from Science Buddies

By Science Buddies & Svenja Lohner

Create movement with salt! Learn how plant cells regulate water with an activity you can see--and feel.

George Retseck

Key Concepts Biology Osmosis Cells Chemistry Concentration Water transport

Introduction Have you ever wondered how plants "drink" water from the soil? Water uptake in plants is quite complicated. A process called osmosis helps the water move from the soil into the plant roots—and then into the plant's cells. In this activity you will see for yourself how you can make water move with osmosis!

Background Most water in the ground is not pure water. It usually contains dissolved mineral salts. Animals and plants need these salts (which include calcium, magnesium, potassium and the sodium you might be familiar with as table salt) to grow, develop and stay healthy. Different water sources carry different amounts of these salts. Nature wants to balance a system that is not balanced. So if you mix water with two different salt concentrations, the salts don't stay separated but spread out evenly through the solution until the salt concentration is the same throughout.

On supporting science journalism

If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing . By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.

You'll find a similar reaction if you separate two salt solutions with a semipermeable membrane. A semipermeable membrane is a type of barrier that only lets certain particles pass through while blocking others. This type of membrane usually lets water pass through but not the salts that are dissolved in the water. In this situation, because only water can move through this membrane, the water will start moving from the area of lower salt concentration (which has more water and less salt) to the area of higher salt concentration (which has less water and more salt). This water movement will only stop once the salt and water concentration on both sides of the membrane is the same.

The process of moving water across a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis. Plants use this process to their advantage for water uptake. They create an environment of high salt concentration in their root cells that are in contact with the soil. The cell walls act as a semipermeable membrane that only let water through. Because the water outside the root cells has a lower salt concentration, water starts moving into the root cells due to osmosis. The water entering the plant fills up the cells and can travel to the rest of the plant. Osmosis, however, works in both directions. If you put a plant into water with a salt concentration that is higher than the concentration inside its cells, water will move out of the plant to balance out the concentration difference. As a result the plant shrinks and eventually dies. You will see this effect with your own eyes in this activity using potatoes and different saltwater solutions.

Distilled water

Measuring cup with milliliters (mL)

Weight scale with gram measurements

Three plastic cups or glasses

At least three potatoes

Apple corer. (Alternatively, you can have an adult help you use a cutting board and knife.)

Knife (and an adult helper to help you use it)

Pen or pencil

Paper towels

Graphing paper (optional)

Other vegetable(s) or fruit (optional)

Preparation

Prepare three different saltwater solutions. Create labels for the three cups: "0 grams," "2 grams" and "4 grams."

To each of the cups add 100 mL of distilled water.

Weigh out 2 grams of table salt, and add it to the cup that says "2 grams." Then weigh out 4 grams of table salt, and add it to the cup labeled "4 grams." Use a spoon to mix the solutions until all the salt is dissolved.

Draw a table in which you can enter the starting measurements (length and diameter or width) and end measurements of each potato strip for every salt concentration (0, 2 and 4 grams).

Prepare at least three potato cores. Carefully push the corer all the way through the potato, and remove the core carefully so the potato piece stays intact. (Alternatively, you can have an adult help cut the potato into strips that all have the same dimensions.) The potato pieces should be at least one-half inch thick and two inches long. (Ideally you will be able to prepare nine matching cores or strips so you can test three pieces in each solution to compare the results thoroughly.)

Use a knife to carefully remove any potato skin from your cores, and rinse the cores quickly with water.

Use a ruler to ensure each potato piece is the same size (ideally to the millimeter). Carefully use a knife to trim any pieces as needed.

Measure the dimensions (length and diameter or width) of each potato strip in millimeters, and write the information in the table.

Optionally, you can also weigh each potato piece and record their weights.

Put one potato strip (or three if you made nine pieces) into each of the cups. While you do that feel the potato strips with your fingers and try to flex them a little bit. How do they feel? Are they easy to bend?

Start your timer for 30 minutes. Let the potato strips sit in the different solutions for the whole time. What do you think will happen to the strips in each of the cups?

After 30 minutes inspect the potato strips inside the solutions. Do you see any changes?

Take the potato strip(s) out of the "0 grams" cup and place on a paper towel. While doing that feel the potato pieces again and try to bend them slightly. How do they feel? Are they easier or more difficult to bend than before?

Use the ruler to measure the exact length and diameter or width (in millimeters) of each of the potato strips, and write the results in your table. What do you notice about the potato strip measurements? Optionally you can weigh these pieces and record their weights.

Next take the potato strips from the "2 grams" cup, and place them on a paper towel; as you do this feel them. Measure their lengths and diameters or widths. Write your results in the table. Optionally you can weigh these pieces and record their weights. What changed about these potato strips?

Repeat the same steps with the potato strips in the "4 grams" cup. Write your results in the table. Are your results for these similar or different compared with the other ones?

How did the feeling of the strips compare based on what solution they were in? Why do you think this is?

Compare the results in your table. How did the length and diameter or width of the potato strips change in each cup? What about the weights if you took them? Can you explain your results?

Extra: If you weighed each of your strips before and after soaking them, compare the weights. How does the mass of the potato strips change in each solution?

Extra: Leave the potato strips in the solutions for a longer time period. How do they look if you let them soak in the saltwater for one hour or overnight?

Extra : If you have graphing paper, make a graph of your results with the salt concentration on the horizontal axis and the potato strip length or diameter after soaking on the vertical axis. Draw two lines to make your graph. For the first, connect each of the data points you found. For the second, draw a horizontal line starting at the point on the vertical axis that shows the original length of your potato strip. Based on your graph can you find a salt concentration at which the potato strip length should not change at all?

Extra: How does the activity work with other vegetables or fruit? Try it to find out!

Observations and Results Did your potato strips shrink and expand? At the beginning all the potato strips should have had the same length and should have all felt the same. When you put them into the different solutions, however, this starts to change. Whereas the potato strips in the "0 gram" cup probably got larger in size, the other potato strips probably got shorter after leaving them in the saltwater for 30 minutes. (If you didn't see any significant changes after 30 minutes, leave the potato strips in the saltwater solutions longer.)

The shrinking and expanding of the potato strips is due to osmosis. Potatoes are made of cells, and their cell walls act as semipermeable membranes. The 0 grams solution contains less salts and more water than the potato cells (which have more salts and less water). To balance out these concentration differences, the water from the cup moves into the potato cells. The incoming water in the potato cells pushes on the cell walls and makes the cells bigger. As a result the whole potato strip gets bigger. The opposite is the case in the higher concentration salt solutions. If the salt concentration in the cup is higher than inside the potato cells, water moves out of the potato into the cup. This leads to shrinkage of the potato cells, which explains why the potato strips get smaller in length and diameter. Due to the shrinking of the potato cells the potato strip also becomes less rigid. If you bent the potato strips, you should have noticed that those that had been in the solution with the highest amount of salt were much easier to bend than the potato strips in the water without salt.

If you made the graph you probably noticed that there is a salt concentration at which the potato strip neither expands nor shrinks. This should be where your data curve and your start length line intersect. At this point the salt concentration inside the potato cells and inside the cup are the same. Because the concentrations are already balanced no water moves.

Cleanup Discard the saltwater solutions in the sink. Throw the potato strips into the compost, and clean up your workspace. You can cook with the other pieces of unused potato.

More to Explore Osmosis , from Biology Dictionary Do Fish Drink? from McGill University's Office for Science and Society Cucumber Chemistry: Moisture Capture with Desiccants , from Scientific American Suck It Up! How Water Moves Through Plants , from Science Buddies STEM Activities for Kids , from Science Buddies

International
Education Jobs
Schools directory
Resources Education Jobs Schools directory News Search

osmosis in potato results sheet

Subject: Biology

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Worksheet/Activity

Last updated

25 March 2024

Share through email
Share through twitter
Share through linkedin
Share through facebook
Share through pinterest

Tes classic free licence

Your rating is required to reflect your happiness.

It's good to leave some feedback.

Something went wrong, please try again later.

mallirikkad

Empty reply does not make any sense for the end user

Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch.

Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource:

Science & Math
Sociology & Philosophy
Law & Politics

Effect of Salt Concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells Lab Answers

Effect of Salt Concentration on…

INTRODUCTION

The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is responsible for regulating substances within the cell. There are many processes in which substances can travel through the membrane, one being osmosis.

Osmosis is a form of passive transport (no energy required) and is a type of diffusion in liquid substances. It is the transport of water molecules through the semipermeable section of the membrane from areas of low to high solute concentration (Figure One). Osmosis helps provide support in a plant cell. Furthermore, osmosis ensures the balance of liquid levels so that the cell doesn’t burst or shrivel. Water is attracted to the salt in cells and travels to where there is more salt to balance the levels. Therefore, the three states of an environment (hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic) determine the movement of water across the membrane.

For instance, if the water inside the cell is hypotonic compared to the extracellular environment, then water will travel into the cell by osmosis. When the water inside the cell is hypertonic compared to the extracellular environment, water travels out through osmosis. If both areas are isotonic, then both solutions will continue to remain balanced.

Potato Osmosis Lab Report

Why Does Potato Shrink in Salt Water?

To determine the effect of salt concentration has on the rate of osmosis.

If the salt solution concentration is increased, then the potato will experience a larger decrease in mass due to the occurrence of osmosis.

Independent Variable: The three NaCl solutions (5%, 10%, and 15%) and the distilled water (containing 0% salt).

Dependent Variable: The rate of osmosis measured by the average percentage change in mass.


	If the timing was inconsistent then results would become unreliable and incomparable due to the false results. If some potatoes were left in the solution for longer then more osmosis would occur and if potatoes were left for a shorter time, less osmosis would occur.	The timing of potatoes in the salt solution can be kept consistent with the use of a stopwatch and leaving the potato cubes in the solution for only 20 minutes.
	The dimensions and mass had to be consistent among all potatoes or the SA: Vol ratio would be different resulting in faster rates of osmosis, providing inaccurate data.	The dimensions and mass were kept similar by using a ruler to adjust the dimensions of the potato cubes and weighing them all to ensure a similar mass.
	If the volume of salt solution is different in the four beakers, then there will be more/less water to transport by osmosis. The potatoes would then gain/lose mass creating a random error and resulting in data that differs from the true answer.	The volume of salt solution can be controlled by using a measuring cylinder to maintain accurate results. The solution should be measured on a stable, flat bench.
	If the potatoes are different types, then the salt will be varied in the potatoes. If the salt level is different then it will affect the rate of osmosis creating a random error in the data.	The same variety of potatoes should be used for all testing to have the same salt level, keeping the data consistent.

4 x 250 ml beakers
Measuring Cylinder
Electronic scales
Paper towel
50 ml distilled water
50 ml 5%, 10%, 15% NaCl Solution
Peel the potato.
Accurately cut 4 cubes of potato that measure 2 x 2 x 2cm.
Weigh all potato cubes individually and record data.
Place 50 ml distilled water in a beaker.
Place the 2 potato cubes in the distilled water.
Leave for 20 minutes.
Use a spoon to carefully remove the 2 potato cubes from the beaker and place them on a piece of paper towel to remove excess water.
Record any visual observations in your table.
Weigh the cubes and record.
Calculate the change in mass.
Calculate the % loss or gain in mass and record it in the table.
Place the potato cubes in the container for disposal.
Repeat steps 3 to 12 for 5%, 10%, 15% salt solution with a five-minute delay in-between each solution.

SAFETY AUDIT


	The use of knives and peelers should be taken proceeded with caution. Full attention should be given to dealing with the sharp object and should be faced away from the user. When transporting sharp objects, they should be held by the user’s side with the blade facing down to prevent any occurring incidents.
	If the salt solution was to be spilt, it could cause people to fall over. Due to the heaviness of the salt solution bottles, the user should make sure to pour on a stable bench and maintain a good grip on the container. If any substances are spilt the user should alert surrounding people and clean the spill up before continuing the practice.
	To prevent breakage and having sharp glass the user should take caution when transporting glassware. Glass should be used on a stable bench to prevent it from falling.

The predicted risk level of the practical ‘Effect of salt concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells’ is low.

RECORDING OF CHANGE IN POTATO CUBES:

Salt Solution Concentration (%)	Cube No.	Initial Mass (g)	Final Mass (g)	Change in Mass (g)	Change (%)	Average (%)
0	1	10.5	10.6	.1	.1	.05
2	9.2	9.2	0	0
5	3	8.9	8.1	– .8	-9	-8.5
4	8.5	7.8	– .7	-8
10	5	9.4	8.5	– .9	-10	-9.5
6	8.5	7.7	– .8	-9
15	7	10.6	9.6	-1	-9	-9
8	10.6	9.6	-1	-9

Observations: The texture of the potato became spongier after the occurrence of osmosis. Water became slightly cloudy and starchier.

The overall trend showed the salt solution with higher concentration to experience a greater rate of osmosis resulting in a larger decrease in mass apart from the end of the individual graph, which would suggest a random error to have taken place. Both sets of osmosis potato experiment salt solution results data showed solutions with higher concentration is hypertonic compared to the potato cells meaning the water would travel to the solution because it contained more salt.

Evidently, the rate of osmosis in solutions with less salt was of a lesser extent because the water from the potato cells was less attracted. The distilled water was hypotonic compared to the potato cells that contain approximately 2% salt. Hence why both the individual and class data indicated a gain in the potato mass. These results were represented in the negative linear trend in the graph (Figure Three). The osmosis practical posed no situation where the potato cell and solution were in an isotonic state; however, it could be predicted that no overall net movement would occur, and the potato mass would stay the same.

It is important to keep all controlled variables the same across all salt solutions to produce accurate data. If variables differ among the solutions then results would be influenced, producing inaccurate data. Various errors can be encountered in a practical way that can influence results, making them differ from the true answer.

The specific error encountered cannot be determined by the graph however the scatter and/or translation of data from the line of best fit can determine that there are errors involved. There were 10 sets of data undertaken that were all similar, comparing the individual data with the line of best fit from the class data (Figure Five) can show where random errors may have occurred.

If the entire set of data was to be moved but have a similar shape in the line of best fit, then it could be determined that a systematic error was of occurrence. The presence of random errors can be seen in the scatter graph (Figure Five), with the data from the 5% solution varying greatly and having an outlier.

A random error met was the slight difference in the size of potato cubes. A human cannot cut all potato cubes with precision, having the same weight and dimensions across all cubes. Although only a slight difference occurred with cubes ranging from 8.5 to 10.6 grams, smaller cubes would have a more efficient rate of osmosis due to their greater SA: Vol ratio and they would have a larger decrease in mass. This could be improved by using technology that can be relied on to cut all cubes with precision.

The accuracy of a human starting the stopwatch at the exact time the potatoes were submerged is unreliable because of their reaction time. The inaccuracy of time can result in some cubes being submerged in the solution for longer and allows time for more osmosis to occur, meaning the mass will be invalid.

For accurate timing, technology could be used to start and end exactly when the cubes are submerged and taken out. Another random error present was the excess water removed after the occurrence of osmosis. Drying the cubes with a paper towel could not be the same across all cubes and could remove different amounts of water from each cube.

This would change the mass because the cubes with less water soaked up, would have a heavier mass.

The systematic errors encountered in the practical included the calibration of equipment such as the stopwatch under the assumption that it was already working, causing invalid data.

Assumptions can also become a cause of a systematic error, an example being the assumption of the salt concentration in the solution as it was not tested prior to the practical and could result in consistently high/low results. Environmental effects such as the temperature of the lab, the potato cell concentration, and the potato age are systematic errors that can be present in the practical.

It was determined by testing potato cubes in salt solutions with different concentrations, that when the salt solution concentration was increased, the potato experienced a larger decrease in mass due to the occurrence of osmosis. This was evident from the results of the potato osmosis experiment lab report. The hypothesis for the potato in salt water experiment was supported by the individual data (Figure Two) and where errors occurred, the true value was supported by the class data.

Some limitations in the experiment were present such as the limited equipment such as technology that could have improved the precision, resulting in inaccurate data, and the inability to repeat the experiment, lowering the validity and reliability of the data gained. This conclusion aligns with typical potato osmosis experiment conclusions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Osmosis – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics (2020). Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/osmosis (Accessed: 18 March 2020).

Diffusion and Osmosis – Difference and Comparison | Diffen (2020). Available at: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diffusion_vs_Osmosis (Accessed: 23 March 2020).

Tonicity: hypertonic, isotonic & hypotonic solutions (article) | Khan Academy (2020). Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/diffusion-and-osmosis/a/osmosis (Accessed: 23 March 2020).

(2020) Colby.edu. Available at: http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/CH142/lab/ErrorAnalysisExample.pdf (Accessed: 27 March 2020).

Group	1	2	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Average
Salt Concentration %
0	1.44	2.32	1	0	1.3	1.64	3.1	0	0.05	1.205556
5	-5.55	-5.63	-8	-4.02	-5.9	-4.33	3.9	-5.5	-8.5	-4.83667
10	-6.96	-7.25	-7	-9.7	-7.1	-5.99	-6.2	-8.3	-9.5	-7.55556
15	-10.83	-9.23	-8.5	-6.58	-8.4	-7.15	-6.6	-8.85	-9	-8.34889

Figure 5, Class Data (Taken away group 3, inaccurate data)

[1] Tonicity: hypertonic, isotonic & hypotonic solutions (article) | Khan Academy (2020). Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/diffusion-and-osmosis/a/osmosis (Accessed: 23 March 2020).