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Essay on Winter Season

Here we have shared the Essay on Winter Season in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Winter Season in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams.

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Winter Season in 150 words

Essay on winter season in 200-300 words, essay on winter season in 500-1000 words.

Winter is a much-awaited season characterized by cool temperatures, shorter days, and a refreshing change in weather. It brings a picturesque landscape with trees shedding leaves and snow-covered surroundings in many regions. The cool breeze adds freshness, and people enjoy outdoor activities and festivals like Christmas and New Year’s Eve. However, winter also poses challenges, requiring precautions to stay warm and healthy. Proper clothing and warm beverages provide comfort and protection against the cold. In essence, winter is a season of joy, beauty, and togetherness. It offers an opportunity to appreciate nature’s beauty and create cherished memories with loved ones.

Winter is one of the most awaited seasons of the year. It brings a refreshing change in the weather and fills our hearts with joy. The winter season usually starts in December and lasts till February. It is characterized by cool temperatures, shorter days, and chilly winds.

During winter, the environment transforms into a picturesque landscape. The trees shed their leaves, and the surroundings are adorned with a white blanket of snow in many regions. The cool breeze brings a sense of freshness, and people often enjoy outdoor activities like bonfires, picnics, and sports.

Winter is also associated with various festivals and celebrations. Christmas and New Year’s Eve are widely celebrated during this season, bringing together families and friends. The festive spirit, decorations, and the joy of giving add warmth and happiness to the cold winter days.

However, winter also presents challenges. The cold weather can be harsh, and it is important to take necessary precautions to stay warm and healthy. Proper clothing, including sweaters, jackets, and caps, helps to protect against the cold. Warm beverages like tea, coffee, and hot chocolate provide comfort and warmth.

In conclusion, the winter season brings a unique charm and beauty of its own. It offers an opportunity to appreciate the beauty of nature and spend quality time with loved ones. While it may require extra care to stay comfortable, the winter season is a time of joy, festivities, and making cherished memories.

Title: Winter Season – Embracing the Beauty and Challenges of the Chilly Months

Introduction :

Winter, one of the four seasons, is a time of the year that brings a distinct change in weather and scenery. Lasting from December to February in most parts of the world, winter is known for its cold temperatures, shorter days, and unique charm that captures the hearts of many. The season offers a delightful respite from the scorching heat of summer and creates an environment of tranquility and serenity. From snow-covered landscapes to cozy evenings by the fireplace, winter evokes a sense of nostalgia, joy, and warmth.

The Beauty of Winter

Winter transforms the world into a picturesque wonderland. Trees shed their leaves, revealing bare branches that dance against the pale winter sky. Snowflakes gently descend from above, painting the ground in a pristine white layer, turning even the most ordinary landscapes into scenes of ethereal beauty. The sight of snow-covered mountains, frozen lakes, and frost-kissed foliage fills our hearts with awe and wonder.

Winter also brings a unique kind of silence. The stillness in the air, broken only by the soft crunch of snow beneath our feet, offers a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. It provides an opportunity to slow down, reflect, and appreciate the simple pleasures of life.

Outdoor Activities

Despite the cold temperatures, winter entices people to engage in a variety of outdoor activities. Winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding, ice skating, and sledding become popular pastimes. The thrill of gliding down a snowy slope or gracefully skating across an icy rink brings immense joy and exhilaration. Families and friends gather to build snowmen, have snowball fights, and create snow angels, fostering bonds and creating lasting memories.

Winter also offers the perfect opportunity for nature enthusiasts to explore the beauty of the season. Hiking through snow-covered trails or taking peaceful walks in the crisp winter air allows us to appreciate nature in its most serene state. Birdwatching becomes an exciting activity as migratory birds visit different regions, adding splashes of color to the otherwise white landscape.

Festivals and Celebrations

Winter is a season of festivities and celebrations. The holiday season, with Christmas and New Year’s Eve at its core, brings families and friends together to celebrate love, joy, and togetherness. Homes are adorned with sparkling lights, beautifully decorated Christmas trees, and the aroma of delicious food fills the air. It is a time for exchanging gifts, singing carols, and spreading goodwill.

Winter is also marked by cultural and religious celebrations around the world. Diwali, the Festival of Lights in India, is celebrated with grandeur, illuminating homes and streets with earthen lamps and vibrant decorations. Hanukkah, the Jewish festival, is a time of lighting the menorah and commemorating the miracle of the oil.

Challenges and Precautions

While winter brings enchantment and joy, it also presents its share of challenges. The plummeting temperatures demand that we take necessary precautions to stay warm and healthy. Proper clothing, including warm sweaters, jackets, scarves, and gloves, shields us from the biting cold. Layering clothing helps trap body heat and insulate us against the chilly winds.

Winter can also take a toll on our health. Cold and flu become common during this season, and it is important to practice good hygiene and boost our immune systems through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. Additionally, staying hydrated is crucial, as we may not feel as thirsty during colder months.

Conclusion :

Winter is a season of beauty, tranquility, and celebration. It invites us to appreciate the marvels of nature and enjoy the warmth of relationships. From snow-covered landscapes to festive gatherings, winter offers a unique experience that captivates our senses and fills our hearts with joy. While the challenges of cold weather exist, they can be overcome with proper precautions. As we embrace the beauty and challenges of winter, let us cherish the moments it brings, creating memories that will warm our hearts for years to come.

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Short Essay on Winter Season [100, 200, 400 Words] With PDF

In this session, you will learn to write short essays on the topic of ‘Winter Season’. I will write three sets of essays on the same topic covering different word limits with simple words that all kinds of students can easily understand.

Short essay on winter season in 100 words, short essay on winter season in 200 words, short essay on winter season in 400 words.

Feature image of Short Essay on Winter Season

According to the cycle of seasons, winter arrives at the end of the year and continues till the first two months of the new year. This season is associated with a harsh climate, extreme cold weather conditions, snowfall, drizzle, and disasters like landslides. The mountains and hilly regions in different parts of the world experience immense cold.

Regular snowfall occurs in Northern India as well as several parts of Asia and Europe. During this season, Human beings try to stay indoors. Many fall ill due to this cold. However, winter is not just a passive state but also a time of festivals. Christmas and New year are the two biggest celebrations in winter. Cakes and sweets are distributed at different places. Winter is a time when we can enjoy the warmth of tea and family.

The cycle of seasons moves in a circular motion throughout the year. Almost at the end of the year, after the autumn, the earth’s revolution takes the Northern hemisphere away from the Sun. So the Northern hemisphere receives little sunrise and grows cold. During that time winter arrives on the earth. Simultaneously summer arrives in the Southern hemisphere of the earth.

Winter is associated with harsh and tough weather conditions. It is terrific to easily get accustomed to the winter season. Excessive snowfall takes place in the mountains and hilly regions and the temperature falls below the freezing point. Even on plain lands like Kolkata, the winter is quite sickening. Continuous snowfall and drizzle cause landslides in hilly regions. Winters are often unfavourable for tourism in hilly regions. However coastal places can be beautiful.

The most important characteristic of winter is many animals hibernate. Birds from the end of autumn start migrating toward warmer places. Insects also gather food and hibernate during this time. Yet this is a festive season for Christmas and New year. The whole world rejoices during this time. Cakes, sweets, and gifts are shared with people. Even in the face of severe disturbances, people still get their own opportunities to celebrate the winter season.

Earth has its own ways of creating life forms and nonliving creatures. It flows in its own rhythm and is a cycle that controls the birth and death of even the smallest of all beings. The cycle of seasons falls into the natural flow where one season automatically accompanies the other. Summer, winter, spring, and autumn are the four major seasons on earth. They create a chain or system where the end of the death of a year happens through winter and rebirth takes place through spring.

Winter is a symbol of the dead and old. The trees are bare without any leaves, the plants and flowers do not bloom, and animals and insects hibernate while birds leave their nests and migrate to warmer continents. The environment becomes white with snow and fog and human beings prefer to reside within their houses. Winter is essentially the death of life on earth.

From a geographical point of view, winter can be best understood through the mountainous and hilly regions. The altitude of those places causes extreme cold temperatures which are unbearable. Snowfall, landslides, drizzles, and snowstorms are common weather conditions in these regions. Many human lives get at stake due to this harsh weather. Thus winter is not at all romantic to enjoy with hot tea. Even on plain lands like Kolkata winter below 10 degrees Celsius becomes quite unbearable. Only the southern part of India which is the coast enjoys pleasurable weather conditions.

The winter season, however, is not entirely a dangerous situation. People honestly wait for this time so that the old year can end and the New year can arrive with new hopes and happiness. Winter in the seasonal cycle marks the end of all that is bad and unrequired. The two biggest celebrations of the winter season are Christmas and New year.

The entire world gets into the mood of vacation with the start of Christmas. Jesus, the saviour of the world was born during this harsh weather as if to give the world warmth of his virtue. People bake cakes, prepare sweets, and share goodwill and gifts with others.

While the year ends in rebirth, in Bengal the arrival of winter is celebrated through the worship of nature and its fruits. Poush Parbon is famous in different parts of Bengal where the women prepare several delicacies of sweets such as assorted pitha and payesh. Although the winter is a moment of cold and sickness the festivals make it full of life. It is one of the reasons why people await winter.

Hopefully, after going through this session, you have a holistic idea of the context. If you still have any doubts regarding this topic, kindly keep me posted through the comment section below. Keep browsing our website for more such writeups covering various other types of English comprehension.

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10 Paragraphs: Winter Season

The winter season, with its crisp air, glistening snowflakes, and cozy ambiance, holds a special place in our hearts. Writing a paragraph about the winter season allows us to capture the enchantment and unique qualities of this time of year. From the hushed stillness of a snowy landscape to the comforting warmth of crackling fires, winter evokes a range of emotions and sensory experiences that can be beautifully conveyed through words.

Table of Contents

Tips On Writing A Paragraph On Winter Season

Capture the visuals: Use descriptive language to paint a vivid picture of the winter landscape. Describe the glistening snowflakes as they fall gracefully from the sky, covering the ground in a pristine white blanket. Explore the beauty of ice formations, frost-kissed trees, and the shimmering sparkle of sunlight on frozen surfaces. Convey the visual elements that make winter so distinct and captivating.

Engage the senses: Appeal to the senses to evoke a strong sensory experience of winter. Describe the feeling of crisp, cold air against the skin and the soft crunch of footsteps in the snow. Explore the taste of warm beverages like hot cocoa or spiced cider, and the comforting aroma of freshly baked goods. Convey the sounds of laughter echoing through frosty air or the gentle whisper of the wind as it dances through bare branches.

Embrace seasonal traditions: Highlight the unique traditions and activities that are synonymous with winter. Explore the joy of building snowmen, engaging in friendly snowball fights, or gliding across icy ponds while ice skating. Discuss the warmth and togetherness of holiday celebrations, with gatherings, festive decorations, and delicious meals. Convey the sense of community and shared experiences that make winter an unforgettable time of year.

Paragraph 1

Winter arrives with a gentle hush, painting the world in shades of white and gray. The air is crisp and biting, yet there is a certain beauty in the chill. Snowflakes fall from the sky, dancing as they descend, transforming the landscape into a winter wonderland. The trees stand tall and bare, adorned with delicate frost. It is a season of stillness and tranquility, where time seems to slow and the world takes a collective breath.

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3.

Winter brings with it a sense of awe and wonder. With the first snowfall, the world is transformed into a magical playground. Children bundle up in their winter gear, ready to build snowmen and create angels in the snow. The sound of laughter fills the air as snowballs are thrown and sleds glide down snowy slopes. Winter invites us to embrace our inner child, to marvel at the beauty of nature’s artwork and to find joy in the simplest of pleasures.

Paragraph 4

The winter season is a time of introspection and reflection. As the days grow shorter and darkness descends earlier, there is a sense of turning inward. It is a time for self-discovery, for delving into the depths of our thoughts and emotions. Winter encourages us to slow down, to take stock of our lives, and to nurture our inner selves. It is a season that invites us to find clarity and renewal amidst the stillness and quietude.

Paragraph 5

Paragraph 6.

Winter is a time for celebration and togetherness. From festive holiday gatherings to New Year’s Eve parties, the season invites us to come together and share in the warmth of companionship. The twinkling lights, merry tunes, and delicious feasts create an atmosphere of joy and goodwill. Winter reminds us of the power of unity and the value of cherishing our relationships, as we gather with loved ones to create lasting memories.

Paragraph 7

Paragraph 8.

Winter is a season of contrasts. The stillness of a snowy morning is juxtaposed with the vibrant hues of a winter sunset. The biting cold is offset by the warmth of holiday lights and the cheer of laughter. It is a time when nature’s delicate beauty meets the resilience of the human spirit. Winter reminds us of the intricate balance between light and dark, cold and warmth, fragility and strength.

Paragraph 9

Winter beckons us to explore the great outdoors. In this season, the landscapes become a playground for winter sports and activities. Skiing down snow-covered slopes, gliding across frozen lakes on ice skates, or embarking on a snowshoeing adventure through untouched trails—all offer opportunities for exhilarating experiences and a deeper connection with nature. Winter invites us to embrace the invigorating challenges and rewards of outdoor exploration.

Paragraph 10

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✍️Essay on Festivals: Samples in 150, 250 Words

Updated on
Nov 2, 2023

Festivals are the special occasions celebrated in every religion and country to follow their tradition . They are generally celebrated worldwide to pay tribute to God and Goddesses and to spread joy and positivity. India, known for its diversity and multiculturalism celebrates many festivals throughout the year. Festivals are the best part of the year as they contribute to the unity of the nation and add prosperity to the life of the people. India celebrates different categories of festivals such as regional festivals, seasonal festivals , annual festivals, and national festivals. Stay tuned and read the following essay on festivals!

Also Read: Speech on Dussehra in English

Essay on Festivals of India 200 Words

Festivals in India are celebrated with great zeal. Indian festivals are worth witnessing as they are the most popular and colourful festivals. Be it Holi, the Queen Festival of Colours or Diwali the festival of crackers and rangoli, all are marked with great historical significance that tells about Indian Mythology. One of the most popular and biggest festivals in the world, Kumbh Mela, is also celebrated in India, where millions of devotees gather to offer their prayers.

Every festival has its own story and belief. People follow and respect their traditional values and do fasting on festivals like Chhath Puja , Govardhan Puja , Bhai Dooj , and Karwachauth. All these Indian festivals play an important role in uniting people belonging to different cultures in the same society.

Apart from these festivals, Onam, Dussehra , Christmas, New Year, Raksha Bandha, etc are also celebrated in India. Republic Day , Gandhi Jayanti , and Independence Day are the National festivals of India which are government holidays in the Indian Calendar.

Religious festivals include Eid-Ul-Fitr which ends with Ramadan celebrated by the Muslim community, Guru Nanak Jayanti held on 27 November 2023 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji celebrated by Sikhs, and Christmas celebrated on 25 December every year by Christians.

Also Read: Why is Onam Celebrated: The Festival of Joy in Kerala

Essay in Festivals 250 Words

India’s rich diversity and festivals unite people from different backgrounds. It joins people from different states and religions in a single thread for the celebration. Every occasion in India and different countries is celebrated with happiness and joy. Festivals bring joy and prosperity and create a sense of oneness.

The Kumbh Mela is one of the largest festivals in the world, which takes place at four pilgrimage sites in India; Ujjain, Prayagraj, Haridwar and Nashik. On this occasion, devotees take a ritual dip in the holy rivers of Shipra in Ujjain, Ganga-Yamuna-Sarasvati in Prayagraj, the Ganges in Hardwar, and Godavari in Nasik.

People follow the tradition of exchanging sweets and gifts on special occasions. National festivals are marked as Government holidays such as 2 October celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, 26 January celebrated as Republic Day, and 15 August celebrated as Independence Day.

One thing which you find common in all festivals is cleaning the house, decorating, and worshipping God. Festivals are auspicious occasions that bring good health, wealth, joy, and prosperity into the lives of people.

Apart from the National festivals, Pongal, Onam, Baisakhi and Bihu celebrated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Punjab and Assam respectively are the seasonal festivals celebrated with very high energy by the people of that particular state. Farmers in India worship God and Goddess of agriculture on such seasonal festivals to seek their blessings and wish for good yields for the successive years.

Thus, the festivals in the given essay on festivals tell about various cultures and diversity in a particular country and about the customs followed by the people in festivals to make them grand and happening.

Also Read: Importance of Makar Sankranti

Relevant Blogs

Festivals hold a significant role in the human life. They are important to continue the traditional culture, religion, and practices of that particular religion and region. It plays a key role in uniting people and filling up the communication gaps thereby increasing the social dependency of people.

Festivals are extraordinary events celebrated to commemorate the traditions followed by our ancestors. It holds a significant role in joining the society and passing on the traditions to the future generations. They create an ambience of positivity, joy, and prosperity all around. Every region and religion follows their own festivals worldwide.

Festivals are the source of happiness. They are the best part of the year. Festivals are celebrated with people belonging to different cultures and religions and it helps in uniting them and enjoying the feeling of oneness and togetherness.

Here are 10 lines on why we celebrate festivals: Festivals are a chance for everyone to unite for a cause; It is considered auspicious to conduct prayers and worship God and Goddess. ; People of different religions follow different customs and practices to celebrate festivals.; Festivals create a happy atmosphere all around; In India, people celebrate many festivals throughout the year; Holi and Diwali are the two main festivals in India; Decorating the surroundings, cleaning the house, worshipping god, wearing new clothes, and sharing good wishes, and gifts are some of the important elements of any festival; Festivals are considered incomplete without sweets; The special occasion builds friendship among the people and increases interdependency; These special days are celebrated with utmost pomp and enthusiasm.

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our essay writing page and follow Leverage Edu .

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Hi, I am Kajal, a pharmacy graduate, currently pursuing management and is an experienced content writer. I have 2-years of writing experience in Ed-tech (digital marketing) company. I am passionate towards writing blogs and am on the path of discovering true potential professionally in the field of content marketing. I am engaged in writing creative content for students which is simple yet creative and engaging and leaves an impact on the reader's mind.

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Essay on Winter Season in 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 Words for Class 1-12

Winter is one of the most important times of the year. You will find various changes in the environment at that time. Here we have got a few essays on the winter season in 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 words for students of class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.

In This Blog We Will Discuss

Essay on Winter Season in 200 Words

Winter is a very significant season in India and it lasts for three months. January and February are the two coldest months of this season. People find a different vibe this time. Nature becomes different. The sun comes late and sometimes it doesn’t even appear.

Everybody has to wear warm clothes. People prefer to stay home this season. But poor people have to work and they suffer a lot. Most of the time they can’t afford good warm clothes. And that’s why they face sickness.

The students get winter vacation and they don’t have too much pressure to study. There are many big festivals that people celebrate in this season. This season is favorite for many people because you will find fresh vegetables and fruits. Many people go for family tours on vacation.

It’s the perfect time to enjoy snow falling. Overall winter has a huge impact on our life. We can enjoy the time a lot. It feels great to stay at home under the blanket. It is a very good time for rich people to give away some warm clothes for the poor. With so many positive and negative sides, this season has importance for the farmers.

Essay on Winter Season in 300 Words

Introduction:

Winter is the coldest season of the year. The entire country faces tremendous environmental change in this season. The level of coldness is increasing year by year, and that is happening because of climate change .

Winter has many important aspects of Indian life and some negative sides too. It is the favorite season for many people and it brings a burden to many peoples’ lives.

Why People Love Winter:

People love winter for a few reasons. First of all the biggest reason is fresh food in this season. You will find all types of vegetables and fruits and they are fresh. So if you want to eat healthy food then winter is the best season for yourself.

Offices and schools get a vacation in this season and people can spend more time with their family . Most people arrange picnics and tours during this vacation time. It is the best time for people who love to stay at home. Everybody has to wear warm clothes and that’s the most important part of the season.

Bad Sides of Winter Season:

Winter has some bad sides too. The sun comes very late and sometimes it doesn’t even appear. The day labor people who need to earn their money day by day, they face a huge work crisis at this time.

They can’t buy warm clothes and it makes their life very difficult. Many homeless people fall into serious problems because they don’t have proper shelter and clothes. The animals and birds die because of too much coldness.

Conclusion:

With so many good and bad sides, still, it is an important season for the country. Especially the farmers grow their rice and beans in this season. And it has some environmental usefulness too.

Essay on My Favorite Season Winter in 400 Words

Winter is one of the four seasons in our country. It is a very important time of the year. We experience different changes in nature during that season. The days are very short and the nights are long in this season.

The sun comes very late and sometimes it doesn’t even arise. There are many festivals like Christmas or Holi in this season. January is the coldest month of the year.

Why Winter is My Favorite Season?

It is my favorite season and there are a few reasons behind it. First of all, I can enjoy the time properly. I love the winter vacation that we get in this season. I can visit my village and meet my cousins and grandparents, that’s a huge experience for me.

My cousins are amazing, I spend a good time with them. We go to the river and swim there. Sometimes we catch fish too. In this season, we find different types of fruits and vegetables and they are fresh. These foods are very good for our health.

There are uncountable numbers of vegetables available and they are all very delicious. Winter morning is the best time to get up early in the morning and go for a walk. Nature is very beautiful this time.

People can do hard work this season which is almost impossible to do in summer. People don’t fall sick often, because this season doesn’t come with many diseases. It is a very important season for Indian farmers.

But it makes trouble for the homeless and poor people. They can’t afford proper shelter and clothes for themselves. The thing that I really dislike about this season is many animals and birds die because of the too cold atmosphere.

Winter Picnic:

The Winter picnic is a very exciting thing. We arrange a picnic in the nearest Jungle every year with the entire family. Last year, we went with 10 people for a picnic and that was a good experience for us.

The most significant thing about the picnic was the lunch meal. My mother cooked the biryani and it was delicious. We enjoyed nature, saw a hilly river, and I took a bath there.

Conclusion:

So winter is a very important part of nature. It has many good impacts on the environment. It brings joy and happiness to many people’s lives because it’s time for celebrations and festivals.

Essay on Winter Season in 500 Words

Winter is one of the four seasons in India. It is one of the most important and most seen times of the year. We can enjoy many changes in nature and the environment in that particular season. There are many things to enjoy and a few things to be sad about.

But at the end of the, it is very important for us. Because of climate change, the winter is very too cold day by day and it has an impact on every human and animal.

Impacts of Winter:

In this season, we see the change in nature. The sun comes very late and sometimes it doesn’t come at all. And the sunlight has not too much brightness. There is too much fog in some areas and some areas face snowfall.

Snow falling is a beautiful scene to enjoy in winter. Many people visit different tourist places where they can enjoy such a view. Because it is too cold, the office and school slow down and people prefer to stay home.

It is a tough time for the animals because they have no proper shelter to stay. The same situation is also for homeless peoples. They have to sleep on the street in the freezing air. It is very tough for them. This season is the right time to give away some clothes.

Winter Morning:

Winter morning is a beautiful part of the season. Mornings are different based on the city or village . In the village, people normally get up early in the morning, but in the winter season the sun comes late and that’s why people also get out from their blanket late.

The domestic animals stay at their castle. Sometimes some young people gather papers and make a fire to make the environment warm. You will find many elderly people besides that type of fire.

In the cities, the people who live in the street face many problems because they don’t have proper clothes and shelter.

Winter Picnic with Family:

Many people arrange a picnic in this season and I think it’s the perfect time for arranging a tour. Last year, I visited Darjeeling with my family .

It was a pleasant journey for me. I always loved the hilly road and beautiful tea gardens, that’s why it is one of my favorite tourist spots. We went to visit one of my uncles in Kolkata, then we planned for that picnic from there.

That uncle gave the plan and my father agreed with him. We were 10 people in total and we were in a big car. There was a lot of fun and many things to enjoy.

Winter is a very important season for the climate and for our country. This season lasts for three months, but we feel the highest impact of winter is in January and February. This season is the best time to explore one place to another and make some tour plans.

Essay on Winter Season in 600 Words

Winter is one of the four seasons in India. It has a lot of importance in the country. Usually, it’s the coolest time of the year. And it gets started from December and stays until March. January is the coldest month of the year.

This season comes with many changes in human life. Some people enjoy their time with a blanket and some people fight with it without proper winter clothes. It has both good sides and bad sides.

Advantages of Winter:

There are many advantages to the winter season that we can’t finish counting. First of all, it’s the time of vacation. Most of the schools and offices stay on a vacation. So anyone can make a picnic or trip with the family.

Nature becomes very beautiful and cool. In some areas of our country, you can enjoy snow falling. It is an amazing view to watch. Tons of people visit Shimla, Sikkim, and Kashmir every year to enjoy snowfall.

It gives you the chance to eat fresh vegetables and fruits. Almost every type of vegetable is available in the market at that time. These foods are fresh and delicious to eat. Because of the too cold environment, people love to drink hot coffee, tea, etc in that time.

Winter is the time of celebration too. All the major celebrations of the year fall in this season. That’s why there is less pressure from school and lots of vacation.

Winter Vacation:

Winter vacation is one of the best things to enjoy this season. I always visit my native village on vacation. I love to spend time with my cousins there. My grandparents live there and they are very friendly with me.

That’s why my winter vacation is always special and comes with many surprises. I do many fun activities with my cousins. We swim in the big pond and catch fish there. I love catching fish. On our last vacation, we went for a picnic in the nearest jungle.

We set up a tent there and spent around 6 hours. We enjoyed nature and the location was beside a hilly river. The river was very beautiful. I still can remember that day, it was full of fun and joy. We had an amazing lunch there. My mom and aunties cooked some local dishes and they were very delicious.

Disadvantages of Winter:

Along with many good sides, there are a few disadvantages too of this season. A huge number of people are poor and homeless in our country. They can’t afford proper clothes, food, and shelter in the time of too cold.

That’s why they have to face different diseases at that time. The farmers can’t work and they can’t maintain their family. It is very difficult to work in that type of cold environment. Most of the day labor faces a huge work problem.

There are many diseases also seen in this season. Because of the cold nature, most of the plants die at that time. You will see all the old leaves are falling from the tree.

Why I Love the Winter Season?

Winter is my favorite season and there are a few reasons behind it. First of all, I love vacation. I can spend a lot of time with my family. And can plan some tours. In this season, we get fresh vegetables and fruits. I love eating them. I love the winter morning too.

Winter is a very important season as like the other seasons along with a few positive sides and a few negative sides. End of the day, it has a good impact on us.

Essay on Winter Season in 10 Lines

1. Winter is the coldest season in the entire year.

2. It lasts for three months.

3. People have to wear warm clothes in this season.

4. The sun comes out very late and sometimes it doesn’t even come out.

5. It is the favorite season for many people because there are fresh vegetables and fruits.

6. Winter vacation is an exciting part of this season.

7. People go for tours and picnics during this time.

8. It is difficult for poor people because they can’t afford to buy warm clothes.

9. Homeless people also fall under grave trouble.

10. Winter is a very important season for the farmers and for the country.

Why is winter the best season?

There are so many reasons behind it, first of all, you will find all types of fruits and vegetables this season. It is the best time to eat healthy food.

What is the importance of the winter season?

– Nature is very cold and beautiful. – Snow falling is a beautiful scene to enjoy. – Fresh vegetables and fruits are available.

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Winter Season - Free Essay Examples and Topic Ideas

Winter season is the coldest and chilliest season of the year that falls between the months of December and February in the Northern Hemisphere. During this season, the days get shorter and the nights get longer, and the temperature drops drastically. The landscape is often covered in snow and ice, making it a favorite season for activities such as skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating. The atmosphere becomes festive with holidays, hot cocoa, and warm comfort food. However, winter can also bring harsh weather conditions like blizzards, icy roads, and freezing temperatures, which can cause inconvenience and discomfort. Despite its difficulties, winter is a beautiful season that showcases the beauty of nature and brings people closer through shared activities and celebrations.

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My Favorite Season: Winter
Winter vs. Summer
Symbolism of Winter and Spring
Winter Dreams
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My Plans for the Winter Break as a College Student
If Winter Comes Spring Is Not Far Behind
Winter Sports
The Magical Escapade For Your Winter Holidays
The Winter Evening Settles
The Best Winter Holiday Events Ideas
The Book That Cheered Me up on a Winter Weekend
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Analysis of Robert Hayden’s poem “Those Winter Sundays”
The Winter’s Tale Play Review
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Those Winter Sundays
Teamwork in the Workplace: The Importance of Leadership
Analysis of Robert Frost’s “An Old Man’s Winter Night”
The Winter Evening Settles Down by T.S Eliot
The winter Oak and the pieces of Silver
Those Winter Sundays: Robert Hayden’s Poem Analysis
Cell Structure and Memebrane of Winter Wheat Plants
The Delusions of Isolation in Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald and A Wagner Matinee by Willa Cather
Winter Park Hotel

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Winter — Winter: A Magical and Challenging Season

Winter: a Magical and Challenging Season

Categories: Winter

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Words: 560 |

Published: Feb 7, 2024

Words: 560 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

The beauty of winter, the challenges of winter, winter holidays and traditions, winter memories and experiences.

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Winter Season Essay

We have provided variety of essay on winter season in order to help students. Now-a-days, essay writing competitions have been very common in the schools to enhance students skill about any topic. All the essays are written using very simple words under various words limit according to the class of students. Dear students you can select any winter season essay given below according to your need and requirement.

Long and Short Essay on Winter Season in English

Winter season essay 1 (100 words).

Winter season is the coldest season of year, starts from the month of December and ends in the month of March. December and January are the peak winter months and counted as the coldest months when temperatures falls around 10 to 15°C (means 50 to 59°F) in the northwest regions of country however, in the southeast regions (mainland of country) it remains around 20 to 25°C (means 68 to 77°F). a high speed cold winds blow from the north region in the peak winter months. We have to face a thick fog which often hides the sun light causing cold becomes severe all through the winter season.

Winter Season Essay 2 (150 words)

Winter season is very cold and one of the four seasons of India. It falls in the month of December and ends in march during Holi festival. December and January are considered as the peak cold months of the winter season. It comes after the autumn season and finishes before the spring season (later summer season). We generally feel slight decrease in the atmospheric temperature from Diwali festival (start of winter) till Holi festival (end of winter).

We have to face high degree cold and high speed cold winds during the peak winter months. We feel a huge level changes in the atmospheric temperature and day and night routine. In the winter season, night becomes long and day becomes short. Sky often looks clear however sometimes it remains unclear all through the day because of the thick fog during peak cold months. Sometimes it rains also during the winter season and makes condition more worse.

Winter Season Essay 3 (200 words)

Winter season is the coldest phase of the year, starts from December and ends in March. It feels very cold everywhere all through the winter season. Atmospheric temperature falls very down especially during the peak winter months. Hilly regions (including houses, trees and grasses) gets covered by the thick layer of white snow and looks very beautiful. In this season, hilly regions looks like an awesome scenery. Due to the severe cold weather conditions in the winter, people have to face lots of difficulties while going out of their homes.

At some places of the country, climate remains moderate with normal temperature (not too cold and not too hot) and gives very pleasant feeling. Everyone wears thick woolen clothes all thorough the winter to keep body warm as well as getting safety from very low temperature. We likes to take a sip of hot coffee, tea, soup, etc in the morning and evening to get slight heat and pleasurable experience. We generally go to the picnic on Sunday in the afternoon to get some heat from the natural sunlight and enjoy with our family and friends. We go into the bed early in the night to get heat and be safe from the winter.

Winter Season Essay 4 (250 words)

Introduction

Winter season is a very cold season of the year in India. It starts after the autumn season and finishes on the arrival of spring season. We feels huge level of changes in the atmosphere in the winter season in comparison to the other seasons of the year. Atmospheric temperature becomes very low, cold winds blow in high speed, day becomes short and night becomes long, etc. Sometimes, we do not see sunlight because of the thick clouds in the sky however on other winter days sky looks very clear and blue. Atmosphere becomes very dry however dusty. Sunlight of the winter season becomes very very mild and light warm. It creates much problem in drying the wet clothes all through the winter. It is a season of healthy and favorite fruits orange, guava, chickoo, papaya, amla, carrot, beetroot, grapes, etc.

Why Winter Season Comes

As we all know that earth revolves around other planets on its tilted axis. Tilt of rotational axis of earth plays main role in the weather changes all through the year. Whenever earth makes round in the northern hemisphere (means farthest from sun), it becomes winter season. Seasons change when

earth rotates away or toward the sun through its year long path. Earth is tilted by 23.5 degrees to its ecliptic plane.

Natural Scenery during Winter

Hilly regions become very beautiful during winter season as everything gets covered by the ice and give awesome look like scenery. Ice on the things look as beautiful as pearls. Flowers of different colors bloom when sun rises and give the environment a new look.

Winter Season Essay 5 (300 words)

Winter season is the coldest season of the year in India. Winter season can be characterized by cold wind blow, falling of snow, very low atmospheric temperature, short day, long night, etc. This season lasts about three months, starts from December and ends in March. There becomes winter vacation in the schools for small kids in the peak winter days (last week of December and start week of January) to save them from high cold. People having their business or working in the office get problems in continue their job because of disturb schedule. Sun rises late in the morning and sets early in the evening with very slight heat sunlight.

Winter season is quite difficult season for everyone especially poor people because of lack of woolen clothes and proper home. They generally seen taking sun bath in the sunlight on the footpaths or other open places like park, etc in order to keep their body warm. Many old people and small age kids lost their life because of very much cold weather.

Winter season is a season of healthy fruits and green leafy vegetables such as grapes, orange, apples, guava, papaya, sugarcane juice, pineapple, carrot, amla, cabbage, beetroot, turnips, cauliflower, radish, tomato, potato, etc. We can say winter season a health making season. Winter season is a season of crops like wheat, barley, mungfali, and few other crops. Various kinds of seasonal flowers (dalais, roses, etc) blooms in beautiful colors and enhance the beauty of nature.

The main agents of winter season are the cold winds and frost which make this weather more dry dull and chill. It rains sometimes without weather which makes life really miserable. Winter’s cold rain destroys crops, vegetables and fruits. Frost makes very difficult to go outside home at night in winter.

Winter season has its own importance as well. It is useful to make health, good for walk in the morning, environment full of fresh air to breathe in, no fear of mosquitoes, good for farmer’s crop, etc.

Winter Season Essay 6 (400 words)

Winter season is one of the four seasons in India, starts from December and lasts till March. Winter days are bright and pleasant because of the low heat sunlight. Hilly regions of the northern India look very beautiful because of the heavy snowfall. December and January are the peak winter months during which we feel lots of problem because of much cold weather. It is the best season to go on long drive and tour. This season attracts more tourists traffic to India as well as invites beautiful birds in the pleasant surroundings of sky.

Winter season creates some problems too for the poor people as they have no or less warm clothes and proper home. Various birds are migrated and animals go to hibernation because of much cold. Fog and mist are very common during this season that cause more traffic and road accidents. We have to wear many woolen clothes and stay in the home for many days to get protected from the cold.

Duration of Winter Season

The start of winter season slightly varies all over India according to the regions and rotation of earth on its tilted axis all around the sun. According to the recent meteorology, winter season falls in December and ends in February (or start of March) for the Northern Hemisphere. For the people of Southern Hemisphere, winter months are June, July and August.

Features of Winter Season

We feel many variations in the winter season than other seasons such as long nights, short days, cold weather, cold wind, snow fall, winter storms, cold rains, thick fog, frost, very low temperature, etc.

Things to Enjoy in Winter

We can enjoy many winter activities according to the interest and condition of weather such as ice skating, ice biking, ice hockey, skiing, snowball fighting, building snowman, snow castles, sledging and many more activities.

Some Winter Facts

Winter is one of the important seasons in India which begins on the Winter Solstice however ends on the Vernal Equinox. Winter has shortest days, longest nights and lowest temperatures than all other seasons. Winter season comes when earth tilted away from sun. It is the season of health making however bad for trees and plants as they stop growing. Many animals hibernate during this season because of unbearable cold weather. Snow falling and winter storm are very common during this season.

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Dongzhi Festival - Chinese Winter Solstice Festival

There is an old saying that Dongzhi (/dong-jrr/ 'the Winter Solstice') is more important than Chinese Lunar New Year . Dongzhi has an important place in the traditional festivals of China. It is usually celebrated on December 20th or 21st, when the night is longest and the day is shortest in the northern hemisphere. A traditional holiday celebrated by many Chinese people, Dongzhi has a long history and certain notable customs.

Content Preview

What is Dongzhi Festival
Date of Dongzhi Festival
How Chinese People Celebrate Dongzhi
Traditional Foods of Dongzhi
History of Dongzhi Festival

Dongzhi Festival Greetings

Dongzhi Festival Clothings

What is Dongzhi Festival?

Dongzhi (冬至) literally means 'Winter's Arrival'. It is one of the 24 solar terms of China's traditional solar calendar. It has long been celebrated on (China's) Winter Solstice when the night is longest, and the day is shortest in the Northern Hemisphere. Dongzhi became an imperially recognized traditional festival during the Han Dynasty era (206 BC – 220 AD).

The Date of Dongzhi Festival

The date of Dongzhi varies slightly. It always falls on December 21, 22, or 23.

Dongzhi in 2024: December 21st

How Chinese People Celebrate Dongzhi Festival

Chinese people celebrate Dongzhi Festival in many ways. The most popular ones are worshipping heaven and ancestors, saying the Nines of Winter, making rice wine, and eating dumplings and ginger rice.

Worshipping Heaven

Chinese people have worshipped heaven on Dongzhi Day since the Han Dynasty. Many temples were built for this reason, including the famous Temple of Heaven in Beijing. It was believed that heaven worship would bring a great harvest and good health for the coming year.

Worshipping Ancestors

It is a tradition to worship the ancestors as part of the Dongzhi Festival. People set up incense burners in front of their ancestors' tablets and place some food on a table in front, such as dumplings, steamed chicken, or cooked pork as a symbolic offering to their family ancestors. In some eastern parts of China, people take food and incense to their ancestors' tombs, sweep the tombs, and pay respects to their ancestors during the winter solstice festival.

Making Rice Wine

It is the tradition to drink rice wine on the night of Dongzhi in southern China. The rice wine is made with glutinous rice or yellow rice as well as sweet-scented osmanthus. Drinking liquor brings a feeling of warmth to the cold Dongzhi festival.

Making Roasted Meat for Chinese New Year

People in the south of China usually preserve roasted meats at Dongzhi Festival. Dongzhi baked pork has become an indispensable delicacy on the dinner tables of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces during Chinese New Year.

Counting the Nines of Winter (Shu Jiu)

In many areas of northern China, people count the Nines of Winter during the coldest part of winter. The Nines of Winter is a folk song. In Chinese traditional culture, nine is the 'extreme number', representing eternity. Chinese people believed that spring will come after nine periods of nine days starting from the Winter Solstice.

The Nines of Winter song goes like this:

'During the first and second nine days, it's too cold to put your hands in the air;

During the third and fourth nine days, you can walk on ice;

During the fifth and sixth nine days, willows on the banks start to sprout;

During the seventh nine days ice will dissolve;

During the eighth nine days, wild geese fly back north;

During the last nine days, farmers' oxen start to work in the fields.'

The song charts the changes in the weather and natural world that come before the time for farming to begin again.

Traditional Foods of Dongzhi Festival

Dumplings-northern china food.

In northern China where it can get bitterly cold, the people lacked sufficient warm clothing and adequate heating, so they ate hot food and drank hot liquids to stay warm. People believed that when the days were short, there was insufficient Yang energy, and they tried to eat high Yang foods according to Chinese medicinal cuisine principals.

Dumplings have been the most traditional food in the north of China for a long time. People make dumplings on Dongzhi Day with their friends and family.

There is an old saying that eating dumplings on Dongzhi can protect ears from frostbite. A legend goes that in ancient times, a doctor named Zhang Zhongjing invented dumplings by wrapping mutton and Chinese medicine in dumpling dough and gave them to people to cure frostbite. From that time, the tradition of eating dumplings on Winter Solstice Day was passed down from generation to generation.

Tangyuan-Southern China Food

Besides dumplings, people of south China have a tradition of eating glutinous rice balls called tangyuan. The history of eating tangyuan can be dated back to the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

Some people in southern China and some Chinese in communities in Southeast Asia gather together to make and eat a meal of tangyuan (汤圆 Tāngyuán /tung-ywen/). Tangyuan symbolizes family unity and prosperity.

These are specially cooked balls of rice that might have a filling of bean paste or meat with sweet high yang herbs. These are usually pink or white colored. Tangyuan is often served in a bowl with a sweet soup or broth.

With their meal of tangyuan, they may also drink a mild rice wine that might contain cassia oil. Cassia is an herb that is high in yang and is one of China's Top 10 Favorite Herbs and Spices .

Wonton Soup-Eastern China Food

Wonton soup is another must-eat food for the Dongzhi festival in eastern parts of China, especially in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. Stuffings of wontons are much the same as dumplings'.

However, wonton dough is much thinner than dumplings'. Eating a bowl of wonton soup can keep people warm and comfortable in the cold of winter.

Mutton Soup-Western and Northern China Food

In northern parts of China, mutton is a popular food at Dongzhi Festival. In Chinese food culture, mutton is regarded as having significant blood replenishment benefits and is therefore considered a healthy food to eat in winter. Eating mutton on Dongzhi Day warms people up and is said to prevent colds in the coming winter.

Taiwanese Customs and Food

For many Taiwanese and people of Taiwanese descent in other countries, the festival is still important. Families will go to the ancestral tombs and have meals of tangyuan, and they might offer tangyuan to the spirits at the tombs.

They also have a custom of offering nine-layer cakes to their ancestors. The cakes are made of rice flour and are shaped like animals such as chickens, ducks, tortoises, pigs, cows, and sheep.

According to traditional Chinese medical concepts, winter is the time of year it is important to rest, relax and nourish the body with high yang fatty foods.

Chinese follow the behavior of animals that hibernate during winter to rejuvenate and preserve their bodies. So they rest on the day if they can, eat foods containing ginger, and enjoy ginseng and similar high yang herbs that can restore and relax the nerves and alleviate stress.

See more about Traditional Chinese Medicine .

Dongzhi Festival History

China's Winter Solstice has been celebrated since the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It is said that the earliest winter solstice in China was discovered by a sage called Zhou Feng when using a sundial. Since then, Winter Solstice (Dongzhi) has been an important festival in China. There is an old saying that Dongzhi is more important than Chinese New Year.

During the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and Song Dynasty (960–1279) eras, officials in the government were granted a 7-day holiday to go back home to celebrate the festival with their family and worship heaven and their ancestors.

People say 'Happy Dongzhi Festival', i.e. 'Happy Winter Solstice' when they meet on Dongzhi Day. In Mandarin, this is "Dongzhi kuaile" (/dong-jrr kwhy-luh/ 冬至快乐).

If you want to send a message to your friends, you could use these popular Dongzhi Festival messages:

1. "冬至快乐，祝你身体健康!" (Dongzhi kuaile, zhu ni shenti jiankang)

— "Happy Dongzhi! Wishing you good health!"

2. "冬至快乐，冬天注意保暖!" (Dongzhi kuaile, zhu ni shenti jiankang)

— "Happy Winter Solstice, and keep warm in winter."

Dongzhi Festival Clothing

There are no clothing traditions for Dongzhi Festival. But nowadays, more and more young people wear Hanfu (Han-Dynasty-style costumes) to celebrate the Winter Solstice in China because Dongzhi originated during the Han Dynasty era. If you are out on the streets on the night of Dongzhi Festival, you may see some beautiful Hanfu clothes on young women.

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Essay on Winter Season for Children and Students

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We have provided a variety of essays on winter season in order to help students. Now-a-days, essay writing competitions have been very common in the schools to enhance students skill about any topic. All the essays are written using very simple words under various words limit according to the class of students. Dear students you can select any winter season essay given below according to your need and requirement.

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Long and Short Essay on Winter Season in English

In India, winter stands as a crucial season among the four. It’s the coolest time starting in December and lasting till March. The coldest months are December and January, marking the peak of this chilly season.

Essay on Winter Season in 100 words

Also Check: All Season in India

Essay on Winter Season in 150 words

Essay on Winter Season in 200 words

Also Check: Essay on Rainy Season

Also Check: Speech Writing Topics

Essay on Winter Season in 250 words

Winter season is a very cold season of the year in India. It starts after the autumn season and finishes on the arrival of spring season. We feel huge level of changes in the atmosphere in the winter season in comparison to the other seasons of the year. Atmospheric temperature becomes very low, cold winds blow in high speed, day becomes short and night becomes long, etc. Sometimes, we do not see sunlight because of the thick clouds in the sky however on other winter days sky looks very clear and blue. Atmosphere becomes very dry however dusty. Sunlight of the winter season becomes very very mild and light warm. It creates much problem in drying the wet clothes all through the winter. It is a season of healthy and favorite fruits orange, guava, chickoo, papaya, amla, carrot, beetroot, grapes, etc.

Why Winter Season Comes

earth rotates away or toward the sun through its year long path. Earth is tilted by 23.5 degrees to its ecliptic plane.

Also Check: Essay on Summer Season

Natural Scenery during Winter

Also Read: Essay on Nature for Children and Students

Essay on Winter Season in 300 words

Winter season is quite difficult season for everyone especially poor people because of lack of woolen clothes and proper home. They generally seen taking sun bath in the sunlight on the footpaths or other open places like park, etc. in order to keep their body warm. Many old people and small age kids lost their life because of very much cold weather.

Also Check: Essay on Spring Season

Essay on Winter Season in 400 words

Duration of Winter Season

Features of Winter Season

Things to Enjoy in Winter

Some Winter Facts

Below are the list of related essay available at IL

Essay on Winter Season FAQs

How do you write a winter season essay.

To write about winter, start with describing its chilly weather, mention snowfall, and talk about activities like snowman-making or hot cocoa to make it engaging.

What is winter season in English?

Winter is the coldest season of the year, marked by low temperatures, shorter days, and often accompanied by snow and frost.

What is the essay of winter season?

An essay on winter season typically discusses its cold weather, snow, outdoor activities, and the cozy feeling of warmth indoors.

What is winter season 15 lines in English?

Winter brings cold winds, snow-covered landscapes, frozen lakes, and the joy of winter sports. Days get shorter, trees lose their leaves, and people bundle up in warm clothes.

What is the winter season summary?

Winter is a cold season with snow, chilly weather, outdoor fun like skiing, and a time for cozy indoor activities, creating a unique and beautiful atmosphere.

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Places - European, Western and Northern Russia

YEKATERINBURG: FACTORIES, URAL SIGHTS, YELTSIN AND THE WHERE NICHOLAS II WAS KILLED

Sverdlovsk oblast.

Sverdlovsk Oblast is the largest region in the Urals; it lies in the foothills of mountains and contains a monument indicating the border between Europe and Asia. The region covers 194,800 square kilometers (75,200 square miles), is home to about 4.3 million people and has a population density of 22 people per square kilometer. About 83 percent of the population live in urban areas. Yekaterinburg is the capital and largest city, with 1.5 million people. For Russians, the Ural Mountains are closely associated with Pavel Bazhov's tales and known for folk crafts such as Kasli iron sculpture, Tagil painting, and copper embossing. Yekaterinburg is the birthplace of Russia’s iron and steel industry, taking advantage of the large iron deposits in the Ural mountains. The popular Silver Ring of the Urals tourist route starts here.

In the summer you can follow in the tracks of Yermak, climb relatively low Ural mountain peaks and look for boulders seemingly with human faces on them. You can head to the Gemstone Belt of the Ural mountains, which used to house emerald, amethyst and topaz mines. In the winter you can go ice fishing, ski and cross-country ski.

Sverdlovsk Oblast and Yekaterinburg are located near the center of Russia, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and also the southern and northern parts of Russia. Winters are longer and colder than in western section of European Russia. Snowfalls can be heavy. Winter temperatures occasionally drop as low as - 40 degrees C (-40 degrees F) and the first snow usually falls in October. A heavy winter coat, long underwear and good boots are essential. Snow and ice make the sidewalks very slippery, so footwear with a good grip is important. Since the climate is very dry during the winter months, skin moisturizer plus lip balm are recommended. Be alert for mud on street surfaces when snow cover is melting (April-May). Patches of mud create slippery road conditions.

Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (kilometer 1818 on the Trans-Siberian Railway) is the fourth largest city in Russia, with of 1.5 million and growth rate of about 12 percent, high for Russia. Located in the southern Ural mountains, it was founded by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine, it was used by the tsars as a summer retreat and is where tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed and President Boris Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career. The city is near the border between Europe and Asia.

Yekaterinburg (also spelled Ekaterinburg) is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in the headwaters of the Iset and Pyshma Rivers. The Iset runs through the city center. Three ponds — Verkh-Isetsky, Gorodskoy and Nizhne-Isetsky — were created on it. Yekaterinburg has traditionally been a city of mining and was once the center of the mining industry of the Urals and Siberia. Yekaterinburg remains a major center of the Russian armaments industry and is sometimes called the "Pittsburgh of Russia.". A few ornate, pastel mansions and wide boulevards are reminders of the tsarist era. The city is large enough that it has its own Metro system but is characterized mostly by blocky Soviet-era apartment buildings. The city has advanced under President Vladimir Putin and is now one of the fastest growing places in Russia, a country otherwise characterized by population declines

Yekaterinburg is technically an Asian city as it lies 32 kilometers east of the continental divide between Europe and Asia. The unofficial capital of the Urals, a key region in the Russian heartland, it is second only to Moscow in terms of industrial production and capital of Sverdlovsk oblast. Among the important industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and metalworking, chemical and petrochemicals, construction materials and medical, light and food industries. On top of being home of numerous heavy industries and mining concerns, Yekaterinburg is also a major center for industrial research and development and power engineering as well as home to numerous institutes of higher education, technical training, and scientific research. In addition, Yekaterinburg is the largest railway junction in Russia: the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through it, the southern, northern, western and eastern routes merge in the city.

Accommodation: There are two good and affordable hotels — the 3-star Emerald and Parus hotels — located close to the city's most popular landmarks and main transport interchanges in the center of Yekaterinburg. Room prices start at RUB 1,800 per night.

History of Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine I. It was used by the tsars as a summer retreat but was mainly developed as metalworking and manufacturing center to take advantage of the large deposits of iron and other minerals in the Ural mountains. It is best known to Americans as the place where the last Tsar and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and near where American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down in 1960.

Peter the Great recognized the importance of the iron and copper-rich Urals region for Imperial Russia's industrial and military development. In November 1723, he ordered the construction of a fortress factory and an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. In its early years Yekaterinburg grew rich from gold and other minerals and later coal. The Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745 created such a huge amount of wealth that one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. By the mid-18th century, metallurgical plants had sprung up across the Urals to cast cannons, swords, guns and other weapons to arm Russia’s expansionist ambitions. The Yekaterinburg mint produced most of Russia's coins. Explorations of the Trans-Baikal and Altai regions began here in the 18th century.

Iron, cast iron and copper were the main products. Even though Iron from the region went into the Eiffel Tower, the main plant in Yekaterinburg itself was shut down in 1808. The city still kept going through a mountain factory control system of the Urals. The first railway in the Urals was built here: in 1878, the Yekaterinburg-Perm railway branch connected the province's capital with the factories of the Middle Urals.

In the Soviet era the city was called Sverdlovsk (named after Yakov Sverdlov, the man who organized Nicholas II's execution). During the first five-year plans the city became industrial — old plants were reconstructed, new ones were built. The center of Yekaterinburg was formed to conform to the historical general plan of 1829 but was the layout was adjusted around plants and factories. In the Stalin era the city was a major gulag transhipment center. In World War II, many defense-related industries were moved here. It and the surrounding area were a center of the Soviet Union's military industrial complex. Soviet tanks, missiles and aircraft engines were made in the Urals. During the Cold War era, Yekaterinburg was a center of weapons-grade uranium enrichment and processing, warhead assembly and dismantlement. In 1979, 64 people died when anthrax leaked from a biological weapons facility. Yekaterinburg was a “Closed City” for 40 years during the Cold Soviet era and was not open to foreigners until 1991

In the early post-Soviet era, much like Pittsburgh in the 1970s, Yekaterinburg had a hard struggle d to cope with dramatic economic changes that have made its heavy industries uncompetitive on the world market. Huge defense plants struggled to survive and the city was notorious as an organized crime center in the 1990s, when its hometown boy Boris Yeltsin was President of Russia. By the 2000s, Yekaterinburg’s retail and service was taking off, the defense industry was reviving and it was attracting tech industries and investments related to the Urals’ natural resources. By the 2010s it was vying to host a world exhibition in 2020 (it lost, Dubai won) and it had McDonald’s, Subway, sushi restaurants, and Gucci, Chanel and Armani. There were Bentley and Ferrari dealerships but they closed down

Transportation in Yekaterinburg

Getting There: By Plane: Yekaterinburg is a three-hour flight from Moscow with prices starting at RUB 8,000, or a 3-hour flight from Saint Petersburg starting from RUB 9,422 (direct round-trip flight tickets for one adult passenger). There are also flights from Frankfurt, Istanbul, China and major cities in the former Soviet Union.

By Train: Yekaterinburg is a major stop on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Daily train service is available to Moscow and many other Russian cities.Yekaterinburg is a 32-hour train ride from Moscow (tickets RUB 8,380 and above) or a 36-hour train ride from Saint Petersburg (RUB 10,300 and above). The ticket prices are round trip for a berth in a sleeper compartment for one adult passenger). By Car: a car trip from Moscow to Yekateringburg is 1,787 kilometers long and takes about 18 hours. The road from Saint Petersburg is 2,294 kilometers and takes about 28 hours.

Regional Transport: The region's public transport includes buses and suburban electric trains. Regional trains provide transport to larger cities in the Ural region. Buses depart from Yekaterinburg’s two bus stations: the Southern Bus Station and the Northern Bus Station.

Regional Transport: According the to Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT): “Public transportation is well developed. Overcrowding is common. Fares are low. Service is efficient. Buses are the main form of public transport. Tram network is extensive. Fares are reasonable; service is regular. Trams are heavily used by residents, overcrowding is common. Purchase ticket after boarding. Metro runs from city center to Uralmash, an industrial area south of the city. Metro ends near the main railway station. Fares are inexpensive.

“Traffic is congested in city center. Getting around by car can be difficult. Route taxis (minivans) provide the fastest transport. They generally run on specific routes, but do not have specific stops. Drivers stop where passengers request. Route taxis can be hailed. Travel by bus or trolleybuses may be slow in rush hour. Trams are less affected by traffic jams. Trolley buses (electric buses) cannot run when temperatures drop below freezing.”

Entertainment, Sports and Recreation in Yekaterinburg

The performing arts in Yekaterinburg are first rate. The city has an excellent symphony orchestra, opera and ballet theater, and many other performing arts venues. Tickets are inexpensive. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater is lavishly designed and richly decorated building in the city center of Yekaterinburg. The theater was established in 1912 and building was designed by architect Vladimir Semyonov and inspired by the Vienna Opera House and the Theater of Opera and Ballet in Odessa.

Vaynera Street is a pedestrian only shopping street in city center with restaurants, cafes and some bars. But otherwise Yekaterinburg's nightlife options are limited. There are a handful of expensive Western-style restaurants and bars, none of them that great. Nightclubs serve the city's nouveau riche clientele. Its casinos have closed down. Some of them had links with organized crime. New dance clubs have sprung up that are popular with Yekaterinburg's more affluent youth.

Yekaterinburg's most popular spectator sports are hockey, basketball, and soccer. There are stadiums and arenas that host all three that have fairly cheap tickets. There is an indoor water park and lots of parks and green spaces. The Urals have many lakes, forests and mountains are great for hiking, boating, berry and mushroom hunting, swimming and fishing. Winter sports include cross-country skiing and ice skating. Winter lasts about six months and there’s usually plenty of snow. The nearby Ural Mountains however are not very high and the downhill skiing opportunities are limited..

Sights in Yekaterinburg

Sights in Yekaterinburg include the Museum of City Architecture and Ural Industry, with an old water tower and mineral collection with emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and other precious stone; Geological Alley, a small park with labeled samples of minerals found in the Urals region; the Ural Geology Museum, which houses an extensive collection of stones, gold and gems from the Urals; a monument marking the border between Europe and Asia; a memorial for gulag victims; and a graveyard with outlandish memorials for slain mafia members.

The Military History Museum houses the remains of the U-2 spy plane shot down in 1960 and locally made tanks and rocket launchers. The fine arts museum contains paintings by some of Russia's 19th-century masters. Also worth a look are the History an Local Studies Museum; the Political History and Youth Museum; and the University and Arboretum. Old wooden houses can be seen around Zatoutstovsya ulitsa and ulitsa Belinskogo. Around the city are wooded parks, lakes and quarries used to harvest a variety of minerals. Weiner Street is the main street of Yekaterinburg. Along it are lovely sculptures and 19th century architecture. Take a walk around the unique Literary Quarter

Plotinka is a local meeting spot, where you will often find street musicians performing. Plotinka can be described as the center of the city's center. This is where Yekaterinburg holds its biggest events: festivals, seasonal fairs, regional holiday celebrations, carnivals and musical fountain shows. There are many museums and open-air exhibitions on Plotinka. Plotinka is named after an actual dam of the city pond located nearby (“plotinka” means “a small dam” in Russian).In November 1723, Peter the Great ordered the construction of an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. “Iset” can be translated from Finnish as “abundant with fish”. This name was given to the river by the Mansi — the Finno-Ugric people dwelling on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals.

Vysotsky and Iset are skyscrapers that are 188.3 meters and 209 meters high, respectively. Fifty-story-high Iset has been described by locals as the world’s northernmost skyscraper. Before the construction of Iset, Vysotsky was the tallest building of Yekaterinburg and Russia (excluding Moscow). A popular vote has decided to name the skyscraper after the famous Soviet songwriter, singer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky. and the building was opened on November 25, 2011. There is a lookout at the top of the building, and the Vysotsky museum on its second floor. The annual “Vysotsky climb” (1137 steps) is held there, with a prize of RUB 100,000. While Vysotsky serves as an office building, Iset, owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, houses 225 premium residential apartments ranging from 80 to 490 square meters in size.

Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center (in the city center: ul. Yeltsina, 3) is a non-governmental organization named after the first president of the Russian Federation. The Museum of the First President of Russia as well as his archives are located in the Center. There is also a library, educational and children's centers, and exposition halls. Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career in Yekaterinburg. He was born in Butka about 200 kilometers east of Yekaterinburg.

The core of the Center is the Museum. Modern multimedia technologies help animate the documents, photos from the archives, and artifacts. The Yeltsin Museum holds collections of: propaganda posters, leaflets, and photos of the first years of the Soviet regime; portraits and portrait sculptures of members of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of various years; U.S.S.R. government bonds and other items of the Soviet era; a copy of “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, published in the “Novy Mir” magazine (#11, 1962); perestroika-era editions of books by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and other authors; theater, concert, and cinema posters, programs, and tickets — in short, all of the artifacts of the perestroika era.

The Yeltsin Center opened in 2012. Inside you will also find an art gallery, a bookstore, a gift shop, a food court, concert stages and a theater. There are regular screenings of unique films that you will not find anywhere else. Also operating inside the center, is a scientific exploritorium for children. The center was designed by Boris Bernaskoni. Almost from the its very opening, the Yeltsin Center has been accused by members of different political entities of various ideological crimes. The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday, from 10:00am to 9:00pm.

Where Nicholas II was Executed

On July, 17, 1918, during this reign of terror of the Russian Civil War, former-tsar Nicholas II, his wife, five children (the 13-year-old Alexis, 22-year-old Olga, 19-year-old Maria and 17-year-old Anastasia)the family physician, the cook, maid, and valet were shot to death by a Red Army firing squad in the cellar of the house they were staying at in Yekaterinburg.

Ipatiev House (near Church on the Blood, Ulitsa Libknekhta) was a merchant's house where Nicholas II and his family were executed. The house was demolished in 1977, on the orders of an up and coming communist politician named Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin later said that the destruction of the house was an "act of barbarism" and he had no choice because he had been ordered to do it by the Politburo,

The site is marked with s cross with the photos of the family members and cross bearing their names. A small wooden church was built at the site. It contains paintings of the family. For a while there were seven traditional wooden churches. Mass is given ay noon everyday in an open-air museum. The Church on the Blood — constructed to honor Nicholas II and his family — was built on the part of the site in 1991 and is now a major place of pilgrimage.

Nicholas and his family where killed during the Russian civil war. It is thought the Bolsheviks figured that Nicholas and his family gave the Whites figureheads to rally around and they were better of dead. Even though the death orders were signed Yakov Sverdlov, the assassination was personally ordered by Lenin, who wanted to get them out of sight and out of mind. Trotsky suggested a trial. Lenin nixed the idea, deciding something had to be done about the Romanovs before White troops approached Yekaterinburg. Trotsky later wrote: "The decision was not only expedient but necessary. The severity of he punishment showed everyone that we would continue to fight on mercilessly, stopping at nothing."

Ian Frazier wrote in The New Yorker: “Having read a lot about the end of Tsar Nicholas II and his family and servants, I wanted to see the place in Yekaterinburg where that event occurred. The gloomy quality of this quest depressed Sergei’s spirits, but he drove all over Yekaterinburg searching for the site nonetheless. Whenever he stopped and asked a pedestrian how to get to the house where Nicholas II was murdered, the reaction was a wince. Several people simply walked away. But eventually, after a lot of asking, Sergei found the location. It was on a low ridge near the edge of town, above railroad tracks and the Iset River. The house, known as the Ipatiev House, was no longer standing, and the basement where the actual killings happened had been filled in. I found the blankness of the place sinister and dizzying. It reminded me of an erasure done so determinedly that it had worn a hole through the page. [Source: Ian Frazier, The New Yorker, August 3, 2009, Frazier is author of “Travels in Siberia” (2010)]

“The street next to the site is called Karl Liebknecht Street. A building near where the house used to be had a large green advertisement that said, in English, “LG—Digitally Yours.” On an adjoining lot, a small chapel kept the memory of the Tsar and his family; beneath a pedestal holding an Orthodox cross, peonies and pansies grew. The inscription on the pedestal read, “We go down on our knees, Russia, at the foot of the tsarist cross.”

Books: The Romanovs: The Final Chapter by Robert K. Massie (Random House, 1995); The Fall of the Romanovs by Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalëv (Yale, 1995);

See Separate Article END OF NICHOLAS II factsanddetails.com

Execution of Nicholas II

According to Robert Massie K. Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, Nicholas II and his family were awakened from their bedrooms around midnight and taken to the basement. They were told they were to going to take some photographs of them and were told to stand behind a row of chairs.

Suddenly, a group of 11 Russians and Latvians, each with a revolver, burst into the room with orders to kill a specific person. Yakob Yurovsky, a member of the Soviet executive committee, reportedly shouted "your relatives are continuing to attack the Soviet Union.” After firing, bullets bouncing off gemstones hidden in the corsets of Alexandra and her daughters ricocheted around the room like "a shower of hail," the soldiers said. Those that were still breathing were killed with point black shots to the head.

The three sisters and the maid survived the first round thanks to their gems. They were pressed up against a wall and killed with a second round of bullets. The maid was the only one that survived. She was pursued by the executioners who stabbed her more than 30 times with their bayonets. The still writhing body of Alexis was made still by a kick to the head and two bullets in the ear delivered by Yurovsky himself.

Yurovsky wrote: "When the party entered I told the Romanovs that in view of the fact their relatives continued their offensive against Soviet Russia, the Executive Committee of the Urals Soviet had decided to shoot them. Nicholas turned his back to the detachment and faced his family. Then, as if collecting himself, he turned around, asking, 'What? What?'"

"[I] ordered the detachment to prepare. Its members had been previously instructed whom to shoot and to am directly at the heart to avoid much blood and to end more quickly. Nicholas said no more. he turned again to his family. The others shouted some incoherent exclamations. All this lasted a few seconds. Then commenced the shooting, which went on for two or three minutes. [I] killed Nicholas on the spot."

Nicholas II’s Initial Burial Site in Yekaterinburg

Ganina Yama Monastery (near the village of Koptyaki, 15 kilometers northwest of Yekaterinburg) stands near the three-meter-deep pit where some the remains of Nicholas II and his family were initially buried. The second burial site — where most of the remains were — is in a field known as Porosyonkov (56.9113628°N 60.4954326°E), seven kilometers from Ganina Yama.

On visiting Ganina Yama Monastery, one person posted in Trip Advisor: “We visited this set of churches in a pretty park with Konstantin from Ekaterinburg Guide Centre. He really brought it to life with his extensive knowledge of the history of the events surrounding their terrible end. The story is so moving so unless you speak Russian, it is best to come here with a guide or else you will have no idea of what is what.”

In 1991, the acid-burned remains of Nicholas II and his family were exhumed from a shallow roadside mass grave in a swampy area 12 miles northwest of Yekaterinburg. The remains had been found in 1979 by geologist and amateur archeologist Alexander Avdonin, who kept the location secret out of fear that they would be destroyed by Soviet authorities. The location was disclosed to a magazine by one his fellow discovers.

The original plan was to throw the Romanovs down a mine shaft and disposes of their remains with acid. They were thrown in a mine with some grenades but the mine didn't collapse. They were then carried by horse cart. The vats of acid fell off and broke. When the carriage carrying the bodies broke down it was decided the bury the bodies then and there. The remaining acid was poured on the bones, but most of it was soaked up the ground and the bones largely survived.

After this their pulses were then checked, their faces were crushed to make them unrecognizable and the bodies were wrapped in bed sheets loaded onto a truck. The "whole procedure," Yurovsky said took 20 minutes. One soldiers later bragged than he could "die in peace because he had squeezed the Empress's -------."

The bodies were taken to a forest and stripped, burned with acid and gasoline, and thrown into abandoned mine shafts and buried under railroad ties near a country road near the village of Koptyaki. "The bodies were put in the hole," Yurovsky wrote, "and the faces and all the bodies, generally doused with sulfuric acid, both so they couldn't be recognized and prevent a stink from them rotting...We scattered it with branches and lime, put boards on top and drove over it several times—no traces of the hole remained.

Shortly afterwards, the government in Moscow announced that Nicholas II had been shot because of "a counterrevolutionary conspiracy." There was no immediate word on the other members of the family which gave rise to rumors that other members of the family had escaped. Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlov in honor of the man who signed the death orders.

For seven years the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra, three of their daughters and four servants were stored in polyethylene bags on shelves in the old criminal morgue in Yekaterunburg. On July 17, 1998, Nicholas II and his family and servants who were murdered with him were buried Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg along with the other Romanov tsars, who have been buried there starting with Peter the Great. Nicholas II had a side chapel built for himself at the fortress in 1913 but was buried in a new crypt.

Near Yekaterinburg

Factory-Museum of Iron and Steel Metallurgy (in Niznhy Tagil 80 kilometers north of Yekaterinburg) a museum with old mining equipment made at the site of huge abandoned iron and steel factory. Officially known as the Factory-Museum of the History of the Development of Iron and Steel Metallurgy, it covers an area of 30 hectares and contains a factory founded by the Demidov family in 1725 that specialized mainly in the production of high-quality cast iron and steel. Later, the foundry was renamed after Valerian Kuybyshev, a prominent figure of the Communist Party.

The first Russian factory museum, the unusual museum demonstrates all stages of metallurgy and metal working. There is even a blast furnace and an open-hearth furnace. The display of factory equipment includes bridge crane from 1892) and rolling stock equipment from the 19th-20th centuries. In Niznhy Tagil contains some huge blocks of malachite and

Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha (180 kilometers east-northeast of Yekaterinburg) has an open air architecture museum with log buildings, a stone church and other pre-revolutionary architecture. The village is the creation of Ivan Samoilov, a local activist who loved his village so much he dedicated 40 years of his life to recreating it as the open-air museum of wooden architecture.

The stone Savior Church, a good example of Siberian baroque architecture. The interior and exterior of the church are exhibition spaces of design. The houses are very colorful. In tsarist times, rich villagers hired serfs to paint the walls of their wooden izbas (houses) bright colors. Old neglected buildings from the 17th to 19th centuries have been brought to Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha from all over the Urals. You will see the interior design of the houses and hear stories about traditions and customs of the Ural farmers.

Verkhoturye (330 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg) is the home a 400-year-old monastery that served as 16th century capital of the Urals. Verkhoturye is a small town on the Tura River knows as the Jerusalem of the Urals for its many holy places, churches and monasteries. The town's main landmark is its Kremlin — the smallest in Russia. Pilgrims visit the St. Nicholas Monastery to see the remains of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye, the patron saint of fishermen.

Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains are the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia and have been a crossroads of Russian history. Stretching from Kazakhstan to the fringes of the Arctic Kara Sea, the Urals lie almost exactly along the 60 degree meridian of longitude and extend for about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) from north to south and varies in width from about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the north and 160 kilometers (100 miles) the south. At kilometers 1777 on the Trans-Siberian Railway there is white obelisk with "Europe" carved in Russian on one side and "Asia" carved on the other.

The eastern side of the Urals contains a lot of granite and igneous rock. The western side is primarily sandstone and limestones. A number of precious stones can be found in the southern part of the Urals, including emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and aquamarines. The highest peaks are in the north. Mount Narodnaya is the highest of all but is only 1884 meters (6,184 feet) high. The northern Urals are covered in thick forests and home to relatively few people.

Like the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the Urals are very old mountains — with rocks and sediments that are hundreds of millions years old — that were one much taller than they are now and have been steadily eroded down over millions of years by weather and other natural processes to their current size. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: “The rock composition helps shape the topography: the high ranges and low, broad-topped ridges consist of quartzites, schists, and gabbro, all weather-resistant. Buttes are frequent, and there are north–south troughs of limestone, nearly all containing river valleys. Karst topography is highly developed on the western slopes of the Urals, with many caves, basins, and underground streams. The eastern slopes, on the other hand, have fewer karst formations; instead, rocky outliers rise above the flattened surfaces. Broad foothills, reduced to peneplain, adjoin the Central and Southern Urals on the east.

“The Urals date from the structural upheavals of the Hercynian orogeny (about 250 million years ago). About 280 million years ago there arose a high mountainous region, which was eroded to a peneplain. Alpine folding resulted in new mountains, the most marked upheaval being that of the Nether-Polar Urals...The western slope of the Urals is composed of middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. In many places it descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern slope, volcanic layers alternate with sedimentary strata, all dating from middle Paleozoic times.”

Southern Urals

The southern Urals are characterized by grassy slopes and fertile valleys. The middle Urals are a rolling platform that barely rises above 300 meters (1,000 feet). This region is rich in minerals and has been heavily industrialized. This is where you can find Yekaterinburg (formally Sverdlovsk), the largest city in the Urals.

Most of the Southern Urals are is covered with forests, with 50 percent of that pine-woods, 44 percent birch woods, and the rest are deciduous aspen and alder forests. In the north, typical taiga forests are the norm. There are patches of herbal-poaceous steppes, northem sphagnous marshes and bushy steppes, light birch forests and shady riparian forests, tall-grass mountainous meadows, lowland ling marshes and stony placers with lichen stains. In some places there are no large areas of homogeneous forests, rather they are forests with numerous glades and meadows of different size.

In the Ilmensky Mountains Reserve in the Southern Urals, scientists counted 927 vascular plants (50 relicts, 23 endemic species), about 140 moss species, 483 algae species and 566 mushroom species. Among the species included into the Red Book of Russia are feather grass, downy-leaved feather grass, Zalessky feather grass, moccasin flower, ladies'-slipper, neottianthe cucullata, Baltic orchis, fen orchis, helmeted orchis, dark-winged orchis, Gelma sandwart, Krasheninnikov sandwart, Clare astragalus.

The fauna of the vertebrate animals in the Reserve includes 19 fish, 5 amphibian and 5 reptile. Among the 48 mammal species are elks, roe deer, boars, foxes, wolves, lynxes, badgers, common weasels, least weasels, forest ferrets, Siberian striped weasel, common marten, American mink. Squirrels, beavers, muskrats, hares, dibblers, moles, hedgehogs, voles are quite common, as well as chiropterans: pond bat, water bat, Brandt's bat, whiskered bat, northern bat, long-eared bat, parti-coloured bat, Nathusius' pipistrelle. The 174 bird bird species include white-tailed eagles, honey hawks, boreal owls, gnome owls, hawk owls, tawny owls, common scoters, cuckoos, wookcocks, common grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, common partridges, shrikes, goldenmountain thrushes, black- throated loons and others.

Activities and Places in the Ural Mountains

The Urals possess beautiful natural scenery that can be accessed from Yekaterinburg with a rent-a-car, hired taxi and tour. Travel agencies arrange rafting, kayaking and hiking trips. Hikes are available in the taiga forest and the Urals. Trips often include walks through the taiga to small lakes and hikes into the mountains and excursions to collect mushrooms and berries and climb in underground caves. Mellow rafting is offered in a relatively calm six kilometer section of the River Serga. In the winter visitor can enjoy cross-mountains skiing, downhill skiing, ice fishing, dog sledding, snow-shoeing and winter hiking through the forest to a cave covered with ice crystals.

Lake Shartash (10 kilometers from Yekaterinburg) is where the first Ural gold was found, setting in motion the Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745, which created so much wealth one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. The area around Shartash Lake is a favorite picnic and barbecue spot of the locals. Getting There: by bus route No. 50, 054 or 54, with a transfer to suburban commuter bus route No. 112, 120 or 121 (the whole trip takes about an hour), or by car (10 kilometers drive from the city center, 40 minutes).

Revun Rapids (90 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg near Beklenishcheva village) is a popular white water rafting places On the nearby cliffs you can see the remains of a mysterious petroglyph from the Paleolithic period. Along the steep banks, you may notice the dark entrance of Smolinskaya Cave. There are legends of a sorceress who lived in there. The rocks at the riverside are suited for competitive rock climbers and beginners. Climbing hooks and rings are hammered into rocks. The most fun rafting is generally in May and June.

Olenii Ruchii National Park (100 kilometers west of Yekaterinburg) is the most popular nature park in Sverdlovsk Oblast and popular weekend getaway for Yekaterinburg residents. Visitors are attracted by the beautiful forests, the crystal clear Serga River and picturesque rocks caves. There are some easy hiking routes: the six-kilometer Lesser Ring and the 15-kilometer Greater Ring. Another route extends for 18 km and passes by the Mitkinsky Mine, which operated in the 18th-19th centuries. It's a kind of an open-air museum — you can still view mining an enrichment equipment here. There is also a genuine beaver dam nearby.

Among the other attractions at Olenii Ruchii are Druzhba (Friendship) Cave, with passages that extend for about 500 meters; Dyrovaty Kamen (Holed Stone), created over time by water of Serga River eroding rock; and Utoplennik (Drowned Man), where you can see “The Angel of Sole Hope”., created by the Swedish artist Lehna Edwall, who has placed seven angels figures in different parts of the world to “embrace the planet, protecting it from fear, despair, and disasters.”

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

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Yekaterinburg



and the from


Show map of Russia Show map of Sverdlovsk Oblast
Coordinates: 60°36′46″E / 56.83556°N 60.61278°E / 56.83556; 60.61278
Country

Founded	18 November 1723
City status since	1781
Government
• Body
• Head	Alexey Orlov
Area
• Total	1,111 km (429 sq mi)
Elevation	237 m (778 ft)
Population ( Census)
• Total	1,349,772
• Estimate	1,536,183
• Rank	in 2010
• Density	1,200/km (3,100/sq mi)

• Subordinated to	of Yekaterinburg
• of	, City of Yekaterinburg

• Urban okrug	Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug
• of	Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug
	( )

	+7 343
ID	65701000001
City Day	3rd Saturday of August
Website

Yekaterinburg [lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District , Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia , with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, [14] up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Imperial era

Contemporary era, demographics, administrative districts, administration, living costs and the labor market, finance and business, retail and services, transportation, public transit, media and telecommunications, life and culture, architecture, international relations, bric summit, twin towns – sister cities, notable people, bibliography, external links.

Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Orthodox name of Catherine I (born Marta Helena Skowrońska), the German wife of Russian Emperor Peter the Great . The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province , and built the historical Siberian Route through the city. [3] Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR founded the Soviet Union , the city was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. On 23 September 1991 the city returned to its historical name.

Yekaterinburg is one of Russia's most important economic centres and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted in some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces , as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Yekaterinburg is famous for its constructivist architecture [19] [20] [21] and is also considered the "Russian capital of street art ". [22] [23] [24]

The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000 BC, in the Mesolithic period . The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000 BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region's natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Verkh-Isetsky Pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period : workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat culture (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak culture from 2000 BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak culture burials discovered in the Ural Mountains . In the Bronze Age , the people of Gamayun culture lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments. [25] [26] [27]

Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore , at the Hermitage , at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums. [26]

The first Russian settlements within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg appeared in the second half of the 17th century — in 1672, an Old Believers village arose in the area of Shartash lake [28] (this fact is disputed by historians, since no evidence of the founding of the village at that time was found in the sources), [29] and in 1680 – 1682, the villages of Nizhny and Verkhny Uktus appeared on the banks of Uktus River (now the territory of the Chkalovsky district of the city). [30] In 1702, by the initiative of the head of Sibirskiy prikaz Andrew Vinius , the Uktus state ironwork plant was founded near Nizhny Uktus — the first ironworks within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg. [31] In 1704, the Shuvakish ironworks was built (now the territory of the Zheleznodorozhny district of the city). [28] With the beginning of active construction of factories in the Urals in the 18th century, relations with their southern neighbors, the Bashkirs , became strained. As a result of the Bashkir raid in 1709, the village of Verkhny Uktus was devastated, all buildings, including the wooden church and chapel, were burned, the residents fled to the protection of the Uktus plant fortifications. [30] On the night of 5 April 1718, a fire destroyed all the factory buildings of the Uktus plant, except for the dam, and the plant was restored only by 1720 under the supervision of Timofey Burtsev. [32] However, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus river.

In 1720, by decree of Peter I , a delegation led by mining specialist Johann Blüher and statesman Vasily Tatishchev was sent to the Urals . [33] They were entrusted with managing the mining industry, identifying the causes of the collapse and reduction of production at state-owned factories. [33] On 29 December 1720, [33] Tatishchev and Blüher arrive at the Uktus plant, which became their main residence in the Urals. As a result of familiarizing himself with the state of nearby state-owned factories, Tatishchev came to the conclusion that on the basis of these factories, even if they were reconstructed and expanded, it would not be possible to quickly increase the production of iron, and it would be more profitable to build a new large plant. After inspecting the immediate area, together with the commissary of the Uktus plant, Timofey Burtsev, a place rich in ore and forest was chosen on the banks of the more full-flowing Iset River , 7 versts from Uktus. [33] On 6 February 1721, Tatishchev sent a message to the Collegium of Mining , in which he asked permission to begin construction of the plant, with detailed explanations and justification for this project. [33] On 1 March 1721, without waiting for a response from the Collegium, Tatishchev began construction of the new plant, [28] but he failed to convince Collegium, and by the Collegium decree of 10 December 1721, he was removed from the leadership of mining affairs in the Urals. [28] In 1722, by decree of Peter the Great, a mining engineer, Major General Georg Wilhelm de Gennin , was sent to the Urals in place of Tatishchev. Having studied all the circumstances, de Gennin fully supported Tatishchev’s project, and on 12 March 1723, construction of the plant on Iset resumed. [28]

Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723. [34] They named the city after the emperor's wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I . [2] Officially, the city's founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers. [2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November. [35] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress , which would encompass many of the settlement's earliest buildings. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: "Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset river, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities... ". [36]

In 1722–1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built, [37] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe) and became a part of modern Yekaterinburg in 1934. [38] In 1726, Wilhelm de Gennin founded an auxiliary Verkh-Isetsky plant with a working settlement 2 versts from Yekaterinburg upstream ('verkh' in Russian) the Iset River. [39] The plant's dam formed the Verkh-Isetsky pond. Colloquially called by the Russian acronym VIZ, it was a satellite town until in 1926, with a population of over 20,000 people by this time, it was incorporated into Yekaterinburg as the core of the Verkh-Isetsky district. [39]

Plan of Yekaterinburg, 1743 PlanYekaterinburg1743.JPG

Yekaterinburg was one of the industrial cities of Russia prompted at the beginning of the 18th century by decrees of Tsar Peter the Great which demanded the development of the metalworking industry. With extensive use of iron, the city was built to a regular square plan with ironworks and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It, therefore, found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window to Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, granted Yekaterinburg town status and nominated it as the administrative centre for the wider region within Perm Governorate . [3] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only "mountain city" in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Ural ridge , the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor's power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering. [36]

In 1820–1845, 45% of the world's gold was mined in Yekaterinburg. This is the first ever "Gold Rush". [40] Until 1876, 80% of the coins in circulation in the Russian Empire were produced at the Yekaterinburg mint. [41]

Following the October Revolution , the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra , and their children Grand Duchesses Olga , Tatiana , Maria , Anastasia , and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. [42] [43] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919. [44] [45]

Snow-covered statue of Yakov Sverdlov Ekaterinbourg.jpeg

In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War , political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University , as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . [46] [28] [44]

By the 1934, following a series of administrative reforms carried by the early Soviet government, the earliest Russian settlements which predated Yekaterinburg and laid the basis of its founding, were incorporated into the city proper. [38] [47]

During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Magnitogorsk and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk oblast , and Uralmash in Sverdlovsk. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest-growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk. [48] [49]

During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became the main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945. [50] In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began. [51] [44] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev 's government. [52] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists . Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998. [53] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility . [54]

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt , Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in case Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time. [55] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 23 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name. [56] [57]

In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural, and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city. [58]

In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and hosted the inaugural University International Sports Festival in 2023. [59]

Geographically, Yekaterinburg is in North Asia, close to the Ural Mountains (which divide Europe from Asia), 1,667 km (1,036 mi) east of the nation's capital Moscow.

The city has a total area of 1,111 km 2 (429 sq mi) .

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River , which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River . There are two lakes in the city, Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, through which the Iset River flows. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both near the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near Sredneuralsk , and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time . [60]

The city possesses a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) under the Köppen climate classification . [61] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at −40 °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from frosts to temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) . [61]

The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 601 mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50 cm. The coefficient of moistening(the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation ) – 1. [61]

The average temperature in January is −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) . The record minimum temperature is −44.6 °C (−48.3 °F) (6 January 1915);
The average July temperature is 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) . The record maximum temperature is 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) (11 July 2023);
The average annual temperature is 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) ;
The average annual wind speed is 2.9 m/s (10 km/h; 6.5 mph) ;
The average annual humidity is 75%;
The average annual precipitation is 534 mm (21.0 in) ;

Climate data for Yekaterinburg (1991–2020, extremes 1831–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	9.4 (48.9)	18.1 (64.6)	28.8 (83.8)	34.7 (94.5)	36.4 (97.5)	40.0 (104.0)	37.2 (99.0)	31.9 (89.4)	24.7 (76.5)	13.5 (56.3)	5.9 (42.6)	40.0 (104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−9.3 (15.3)	−6.6 (20.1)	0.9 (33.6)	10.1 (50.2)	18.3 (64.9)	22.6 (72.7)	24.3 (75.7)	21.4 (70.5)	15.0 (59.0)	6.9 (44.4)	−2.6 (27.3)	−7.8 (18.0)	7.8 (46.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−12.6 (9.3)	−10.8 (12.6)	−3.6 (25.5)	4.7 (40.5)	12.2 (54.0)	16.9 (62.4)	18.9 (66.0)	16.2 (61.2)	10.4 (50.7)	3.6 (38.5)	−5.4 (22.3)	−10.7 (12.7)	3.3 (37.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−15.5 (4.1)	−14.1 (6.6)	−7.3 (18.9)	0.3 (32.5)	6.9 (44.4)	12.0 (53.6)	14.4 (57.9)	12.2 (54.0)	6.8 (44.2)	1.0 (33.8)	−7.8 (18.0)	−13.3 (8.1)	−0.4 (31.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−44.6 (−48.3)	−42.4 (−44.3)	−39.2 (−38.6)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−13.5 (7.7)	−5.3 (22.5)	1.5 (34.7)	−2.2 (28.0)	−9.0 (15.8)	−22.0 (−7.6)	−39.2 (−38.6)	−44.0 (−47.2)	−44.6 (−48.3)
Average mm (inches)	25 (1.0)	19 (0.7)	25 (1.0)	31 (1.2)	47 (1.9)	73 (2.9)	93 (3.7)	75 (3.0)	45 (1.8)	41 (1.6)	33 (1.3)	28 (1.1)	534 (21.0)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	33 (13)	42 (17)	38 (15)	5 (2.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	8 (3.1)	21 (8.3)	42 (17)
Average rainy days	1	1	5	13	20	20	19	22	22	17	6	1	147
Average snowy days	26	23	18	10	4	0.4	0	0	2	13	23	25	144
Average (%)	79	75	68	60	58	63	68	73	75	75	78	79	71
Mean monthly	47	94	164	206	256	272	269	217	143	78	51	37	1,834
Source 1: Pogoda.ru
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)

Historical population
Year
1897	37,399	—
1926	134,831	+260.5%
1939	425,533	+215.6%
1959	778,602	+83.0%
1970	1,025,045	+31.7%
1979	1,211,172	+18.2%
1989	1,364,621	+12.7%
2002	1,293,537	−5.2%
2010	1,349,772	+4.3%
2021	1,544,376	+14.4%

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,544,376 ; [64] up from 1,349,772 recorded in the 2010 Census . [7]

As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Yekaterinburg was: [65]

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
	1,172,704	91.0%
	27,431	2.1%
	13,102	1.0%
	8,769	0.7%
	6,121	0.5%
	4,987	0.4%
	4,755	0.4%
	4,307	0.3%
	4,014	0.3%
Others	42,033	3.3%

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam , Old Believers , Catholicism , Protestantism , and Judaism .

Yekaterinburg has a significant Muslim community, but it suffers from a lack of worship space: there are only two small mosques . Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma . On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets , and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue , thus forming the "area of the three religions". [66] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.

Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001. [67] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.

Most of the city's religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church . Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic St. Anne's Church was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill . [68]

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast . [1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions , it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities , incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg, [9] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug. [10]

Administrative districts of Yekaterinburg

Label	Name	Area (2019)	Population (2019)	Founded	Head	Website	Dialing code(s)	Subdivisions
1	Akademicheskiy		81,000	2020	Smirnyagin Nikolai Sergeevich		+7 3432, +7 3433	3
2	Verkh-Isetsky	240 square kilometres (93 sq mi)	221,207	1919	Morozov Andrey Mikhailovich	1 December 2021 at the	+7 3432, +7 3433	5
3	Zheleznodorozhnyy	126.3 square kilometres (48.8 sq mi)	221,207	1938	Pershin Vitaly Pavlovich	1 March 2022 at the	+7 343	8
4	Kirovsky	72 square kilometres (28 sq mi)	228,864	1943	Bolikov Vladimir Yurievich	15 March 2022 at the	+7 343	7
5	Leninsky	25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)	156,723	1934	Beruashvili Elena Zauryevna	15 March 2022 at the	+7 343	3
6	Oktyabrsky	157 square kilometres (61 sq mi)	148,981	1934	Kostenko Igor Vitalievich	10 November 2021 at the	+7 3432	11
7	Ordzhonikidzevsky	102 square kilometres (39 sq mi)	286,482	1934	Kravchenko Roman Gennadievich	16 March 2022 at the	+7 3433	6
8	Chkalovsky	402 square kilometres (155 sq mi)	275,571	1943	Shipitsyn Evgeny Viktorovich	9 May 2019 at the	+7 3432	10

Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).

A district named Akademicheskiy was formed from the parts of Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky districts on 3 January 2020. [70] On 1 October 2021, more settlements were transferred from Verkh-Isetsky to Akademicheskiy district. [71]

The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts. [74]

According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts. [75] [76]

In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg. [77]

The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the city's entire population. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Residents of the city elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years. [74]

The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square . [76]

The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity. [77]

In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. [1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice. [78] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city. [79]

Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy , the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment.

In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region.

According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman , nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia , 7 to A Just Russia , 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR . The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%. [80]

Russian federal legislative election, 2016
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
			78,289	38.4%
			31,288	15.4%
			25,869	12.7%
			22,293	10.9%
			11,340	5.6%

It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19 billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40 billion by 2025). [82] [83]

By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked third. The city's gross urban product (GVP) was 898 billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place). [84] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7 billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area. [85]

In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub. [86]

The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city's economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg. [86] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation. [87]

The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in fourth place of fixed assets, and second place in housing placement. [88] [89]

The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2019 was 54,976 rubles. This is the first place among the millionth municipalities of the Russian Federation. [90] There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system. [89] [91]

The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6 million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8 million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles). [89] [92]

The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume. [93]

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings. [94]

The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank. [95] [96]

IT "SKB Kontur" from Yekaterinburg – the largest software manufacturer in Russia – first place according to the RAEX rating [97]

Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia. [98]

A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.). [94] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City. [99]

1st Pyatiletka Square, where Uralmash is headquartered MainBildingUralmash.jpg

Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.

At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries. [94] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%. [100]

Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others. [101]

Yekaterinburg ranks first in retail trade of the Russian Federation per capita, ahead of Moscow. [102] The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg's economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9 billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290. [103] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700 m 2 (16,175,000 sq ft) . The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2 m 2 (6,428 sq ft) . [104]

Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000 m 2 (21,730,000 sq ft) , with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3 m 2 (14,707 sq ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin, [105] Castorama, [106] Domostroy, [107] Maxidom, [108] OBI, [109] Sdvor. [110] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky. [104] [111]

The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6 billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers. [112]

The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9 billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1 m 2 (4,113 sq ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts. [113]

Greenwich Shopping Center, as of 2021, is the largest shopping center in Europe. [114]

The largest store in the world by area is Sima-Land. [115]

Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk , and Vladivostok ) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard . [116] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010. [117] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg. [118]

In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1 million people. [119] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to "bow to the memory of the last [czar] and his family." In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar. [120]

Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals. [121] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia. [122]

E22 bypass in the Chkalovsky District Ob'ezdnaia.jpg

Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually). [123] [124] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people. [125] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion. [126] To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city's economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries. [127]

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places. [125]

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5 km (814.9 mi) , of which 929.8 km (577.8 mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880 km (550 mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632 km (393 mi) is backbone networks, of which 155 km (96 mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses , and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well. [128]

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways: [129]

Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4 million people in 2015. [130] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1 million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia). [131] [132]

Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS . At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9 million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro . [133] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation. [134] The tram network was established in 1929 and currently [ when? ] plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8 million, [135] but this declines every year (245 million people in 2013 [136] ). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5 km. As of 2016 [ update ] , the construction of a tram line "Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned. [137]

There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP"). [138] In 2007, 114.5 million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6 million in 2006). [139] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Ekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses. [140] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4 km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4 million (84.3 million in 2006). [139]

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm , Tyumen , Kazan , Nizhny Tagil , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , and Tavda ). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway .

Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport . Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404 million passengers (including 3.485 million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919 million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia . [141]

Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds, [142] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices. [143] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, [144] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology, [145] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.

In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery. [146]

Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children's versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city. [143] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).

Private medical institutions also operate in the city. [147]

Yekaterinburg's education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals . [148]

There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people. [149] Yekaterinburg's education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay. [150] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation . [151]

On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University ) was established as Yekaterinburg's first educational institution. [152] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University ) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR , signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.

In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg's universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [153] [154] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students. [155] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory , Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy , Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations .

In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University , making it the largest university in the Urals and the largest university in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university's budget in 2015 totalled 9,1 billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6 billion rubles. [156] As of 2021, UrFU is the largest university in Russia in terms of the number of students, being on the 351st place in the QS World University Rankings. [157] [158] The number of publications of the university in the Web of Science database is about a thousand per year. [159]

There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.

In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker , Vecherny Yekaterinburg , Oblastnaya Gazeta , and For Change! , and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I'm Buying . [160] [161]

A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976. [162] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city's beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [163] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters. [164] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.

At the moment [ when? ] , there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city. [165] According to Yekaterinburg News , the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom , working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg. [166]

Operators of mobile communication in Yekaterinburg
Generation	Mobile communication standard	Operators
		, , , , Motive
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive
	,	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive,
		MTS, MegaFon, Beeline,

Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District. [148] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library. [167]

There are about 50 different museums in the city. [168] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum , with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received main awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The Kasli Pavilion was registered by UNESCO as the only cast-iron architectural structure in the world, which is in the museum collection. [169] Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov . It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya ( Шигирская кладовая ), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago. [170] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums .

Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia. [171] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city. [172] Notable theatres that operate in the city are Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater , the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater received four awards at the Golden Mask 2020 Festival in Moscow, including the main Golden Mask for the Best Opera Performance [173]

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme. [174]

The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft. [175] [176] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif , Chicherina , Nautilus Pompilius , Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi , Slaughter to Prevail and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii , were originally formed in Yekaterinburg ( Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov , Yuri Gulyayev , Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss ), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble. [ citation needed ]

Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated "Best Circus of the Year" for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture . [177]

The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos. In 2017, the Yeltsin Center was recognized as the best museum in Europe by the Council of Europe, the first of the museums in Russia. [178]

The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.

On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city. [179]

Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined [180]

In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg's architecture. The estates were built in the neoclassic style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style's influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery. [180]

At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg's architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style. [181]

During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers' House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era . Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT "Kosmos", the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM. [182]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism . The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children's ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Church of the Transfiguration . At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the "facade" phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built. [183]

The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism . [183]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre. [183] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower , with a height of 209 meters. [184]

Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics , 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze). [185]

In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship . In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena (called Central Stadium before the World Cup). [186]

Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children's and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating. [187]

Sport clubs

Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal , bandy , and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk , women's volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK , women's basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg , and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.

Club	Founded	Current League	League Tier	Stadium
	1930		1st
	2006		1st
Avto Yekaterinburg	2009		Jr. 1st
Spartak-Merkury	1992	Women's Hockey Championship	1st	Sports Palace Snezhinka
	1937		1st
	1935		2nd
	2006		2nd
	1938		1st
Lokomotiv-Izumrud Yekaterinburg	1945		2nd
	1966	Women's Volleyball Superleague	1st	Metallurg-Forum
	1992		1st

2018 FIFA World Cup

Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup [59] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena . [186]

For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup and was renamed Yekaterinburg Arena. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the stadium's original perimeter were erected to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000. [188] [189]

The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people. [190]

Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The airport's capacity in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded. [191]

The United States, [192] United Kingdom, [193] Germany, [194] France, [195] China [196] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, [197] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Dmitry Medvedev , Manmohan Singh , and Hu Jintao , the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city's bid to host the 2020 World Expo . Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries. [198]

Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025 . Yekaterinburg's concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.

Yekaterinburg hosted the Global Summit on Manufacturing and Industrialization (GMIS — 2019) GMIS under the auspices of the United Nations. [199] The annual INNOPROM exhibition is among the five largest industrial exhibitions in the world. [200]

Yekaterinburg is twinned with: [201]

Anton Bakov , Leader of the Monarchist Party
Irina Antonenko , Miss Russia 2010
Aleksei Balabanov , film director, screenwriter, producer
Vera Bazarova , pairs figure skater
Pavel Bazhov , folklorist and children's author
Old Man Bukashkin , artist and poet
Pavel Datsyuk , ice hockey player
Nikolay Durakov , bandy legend
Chiang Fang-liang , former first lady of Taiwan
Aleksey Fedorchenko , film director, producer
Denis Galimzyanov , sprinter cyclist
Anna Gavrilenko , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
Nikolay Karpol , national women volleyball team coach
Nikolai Khabibulin , ice hockey player
Alexei Yashin , ice hockey player
Alexei Khvostenko , avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
Nikolay Kolyada , actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
Ilya Kormiltsev , poet, translator, publisher
Olga Kotlyarova , Olympic runner
Maxim Kovtun , figure skater
Vladislav Krapivin , children's author
Valeria Savinykh , WTA Professional player
Nikolay Krasovsky , mathematician
Yulia Lipnitskaya , figure skater
Iskander Makhmudov , businessman
Vladimir Malakhov , ice hockey player
Gennady Mesyats , vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Maxim Miroshkin , pairs figure skater
Vladimir Mulyavin (1941 – 2003), Belarusian musician and the founder of the folk-rock band Pesniary [202]
Alfia Nazmutdinova , rhythmic gymnast
Ernst Neizvestny , sculptor
Oleg Platonov , writer, historian, and economist
Daria Pridannikova , rhythmic gymnast
Eduard Rossel , ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
Boris Ryzhy , poet
Mikhail Shchennikov , race walker
Vera Sessina , rhythmic gymnast
Georgy Shishkin , painter
Vassily Sigarev , playwright, screenwriter, film director
Anastasiia Tatareva , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
Sergei Tchepikov , Olympic biathlon competitor
Vladimir Tretyakov , ex-rector of the Ural State University
Lev Vainshtein , Olympic shooter
Sergei Vonsovsky , physicist
Alexander Dudoladov , writer
Alexander Malinin , singer
Petr Yan , Former UFC Bantamweight Champion
A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class ( NATO reporting name: Delta IV ) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/"807") in honour of the city.
The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

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Winter mortality and...

Winter mortality and cold stress in Yekaterinburg, Russia: interview survey

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Peer review
G C Donaldson , senior research associate a ,
V E Tchernjavskii , deputy director, public health institute b ,
S P Ermakov , principal researcher b ,
K Bucher , head c ,
W R Keatinge , emeritus professor of physiology ( w.r.keatinge{at}qmw.ac.uk ) a
a Department of Physiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, London E1 4NS
b Russian Ministry of Health, 11 Dobrolubova Street, Moscow 127254, Russia
c Dezemat Biosynoptik der Zentralen Medizin-Meteorologischen Forschungsstelle des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, Stefan Maier Strasse 4, 7800 Freiburg 1, Germany
Correspondence to: Professor Keatinge
Accepted 31 October 1997

Objectives: To evaluate how mortality and protective measures against exposure to cold change as temperatures fall between October and March in a region of Russia with a mean winter temperature below −6 °C.

Design: Interview to assess factors associated with cold stress both indoors and outdoors, to measure temperatures in living room, and to survey unheated rooms.

Setting: Sverdlovsk Oblast (district), Yekaterinburg, Russia.

Subjects: Residents aged 50–59 and 65–74 living within approximately 140 km of Yekaterinburg in Sverdlovsk Oblast. Survey of sample of 1000 residents equally distributed by sex and age groups.

Main outcome measures: Regression analysis was used to relate data on indoor heating and temperatures, the amount of clothing worn, the amount of physical activity, and shivering while outside, to outdoor temperature; results were compared with mortality patterns for ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and mortality from all causes.

Results: As mean daily temperatures fell to 0°C the amount of clothing worn outdoors increased, physical activity while outdoors became more continuous, and only 11 (6.6%) of the 167 people surveyed who went outdoors at temperatures above 0°C reported shivering. The mean temperature in living rooms in the evening remained above 21.9°C. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes did not change. As the temperature fell below 0°C the number of items of clothing worn plateaued at 16.0 and the number of layers at 3.7. With regression analysis, shivering outdoors was found to increase progressively to 34.6% (P<0.001) of excursions at −25°C, and mortality (after declining slightly) rose progressively (all cause mortality rose by 1.15% for each 1°C drop in temperature from 0°C to −29.6°C, 95% confidence interval 0.97% to 1.32%). 94.2% of bedrooms were directly heated, and evening temperatures in the living room averaged 19.8°C even when outside temperatures reached −25°C.

Conclusions: Outdoor cold stress and mortality in Yekaterinburg increased only when the mean daily temperature dropped below 0°C. At temperatures down to 0°C cold stress and excess mortality were prevented by increasing the number of items of clothing worn and the amount of physical activity outdoors in combination with maintaining warmth in houses.

Key messages

There was no increase in mortality in the population of an industrialised region of western Siberia as the temperature fell to 0°C; in western Europe the same fall in temperature is associated with large increases in mortality

Warm clothing and physical activity prevented cold stress outdoors and warm housing prevented cold stress indoors

These results suggest that the high excess winter mortality in western Europe could be prevented by people wearing sufficient clothing and engaging in physical activity outdoors, and by adequately heating houses

Introduction

In cold and temperate regions mortality is minimal at about 18°C but rises as temperatures fall. 1 2 3 Much of the increase in mortality seems to be associated with cold stress (personal exposure to cold); time series analyses have shown that mortality increases within 24 hours of a fall in temperature. 4 Deaths from thrombosis, which account for most of the excess mortality associated with cold, are probably caused by haemoconcentration resulting from cold stress (general exposure to cold) 5 6 and an increase in plasma fibrinogen concentrations as a result of an acute response to respiratory infections. 7 8 The increase in mortality that occurs with each fall of 1°C in outdoor temperature is smaller in areas of Europe where houses are warmer and more clothing is worn outdoors at a given outdoor temperature. 9 However, it is unclear whether protection against cooling of the body surface alone can entirely prevent higher mortality in winter. This protection would not be effective if, for example, local cooling of the respiratory tract caused by breathing cold air was an important factor in the deaths.

This paper reports patterns of winter mortality and various strategies for protection against cold in the Yekaterinburg region of Russia, 850 miles east and slightly north of Moscow. It is a densely populated region, where many people spend substantial time outdoors. The mean winter temperature is −6.8°C, lower than that in any part of western Europe (fig 1 ). Our objective was to evaluate whether the type and amount of outdoor clothing worn and the amount of physical activity prevented excess mortality when winter temperatures were similar to those found in western European regions with milder winters.

Subjects and methods

Subjects and survey of lifestyle.

Subjects were selected for interview by a two stage process. 11 Primary sampling areas were designated from census data and selected to be representative of population density and composition of social groups. Each interviewer was allocated a sampling area each day. To prevent clustering, interviews were separated by at least four addresses and no more than two interviews were conducted on each street; apartment blocks were considered to be streets. Samples of responses were checked by telephone or by post for quality control. These procedures were similar to those used in the Eurowinter survey in western Europe. 9 The survey was conducted by a Russian-Finnish company associated with Gallup and with advice from Colin McDonald (McDonald Research, Camberley). Briefing of interviewers and the initial interviews in Yekaterinburg were monitored by WRK and by the survey consultant.

Interviews were conducted from the beginning of October 1995 through to the end of February 1996. Interviews occurred on all days of the week. Interviews took place after 1700 in the main living room of the house or apartment. Temperatures were measured to 1°C with Thermax temperature strips (Thermographic Measurements, Burton) which were placed on furniture 0.5 m to 1.2 m above the floor. Interviewers then completed questionnaires. Interviewees were asked about the duration of heating in the bedroom and living room, the duration and number of outdoor excursions, the type of clothing worn outdoors, and physical activity outdoors during the previous 24 hours; interviews were conducted in Russian.

Mortality and temperature

Daily reports of deaths during 1990–4 were obtained for Yekaterinburg and the regions and towns of the Sverdlovsk Oblast (district) which are within about 140 km of Yekaterinburg; the data were reported for those aged 50–59 and 65–74 and for men and women. Census data were used to determine numbers of each sex and age group. There were 192 000 men and 258 000 women aged 50–59 and 77 000 men and 167 000 women aged 65-74. The mean daily temperature was calculated using measurements taken every three hours in Yekaterinburg.

Regression analysis

Regression coefficients for the number of deaths each day in relation to the mean daily temperature were estimated for temperatures between 0°C and 18°C and for temperatures between 0°C and −25°C; generalised linear modelling with identity link function was used and a Poisson distribution was assumed. 10 Regression coefficients were expressed as a percentage of the estimated mortality at baseline, which was taken as 18°C. Deaths were lagged on temperature by 2 days for ischaemic heart disease, by 5 days for cerebrovascular disease, by 12 days for respiratory disease, by 3 days for all cause mortality; these are the delays which give maximal effects. 4 Deaths from influenza averaged over the 10 days before to the 10 days after each mortality were included in the regression model as a second explanatory variable to account for the effects of influenza; these effects were small as only nine deaths from influenza were recorded. For graphs, mortality data per million population were averaged for each temperature interval of 1°C.

Separate regressions on the mean daily temperatures both above and below 0°C were made by ordinary least squares regression for the temperature in the living room. Generalised linear modelling was used for Poisson distributed data, and logit regression was used for binary data. 10

The number of layers of clothing worn was calculated as the total area of all items of clothing and expressed as a fraction of body surface area; this was calculated from the list of garments worn and from the surface area of specific parts of the body of men and women. 12 There was no theoretical case for using a particular model to analyse the number of pieces of clothing worn and the total area covered by the clothing. Since both seemed to fall in a linear fashion as the mean daily temperature fell to 0°C, then fell more slowly and plateaued below −8°C these factors were tested by separate linear regressions for temperatures below −8°C, for temperatures from −8°C to 0°C, and for temperatures above 0°C. The Student's t test was used to compare mortality at temperatures from 0°C to −5°C with mortality from 0°C to 5°C. Values are given as means with 95% confidence intervals except when otherwise stated.

A total of 1000 people in the region were interviewed; respondents were equally divided between men and women and between the ages of 50–59 and 65-74.

Mean daily temperatures from 1990 to 1994 inclusive varied from 26.5°C to −29.6°C during the time that the mortality data were collected. Temperatures varied between 12.5°C and −25°C during the survey. The mean winter temperature (between October and March 1990 to 1994 inclusive) was −6.8°C; this was 4°C colder than the coldest region surveyed in western Europe in the Eurowinter survey (−2.8°C in northern Finland). 9

Mortality from all causes did not change as the mean daily temperature fell to 0°C. At slightly below 0°C, however, mortality fell by 6.1% (P=0.011) as it does in Britain. 4 This may be due to the bactericidal effects of freezing. None the less, mortality then increased progressively by 1.15% (0.97% to 1.32%) for each drop in temperature by 1°C as temperatures fell from 0°C to −29.6°C (P<0.001). There was no increase in mortality related to increases in temperatures above 18°C. 1 9 These patterns were similar for men and women and for those aged 50 to 59 and 65 to 74 (fig 2 ). The relations in each temperature range were broadly linear (fig 2 ). Absolute mortality in men was more than double that in women; absolute mortality among those aged 65 to 74 was more than double that among those aged 50 to 59.

Daily numbers of deaths per million population in each sex and age group by mean daily temperature

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The relation between mortality and temperature was not different for ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, or death from all causes (fig 3 ). Information on the specific cause of death was extracted from the mortality data; there were an average of 11.5 deaths related to ischaemic heart disease each day, 9.4 related to cerebrovascular disease, 2.7 related to respiratory disease, and a total of 46.6 for all causes of death. When the data were plotted for each year there was no systematic change in the relation of mortality to temperature with time although absolute mortality rose with time.

Behaviour outdoors

Most people reported going outside every day for at least 10 minutes (83% to 87% of the 1000 people surveyed). The total time spent outside each day averaged 39 minutes (37 to 41 minutes); neither the amount of time spent outside nor the percentage of people who had gone outside in the last 24 hours was significantly related to the mean daily temperature when temperatures were either above or below 0°C. Many people travelled to work by bus or train, waited outdoors for transport, and walked to transport (WRK, personal observation).

As temperatures outdoors fell to 0°C the people who went outdoors seldom shivered; only 11 of the 167 people who were surveyed (6.6%; 2.6% to 9.6%) reported shivering while out that day, and the percentage of those who did shiver did not change with the temperature (fig 4 ). A probable explanation for this is that when people went outdoors they reported wearing progressively more clothing as the temperature fell to 0°C and they also reported spending less time stationary (P<0.001). When linear regression was used for temperatures below 0°C, the percentage of those who shivered while outside increased to 34.6% at −25.0°C (P<0.001), while the number of items of clothing increased little and stabilised at 16 items when temperatures fell below −8°C (fig 4 ). In temperatures below 0°C the number of people who kept still while outside (mean 26%; 22% to 29%) changed little; there was no significant decline as temperatures fell from 0°C to −25°C. Through the whole range of temperatures the wearing of hats and gloves followed similar patterns to the total number of items of clothing worn (fig 4 ). Estimates of the total area of clothing (fig 4 ) were too scattered to reach significance but suggested a rise in the area covered as temperatures fell to 0°C and a plateau at temperatures below −8°C at 3.67 layers or 367% (360% to 374%) of body surface area (fig 4 ). Conversations in Yekaterinburg by WRK suggested that all available outdoor clothing was then being worn.

Indoor temperatures

The mean temperature in the living room in the evening measured during interviews was high throughout the entire range of outdoor temperatures studied. It declined only a little from 23.1°C (21.4°C to 24.8°C) at outdoor temperatures of 12.7°C, to 21.9°C (20.3°C to 23.5°C) at outdoor temperatures of 0°C, and to 19.8°C (18.8°C to 20.9°C) at outdoor temperatures of −25.0°C (fig 5 ). The temperature of the living room in the evening was 22.6°C (20.9°C to 24.2°C) when outdoor temperatures were 7°C, at which temperature the Eurowinter survey data was standardised. 9 Daytime visits to unheated parts of the house or apartment and the numbers of people sleeping in unheated bedrooms declined as outdoor temperatures fell from 12.7°C to 0°C (fig 5 ); at temperatures below 0°C they stabilised with 12% visiting unheated parts of the house by day and 5.8% sleeping in unheated bedrooms (fig 5 ). Personal observation by WRK showed that rooms which were not heated in cold weather were often small and opened directly on to heated rooms and thus received indirect heating.

Lack of cold stress at temperatures above 0°C

This study found that as outdoor temperatures fell to 0°C in Yekaterinburg there was no increase in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, or all causes. High temperatures indoors in combination with an increase in the number of layers of clothing worn and the amount of physical activity when outdoors generally prevented cold stress. Both the fall in temperature to 0°C and the associated increase in physical activity when outdoors increase local cooling of the respiratory tract, but without general chilling and cooling did not lead to any detectable increase in mortality.

The mean temperature in the living room in the evening declined slightly as outdoor temperatures fell. When outdoor temperatures reached 0°C living room temperatures were 21.9°C; this is higher than temperatures found in living rooms in western Europe when outdoor temperatures reached 7°C. 9 The indoor temperatures found in this study are expected to have permitted full thermal comfort indoors. Home heating in Yekaterinburg generally could not be controlled by the occupants; the increase in the amount of time spent in unheated parts of the house during the day and in unheated bedrooms at night when the outdoor temperature was above 0°C suggests that heated rooms were at or above optimally comfortable temperatures and people chose to spend time in unheated rooms.

Cold stress and mortality at temperatures below 0°C

Several factors may have contributed to the increase in mortality that occurred when outdoor temperatures fell from 0°C to −29.6°C. An increase in outdoor cold stress was indicated by an increase in shivering. The amount of outdoor clothing that was worn plateaued when temperatures were slightly below 0°C; there were no further increases in the amount of clothing worn when temperatures fell further, apparently because people did not have additional items of outdoor clothing to wear. Cold stress is unlikely to have occurred indoors even when outdoor temperatures were below 0°C since mean temperatures in living rooms were 19.8°C when outdoor temperatures reached −25°C. At these temperatures unheated rooms generally received indirect heating and were not occupied for long. However, when temperatures fell from 0°C to −29.6°C the small fall in indoor temperature from 23.1°C to 19.8°C, occasional visits to unheated rooms, or cooling of the respiratory tract by breathing cold air when outdoors may have contributed to the increase in mortality. The results do not exclude the possibility that genetic or lifetime adaptations to cold by the population of Yekaterinburg have lowered mortality in winter to rates below what they would otherwise be.

Relation between cold stress and mortality

The general cold stress and mortality related to cold seen at temperatures below 0°C in Yekaterinburg, and their absence at temperatures above 0°C, can be most easily explained by a causal relation between mortality and cold stress. These results reinforce those of our earlier study, which showed an association between cold stress and mortality among different populations in western Europe 9 ; they also support the findings of a time series analysis which showed close temporal associations between cold weather and cause-specific mortalities in England. 4 The results of this study suggest that most of the increase in mortality associated with cold weather in western Europe—which occurs mainly at temperatures above 0°C—could be prevented by a combination of simple protective measures against outdoor cold and ensuring that houses are warm.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Ruslan Halfin, head of the Health Department Administration, Sverdlovsk Oblast, and Dr Tamara Gribanova, director of the Regional Medical Computer Centre, Sverdlovsk Oblast, for the data on mortality.

Funding: The study was funded by the PECO scheme of the European Union for cooperation in science and technology with central and eastern European countries and with newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.

Conflict of interest: None.

Contributors: GCD contributed to designing the study, writing the paper, and computing the survey data and its relation to mortality. VET and SPE were responsible with staff in Yekaterinburg for assembly and initial analysis of mortality data, they participated in consultations on the design of the study, interpretation of results, and editing the paper. KB provided the climatic data and contributed to editing the paper. WRK initiated the study proposals, designed the study, commissioned the field survey through the field consultant, visited Yekaterinburg with the consultant at the start of the survey, drafted the paper, and is guarantor for the study.

Auliciems A ,
de Freitas C
Heunis JC ,
Olivier J ,
Donaldson GC ,
Keatinge WR
Keatinge WR ,
Coleshaw SRK ,
Mattock M ,
Syndercombe-Court D ,
Woodhouse PR ,
Plummer M ,
Bainton D ,
Eurowinter Group
Lovett AA ,
Bentham CG ,
Flowerdew R
Hayward MG ,

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Paper Type: 600 Word Essay Examples. Snow fluttered to the ground as Jane pulled her gold jersey closer to safeguard against the blistering chill. Although the mini goblins and evil spirits had actually simply collected their annual deals with, winter season was already wrapping its bitterly cold hands around her.
Winter: a Magical and Challenging Season
In conclusion, winter is a season that brings both beauty and challenges. The snow-covered landscapes, winter sports, and activities make winter a magical season. However, the cold weather, snow and ice on roads and sidewalks, and potential dangers can present challenges. Winter holidays and traditions, personal experiences, and emotions ...
Essay on Winter Season for Children and Students
Winter Season Essay 5 (300 words) Winter season is the coldest season of the year in India. Winter season can be characterized by cold wind blow, falling of snow, very low atmospheric temperature, short day, long night, etc. This season lasts about three months, starts from December and ends in March.
Dongzhi Festival (Winter Solstice) 2024: Tradations, Food
Since then, Winter Solstice (Dongzhi) has been an important festival in China. There is an old saying that Dongzhi is more important than Chinese New Year. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and Song Dynasty (960-1279) eras, officials in the government were granted a 7-day holiday to go back home to celebrate the festival with their family ...
Dongzhi Festival
Dongzhi Festival dumplings. The Dongzhi Festival or Winter Solstice Festival (Chinese: 冬至; pinyin: Dōngzhì; lit. 'winter's extreme') is a traditional Chinese festival celebrated during the Dongzhi solar term (winter solstice), which falls between December 21 and December 23. [1] [2]The origins of this festival can be traced back to the yin and yang philosophy of balance and harmony in ...
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The essay on a winter vacation is an insight into the minds of students activities during the break. Winter vacations usually consist of 15 days and include 2 important festivals which are Christmas and New year. So, the holiday season is full of festival flavors. Thus, many students look forward to Christmas as their parent brings gift flr ...
Essay on Winter Season for Children and Students
Essay on Winter Season in 300 words. Winter season is the coldest season of the year in India. Winter season can be characterized by cold wind blow, falling of snow, very low atmospheric temperature, short day, long night, etc. This season lasts about three months, starts from December and ends in March.
Winter Festival Essay
Winter Festival Essay; Winter Festival Essay. 1822 Words 8 Pages "Your country is an example for our country" - this statement by the Dutch-born president of the Federation of European Carnival Cities (FECC) Henry van der Kroon is enough to make one want to visit the next edition of "Surva" - the international masquerade festival in ...
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Winter temperatures occasionally drop as low as - 40 degrees C (-40 degrees F) and the first snow usually falls in October. A heavy winter coat, long underwear and good boots are essential. Snow and ice make the sidewalks very slippery, so footwear with a good grip is important. Since the climate is very dry during the winter months, skin ...
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg [lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia.The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, [14] up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in ...
Winter mortality and cold stress in Yekaterinburg, Russia: interview
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg [a] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia.The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, [14] up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural ...

Essay on Winter Season

Essay on Winter Season in 150 words

Introduction :

The Beauty of Winter

Outdoor Activities

Festivals and Celebrations

Challenges and Precautions

Conclusion :

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