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• What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

Published on January 27, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on January 12, 2024.

Table of contents

Types of action research, action research models, examples of action research, action research vs. traditional research, advantages and disadvantages of action research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about action research.

There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

• Participatory action research emphasizes that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.
• Practical action research focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.

Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.

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Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.

• Operational (or technical) action research is usually visualized like a spiral following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”
• Collaboration action research is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.
• Critical reflection action research serves to contextualize systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyze existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).

Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.

After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilized, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators. Example: Practical action research Science teachers at your city’s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardized test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.

Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is formative , not summative , and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.

As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.

Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.

• Action research is highly adaptable , allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
• Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
• Done correctly, action research can be very empowering , informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

• Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalizability  and are very difficult to replicate . They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
• Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner . Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
• Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias , social desirability bias , or other types of cognitive biases .

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.

Action research is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.

Action research is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.

A cycle of inquiry is another name for action research . It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2024, January 12). What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 8, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/action-research/

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th edition). Routledge.

Naughton, G. M. (2001).  Action research (1st edition). Routledge.

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Action Research: What it is, Stages & Examples

The best way to get things accomplished is to do it yourself. This statement is utilized in corporations, community projects, and national governments. These organizations are relying on action research to cope with their continuously changing and unstable environments as they function in a more interdependent world.

In practical educational contexts, this involves using systematic inquiry and reflective practice to address real-world challenges, improve teaching and learning, enhance student engagement, and drive positive changes within the educational system.

This post outlines the definition of action research, its stages, and some examples.

Content Index

What is action research?

Stages of action research, the steps to conducting action research, examples of action research, advantages and disadvantages of action research.

Action research is a strategy that tries to find realistic solutions to organizations’ difficulties and issues. It is similar to applied research.

Action research refers basically learning by doing. First, a problem is identified, then some actions are taken to address it, then how well the efforts worked are measured, and if the results are not satisfactory, the steps are applied again.

It can be put into three different groups:

• Positivist: This type of research is also called “classical action research.” It considers research a social experiment. This research is used to test theories in the actual world.
• Interpretive: This kind of research is called “contemporary action research.” It thinks that business reality is socially made, and when doing this research, it focuses on the details of local and organizational factors.
• Critical: This action research cycle takes a critical reflection approach to corporate systems and tries to enhance them.

All research is about learning new things. Collaborative action research contributes knowledge based on investigations in particular and frequently useful circumstances. It starts with identifying a problem. After that, the research process is followed by the below stages:

Stage 1: Plan

For an action research project to go well, the researcher needs to plan it well. After coming up with an educational research topic or question after a research study, the first step is to develop an action plan to guide the research process. The research design aims to address the study’s question. The research strategy outlines what to undertake, when, and how.

Stage 2: Act

The next step is implementing the plan and gathering data. At this point, the researcher must select how to collect and organize research data . The researcher also needs to examine all tools and equipment before collecting data to ensure they are relevant, valid, and comprehensive.

Stage 3: Observe

Data observation is vital to any investigation. The action researcher needs to review the project’s goals and expectations before data observation. This is the final step before drawing conclusions and taking action.

Different kinds of graphs, charts, and networks can be used to represent the data. It assists in making judgments or progressing to the next stage of observing.

Stage 4: Reflect

This step involves applying a prospective solution and observing the results. It’s essential to see if the possible solution found through research can really solve the problem being studied.

The researcher must explore alternative ideas when the action research project’s solutions fail to solve the problem.

Action research is a systematic approach researchers, educators, and practitioners use to identify and address problems or challenges within a specific context. It involves a cyclical process of planning, implementing, reflecting, and adjusting actions based on the data collected. Here are the general steps involved in conducting an action research process:

Identify the action research question or problem

Clearly define the issue or problem you want to address through your research. It should be specific, actionable, and relevant to your working context.

Review existing knowledge

Conduct a literature review to understand what research has already been done on the topic. This will help you gain insights, identify gaps, and inform your research design.

Plan the research

Develop a research plan outlining your study’s objectives, methods, data collection tools, and timeline. Determine the scope of your research and the participants or stakeholders involved.

Collect data

Implement your research plan by collecting relevant data. This can involve various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, document analysis, or focus groups. Ensure that your data collection methods align with your research objectives and allow you to gather the necessary information.

Analyze the data

Once you have collected the data, analyze it using appropriate qualitative or quantitative techniques. Look for patterns, themes, or trends in the data that can help you understand the problem better.

Reflect on the findings

Reflect on the analyzed data and interpret the results in the context of your research question. Consider the implications and possible solutions that emerge from the data analysis. This reflection phase is crucial for generating insights and understanding the underlying factors contributing to the problem.

Develop an action plan

Based on your analysis and reflection, develop an action plan that outlines the steps you will take to address the identified problem. The plan should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART goals). Consider involving relevant stakeholders in planning to ensure their buy-in and support.

Implement the action plan

Put your action plan into practice by implementing the identified strategies or interventions. This may involve making changes to existing practices, introducing new approaches, or testing alternative solutions. Document the implementation process and any modifications made along the way.

Evaluate and monitor progress

Continuously monitor and evaluate the impact of your actions. Collect additional data, assess the effectiveness of the interventions, and measure progress towards your goals. This evaluation will help you determine if your actions have the desired effects and inform any necessary adjustments.

Reflect and iterate

Reflect on the outcomes of your actions and the evaluation results. Consider what worked well, what did not, and why. Use this information to refine your approach, make necessary adjustments, and plan for the next cycle of action research if needed.

Remember that participatory action research is an iterative process, and multiple cycles may be required to achieve significant improvements or solutions to the identified problem. Each cycle builds on the insights gained from the previous one, fostering continuous learning and improvement.

Explore Insightfully Contextual Inquiry in Qualitative Research

Here are two real-life examples of action research.

Action research initiatives are frequently situation-specific. Still, other researchers can adapt the techniques. The example is from a researcher’s (Franklin, 1994) report about a project encouraging nature tourism in the Caribbean.

In 1991, this was launched to study how nature tourism may be implemented on the four Windward Islands in the Caribbean: St. Lucia, Grenada, Dominica, and St. Vincent.

For environmental protection, a government-led action study determined that the consultation process needs to involve numerous stakeholders, including commercial enterprises.

First, two researchers undertook the study and held search conferences on each island. The search conferences resulted in suggestions and action plans for local community nature tourism sub-projects.

Several islands formed advisory groups and launched national awareness and community projects. Regional project meetings were held to discuss experiences, self-evaluations, and strategies. Creating a documentary about a local initiative helped build community. And the study was a success, leading to a number of changes in the area.

Lau and Hayward (1997) employed action research to analyze Internet-based collaborative work groups.

Over two years, the researchers facilitated three action research problem -solving cycles with 15 teachers, project personnel, and 25 health practitioners from diverse areas. The goal was to see how Internet-based communications might affect their virtual workgroup.

First, expectations were defined, technology was provided, and a bespoke workgroup system was developed. Participants suggested shorter, more dispersed training sessions with project-specific instructions.

The second phase saw the system’s complete deployment. The final cycle witnessed system stability and virtual group formation. The key lesson was that the learning curve was poorly misjudged, with frustrations only marginally met by phone-based technical help. According to the researchers, the absence of high-quality online material about community healthcare was harmful.

Role clarity, connection building, knowledge sharing, resource assistance, and experiential learning are vital for virtual group growth. More study is required on how group support systems might assist groups in engaging with their external environment and boost group members’ learning. 

Action research has both good and bad points.

• It is very flexible, so researchers can change their analyses to fit their needs and make individual changes.
• It offers a quick and easy way to solve problems that have been going on for a long time instead of complicated, long-term solutions based on complex facts.
• If It is done right, it can be very powerful because it can lead to social change and give people the tools to make that change in ways that are important to their communities.

Disadvantages

• These studies have a hard time being generalized and are hard to repeat because they are so flexible. Because the researcher has the power to draw conclusions, they are often not thought to be theoretically sound.
• Setting up an action study in an ethical way can be hard. People may feel like they have to take part or take part in a certain way.
• It is prone to research errors like selection bias , social desirability bias, and other cognitive biases.

LEARN ABOUT: Self-Selection Bias

This post discusses how action research generates knowledge, its steps, and real-life examples. It is very applicable to the field of research and has a high level of relevance. We can only state that the purpose of this research is to comprehend an issue and find a solution to it.

At QuestionPro, we give researchers tools for collecting data, like our survey software, and a library of insights for any long-term study. Go to the Insight Hub if you want to see a demo or learn more about it.

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Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ’s)

Action research is a systematic approach to inquiry that involves identifying a problem or challenge in a practical context, implementing interventions or changes, collecting and analyzing data, and using the findings to inform decision-making and drive positive change.

Action research can be conducted by various individuals or groups, including teachers, administrators, researchers, and educational practitioners. It is often carried out by those directly involved in the educational setting where the research takes place.

The steps of action research typically include identifying a problem, reviewing relevant literature, designing interventions or changes, collecting and analyzing data, reflecting on findings, and implementing improvements based on the results.

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Action Research

What is action research.

Action research is a methodology that emphasizes collaboration between researchers and participants to identify problems, develop solutions and implement changes. Designers plan, act, observe and reflect, and aim to drive positive change in a specific context. Action research prioritizes practical solutions and improvement of practice, unlike knowledge generation, which is the priority of traditional methods.  

© New Mexico State University, Fair Use

Why is Action Research Important in UX Design?

Action research stands out as a unique approach in user experience design (UX design), among other types of research methodologies and fields. It has a hands-on, practical focus, so UX designers and researchers who engage in it devise and execute research that not only gathers data but also leads to actionable insights and solid real-world solutions. 

The concept of action research dates back to the 1940s, with its roots in the work of social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin emphasized the importance of action in understanding and improving human systems. The approach rapidly gained popularity across various fields, including education, healthcare, social work and community development.  

Kurt Lewin, the Founder of social psychology.

© Wikimedia Commons, Fair Use

In UX design, the incorporation of action research appeared with the rise of human-centered design principles. As UX design started to focus more on users' needs and experiences, the participatory and problem-solving nature of action research became increasingly significant. Action research bridges the gap between theory and practice in UX design. It enables designers to move beyond hypothetical assumptions and base their design decisions on concrete, real-world data. This not only enhances the effectiveness of the design but also boosts its credibility and acceptance among users—vital bonuses for product designers and service designers. 

At its core, action research is a systematic, participatory and collaborative approach to research . It emphasizes direct engagement with specific issues or problems and aims to bring about positive change within a particular context. Traditional research methodologies tend to focus solely on the generation of theoretical knowledge. Meanwhile, action research aims to solve real-world problems and generate knowledge simultaneously .  

Action research helps designers and design teams gather first-hand insights so they can deeply understand their users' needs, preferences and behaviors. With it, they can devise solutions that genuinely address their users’ problems—and so design products or services that will resonate with their target audiences. As designers actively involve users in the research process, they can gather authentic insights and co-create solutions that are both effective and user-centric.  

Moreover, the iterative nature of action research aligns perfectly with the UX design process. It allows designers to continuously learn from users' feedback, adapt their designs accordingly, and test their effectiveness in real-world contexts. This iterative loop of planning, acting, observing and reflecting ensures that the final design solution is user-centric. However, it also ensures that actual user behavior and feedback validates the solution that a design team produces, which helps to make action research studies particularly rewarding for some brands. 

Designers can continuously learn from users’ feedback in action research and iterate accordingly.

© Fauxels, Fair Use

What is The Action Research Process?

Action research in UX design involves several stages. Each stage contributes to the ultimate goal: to create effective and user-centric design solutions. Here is a step-by-step breakdown of the process:  

1. Identify the Problem

This could be a particular pain point users are facing, a gap in the current UX design, or an opportunity for improvement.  

2. Plan the Action

Designers might need to devise new design features, modify existing ones or implement new user interaction strategies.  

3. Implement the Action

Designers put their planned actions into practice. They might prototype the new design, implement the new features or test the new user interaction strategies.  

4. Observe and Collect Data

As designers implement the action they’ve decided upon, it's crucial to observe its effects and collect data. This could mean that designers track user behaviors, collect user feedback, conduct usability tests or use other data collection methods.  

5. Reflect on the Results

From the collected data, designers reflect on the results, analyze the effectiveness of the action and draw insights. If the action has led to positive outcomes, they can further refine it and integrate it into the final design. If not, they can go back to plan new actions and repeat the process.  

An action research example could be where designers do the following: 

Identification : Designers observe a high abandonment rate during a checkout process for an e-commerce website. 

Planning : They analyze the checkout flow to identify potential friction points.  

Action : They isolate these points, streamline the checkout process, introduce guest checkout and optimize form fields.  

Observation : They monitor changes in abandonment rates and collect user feedback.  

Reflection : They assess the effectiveness of the changes as these reduce checkout abandonment.  

Outcome : The design team notices a significant decrease in checkout abandonment, which leads to higher conversion rates as more users successfully purchase goods.  

What Types of Action Research are there?

Action research splits into three main types: technical, collaborative and critical reflection.  

1. Technical Action Research

Technical action research focuses on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a system or process. Designers often use it in organizational contexts to address specific issues or enhance operations. This could be where designers improve the usability of a website, optimize the load time of an application or enhance the accessibility of a digital product.  

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2. Collaborative Action Research

Collaborative action research emphasizes the active participation of stakeholders in the research process. It's about working together to identify issues, co-create solutions and implement changes. In the context of UX design, this could mean that designers collaborate with users to co-design a new feature, work with developers to optimize a process, or partner with business stakeholders to align the UX strategy with business goals.  

3. Critical Reflection Action Research

Critical reflection action research aims to challenge dominant power structures and social injustices within a particular context. It emphasizes the importance of where designers and design teams reflect on the underlying assumptions and values that drive research and decision-making processes. In UX design, this could be where designers question the design biases, challenge the stereotypes, and promote inclusivity and diversity in design decisions.  

What are the Benefits and Challenges of Action Research?

Like any UX research method or approach, action research comes with its own set of benefits and challenges.  

Benefits of Action Research

Real-world solutions.

Action research focuses on solving real-world problems. This quality makes it highly relevant and practical. It allows UX designers to create solutions that are not just theoretically sound but also valid in real-world contexts.  

User Involvement

Action research involves users in the research process, which lets designers gather first-hand insights into users' needs, preferences and behaviors. This not only enhances the accuracy and reliability of the research but also fosters user engagement and ownership long before user testing of high-fidelity prototypes.  

Continuous Learning

The iterative nature of action research promotes continuous learning and improvement. It enables designers to adapt their designs based on users' feedback and learn from their successes and failures. They can fine-tune better tools and deliverables, such as more accurate user personas, from their findings.

Author and Human-Computer Interaction Expert, Professor Alan Dix explains personas and why they are important: 

Challenges of Action Research

Time- and resource-intensive.

Action research involves multiple iterations of planning, acting, observing and reflecting, which can be time- and resource-intensive. 

Complexity of Real-world Contexts

It can be difficult to implement changes and observe their effects in real-world contexts. This is due to the complexity and unpredictability of real-world situations.  

Risk of Subjectivity

Since action research involves close collaboration with stakeholders, there's a risk of subjectivity and bias influencing the research outcomes. It's crucial for designers to maintain objectivity and integrity throughout the research process. 

Ethical Considerations

It can be a challenge to ensure all participants understand the nature of the research and agree to participate willingly. Also, it’s vital to safeguard the privacy of participants and sensitive data.  

Scope Creep

The iterative nature of action research might lead to expanding goals, and make the project unwieldy.  

Generalizability

The contextual focus of action research may limit the extent to which designers can generalize findings from field studies to other settings.  

Best Practices and Tips for Successful Action Research

1. define clear objectives.

To begin, designers should define clear objectives. They should ask the following: 

What is the problem to try to solve? 

What change is desirable as an outcome?  

To have clear objectives will guide their research process and help them stay focused.  

2. Involve Users

It’s vital to involve users in the research process. Designers should collaborate with them to identify issues, co-create solutions and implement changes in real time. This will not only enhance the relevance of the research but also foster user engagement and ownership.  

3. Use a Variety of Data Collection Methods

To conduct action research means to observe the effects of changes in real-world contexts. This requires a variety of data collection methods. Designers should use methods like surveys, user interviews, observations and usability tests to gather diverse and comprehensive data. 

UX Strategist and Consultant, William Hudson explains the value of usability testing in this video: 

4. Reflect and Learn

Action research is all about learning from action. Designers should reflect on the outcomes of their actions, analyze the effectiveness of their solutions and draw insights. They can use these insights to inform their future actions and continuously improve the design.  

5. Communicate and Share Findings

Lastly, designers should communicate and share their findings with all stakeholders. This not only fosters transparency and trust but also facilitates collective learning and improvement.  

What are Other Considerations to Bear in Mind with Action Research?

Quantitative data.

Action research involves both qualitative and quantitative data, but it's important to remember to place emphasis on qualitative data. While quantitative data can provide useful insights, designers who rely too heavily on it may find a less holistic view of the user experience. 

Professor Alan Dix explains the difference between quantitative and qualitative data in this video: 

User Needs and Preferences

Designers should focus action research on understanding user needs and preferences. If they ignore these in favor of more technical considerations, the resulting design solutions may not meet users' expectations or provide them with a satisfactory experience.  

User Feedback

It's important to seek user feedback at each stage of the action research process. Without this feedback, designers may not optimize design solutions for user needs. For example, they may find the information architecture confusing. Additionally, without user feedback, it can be difficult to identify any unexpected problems that may arise during the research process.  

Time Allocation

Action research requires time and effort to ensure successful outcomes. If designers or design teams don’t permit enough time for the research process, it can lead to rushed decisions and sloppy results. It's crucial to plan ahead and set aside enough time for each stage of the action research process—and ensure that stakeholders understand the time-consuming nature of research and digesting research findings, and don’t push for premature results. 

Contextual Factors

Contextual factors such as culture, environment and demographics play an important role in UX design. If designers ignore these factors, it can lead to ineffective design solutions that don't properly address users' needs and preferences or consider their context.  

Professor Alan Dix explains the need to consider users’ culture in design, in this video: 

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Overall, in the ever-evolving field of UX design, this is one methodology that can serve as a powerful research tool for driving positive change and promoting continuous learning. Since to do action research means to actively involve users in the research process and research projects, and focus on real-world problem-solving, it allows designers to create more user-centered designs. These digital solutions and services will be more likely to resonate with the target users and deliver exceptional user experiences.  

Despite its challenges, the benefits of action research far outweigh the risks. Action research is therefore a valuable approach for UX designers who are keen on creating a wide range of impactful and sustainable design solutions. The biggest lesson with action research is to ensure that user needs and preferences are at the center of the research process. 

Learn More about Action Research  

Take our User Research: Methods and Best Practices course.  

Take our Master Class Radical Participatory Design: Insights From NASA’s Service Design Lead with Victor Udoewa, Service Design Lead, NASA SBIR/STTR Program. 

Read more in-depth information in 3 things design thinking can learn from action research by Amin Mojtahedi, PhD . 

Find additional insights in What Technical Communicators and UX Designers Can Learn From Participatory Action Research by Guiseppe . 

Discover more insights and tips in Action Research: Steps, Benefits, and Tips by Lauren Stewart .

Questions related to Action Research

Action research and design thinking are both methodologies to solve problems and implement changes, but they have different approaches and emphases. Here's how they differ:  

Objectives  

Action research aims to solve specific problems within a community or organization through a cycle of planning, action, observation and reflection. It focuses on iterative learning and solving real-world problems through direct intervention.  

Design thinking focuses on addressing complex problems by understanding the user's needs, re-framing the problem in human-centric ways, creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions, and adopting a hands-on approach in prototyping and testing. It emphasizes innovation and the creation of solutions that are desirable, feasible and viable.  

Process  

Action research involves a cyclic process that includes:  

- Identify a problem.  

- Plan an action.  

- Implement the action.  

- Observe and evaluate the outcomes.  

- Reflect on the findings and plan the next cycle. 

Design thinking follows a non-linear, iterative process that typically includes five phases:  

- Empathize: Understand the needs of those you're designing for.  

- Define: Clearly articulate the problem you want to solve.  

- Ideate: Brainstorm a range of creative solutions.  

- Prototype: Build a representation of one or more of your ideas.  

- Test: Return to your original user group and test your idea for feedback.  

User Involvement  

Action research actively involves participants in the research process. The participants are co-researchers and have a direct stake in the problem at hand.  

Design thinking prioritizes empathy with users and stakeholders to ensure that the solutions are truly user-centered. While users are involved, especially in the empathy and testing phases, they may not be as deeply engaged in the entire process as they are in action research.  

Outcome  

Action research typically aims for practical outcomes that directly improve practices or address issues within the specific context studied. Its success is measurable by the extent of problem resolution or improvement.  

Design thinking seeks to generate innovative solutions that may not only solve the identified problem but also provide a basis for new products, services or ways of thinking. The success is often measurable in terms of innovation, user satisfaction and feasibility of implementation.  

In summary, while both action research and design thinking are valuable in addressing problems, action research is more about participatory problem-solving within specific contexts, and design thinking is about innovative solution-finding with a strong emphasis on user needs. 

Take our Design Thinking: The Ultimate Guide course. 

To define the research question in an action research project, start by identifying a specific problem or area of interest in your practice or work setting. Reflect on this issue deeply to understand its nuances and implications. Then, narrow your focus to a question that is both actionable and researchable. This question should aim to explore ways to improve, change or understand the problem better. Ensure the question is clear, concise and aligned with the goals of your project. It must invite inquiry and suggest a path towards finding practical solutions or gaining deeper insights. 

For instance, if you notice a decline in user engagement with a product, your research question could be, "How can we modify the user interface of our product to enhance user engagement?" This question clearly targets an improvement, focuses on a specific aspect (the user interface) and implies actionable outcomes (modifications to enhance engagement). 

Take our Master Class Radical Participatory Design: Insights From NASA’s Service Design Lead with Victor Udoewa, Service Design Lead, NASA SBIR/STTR Program.  

Designers use several tools and methods in action research to explore problems and implement solutions. Surveys allow them to gather feedback from a broad audience quickly. Interviews offer deep insights through personal conversations, focusing on users' experiences and needs. Observations help designers understand how people interact with products or services in real environments. Prototyping enables the testing of ideas and concepts through tangible models, and allows for immediate feedback and iteration. Finally, case studies provide detailed analysis of specific instances and offer valuable lessons and insights. 

These tools and methods empower designers to collect data, analyze findings and make informed decisions. When designers employ a combination of these approaches, they ensure a comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand and develop effective solutions. 

CEO of Experience Dynamics, Frank Spillers explains the need to be clear about the problem that designers should address: 

To engage stakeholders in an action research project, first identify all individuals or groups with an interest in the project's outcome. These might include users, team members, clients or community representatives. Clearly communicate the goals, benefits and expected outcomes of the project to them. Use presentations, reports, or informal meetings to share your vision and how their involvement adds value. 

Involve stakeholders early and often by soliciting their feedback through surveys, interviews or workshops. This inclusion not only provides valuable insights but also fosters a sense of ownership and commitment to the project. Establish regular update meetings or newsletters to keep stakeholders informed about progress, challenges and successes. Finally, ensure there are clear channels for stakeholders to share their input and concerns throughout the project. 

This approach creates a collaborative environment where stakeholders feel valued and engaged, leading to more meaningful and impactful outcomes. 

To measure the impact of an action research project, start by defining clear, measurable objectives at the beginning. These objectives should align with the goals of your project and provide a baseline against which you can measure progress. Use quantitative metrics such as increased user engagement, sales growth or improved performance scores for a tangible assessment of impact. Incorporate qualitative data as well, such as user feedback and case studies, to understand the subjective experiences and insights gained through the project. 

Conduct surveys or interviews before and after the project to compare results and identify changes. Analyze this data to assess how well the project met its objectives and what effect it had on the target issue or audience. Document lessons learned and unexpected outcomes to provide a comprehensive view of the project's impact. This approach ensures a holistic evaluation, combining numerical data and personal insights to gauge the success and influence of your action research project effectively. 

Take our Master Class Design KPIs: From Insights to Impact with Vitaly Friedman, Senior UX consultant, European Parliament, and Creative Lead, Smashing Magazine. 

When unexpected results or obstacles emerge during action research, first, take a step back and assess the situation. Identify the nature of the unexpected outcome or obstacle and analyze its potential impact on your project. This step is crucial for understanding the issue at hand. 

Next, communicate with your team and stakeholders about the situation. Open communication ensures everyone understands the issue and can contribute to finding a solution. 

Then, consider adjusting your research plan or design strategy to accommodate the new findings or to overcome the obstacles. This might involve revisiting your research questions, methods or even the design problem you are addressing. 

Always document these changes and the reasons behind them. This documentation will be valuable for understanding the project's evolution and for future reference. 

Finally, view these challenges as learning opportunities. Unexpected results can lead to new insights and innovations that strengthen your project in the long run. 

By remaining flexible, communicating effectively, and being willing to adjust your approach, you can navigate the uncertainties of action research and continue making progress towards your goals. 

Professor Alan Dix explains externalization, a creative process that can help designers to adapt to unexpected roadblocks and find a good way forward: 

Action research can significantly contribute to inclusive and accessible design by directly involving users with diverse needs in the research and design process. When designers engage individuals from various backgrounds, abilities and experiences, they can gain a deeper understanding of the wide range of user requirements and preferences. This approach ensures that the products or services they develop cater to a broader audience, including those with disabilities. 

Furthermore, action research allows for iterative testing and feedback loops with users. This quality enables designers to identify and address accessibility challenges early in the design process. The continuous engagement helps in refining designs to be more user-friendly and inclusive. 

Additionally, action research fosters a culture of empathy and understanding within design teams, as it emphasizes the importance of seeing the world from the users' perspectives. This empathetic approach leads to more thoughtful and inclusive design decisions, ultimately resulting in products and services that are accessible to everyone. 

By prioritizing inclusivity and accessibility through action research, designers can create more equitable and accessible solutions that enhance the user experience for all. 

Take our Master Class How to Design for Neurodiversity: Inclusive Content and UX with Katrin Suetterlin, UX Content Strategist, Architect and Consultant. 

To ensure the reliability and validity of data in action research, follow these steps: 

Define clear research questions: Start with specific, clear research questions to guide your data collection. This clarity helps in gathering relevant and focused data. 

Use multiple data sources: Collect data from various sources to cross-verify information. This triangulation strengthens the reliability of your findings. 

Apply consistent methods: Use consistent data collection methods throughout your research. If conducting surveys or interviews, keep questions consistent across participants to ensure comparability. 

Engage in peer review: Have peers or experts review your research design and data analysis. Feedback can help identify biases or errors, and enhance the validity of your findings. 

Document the process: Keep detailed records of your research process, including how you collected and analyzed data. Documentation allows others to understand and validate your research methodology. 

Test and refine instruments: If you’re using surveys or assessment tools, test them for reliability and validity before using them extensively. Pilot testing helps refine these instruments, and ensures they accurately measure what they intend to. 

When you adhere to these principles, you can enhance the reliability and validity of your action research data, leading to more trustworthy and impactful outcomes. 

Take our Data-Driven Design: Quantitative Research for UX course.  

To analyze data collected during an action research project, follow these steps: 

Organize the data: Begin by organizing your data, categorizing information based on types, sources or research questions. This organization makes the data manageable and prepares you for in-depth analysis. 

Identify patterns and themes: Look for patterns, trends and themes within your data. This might mean to code qualitative data or use statistical tools for quantitative data to uncover recurring elements or significant findings. 

Compare findings to objectives: Match your findings against the research objectives. Assess how the data answers your research questions or addresses the issues you set out to explore. 

Use software tools: Consider using data analysis software, especially for complex or large data sets. Tools like NVivo for qualitative data or SPSS for quantitative data can simplify analysis and help in identifying insights. 

Draw conclusions: Based on your analysis, draw conclusions about what the data reveals. Look for insights that answer your research questions or offer solutions to the problem you are investigating. 

Reflect and act: Reflect on the implications of your findings. Consider how they impact your understanding of the research problem and what actions they suggest for improvement or further investigation. 

This approach to data analysis ensures a thorough understanding of the collected data, allowing you to draw meaningful conclusions and make informed decisions based on your action research project. 

Professor Ann Blandford, Professor of Human-Computer Interaction, UCL explains valuable aspects of data collection in this video: 

Baskerville, R. L., & Wood-Harper, A. T. (1996). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research . Journal of Information Technology, 11(3), 235-246.   

This influential paper examines the philosophical underpinnings of action research and its application in information systems research, which is closely related to UX design. It highlights the strengths of action research in addressing complex, real-world problems, as well as the challenges in maintaining rigor and achieving generalizability. The paper helped establish action research as a valuable methodology in the information systems and UX design fields.  

Di Mascio, T., & Tarantino, L. (2015). New Design Techniques for New Users: An Action Research-Based Approach . In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct (pp. 83-96). ACM. 

This paper describes an action research project that aimed to develop a novel data gathering technique for understanding the context of use of a technology-enhanced learning system for children. The authors argue that traditional laboratory experiments struggle to maintain relevance to the real world, and that action research, with its focus on solving practical problems, is better suited to addressing the needs of new ICT products and their users. The paper provides insights into the action research process and reflects on its value in defining new methods for solving complex, real-world problems. The work is influential in demonstrating the applicability of action research in the field of user experience design, particularly for designing for new and underserved user groups. 

Villari, B. (2014). Action research approach in design research . In Proceedings of the 5th STS Italia Conference A Matter of Design: Making Society through Science and Technology (pp. 306-316). STS Italia Publishing.  

This paper explores the application of action research in the field of design research. The author argues that design is a complex practice that requires interdisciplinary skills and the ability to engage with diverse communities. Action research is presented as a research strategy that can effectively merge theory and practice, linking the reflective dimension to practical activities. The key features of action research highlighted in the paper are its context-dependent nature, the close relationship between researchers and the communities involved, and the iterative process of examining one's own practice and using research insights to inform future actions. The paper is influential in demonstrating the value of action research in addressing the challenges of design research, particularly in terms of bridging the gap between theory and practice and fostering collaborative, user-centered approaches to design.  

Brandt, E. (2004). Action research in user-centred product development . AI & Society, 18(2), 113-133.  

This paper reports on the use of action research to introduce new user-centered work practices in two commercial product development projects. The author argues that the growing complexity of products and the increasing importance of quality, usability, and customization demand new collaborative approaches that involve customers and users directly in the development process. The paper highlights the value of using action research to support these new ways of working, particularly in terms of creating and reifying design insights in representations that can foster collaboration and continuity throughout the project. The work is influential in demonstrating the applicability of action research in the context of user-centered product development, where the need to bridge theory and practice and engage diverse stakeholders is paramount. The paper provides valuable insights into the practical challenges and benefits of adopting action research in this domain. 

1. Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice . SAGE Publications.  

This comprehensive handbook is considered a seminal work in the field of action research. It provides a thorough overview of the history, philosophical foundations, and diverse approaches to action research. The book features contributions from leading scholars and practitioners, covering topics such as participatory inquiry, critical action research, and the role of action research in organizational change and community development. It has been highly influential in establishing action research as a rigorous and impactful research methodology across various disciplines. 

 2. Stringer, E. T. (2013). Action Research (4th ed.) . SAGE Publications.  

This book by Ernest T. Stringer is a widely recognized and accessible guide to conducting action research. It provides clear, step-by-step instructions on the action research process, including gathering information, interpreting and explaining findings, and taking action to address practical problems. The book is particularly valuable for novice researchers and practitioners in fields such as education, social work, and community development, where action research is commonly applied. Its practical approach and real-life examples have made it a go-to resource for those seeking to engage in collaborative, solution-oriented research. 

3. McNiff, J. (2017). Action Research: All You Need to Know (1st ed.) . SAGE Publications.   

This book by Jean McNiff provides a comprehensive guide to conducting action research projects. It covers the key steps of the action research process, including identifying a problem, developing an action plan, implementing changes, and reflecting on the outcomes. The book is influential in the field of action research as it offers practical advice and strategies for practitioners across various disciplines, such as education, healthcare, and organizational development. It emphasizes the importance of critical reflection, collaboration, and the integration of theory and practice, making it a valuable resource for those seeking to engage in rigorous, transformative research. 

Answer a Short Quiz to Earn a Gift

What is a primary characteristic of action research in UX design?

• It drives practical changes through iterative cycles.
• It focuses solely on theoretical knowledge.
• It relies on external consultants to dictate changes.

Which type of action research improves system efficiency and effectiveness?

• Collaborative Action Research
• Critical Reflection Action Research
• Technical Action Research

What role do stakeholders play in collaborative action research?

• They participate actively in co-creating solutions.
• They provide financial support only.
• They review and approve final designs.

How do users in action research benefit the design process?

• They help make sure designs meet actual user needs and preferences.
• They help speed up the design process significantly.
• They limit the scope of design innovations.

What is the purpose of the reflection stage in the action research process?

• To document the research process for publication only
• To evaluate the effectiveness of actions and plan further improvements
• To finalize the product design without further changes

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Literature on Action Research

Here’s the entire UX literature on Action Research by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:

Learn more about Action Research

Take a deep dive into Action Research with our course User Research – Methods and Best Practices .

How do you plan to design a product or service that your users will love , if you don't know what they want in the first place? As a user experience designer, you shouldn't leave it to chance to design something outstanding; you should make the effort to understand your users and build on that knowledge from the outset. User research is the way to do this, and it can therefore be thought of as the largest part of user experience design .

In fact, user research is often the first step of a UX design process—after all, you cannot begin to design a product or service without first understanding what your users want! As you gain the skills required, and learn about the best practices in user research, you’ll get first-hand knowledge of your users and be able to design the optimal product—one that’s truly relevant for your users and, subsequently, outperforms your competitors’ .

This course will give you insights into the most essential qualitative research methods around and will teach you how to put them into practice in your design work. You’ll also have the opportunity to embark on three practical projects where you can apply what you’ve learned to carry out user research in the real world . You’ll learn details about how to plan user research projects and fit them into your own work processes in a way that maximizes the impact your research can have on your designs. On top of that, you’ll gain practice with different methods that will help you analyze the results of your research and communicate your findings to your clients and stakeholders—workshops, user journeys and personas, just to name a few!

By the end of the course, you’ll have not only a Course Certificate but also three case studies to add to your portfolio. And remember, a portfolio with engaging case studies is invaluable if you are looking to break into a career in UX design or user research!

We believe you should learn from the best, so we’ve gathered a team of experts to help teach this course alongside our own course instructors. That means you’ll meet a new instructor in each of the lessons on research methods who is an expert in their field—we hope you enjoy what they have in store for you!

All open-source articles on Action Research

An Introduction to Action Research

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Cognitive Maps in UX | IxDF

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Research Methods and Design

• Action Research
• Case Study Design
• Literature Review
• Quantitative Research Methods
• Qualitative Research Methods
• Mixed Methods Study
• Indigenous Research and Ethics This link opens in a new window
• Identifying Empirical Research Articles This link opens in a new window
• Research Ethics and Quality
• Data Literacy
• Get Help with Writing Assignments

Action research

A type of applied research designed to find the most effective way to bring about a desired social change or to solve a practical problem, usually in collaboration with those being researched.

SAGE Research Methods Videos

How do you define action research.

Professor David Coghlan explains action research as an approach that crosses many academic disciplines yet has a shared focus on taking action to address a problem. He describes the difference between this approach and empirical scientific approaches, particularly highlighting the challenge of getting action research to be taken seriously by academic journals

Dr. Nataliya Ivankova defines action research as using systematic research principles to address an issue in everyday life. She delineates the six steps of action research, and illustrates the concept using an anti-diabetes project in an urban area.

This is just one segment in a whole series about action research. You can find the rest of the series in our SAGE database, Research Methods:

Videos covering research methods and statistics

Further Reading

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• Last Updated: May 7, 2024 9:51 AM

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9 Research Design: Action Research

• Published: July 2023
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Action research is an exciting research design that leads to social and systems change. In this chapter, the authors describe action research, including how it differs from other approaches, along with a detailed explanation of the action research process, including planning, implementing, observing, reflecting, and sharing results. The authors highlight a case study delineating the iterative process within the school counseling field to provide readers with knowledge of the action research process. Additionally, authors share examples of current school counseling research to bring action research to life. School counselors and SCEs will understand how to utilize action research across the educational ecosystems to ignite change.

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• Knowledge Base
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• What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

Published on 27 January 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on 21 April 2023.

Table of contents

Types of action research, action research models, examples of action research, action research vs. traditional research, advantages and disadvantages of action research, frequently asked questions about action research.

There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

• Participatory action research emphasises that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.
• Practical action research focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.

Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.

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Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.

• Operational (or technical) action research is usually visualised like a spiral following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”
• Collaboration action research is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.
• Critical reflection action research serves to contextualise systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyse existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).

Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.

After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilised, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators. Example: Practical action research Science teachers at your city’s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardised test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.

Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is formative , not summative , and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.

As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.

Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.

• Action research is highly adaptable , allowing researchers to mould their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
• Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
• Done correctly, action research can be very empowering , informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

• Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalisability  and are very difficult to replicate . They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
• Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner . Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
• Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias , social desirability bias , or other types of cognitive biases .

Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.

Action research is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.

Action research is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.

A cycle of inquiry is another name for action research . It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”

Sources for this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2023, April 21). What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 5 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/action-research-cycle/

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th edition). Routledge.

Naughton, G. M. (2001).  Action research (1st edition). Routledge.

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Action Research

Action research can be defined as “an approach in which the action researcher and a client collaborate in the diagnosis of the problem and in the development of a solution based on the diagnosis” [1] . In other words, one of the main characteristic traits of action research relates to collaboration between researcher and member of organisation in order to solve organizational problems.

Action study assumes social world to be constantly changing, both, researcher and research being one part of that change. [2] Generally, action researches can be divided into three categories: positivist, interpretive and critical.

Positivist approach to action research , also known as ‘classical action research’ perceives research as a social experiment. Accordingly, action research is accepted as a method to test hypotheses in a real world environment.

Interpretive action research , also known as ‘contemporary action research’ perceives business reality as socially constructed and focuses on specifications of local and organisational factors when conducting the action research.

Critical action research is a specific type of action research that adopts critical approach towards business processes and aims for improvements.

The following features of action research need to be taken into account when considering its suitability for any given study:

• It is applied in order to improve specific practices.  Action research is based on action, evaluation and critical analysis of practices based on collected data in order to introduce improvements in relevant practices.
• This type of research is facilitated by participation and collaboration of number of individuals with a common purpose
• Such a research focuses on specific situations and their context

Advantages of Action Research

• High level of practical relevance of the business research;
• Can be used with quantitative, as well as, qualitative data;
• Possibility to gain in-depth knowledge about the problem.

Disadvantages of Action Research

• Difficulties in distinguishing between action and research and ensure the application of both;
• Delays in completion of action research due to a wide range of reasons are not rare occurrences
• Lack of repeatability and rigour

It is important to make a clear distinction between action research and consulting. Specifically, action research is greater than consulting in a way that action research includes both action and research, whereas business activities of consulting are limited action without the research.

Action Research Spiral

Action study is a participatory study consisting of spiral of following self-reflective cycles:

• Planning in order to initiate change
• Implementing the change (acting) and observing the process of implementation and consequences
• Reflecting on processes of change and re-planning
• Acting and observing

Kemmis and McTaggart (2000) do acknowledge that individual stages specified in Action Research Spiral model may overlap, and initial plan developed for the research may become obselete in short duration of time due to a range of factors.

The main advantage of Action Research Spiral model relates to the opportunity of analysing the phenomenon in a greater depth each time, consequently resulting in grater level of understanding of the problem.

Disadvantages of Action Research Spiral model include its assumption each process takes long time to be completed which may not always be the case.

My e-book,  The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance  offers practical assistance to complete a dissertation with minimum or no stress. The e-book covers all stages of writing a dissertation starting from the selection to the research area to submitting the completed version of the work within the deadline.

References 

[1] Bryman, A. & Bell, E. (2011) “Business Research Methods” 3 rd  edition, Oxford University Press

[2] Collis, J. & Hussey, R. (2003) “Business Research. A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Graduate Students” 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan

Action Research: Steps, Benefits, and Tips

Introduction

History of action research, what is the definition of action research, types of action research, conducting action research.

Action research is an approach to qualitative inquiry in social science research that involves the search for practical solutions to everyday issues. Rooted in real-world problems, it seeks not just to understand but also to act, bringing about positive change in specific contexts. Often distinguished by its collaborative nature, the action research process goes beyond traditional research paradigms by emphasizing the involvement of those being studied in resolving social conflicts and effecting positive change.

The value of action research lies not just in its outcomes, but also in the process itself, where stakeholders become active participants rather than mere subjects. In this article, we'll examine action research in depth, shedding light on its history, principles, and types of action research.

Tracing its roots back to the mid-20th century, Kurt Lewin developed classical action research as a response to traditional research methods in the social sciences that often sidelined the very communities they studied. Proponents of action research championed the idea that research should not just be an observational exercise but an actionable one that involves devising practical solutions. Advocates believed in the idea of research leading to immediate social action, emphasizing the importance of involving the community in the process.

Applications for action research

Over the years, action research has evolved and diversified. From its early applications in social psychology and organizational development, it has branched out into various fields such as education, healthcare, and community development, informing questions around improving schools, minority problems, and more. This growth wasn't just in application, but also in its methodologies.

How is action research different?

Like all research methodologies, effective action research generates knowledge. However, action research stands apart in its commitment to instigate tangible change. Traditional research often places emphasis on passive observation , employing data collection methods primarily to contribute to broader theoretical frameworks . In contrast, action research is inherently proactive, intertwining the acts of observing and acting.

The primary goal isn't just to understand a problem but to solve or alleviate it. Action researchers partner closely with communities, ensuring that the research process directly benefits those involved. This collaboration often leads to immediate interventions, tweaks, or solutions applied in real-time, marking a departure from other forms of research that might wait until the end of a study to make recommendations.

This proactive, change-driven nature makes action research particularly impactful in settings where immediate change is not just beneficial but essential.

Action research is best understood as a systematic approach to cooperative inquiry. Unlike traditional research methodologies that might primarily focus on generating knowledge, action research emphasizes producing actionable solutions for pressing real-world challenges.

This form of research undertakes a cyclic and reflective journey, typically cycling through stages of planning , acting, observing, and reflecting. A defining characteristic of action research is the collaborative spirit it embodies, often dissolving the rigid distinction between the researcher and the researched, leading to mutual learning and shared outcomes.

Advantages of action research

One of the foremost benefits of action research is the immediacy of its application. Since the research is embedded within real-world issues, any findings or solutions derived can often be integrated straightaway, catalyzing prompt improvements within the concerned community or organization. This immediacy is coupled with the empowering nature of the methodology. Participants aren't mere subjects; they actively shape the research process, giving them a tangible sense of ownership over both the research journey and its eventual outcomes.

Moreover, the inherent adaptability of action research allows researchers to tweak their approaches responsively based on live feedback. This ensures the research remains rooted in the evolving context, capturing the nuances of the situation and making any necessary adjustments. Lastly, this form of research tends to offer a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand, harmonizing socially constructed theoretical knowledge with hands-on insights, leading to a richer, more textured understanding.

Disadvantages of action research

Like any methodology, action research isn't devoid of challenges. Its iterative nature, while beneficial, can extend timelines. Researchers might find themselves engaged in multiple cycles of observation, reflection, and action before arriving at a satisfactory conclusion. The intimate involvement of the researcher with the research participants , although crucial for collaboration, opens doors to potential conflicts. Through collaborative problem solving, disagreements can lead to richer and more nuanced solutions, but it can take considerable time and effort.

Another limitation stems from its focus on a specific context: results derived from a particular action research project might not always resonate or be applicable in a different context or with a different group. Lastly, the depth of collaboration this methodology demands means all stakeholders need to be deeply invested, and such a level of commitment might not always be feasible.

Examples of action research

To illustrate, let's consider a few scenarios. Imagine a classroom where a teacher observes dwindling student participation. Instead of sticking to conventional methods, the teacher experiments with introducing group-based activities. As the outcomes unfold, the teacher continually refines the approach based on student feedback, eventually leading to a teaching strategy that rejuvenates student engagement.

In a healthcare context, hospital staff who recognize growing patient anxiety related to certain procedures might innovate by introducing a new patient-informing protocol. As they study the effects of this change, they could, through iterations, sculpt a procedure that diminishes patient anxiety.

Similarly, in the realm of community development, a community grappling with the absence of child-friendly public spaces might collaborate with local authorities to conceptualize a park. As they monitor its utilization and societal impact, continual feedback could refine the park's infrastructure and design.

Contemporary action research, while grounded in the core principles of collaboration, reflection, and change, has seen various adaptations tailored to the specific needs of different contexts and fields. These adaptations have led to the emergence of distinct types of action research, each with its unique emphasis and approach.

Collaborative action research

Collaborative action research emphasizes the joint efforts of professionals, often from the same field, working together to address common concerns or challenges. In this approach, there's a strong emphasis on shared responsibility, mutual respect, and co-learning. For example, a group of classroom teachers might collaboratively investigate methods to improve student literacy, pooling their expertise and resources to devise, implement, and refine strategies for improving teaching.

Participatory action research

Participatory action research (PAR) goes a step further in dissolving the barriers between the researcher and the researched. It actively involves community members or stakeholders not just as participants, but as equal partners in the entire research process. PAR is deeply democratic and seeks to empower participants, fostering a sense of agency and ownership. For instance, a participatory research project might involve local residents in studying and addressing community health concerns, ensuring that the research process and outcomes are both informed by and beneficial to the community itself.

Educational action research

Educational action research is tailored specifically to practical educational contexts. Here, educators take on the dual role of teacher and researcher, seeking to improve teaching practices, curricula, classroom dynamics, or educational evaluation. This type of research is cyclical, with educators implementing changes, observing outcomes, and reflecting on results to continually enhance the educational experience. An example might be a teacher studying the impact of technology integration in her classroom, adjusting strategies based on student feedback and learning outcomes.

Community-based action research

Another noteworthy type is community-based action research, which focuses primarily on community development and well-being. Rooted in the principles of social justice, this approach emphasizes the collective power of community members to identify, study, and address their challenges. It's particularly powerful in grassroots movements and local development projects where community insights and collaboration drive meaningful, sustainable change.

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Engaging in action research is both an enlightening and transformative journey, rooted in practicality yet deeply connected to theory. For those embarking on this path, understanding the essentials of an action research study and the significance of a research cycle is paramount.

Understanding the action research cycle

At the heart of action research is its cycle, a structured yet adaptable framework guiding the research. This cycle embodies the iterative nature of action research, emphasizing that learning and change evolve through repetition and reflection.

The typical stages include:

• Identifying a problem : This is the starting point where the action researcher pinpoints a pressing issue or challenge that demands attention.
• Planning : Here, the researcher devises an action research strategy aimed at addressing the identified problem. In action research, network resources, participant consultation, and the literature review are core components in planning.
• Action : The planned strategies are then implemented in this stage. This 'action' phase is where theoretical knowledge meets practical application.
• Observation : Post-implementation, the researcher observes the outcomes and effects of the action. This stage ensures that the research remains grounded in the real-world context.
• Critical reflection : This part of the cycle involves analyzing the observed results to draw conclusions about their effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
• Revision : Based on the insights from reflection, the initial plan is revised, marking the beginning of another cycle.

Rigorous research and iteration

It's essential to understand that while action research is deeply practical, it doesn't sacrifice rigor . The cyclical process ensures that the research remains thorough and robust. Each iteration of the cycle in an action research project refines the approach, drawing it closer to an effective solution.

The role of the action researcher

The action researcher stands at the nexus of theory and practice. Not just an observer, the researcher actively engages with the study's participants, collaboratively navigating through the research cycle by conducting interviews, participant observations, and member checking . This close involvement ensures that the study remains relevant, timely, and responsive.

Drawing conclusions and informing theory

As the research progresses through multiple iterations of data collection and data analysis , drawing conclusions becomes an integral aspect. These conclusions, while immediately beneficial in addressing the practical issue at hand, also serve a broader purpose. They inform theory, enriching the academic discourse and providing valuable insights for future research.

Identifying actionable insights

Keep in mind that action research should facilitate implications for professional practice as well as space for systematic inquiry. As you draw conclusions about the knowledge generated from action research, consider how this knowledge can create new forms of solutions to the pressing concern you set out to address.

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Research Methodology and Design

• Research Methodology
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Action Research by Discipline

Selected Videos

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• Action Research Professor Eileen Piggot-Irvine explains action research as research that doesn't conclude with data collection, but continues through an action in response to the research findings. She discusses how action research can be utilized best and where it is going in the future. Piggot-Irvine also discusses some of the drawbacks to using action research.
• Action Research More and more schools are engaging in action research as part of their school improvement plans. But what exactly is 'action research' and is it a good thing? To answer these questions we've filmed three case studies.
• David Coghlan Discusses Action Research Professor David Coghlan explains action research as an approach that crosses many academic disciplines yet has a shared focus on taking action to address a problem. He describes the difference between this approach and empirical scientific approaches, particularly highlighting the challenge of getting action research to be taken seriously by academic journals.
• Jean McNiff Discusses Action Research Professor Jean McNiff talks about action research, the responsibility innate to knowledge, and the emerging nature of reality. She highlights key thinkers in the area of emergence and growth. She also discusses issues of empowerment, regarding both students and researched communities.
• Michelle Fine Discusses Community Based Participatory Action Research Professor Michelle Fine discusses her work in participatory action research, an approach to research that is tied to community activism. She explains the core components of PAR as including a variety of expertise; shaping research questions collaboratively; pooling knowledge and evidence; situating research in history, theory, and action; and community ownership of research data.
• Researching Racism in Schools Using Participatory Action Research Dr. Meagan Call-Cummings presents a participatory action research project that had three aims: to uncover and understand racism in schools, to empower marginalized students, and to determine the effectiveness of participatory action research as a means to effect social change.
• Researching Substance Abuse Using Community-Based Participatory Research Methods Professor Liliane Windsor discusses her research on substance abuse using community-based participatory research methods. In community-based participatory research, members of the community partner with academics to conduct the research. Windsor discusses community preparation and brainstorming, her research findings, and community collaborative boards
• Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching: An Action Research Study Megan Calvert, an ESL teacher, describes how she designed, tested, and adjusted a task-based learning exercise for a mixed-level English language course.

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Designing an Experimental Action Research for DepEd Personnel: A Comprehensive Guide

The Department of Education (DepEd) in the Philippines has been actively promoting research among its personnel to enhance teaching practices and improve educational outcomes. Experimental action research has emerged as a valuable methodology for educators to systematically investigate and address challenges in their classrooms and schools. This article provides a comprehensive guide to designing an experimental action research study specifically tailored for DepEd personnel, offering insights and strategies to help educators conduct meaningful and impactful research within their professional contexts.

Table of Contents

The Significance of Experimental Action Research in Education

Experimental action research combines elements of traditional experimental design with the practical, problem-solving focus of action research. This approach enables educators to implement and evaluate specific interventions or strategies in their teaching practice while maintaining a rigorous research framework. For DepEd personnel, experimental action research offers several advantages:

• Evidence-based decision-making : By conducting systematic research, educators can make informed decisions based on empirical evidence rather than relying solely on intuition or anecdotal experiences.
• Professional development : Engaging in research enhances educators’ analytical and critical thinking skills, contributing to their ongoing professional growth.
• Improved teaching practices : Through the research process, educators can identify effective strategies and interventions, leading to enhanced teaching methods and student outcomes.
• Contribution to educational knowledge : By sharing their findings, DepEd personnel can contribute to the broader body of educational research, potentially influencing policy and practice beyond their immediate context.
• Addressing local challenges : Experimental action research allows educators to focus on specific issues relevant to their unique educational settings, ensuring that solutions are contextually appropriate.

Key Characteristics of Experimental Action Research

To fully understand the nature of experimental action research, it is essential to recognize its distinguishing features:

• Problem-focused : The research addresses specific educational challenges or issues identified by the educator.
• Intervention-based : A planned intervention or strategy is implemented as part of the research process.
• Systematic : The research follows a structured approach to data collection and analysis.
• Reflective : Researchers engage in ongoing reflection throughout the process, adjusting their approach as needed.
• Cyclical : The research often involves multiple cycles of planning, action, and reflection.
• Collaborative : While individual educators can conduct research, collaboration with colleagues often enhances the process and outcomes.
• Action-oriented : The ultimate goal is to effect change and improve educational practices.

Alignment with the Basic Education Research Agenda

Before embarking on an experimental action research project, DepEd personnel should familiarize themselves with the Basic Education Research Agenda outlined in DepEd Order No. 39, s. 2016. This agenda identifies priority research areas that align with the Department’s goals and objectives. When designing their research, educators should consider how their study can contribute to one or more of the following thematic areas:

• Teaching and Learning : This theme covers various aspects of instruction, curriculum, assessment, and learning outcomes. Research in this area might focus on innovative teaching strategies, the effectiveness of new curriculum implementations, or methods to improve student engagement and achievement.
• Child Protection : Studies under this theme could address issues such as bullying prevention, student well-being, or the implementation of child protection policies in schools.
• Human Resource Development : This area encompasses research on teacher training, professional development, and strategies to enhance the skills and competencies of DepEd personnel.
• Governance : Research in this theme might examine school leadership, policy implementation, or strategies to improve educational management and administration.

By aligning their experimental action research with these priority areas, DepEd personnel can ensure that their studies contribute meaningfully to the Department’s overall research goals and strategic objectives.

Steps in Designing an Experimental Action Research Study

1. identifying the research problem.

The initial step in designing an experimental action research study is to pinpoint a specific problem or challenge in the educational setting. DepEd personnel should consider issues that directly affect their teaching practice or student outcomes. To identify a suitable research problem, educators can employ various strategies:

• Data analysis : Examine student performance data, attendance records, or behavioral reports to identify patterns or areas of concern.
• Self-reflection : Critically analyze personal teaching experiences and challenges encountered in the classroom.
• Peer consultation : Engage in discussions with colleagues to identify common issues or shared concerns.
• Literature review : Explore current educational research to identify gaps or emerging issues relevant to the Philippine context.
• Stakeholder input : Seek feedback from students, parents, or community members to understand their perspectives on educational challenges.

Examples of research problems suitable for experimental action research might include:

• Low student engagement in a particular subject area
• Difficulties in implementing a new curriculum or teaching approach
• Challenges in addressing diverse learning needs within a classroom
• High rates of absenteeism or tardiness among students
• Limited parental involvement in students’ education

2. Formulating Research Questions

Once the research problem has been identified, the next crucial step is to formulate clear and focused research questions. These questions serve as the foundation for the study, guiding the research design and data collection processes. Effective research questions should be:

• Specific and well-defined
• Aligned with the identified problem
• Feasible to answer within the constraints of the study
• Relevant to DepEd’s educational goals and priorities

When formulating research questions, consider the following types:

• Descriptive questions : These aim to describe a phenomenon or situation. Example: “What are the current patterns of student engagement in mathematics classes?”
• Comparative questions : These explore differences between groups or conditions. Example: “How does the use of cooperative learning strategies compare to traditional lecture methods in terms of student achievement in science?”
• Relationship questions : These examine connections between variables. Example: “What is the relationship between parental involvement and student academic performance in elementary grades?”
• Causal questions : These investigate cause-and-effect relationships. Example: “To what extent does the implementation of a targeted reading intervention program improve the reading comprehension skills of struggling readers?”

3. Designing the Intervention

The intervention is a critical component of experimental action research, as it represents the action taken to address the identified problem. When designing an intervention, DepEd personnel should consider the following factors:

• Alignment with DepEd policies : Ensure that the intervention complies with existing educational policies and curriculum guidelines.
• Feasibility : Consider the available resources, time constraints, and practical limitations within the school setting.
• Potential impact : Select an intervention that has the potential to meaningfully address the research problem and yield measurable outcomes.
• Ethical considerations : Prioritize student well-being and ensure that the intervention does not disadvantage any group of learners.
• Evidence base : Draw upon existing research and best practices to inform the design of the intervention.
• Scalability : Consider whether the intervention could be scaled up or replicated in other contexts if successful.

Examples of interventions suitable for experimental action research in the DepEd context might include:

• Implementing a new instructional strategy, such as flipped classroom or project-based learning
• Introducing a peer mentoring program to support struggling students
• Developing and implementing a culturally responsive curriculum
• Implementing a parent engagement initiative to increase involvement in student learning
• Introducing technology-enhanced learning tools in specific subject areas

4. Selecting the Research Design

The choice of research design is crucial in experimental action research, as it determines how the study will be structured and conducted. DepEd personnel should select a design that aligns with their research questions, available resources, and practical constraints within their educational setting. The three main types of experimental action research designs are:

• Pre-experimental design :
• Involves a single group of participants
• May include a pre-test and post-test to measure the effects of the intervention
• Example: One-group pretest-posttest design Advantages:
• Simple to implement
• Requires fewer resources Limitations:
• Limited control over extraneous variables
• Difficult to establish causality
• Quasi-experimental design :
• Includes a control group but lacks random assignment of participants
• Example: Nonequivalent control group design Advantages:
• Allows for comparison between groups
• More robust than pre-experimental designs Limitations:
• Potential for selection bias
• Cannot fully control for all confounding variables
• True experimental design :
• Involves random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups
• Example: Randomized controlled trial Advantages:
• Strongest design for establishing causality
• Minimizes the impact of confounding variables Limitations:
• May be challenging to implement in educational settings
• Ethical considerations regarding withholding interventions from control groups

When selecting a research design, consider the following factors:

• Feasibility within the school context
• Ethical implications of the chosen design
• Alignment with research questions and objectives
• Available resources and time constraints
• Potential threats to internal and external validity

5. Determining the Sample

Selecting an appropriate sample is crucial for ensuring the validity and generalizability of research findings. DepEd personnel should consider the following factors when determining their sample:

• Sample size : Determine the number of participants needed to achieve statistically significant results, if applicable. Consider using power analysis to calculate the required sample size.
• Sampling method : Choose an appropriate sampling technique based on the research design and objectives. Options include:
• Random sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
• Stratified sampling: The population is divided into subgroups, and samples are taken from each
• Cluster sampling: Groups or clusters within the population are randomly selected
• Convenience sampling: Participants are selected based on their availability and accessibility
• Selection criteria : Establish clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants based on the research questions and objectives.
• Representativeness : Ensure that the sample adequately represents the target population to enhance the generalizability of findings.
• Ethical considerations : Obtain informed consent from participants (and parents/guardians for minors) and ensure fair treatment of all participants, including those in control groups.
• Attrition : Account for potential participant dropout by oversampling or employing strategies to minimize attrition.

6. Developing Data Collection Methods

Effective data collection is essential for the success of experimental action research. DepEd personnel should select appropriate methods that align with their research questions and design. Common data collection methods include:

• Surveys and questionnaires :
• Useful for gathering large amounts of standardized data
• Can be administered in person, online, or through paper forms
• Consider using validated instruments when available
• Classroom observations :
• Provide direct insight into teaching practices and student behaviors
• Can be structured (using observation protocols) or unstructured
• May require training observers to ensure consistency
• Interviews :
• Allow for in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences and perspectives
• Can be conducted individually or in focus groups
• Require careful planning of questions and interview protocols
• Student assessments :
• Measure academic performance and learning outcomes
• Can include standardized tests, teacher-created assessments, or performance tasks
• Consider both formative and summative assessments
• Document analysis :
• Examines existing records, such as student work samples, lesson plans, or school policies
• Provides contextual information and historical data
• Digital data collection :
• Utilizes technology to gather data, such as learning management systems or educational apps
• Can provide real-time data on student engagement and performance

When developing data collection methods, consider the following:

• Triangulation: Use multiple methods to collect data on the same phenomenon, enhancing the validity of findings
• Reliability: Ensure consistency in data collection procedures across time and between different collectors
• Validity: Select methods that accurately measure the intended constructs or variables
• Feasibility: Consider the time, resources, and expertise required for each method
• Cultural sensitivity: Ensure that data collection methods are appropriate for the cultural context of the participants

7. Planning Data Analysis

Before implementing the study, researchers should plan their data analysis approach to ensure that the collected data can effectively address the research questions. The data analysis plan should consider:

• Quantitative data analysis :
• Descriptive statistics: Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (standard deviation, range)
• Inferential statistics: T-tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, etc.
• Effect size calculations to determine the practical significance of findings
• Qualitative data analysis :
• Thematic analysis: Identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns within qualitative data
• Content analysis: Systematically coding and categorizing qualitative data
• Grounded theory: Developing theories based on patterns observed in the data
• Mixed methods analysis :
• Integrating quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem
• Techniques such as data transformation, typology development, or case study analysis

When planning data analysis, consider:

• Alignment with research questions and design
• Appropriate software tools for analysis (e.g., SPSS, NVivo, R)
• Necessary skills and expertise to conduct the planned analyses
• Strategies for handling missing data or outliers
• Approaches for interpreting and presenting results

8. Addressing Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are paramount in educational research. DepEd personnel must ensure their research adheres to ethical guidelines and protects the rights and well-being of participants. Key ethical considerations include:

• Informed consent : Obtain voluntary agreement from participants (and parents/guardians for minors) after providing clear information about the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits.
• Confidentiality and anonymity : Protect participants’ identities and ensure that data is stored securely and accessed only by authorized personnel.
• Minimizing harm : Assess and mitigate potential risks or discomfort to participants, including psychological, social, or educational risks.
• Fairness and equity : Ensure fair treatment of all participants, including those in control groups, and consider the equitable distribution of benefits from the research.
• Respect for autonomy : Allow participants the freedom to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
• Cultural sensitivity : Respect cultural norms and values of participants and their communities.
• Data management : Develop a plan for secure storage, retention, and disposal of research data.
• Conflicts of interest : Disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may influence the research process or outcomes.

Researchers should familiarize themselves with DepEd’s ethical guidelines for research and obtain necessary approvals before proceeding with their study. This may involve submitting a research proposal to the Research Ethics Committee (REC) established by DepEd, as mentioned in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017. The REC is responsible for evaluating research proposals for ethical compliance and ensuring the protection of research participants, particularly students and vulnerable populations.

9. Creating a Timeline and Work Plan

A well-structured timeline and work plan are essential for the successful implementation of experimental action research. DepEd personnel should create a realistic schedule that outlines key milestones and activities, including:

• Preparation phase (1-2 months):
• Literature review and problem identification
• Research design and methodology development
• Obtaining necessary approvals and permissions
• Pre-intervention phase (1-2 weeks):
• Participant recruitment and consent procedures
• Baseline data collection (pre-tests, initial surveys, etc.)
• Intervention implementation (varies based on research design, typically 1-3 months):
• Implementation of the planned intervention
• Ongoing data collection and monitoring
• Post-intervention phase (2-4 weeks):
• Final data collection (post-tests, follow-up surveys, etc.)
• Initial data organization and cleaning
• Data analysis (1-2 months):
• Quantitative and/or qualitative data analysis
• Interpretation of results
• Report writing and dissemination (1-2 months):
• Preparation of research report or article
• Presentation of findings to stakeholders
• Development of action plans based on results

When creating the timeline, consider:

• The academic calendar and potential disruptions (e.g., holidays, exams)
• Time required for obtaining approvals and permissions
• Realistic estimates for data collection and analysis
• Flexibility to accommodate unexpected challenges or delays

10. Securing Resources and Support

Before initiating the research, DepEd personnel should ensure they have the necessary resources and support to carry out their study. This may include:

• Administrative support :
• Obtain approval from school administrators or district officials
• Secure necessary permissions for conducting research within the school
• Financial resources :
• Identify potential funding sources, such as the Basic Education Research Fund (BERF)
• Develop a budget for research expenses (e.g., materials, equipment, data analysis software)
• Human resources :
• Identify team members or collaborators, if applicable
• Arrange for additional support staff or research assistants, if needed
• Material resources :
• Secure necessary equipment or technology for data collection and analysis
• Obtain or develop intervention materials
• Time allocation :
• Negotiate release time or adjusted schedules to accommodate research activities
• Plan for time management to balance research and regular teaching duties
• Professional development :
• Identify and participate in relevant training or workshops to enhance research skills
• Seek mentorship from experienced researchers or academics
• Stakeholder support :
• Engage with colleagues, students, and parents to build support for the research project
• Communicate the potential benefits of the research to the school community

By securing adequate resources and support, DepEd personnel can enhance the feasibility and impact of their experimental action research projects.

The Basic Education Research Fund (BERF)

The Basic Education Research Fund (BERF) is a significant resource for DepEd personnel conducting research. As outlined in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017, the BERF provides financial support for approved education research proposals. Key points about the BERF include:

• Eligibility : Regular/permanent teaching and non-teaching personnel of DepEd are eligible to apply for BERF grants.
• Funding amounts : The maximum grant amount varies based on the scope of the research:
• Nationwide or covering at least two regions: Up to PHP 500,000
• Region-wide or covering at least two divisions: Up to PHP 150,000
• Division-wide, district-wide, or covering at least two schools: Up to PHP 30,000
• School/CLC-wide action research: Up to PHP 30,000
• Application process : Researchers submit proposals to the appropriate research committee (National, Regional, or Schools Division) for evaluation and approval.
• Fund utilization : BERF can be used for research-related expenses such as supplies, domestic travel, communication, printing, and other necessary costs. However, it cannot be used for equipment, software, salaries, or overseas travel.
• Reporting requirements : Grantees must submit progress reports and final research outputs as specified in their agreement with DepEd.

DepEd personnel interested in applying for BERF should consult the detailed guidelines provided in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017 for specific requirements and procedures.

Integrating Learning Action Cells (LACs) in the Research Process

Learning Action Cells (LACs), as described in DepEd Order No. 35, s. 2016, are an important school-based continuing professional development strategy that can be integrated into the experimental action research process. LACs provide a collaborative platform for teachers to discuss and address educational challenges, making them an ideal setting for various stages of the research process:

• Problem identification : LAC sessions can be used to brainstorm and discuss potential research topics, helping researchers identify relevant and pressing issues in their school context.
• Research design feedback : Researchers can present their proposed research designs during LAC meetings to gather input and suggestions from colleagues.
• Intervention development : LACs can serve as a collaborative space for developing and refining intervention strategies based on collective expertise and experiences.
• Data collection support : Fellow teachers in LACs can assist with data collection efforts, such as conducting classroom observations or administering surveys.
• Preliminary findings discussion : Researchers can share initial findings with their LAC group to gain insights and interpretations from colleagues.
• Dissemination of results : LAC sessions provide an excellent venue for sharing research findings and discussing implications for teaching practice.

By integrating LACs into the research process, DepEd personnel can enhance the collaborative nature of their studies and increase the potential impact of their findings on school-wide practices.

Research Partnerships

DepEd encourages research partnerships to enhance the quality and impact of educational research. As outlined in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017, potential research partners include:

• State universities/colleges and other academic institutions : These partnerships can provide access to additional expertise and resources.
• Development partners : Organizations focused on education development can offer valuable perspectives and support.
• Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) : These entities often have on-the-ground experience that can inform research design and implementation.
• Other Government Agencies / Local Government Units (LGUs) : Collaborations with other government bodies can help address broader educational and social issues.
• Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) : Partnerships with ICCs are crucial for research involving Indigenous Peoples Education.

When engaging in research partnerships, DepEd personnel should:

• Clearly define roles and responsibilities of all partners
• Ensure alignment of research goals with DepEd priorities
• Address ethical considerations, particularly regarding data sharing and publication rights
• Formalize partnerships through Memoranda of Agreement (MOA) or similar documents

Implementing and Evaluating the Research

Once the research design is complete, DepEd personnel can proceed with implementing their experimental action research study. Throughout the implementation process, researchers should:

• Adhere to the planned methodology : Follow the established research design and data collection procedures to ensure consistency and reliability.
• Maintain detailed records : Keep thorough documentation of the intervention implementation, data collection processes, and any deviations from the original plan.
• Monitor progress : Regularly assess the progress of the study, identifying any challenges or unexpected outcomes that may require adjustments to the research plan.
• Engage in ongoing reflection : Continuously reflect on the research process, considering how the intervention is affecting participants and whether the data collection methods are yielding useful information.
• Analyze data systematically : Follow the predetermined data analysis plan, ensuring objectivity and rigor in the interpretation of results.
• Draw evidence-based conclusions : Base conclusions on the empirical evidence collected, acknowledging any limitations or potential biases in the study.
• Develop actionable recommendations : Formulate practical recommendations for future practice or further research based on the study’s findings.

Dissemination and Utilization of Research Findings

The final step in the experimental action research process is to share and utilize the findings effectively. DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017 emphasizes the importance of dissemination and utilization of research results to improve learning outcomes and governance processes. DepEd personnel can disseminate their research through various channels:

• School-based presentations : Conduct workshops or seminars for colleagues to share findings and discuss implications for teaching practice.
• DepEd conferences or research symposia : Present research at regional or national DepEd events to reach a wider audience of education professionals.
• Professional development sessions : Incorporate research findings into teacher training or professional development programs.
• Written reports : Prepare comprehensive research reports for DepEd officials or school administrators.
• Policy briefs : Develop concise summaries of key findings and recommendations for policymakers.
• Academic publications : Submit articles to peer-reviewed educational journals to contribute to the broader academic discourse.
• Online platforms : Share findings through educational blogs, webinars, or social media to reach a diverse audience of educators.
• Community engagement : Present results to parents, students, or community members to foster transparency and collaboration.

To maximize the utilization of research findings:

• Develop clear, actionable recommendations based on the research results
• Work with school leaders to incorporate findings into school improvement plans
• Use results to inform curriculum development or instructional strategies
• Share best practices identified through research with other schools or divisions
• Collaborate with policymakers to translate findings into policy recommendations

Monitoring and Evaluation of Research Initiatives

DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017 emphasizes the importance of monitoring and evaluating research initiatives to ensure their quality and impact. The Policy Research and Development Division (PRD-PS) at the central office, in collaboration with regional and division offices, is responsible for monitoring research management processes and initiatives. Key aspects of monitoring and evaluation include:

• Progress tracking : Regular monitoring of ongoing research projects to ensure adherence to timelines and methodologies.
• Quality assurance : Evaluating the rigor and quality of completed research studies.
• Impact assessment : Assessing the influence of research findings on educational practices and policies.
• Feedback mechanisms : Gathering input from researchers and stakeholders to improve research management processes.
• Annual review : Conducting yearly assessments of the effectiveness and efficiency of research policies and practices.

DepEd personnel engaged in research should cooperate with these monitoring and evaluation efforts, providing requested information and participating in feedback processes to help improve the overall research ecosystem within DepEd.

Technical Assistance for Researchers

DepEd recognizes the importance of supporting its personnel in conducting high-quality research. As outlined in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017, technical assistance is available to researchers at various stages of the research process. This support is provided by research managers at different levels of DepEd:

• Central Office : The Policy Research and Development Division (PRD-PS) offers guidance on national-level research initiatives and provides support for complex research designs.
• Regional Office : The Policy, Planning, and Research Division (PPRD-RO) assists researchers within their region, offering contextualized support for regional priorities.
• Schools Division Office : The School Governance and Operations Division (SGOD) provides localized assistance to school-based researchers.

Technical assistance may include:

• Guidance on research design and methodology
• Support in data analysis techniques
• Advice on ethical considerations and obtaining necessary approvals
• Assistance with literature reviews and accessing relevant educational resources
• Mentoring from experienced researchers within DepEd

Researchers are encouraged to reach out to the appropriate office for support throughout their research journey, from proposal development to the dissemination of findings.

Special Considerations for Indigenous Peoples Education Research

When conducting research involving Indigenous Peoples (IP) learners, Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs), Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs), and Indigenous Learning Systems (ILSs), DepEd personnel must adhere to specific guidelines outlined in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017. These guidelines ensure that research is conducted ethically and respectfully, honoring the rights and cultural practices of indigenous communities:

• Free, Prior, and Informed Consent : Researchers must obtain consent from the community through customary governance processes before planning or conducting research. This consent-seeking process should be free from coercion and should clearly explain the research’s purpose, potential impacts, and benefits.
• Community Involvement : ICCs should be actively involved in the research process, from planning to dissemination of results. Their perspectives and traditional knowledge should be respected and incorporated.
• Cultural Sensitivity : Research methods and data collection tools must be culturally appropriate and respectful of community norms and values.
• Intellectual Property Rights : The IKSPs and ILSs of the community should be recognized as their communal property. If the research directly discusses or focuses on these, the community should be acknowledged as co-authors and co-owners of the research.
• Benefit Sharing : Researchers should discuss and agree with the community on how the research findings will be shared and used, ensuring that the community benefits from the research.
• Language Considerations : When possible, research materials and communications should be provided in the community’s native language.

By adhering to these guidelines, researchers can ensure that their work respects and benefits indigenous communities while contributing valuable insights to the field of Indigenous Peoples Education.

The Research Management Cycle

Understanding the research management cycle is crucial for DepEd personnel engaging in experimental action research. This cycle, as described in DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017, involves several key stages and involves different committees at various levels of DepEd:

• Call for Proposals : The National Research Committee (NRC) and Regional Research Committees (RRCs) issue periodic calls for research proposals, typically at least once a year.
• Proposal Submission : Researchers submit their proposals to the appropriate committee based on the scope of their study (national, regional, or division level).
• Evaluation : Proposals undergo initial screening by the secretariat, followed by a more rigorous evaluation by the research committees using standardized criteria.
• Approval : Approved proposals receive formal notification and may proceed with implementation.
• Implementation : Researchers conduct their studies according to the approved proposal and timeline.
• Monitoring : Research managers at various levels track the progress of ongoing studies and provide technical assistance as needed.
• Submission of Results : Researchers submit their completed studies to the appropriate committee for review and acceptance.
• Dissemination and Utilization : Findings are shared through various channels and used to inform educational practices and policies.

The roles of the different research committees in this cycle are as follows:

• National Research Committee (NRC) : Oversees national-level research initiatives and provides overall direction for DepEd’s research agenda.
• Regional Research Committees (RRCs) : Manage research activities within their respective regions and evaluate proposals with regional scope.
• Schools Division Research Committees (SDRCs) : Support and evaluate school-based research initiatives within their divisions.

By understanding and engaging with this cycle, DepEd personnel can navigate the research process more effectively and contribute to the Department’s culture of evidence-based decision-making.

Designing and conducting experimental action research offers DepEd personnel a powerful tool for addressing educational challenges, improving teaching practices, and contributing to evidence-based decision-making. By following the comprehensive guidelines outlined in this article, educators can develop rigorous and impactful research studies that align with DepEd’s priorities and ethical standards.

Key takeaways for DepEd personnel embarking on experimental action research include:

• Align research topics with the Basic Education Research Agenda to ensure relevance and support from DepEd.
• Utilize available resources such as the Basic Education Research Fund (BERF) and technical assistance from research managers.
• Integrate research activities with existing professional development structures like Learning Action Cells (LACs) to enhance collaboration and impact.
• Adhere to ethical guidelines, particularly when working with vulnerable populations or indigenous communities.
• Engage in partnerships with academic institutions, NGOs, and other stakeholders to strengthen research capacity and reach.
• Actively participate in the dissemination and utilization of research findings to improve educational practices and policies.
• Contribute to DepEd’s culture of research by sharing experiences and mentoring colleagues in the research process.

As DepEd continues to promote a research-oriented approach to education, the role of teacher-researchers becomes increasingly vital. By embracing experimental action research, DepEd personnel not only enhance their own professional growth but also play a crucial role in advancing the quality of education in the Philippines. Through systematic inquiry, reflection, and evidence-based practice, educators can drive meaningful improvements in teaching and learning, ultimately benefiting students and communities across the nation.

Copyright Notice :

This article, “Designing an Experimental Action Research for DepEd Personnel: A Comprehensive Guide,” was authored by Mark Anthony Llego and published on August 9, 2024.

Mark Anthony Llego

Mark Anthony Llego, a visionary from the Philippines, founded TeacherPH in October 2014 with a mission to transform the educational landscape. His platform has empowered thousands of Filipino teachers, providing them with crucial resources and a space for meaningful idea exchange, ultimately enhancing their instructional and supervisory capabilities. TeacherPH's influence extends far beyond its origins. Mark's insightful articles on education have garnered international attention, featuring on respected U.S. educational websites. Moreover, his work has become a valuable reference for researchers, contributing to the academic discourse on education.

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Home > ETD > Doctoral > 5884

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Modern-day idol worship at life changers church: how it was identified and replaced with true worship of god.

Franzetta L. Ivy , Liberty University Follow

Rawlings School of Divinity

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

W. Ryan Steenburg

Modern-day idols, idol worship, worship, idolatry, idols

Disciplines

Christianity | Liturgy and Worship

Recommended Citation

Ivy, Franzetta L., "Modern-Day Idol Worship at Life Changers Church: How It Was Identified and Replaced with True Worship Of God" (2024). Doctoral Dissertations and Projects . 5884. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/5884

This DMIN project ventures to establish and further a ministry design rooted in God’s Word that instructs, equips, and enhances Christian lives. The project offers a structure by which God’s Word can renew and transform people’s minds. The ten-week project intervention utilized a weekly Bible class, interviews, questionnaires, and observations to collect information from seven participants at Life Changers Church. The purpose was to examine the problem of modern-day idol worship and foster motivation, commitment, and reverence for God by applying spiritual awareness through teaching from an intentionally designed worship handbook. This action-based research project endeavored to link the application gap in modern-day idol worship research by observing the progress and results of participants striving to become committed worshipers who revere God. The research results demonstrate usefulness to the investigator while considering applying the concepts within this research. The project disclosed that the congregant-pastor partnership combined with congregant-focused mind-renewing modes of worship that address idolatry and encourage Christians to become committed worshipers who revere God. The results indicate that pastors can impact and positively affect congregants by helping them recognize the modern-day distracting idols so they can combat and replace them with true worship of God.

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