python list of assignment operator

Assignment Operators

Add and assign, subtract and assign, multiply and assign, divide and assign, floor divide and assign, exponent and assign, modulo and assign.


			to
			to and assigns the result to
			from and assigns the result to
			by and assigns the result to
			with and assigns the result to ; the result is always a float
			with and assigns the result to ; the result will be dependent on the type of values used
			to the power of and assigns the result to
			is divided by and assigns the result to

For demonstration purposes, let’s use a single variable, num . Initially, we set num to 6. We can apply all of these operators to num and update it accordingly.

Assigning the value of 6 to num results in num being 6.

Expression: num = 6

Adding 3 to num and assigning the result back to num would result in 9.

Expression: num += 3

Subtracting 3 from num and assigning the result back to num would result in 6.

Expression: num -= 3

Multiplying num by 3 and assigning the result back to num would result in 18.

Expression: num *= 3

Dividing num by 3 and assigning the result back to num would result in 6.0 (always a float).

Expression: num /= 3

Performing floor division on num by 3 and assigning the result back to num would result in 2.

Expression: num //= 3

Raising num to the power of 3 and assigning the result back to num would result in 216.

Expression: num **= 3

Calculating the remainder when num is divided by 3 and assigning the result back to num would result in 2.

Expression: num %= 3

We can effectively put this into Python code, and you can experiment with the code yourself! Click the “Run” button to see the output.

The above code is useful when we want to update the same number. We can also use two different numbers and use the assignment operators to apply them on two different values.

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Python Assignment Operator

The = (equal to) symbol is defined as assignment operator in Python. The value of Python expression on its right is assigned to a single variable on its left. The = symbol as in programming in general (and Python in particular) should not be confused with its usage in Mathematics, where it states that the expressions on the either side of the symbol are equal.

Example of Assignment Operator in Python

Consider following Python statements −

At the first instance, at least for somebody new to programming but who knows maths, the statement "a=a+b" looks strange. How could a be equal to "a+b"? However, it needs to be reemphasized that the = symbol is an assignment operator here and not used to show the equality of LHS and RHS.

Because it is an assignment, the expression on right evaluates to 15, the value is assigned to a.

In the statement "a+=b", the two operators "+" and "=" can be combined in a "+=" operator. It is called as add and assign operator. In a single statement, it performs addition of two operands "a" and "b", and result is assigned to operand on left, i.e., "a".

Augmented Assignment Operators in Python

In addition to the simple assignment operator, Python provides few more assignment operators for advanced use. They are called cumulative or augmented assignment operators. In this chapter, we shall learn to use augmented assignment operators defined in Python.

Python has the augmented assignment operators for all arithmetic and comparison operators.

Python augmented assignment operators combines addition and assignment in one statement. Since Python supports mixed arithmetic, the two operands may be of different types. However, the type of left operand changes to the operand of on right, if it is wider.

The += operator is an augmented operator. It is also called cumulative addition operator, as it adds "b" in "a" and assigns the result back to a variable.

The following are the augmented assignment operators in Python:

Augmented Addition Operator
Augmented Subtraction Operator
Augmented Multiplication Operator
Augmented Division Operator
Augmented Modulus Operator
Augmented Exponent Operator
Augmented Floor division Operator

Augmented Addition Operator (+=)

Following examples will help in understanding how the "+=" operator works −

It will produce the following output −

Augmented Subtraction Operator (-=)

Use -= symbol to perform subtract and assign operations in a single statement. The "a-=b" statement performs "a=a-b" assignment. Operands may be of any number type. Python performs implicit type casting on the object which is narrower in size.

Augmented Multiplication Operator (*=)

The "*=" operator works on similar principle. "a*=b" performs multiply and assign operations, and is equivalent to "a=a*b". In case of augmented multiplication of two complex numbers, the rule of multiplication as discussed in the previous chapter is applicable.

Augmented Division Operator (/=)

The combination symbol "/=" acts as divide and assignment operator, hence "a/=b" is equivalent to "a=a/b". The division operation of int or float operands is float. Division of two complex numbers returns a complex number. Given below are examples of augmented division operator.

Augmented Modulus Operator (%=)

To perform modulus and assignment operation in a single statement, use the %= operator. Like the mod operator, its augmented version also is not supported for complex number.

Augmented Exponent Operator (**=)

The "**=" operator results in computation of "a" raised to "b", and assigning the value back to "a". Given below are some examples −

Augmented Floor division Operator (//=)

For performing floor division and assignment in a single statement, use the "//=" operator. "a//=b" is equivalent to "a=a//b". This operator cannot be used with complex numbers.

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02 beginner, 03 intermediate, 04 training programs, assignment operators in python, what is an assignment operator in python.

Types of Assignment Operators in Python

1. simple python assignment operator (=), example of simple python assignment operator, 2. augmented assignment operators in python, 1. augmented arithmetic assignment operators in python.


+=	Addition Assignment Operator
-=	Subtraction Assignment Operator
*=	Multiplication Assignment Operator
/=	Division Assignment Operator
%=	Modulus Assignment Operator
//=	Floor Division Assignment Operator
**=	Exponentiation Assignment Operator

2. Augmented Bitwise Assignment Operators in Python


&=	Bitwise AND Assignment Operator
\|=	Bitwise OR Assignment Operator
^=	Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator
>>=	Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator
<<=	Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator

Augmented Arithmetic Assignment Operators in Python

1. augmented addition operator (+=), example of augmented addition operator in python, 2. augmented subtraction operator (-=), example of augmented subtraction operator in python, 3. augmented multiplication operator (*=), example of augmented multiplication operator in python, 4. augmented division operator (/=), example of augmented division operator in python, 5. augmented modulus operator (%=), example of augmented modulus operator in python, 6. augmented floor division operator (//=), example of augmented floor division operator in python, 7. augmented exponent operator (**=), example of augmented exponent operator in python, augmented bitwise assignment operators in python, 1. augmented bitwise and (&=), example of augmented bitwise and operator in python, 2. augmented bitwise or (|=), example of augmented bitwise or operator in python, 3. augmented bitwise xor (^=), example of augmented bitwise xor operator in python, 4. augmented bitwise right shift (>>=), example of augmented bitwise right shift operator in python, 5. augmented bitwise left shift (<<=), example of augmented bitwise left shift operator in python, walrus operator in python, syntax of an assignment expression, example of walrus operator in python.

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Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership, Bitwise

Operators are special symbols that perform some operation on operands and returns the result. For example, 5 + 6 is an expression where + is an operator that performs arithmetic add operation on numeric left operand 5 and the right side operand 6 and returns a sum of two operands as a result.

Python includes the operator module that includes underlying methods for each operator. For example, the + operator calls the operator.add(a,b) method.

Above, expression 5 + 6 is equivalent to the expression operator.add(5, 6) and operator.__add__(5, 6) . Many function names are those used for special methods, without the double underscores (dunder methods). For backward compatibility, many of these have functions with the double underscores kept.

Python includes the following categories of operators:

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, identity operators, membership test operators, bitwise operators.

Arithmetic operators perform the common mathematical operation on the numeric operands.

The arithmetic operators return the type of result depends on the type of operands, as below.

If either operand is a complex number, the result is converted to complex;
If either operand is a floating point number, the result is converted to floating point;
If both operands are integers, then the result is an integer and no conversion is needed.

The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

Operation	Operator	Function
Sum of two operands	+	operator.add(a,b)
Left operand minus right operand	-	operator.sub(a,b)
	*	operator.mul(a,b)
Left operand raised to the power of right	**	operator.pow(a,b)
	/	operator.truediv(a,b)
equivilant to	//	operator.floordiv(a,b)
Reminder of	%	operator.mod(a, b)

The assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The following table lists all the arithmetic operators in Python:

Operator	Function	Example in Python Shell
=
+=	operator.iadd(a,b)
-=	operator.isub(a,b)
*=	operator.imul(a,b)
/=	operator.itruediv(a,b)
//=	operator.ifloordiv(a,b)
%=	operator.imod(a, b)
&=	operator.iand(a, b)
\|=	operator.ior(a, b)
^=	operator.ixor(a, b)
>>=	operator.irshift(a, b)
<<=	operator.ilshift(a, b)

The comparison operators compare two operands and return a boolean either True or False. The following table lists comparison operators in Python.

Operator	Function	Description
>	operator.gt(a,b)	True if the left operand is higher than the right one
<	operator.lt(a,b)	True if the left operand is lower than right one
==	operator.eq(a,b)	True if the operands are equal
!=	operator.ne(a,b)	True if the operands are not equal
>=	operator.ge(a,b)	True if the left operand is higher than or equal to the right one
<=	operator.le(a,b)	True if the left operand is lower than or equal to the right one

The logical operators are used to combine two boolean expressions. The logical operations are generally applicable to all objects, and support truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations.

Operator	Description	Example
and	True if both are true
or	True if at least one is true
not	Returns True if an expression evalutes to false and vice-versa

The identity operators check whether the two objects have the same id value e.i. both the objects point to the same memory location.

Operator	Function	Description	Example in Python Shell
is	operator.is_(a,b)	True if both are true
is not	operator.is_not(a,b)	True if at least one is true

The membership test operators in and not in test whether the sequence has a given item or not. For the string and bytes types, x in y is True if and only if x is a substring of y .

Operator	Function	Description	Example in Python Shell
in	operator.contains(a,b)	Returns True if the sequence contains the specified item else returns False.
not in	not operator.contains(a,b)	Returns True if the sequence does not contains the specified item, else returns False.

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary operands.

Operator	Function	Description
&	operator.and_(a,b)	Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1.
\|	operator.or_(a,b)	Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1.
^	operator.xor(a,b)	Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1.
~	operator.invert(a)	Inverts all the bits.
<<	operator.lshift(a,b)	Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off.
>>	operator.rshift(a,b)	Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off.

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Python Assignment Operators

Python Assignment Operators	Example	Explanation
=	x= 25	Value 25 is assigned to x
+=	x += 25	This is same as x = x + 25
-=	x -= 25	Same as x = x – 25
*=	x *= 25	This is same as x = x * 25
/=	x /= 25	Same as x = x / 25
%=	x %= 25	This is identical to x = x % 25
//=	x //= 25	Same as x = x // 25
**=	x **= 25	This is same as x = x ** 25
&=	x &= 25	This is same as x = x & 25
\|=	x \|= 25	This is same as x = x \| 25
^=	x ^= 25	Same as x = x ^ 25
<<=	x <<= 25	This is same as x = x << 25
>>=	x >>= 25	Same as x = x >> 25

Python Assignment Operators Example

Assignment Operators in Python

Table of Contents

Assignment Operators will work on values and variables. They are the special symbols that hold arithmetic, logical, and bitwise computations. The value which the operator operates is referred to as the Operand.

Read this article about Assignment Operators in Python

What are Assignment Operators?

The assignment operator will function to provide value to variables. The table below is about the different types of Assignment operator


+=	will add right side operand with left side operand, assign to left operand	a+=b
=	It will assign the value of the right side of the expression to the left side operand	x=y+z
-=	can subtract the right operand from the left operand and then assign it to the left operand: True if both operands are equal	a -= b
*=	can subtract the right operand from the left operand and then assign it to the left operand: True if both operands are equal	a *= b
/=	will divide the left operand with right operand and then assign to the left operand	a /= b
%=	will divide the left operand with the right operand and then assign to the left operand	a %= b
<<=	It functions bitwise left on operands and will assign value to the left operand	a <<= b
>>=	This operator will perform right shift on operands and can assign value to the left operand	a >>= b
^=	This will function the bitwise xOR operands and can assign value to the left operand	a ^= b
\|=	This will function Bitwise OR operands and will provide value to the left operand.	a \|= b
&=	This operator will perform Bitwise AND on operand and can provide value to the left operand	a&=b
**=	operator will evaluate the exponent value with the help of operands an assign value to the left operand	a**=b

Here we have listed each of the Assignment operators

1. What is Assign Operator?

This assign operator will provide the value of the right side of the expression to the left operand.

2. What is Add and Assign

This Add and Assign operator will function to add the right side operand with the left side operator, and provide the result to the left operand.

3. What is Subtract and assign ?

This subtract and assign operator works to subtract the right operand from the left operand and give the result to the left operand.

4. What is Multiply and assign ?

This Multiply and assign will function to multiply the right operand with the left operand and will provide the result in the left operand.

5. What is Divide and assign Operator?

This functions to divide the left operand and provides results at the left operand.

6. What is Modulus and Assign Operator?

This operator functions using the modulus with the left and the right operand and provides results at the left operand.

7. What is Divide ( floor)and Assign Operator?

This operator will divide the left operand with the right operand, and provide the result at the left operand.

8. What is Exponent and Assign Operator?

This operator will function to evaluate the exponent and value with the operands and, provide output in the left operand.

9.What is Bitwise and Assign Operator?

This operator will function Bitwise AND on both the operand and provide the result on the left operand.

10. What is Bitwise OR and Assign Operator?

This operand will function Bitwise OR on the operand, and can provide result at the left operand.

11. What is Bitwise XOR and Assign Operator?

This operator will function for Bitwise XOR on the operands, and provide result at the left operand.

12. What is Bitwise Right Shift and Assign Operator?

This operator will function by providing the Bitwise shift on the operands and giving the result at the left operand.

13. What is Bitwise Left shift and Assign Operator?

This operator will function Bitwise left shift by providing the Bitwise left shift on the operands and giving the result on the left operand.

To conclude, different types of assignment operators are discussed in this. Beginners can improve their knowledge and understand how to apply the assignment operators through reading this.

Assignment Operators in Python- FAQs

Q1. what is an assignment statement in python.

Ans. It will calculate the expression list and can provide a single resulting object to each target list from left to right

Q2. What is the compound operator in Python?

Ans. The compound operator will do the operation of a binary operator and will save the result of the operation at the left operand.

Q3. What are the two types of assignment statements

Ans. Simple Assignment Statements and Reference Assignment Statements are the two types of assignment statements.

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Assignment Operators in Python

Assignment operators allow us to assign values to variables.

List of assignment operators

The assignment operator ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable.

In this example, number is a variable to which the value 10 is assigned.

Operator +=

The += operator is used to add the value on the right to the variable and assign the result to the variable.

After this operation, counter will be equal to 8 .

Operator -=

The -= operator is used to subtract the value on the right from the variable and assign the result to the variable.

After this operation, total will be equal to 80 .

Operators *= and /=

These operators are used to multiply ( *= ) and divide ( /= ) the variable by the value on the right and assign the result to the variable, respectively.

Operator //=

The //= operator is used to perform integer division and assign the result to the variable.

After this operation, number will be equal to 6 .

Operators %= and **=

These operators are used to calculate the modulus ( %= ) and the power ( **= ) of the variable and assign the result to the variable, respectively.

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The Walrus Operator: Python 3.8 Assignment Expressions

Table of Contents

Hello, Walrus!

Implementation, lists and dictionaries, list comprehensions, while loops, witnesses and counterexamples, walrus operator syntax, walrus operator pitfalls.

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Python Assignment Expressions and Using the Walrus Operator

Each new version of Python adds new features to the language. For Python 3.8, the biggest change is the addition of assignment expressions . Specifically, the := operator gives you a new syntax for assigning variables in the middle of expressions. This operator is colloquially known as the walrus operator .

This tutorial is an in-depth introduction to the walrus operator. You will learn some of the motivations for the syntax update and explore some examples where assignment expressions can be useful.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to:

Identify the walrus operator and understand its meaning
Understand use cases for the walrus operator
Avoid repetitive code by using the walrus operator
Convert between code using the walrus operator and code using other assignment methods
Understand the impacts on backward compatibility when using the walrus operator
Use appropriate style in your assignment expressions

Note that all walrus operator examples in this tutorial require Python 3.8 or later to work.

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Walrus Operator Fundamentals

Let’s start with some different terms that programmers use to refer to this new syntax. You’ve already seen a few in this tutorial.

The := operator is officially known as the assignment expression operator . During early discussions, it was dubbed the walrus operator because the := syntax resembles the eyes and tusks of a sideways walrus . You may also see the := operator referred to as the colon equals operator . Yet another term used for assignment expressions is named expressions .

To get a first impression of what assignment expressions are all about, start your REPL and play around with the following code:

Line 1 shows a traditional assignment statement where the value False is assigned to walrus . Next, on line 5, you use an assignment expression to assign the value True to walrus . After both lines 1 and 5, you can refer to the assigned values by using the variable name walrus .

You might be wondering why you’re using parentheses on line 5, and you’ll learn why the parentheses are needed later on in this tutorial .

Note: A statement in Python is a unit of code. An expression is a special statement that can be evaluated to some value.

For example, 1 + 2 is an expression that evaluates to the value 3 , while number = 1 + 2 is an assignment statement that doesn’t evaluate to a value. Although running the statement number = 1 + 2 doesn’t evaluate to 3 , it does assign the value 3 to number .

In Python, you often see simple statements like return statements and import statements , as well as compound statements like if statements and function definitions . These are all statements, not expressions.

There’s a subtle—but important—difference between the two types of assignments seen earlier with the walrus variable. An assignment expression returns the value, while a traditional assignment doesn’t. You can see this in action when the REPL doesn’t print any value after walrus = False on line 1, while it prints out True after the assignment expression on line 5.

You can see another important aspect about walrus operators in this example. Though it might look new, the := operator does not do anything that isn’t possible without it. It only makes certain constructs more convenient and can sometimes communicate the intent of your code more clearly.

Note: You need at least Python 3.8 to try out the examples in this tutorial. If you don’t already have Python 3.8 installed and you have Docker available, a quick way to start working with Python 3.8 is to run one of the official Docker images :

This will download and run the latest stable version of Python 3.8. For more information, see Run Python Versions in Docker: How to Try the Latest Python Release .

Now you have a basic idea of what the := operator is and what it can do. It’s an operator used in assignment expressions, which can return the value being assigned, unlike traditional assignment statements. To get deeper and really learn about the walrus operator, continue reading to see where you should and shouldn’t use it.

Like most new features in Python, assignment expressions were introduced through a Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP). PEP 572 describes the motivation for introducing the walrus operator, the details of the syntax, as well as examples where the := operator can be used to improve your code.

This PEP was originally written by Chris Angelico in February 2018. Following some heated discussion, PEP 572 was accepted by Guido van Rossum in July 2018. Since then, Guido announced that he was stepping down from his role as benevolent dictator for life (BDFL) . Starting in early 2019, Python has been governed by an elected steering council instead.

The walrus operator was implemented by Emily Morehouse , and made available in the first alpha release of Python 3.8.

In many languages, including C and its derivatives, assignment statements function as expressions. This can be both very powerful and also a source of confusing bugs. For example, the following code is valid C but doesn’t execute as intended:

Here, if (x = y) will evaluate to true and the code snippet will print out x and y are equal (x = 8, y = 8) . Is this the result you were expecting? You were trying to compare x and y . How did the value of x change from 3 to 8 ?

The problem is that you’re using the assignment operator ( = ) instead of the equality comparison operator ( == ). In C, x = y is an expression that evaluates to the value of y . In this example, x = y is evaluated as 8 , which is considered truthy in the context of the if statement.

Take a look at a corresponding example in Python. This code raises a SyntaxError :

Unlike the C example, this Python code gives you an explicit error instead of a bug.

The distinction between assignment statements and assignment expressions in Python is useful in order to avoid these kinds of hard-to-find bugs. PEP 572 argues that Python is better suited to having different syntax for assignment statements and expressions instead of turning the existing assignment statements into expressions.

One design principle underpinning the walrus operator is that there are no identical code contexts where both an assignment statement using the = operator and an assignment expression using the := operator would be valid. For example, you can’t do a plain assignment with the walrus operator:

In many cases, you can add parentheses ( () ) around the assignment expression to make it valid Python:

Writing a traditional assignment statement with = is not allowed inside such parentheses. This helps you catch potential bugs.

Later on in this tutorial , you’ll learn more about situations where the walrus operator is not allowed, but first you’ll learn about the situations where you might want to use them.

Walrus Operator Use Cases

In this section, you’ll see several examples where the walrus operator can simplify your code. A general theme in all these examples is that you’ll avoid different kinds of repetition:

Repeated function calls can make your code slower than necessary.
Repeated statements can make your code hard to maintain.
Repeated calls that exhaust iterators can make your code overly complex.

You’ll see how the walrus operator can help in each of these situations.

Arguably one of the best use cases for the walrus operator is when debugging complex expressions. Say that you want to find the distance between two locations along the earth’s surface. One way to do this is to use the haversine formula :

ϕ represents the latitude and λ represents the longitude of each location. To demonstrate this formula, you can calculate the distance between Oslo (59.9°N 10.8°E) and Vancouver (49.3°N 123.1°W) as follows:

As you can see, the distance from Oslo to Vancouver is just under 7200 kilometers.

Note: Python source code is typically written using UTF-8 Unicode . This allows you to use Greek letters like ϕ and λ in your code, which may be useful when translating mathematical formulas. Wikipedia shows some alternatives for using Unicode on your system.

While UTF-8 is supported (in string literals, for instance), Python’s variable names use a more limited character set . For example, you can’t use emojis while naming your variables. That is a good restriction !

Now, say that you need to double-check your implementation and want to see how much the haversine terms contribute to the final result. You could copy and paste the term from your main code to evaluate it separately. However, you could also use the := operator to give a name to the subexpression you’re interested in:

The advantage of using the walrus operator here is that you calculate the value of the full expression and keep track of the value of ϕ_hav at the same time. This allows you to confirm that you did not introduce any errors while debugging.

Lists are powerful data structures in Python that often represent a series of related attributes. Similarly, dictionaries are used all over Python and are great for structuring information.

Sometimes when setting up these data structures, you end up performing the same operation several times. As a first example, calculate some basic descriptive statistics of a list of numbers and store them in a dictionary:

Note that both the sum and the length of the numbers list are calculated twice. The consequences are not too bad in this simple example, but if the list was larger or the calculations were more complicated, you might want to optimize the code. To do this, you can first move the function calls out of the dictionary definition:

The variables num_length and num_sum are only used to optimize the calculations inside the dictionary. By using the walrus operator, this role can be made more clear:

num_length and num_sum are now defined inside the definition of description . This is a clear hint to anybody reading this code that these variables are just used to optimize these calculations and aren’t used again later.

Note: The scope of the num_length and num_sum variables is the same in the example with the walrus operator and in the example without. This means that in both examples, the variables are available after the definition of description .

Even though both examples are very similar functionally, a benefit of using the assignment expressions is that the := operator communicates the intent of these variables as throwaway optimizations.

In the next example, you’ll work with a bare-bones implementation of the wc utility for counting lines, words, and characters in a text file:

This script can read one or several text files and report how many lines, words, and characters each of them contains. Here’s a breakdown of what’s happening in the code:

Line 6 loops over each filename provided by the user. sys.argv is a list containing each argument given on the command line, starting with the name of your script. For more information about sys.argv , you can check out Python Command Line Arguments .
Line 7 translates each filename string to a pathlib.Path object . Storing a filename in a Path object allows you to conveniently read the text file in the next lines.
Lines 8 to 12 construct a tuple of counts to represent the number of lines, words, and characters in one text file.
Line 9 reads a text file and calculates the number of lines by counting newlines.
Line 10 reads a text file and calculates the number of words by splitting on whitespace.
Line 11 reads a text file and calculates the number of characters by finding the length of the string.
Line 13 prints all three counts together with the filename to the console. The *counts syntax unpacks the counts tuple. In this case, the print() statement is equivalent to print(counts[0], counts[1], counts[2], path) .

To see wc.py in action, you can use the script on itself as follows:

In other words, the wc.py file consists of 13 lines, 34 words, and 316 characters.

If you look closely at this implementation, you’ll notice that it’s far from optimal. In particular, the call to path.read_text() is repeated three times. That means that each text file is read three times. You can use the walrus operator to avoid the repetition:

The contents of the file are assigned to text , which is reused in the next two calculations. The program still functions the same:

As in the earlier examples, an alternative approach is to define text before the definition of counts :

While this is one line longer than the previous implementation, it probably provides the best balance between readability and efficiency. The := assignment expression operator isn’t always the most readable solution even when it makes your code more concise.

List comprehensions are great for constructing and filtering lists. They clearly state the intent of the code and will usually run quite fast.

There’s one list comprehension use case where the walrus operator can be particularly useful. Say that you want to apply some computationally expensive function, slow() , to the elements in your list and filter on the resulting values. You could do something like the following:

Here, you filter the numbers list and leave the positive results from applying slow() . The problem with this code is that this expensive function is called twice.

A very common solution for this type of situation is rewriting your code to use an explicit for loop:

This will only call slow() once. Unfortunately, the code is now more verbose, and the intent of the code is harder to understand. The list comprehension had clearly signaled that you were creating a new list, while this is more hidden in the explicit for loop since several lines of code separate the list creation and the use of .append() . Additionally, the list comprehension runs faster than the repeated calls to .append() .

You can code some other solutions by using a filter() expression or a kind of double list comprehension:

The good news is that there’s only one call to slow() for each number. The bad news is that the code’s readability has suffered in both expressions.

Figuring out what’s actually happening in the double list comprehension takes a fair amount of head-scratching. Essentially, the second for statement is used only to give the name value to the return value of slow(num) . Fortunately, that sounds like something that can instead be performed with an assignment expression!

You can rewrite the list comprehension using the walrus operator as follows:

Note that the parentheses around value := slow(num) are required. This version is effective, readable, and communicates the intent of the code well.

Note: You need to add the assignment expression on the if clause of the list comprehension. If you try to define value with the other call to slow() , then it will not work:

This will raise a NameError because the if clause is evaluated before the expression at the beginning of the comprehension.

Let’s look at a slightly more involved and practical example. Say that you want to use the Real Python feed to find the titles of the last episodes of the Real Python Podcast .

You can use the Real Python Feed Reader to download information about the latest Real Python publications. In order to find the podcast episode titles, you’ll use the third-party Parse package. Start by installing both into your virtual environment :

You can now read the latest titles published by Real Python :

Podcast titles start with "The Real Python Podcast" , so here you can create a pattern that Parse can use to identify them:

Compiling the pattern beforehand speeds up later comparisons, especially when you want to match the same pattern over and over. You can check if a string matches your pattern using either pattern.parse() or pattern.search() :

Note that Parse is able to pick out the podcast episode number and the episode name. The episode number is converted to an integer data type because you used the :d format specifier .

Let’s get back to the task at hand. In order to list all the recent podcast titles, you need to check whether each string matches your pattern and then parse out the episode title. A first attempt may look something like this:

Though it works, you might notice the same problem you saw earlier. You’re parsing each title twice because you filter out titles that match your pattern and then use that same pattern to pick out the episode title.

Like you did earlier, you can avoid the double work by rewriting the list comprehension using either an explicit for loop or a double list comprehension. Using the walrus operator, however, is even more straightforward:

Assignment expressions work well to simplify these kinds of list comprehensions. They help you keep your code readable while you avoid doing a potentially expensive operation twice.

Note: The Real Python Podcast has its own separate RSS feed , which you should use if you want to play around with information only about the podcast. You can get all the episode titles with the following code:

See The Real Python Podcast for options to listen to it using your podcast player.

In this section, you’ve focused on examples where list comprehensions can be rewritten using the walrus operator. The same principles also apply if you see that you need to repeat an operation in a dictionary comprehension , a set comprehension , or a generator expression .

The following example uses a generator expression to calculate the average length of episode titles that are over 50 characters long:

The generator expression uses an assignment expression to avoid calculating the length of each episode title twice.

Python has two different loop constructs: for loops and while loops . You typically use a for loop when you need to iterate over a known sequence of elements. A while loop, on the other hand, is used when you don’t know beforehand how many times you’ll need to loop.

In while loops, you need to define and check the ending condition at the top of the loop. This sometimes leads to some awkward code when you need to do some setup before performing the check. Here’s a snippet from a multiple-choice quiz program that asks the user to answer a question with one of several valid answers:

This works but has an unfortunate repetition of identical input() lines. It’s necessary to get at least one answer from the user before checking whether it’s valid or not. You then have a second call to input() inside the while loop to ask for a second answer in case the original user_answer wasn’t valid.

If you want to make your code more maintainable, it’s quite common to rewrite this kind of logic with a while True loop. Instead of making the check part of the main while statement, the check is performed later in the loop together with an explicit break :

This has the advantage of avoiding the repetition. However, the actual check is now harder to spot.

Assignment expressions can often be used to simplify these kinds of loops. In this example, you can now put the check back together with while where it makes more sense:

The while statement is a bit denser, but the code now communicates the intent more clearly without repeated lines or seemingly infinite loops.

You can expand the box below to see the full code of the multiple-choice quiz program and try a couple of questions about the walrus operator yourself.

Full source code of multiple-choice quiz program Show/Hide

This script runs a multiple-choice quiz. You’ll be asked each of the questions in order, but the order of answers will be shuffled each time:

Note that the first answer is assumed to be the correct one. You can add more questions to the quiz yourself. Feel free to share your questions with the community in the comments section below the tutorial!

You can often simplify while loops by using assignment expressions. The original PEP shows an example from the standard library that makes the same point.

In the examples you’ve seen so far, the := assignment expression operator does essentially the same job as the = assignment operator in your old code. You’ve seen how to simplify code, and now you’ll learn about a different type of use case that’s made possible by this new operator.

In this section, you’ll learn how you can find witnesses when calling any() by using a clever trick that isn’t possible without using the walrus operator. A witness, in this context, is an element that satisfies the check and causes any() to return True .

By applying similar logic, you’ll also learn how you can find counterexamples when working with all() . A counterexample, in this context, is an element that doesn’t satisfy the check and causes all() to return False .

In order to have some data to work with, define the following list of city names:

You can use any() and all() to answer questions about your data:

In each of these cases, any() and all() give you plain True or False answers. What if you’re also interested in seeing an example or a counterexample of the city names? It could be nice to see what’s causing your True or False result:

Does any city name start with "H" ?

Yes, because "Houston" starts with "H" .

Do all city names start with "H" ?

No, because "Oslo" doesn’t start with "H" .

In other words, you want a witness or a counterexample to justify the answer.

Capturing a witness to an any() expression has not been intuitive in earlier versions of Python. If you were calling any() on a list and then realized you also wanted a witness, you’d typically need to rewrite your code:

Here, you first capture all city names that start with "H" . Then, if there’s at least one such city name, you print out the first city name starting with "H" . Note that here you’re actually not using any() even though you’re doing a similar operation with the list comprehension.

By using the := operator, you can find witnesses directly in your any() expressions:

You can capture a witness inside the any() expression. The reason this works is a bit subtle and relies on any() and all() using short-circuit evaluation : they only check as many items as necessary to determine the result.

Note: If you want to check whether all city names start with the letter "H" , then you can look for a counterexample by replacing any() with all() and updating the print() functions to report the first item that doesn’t pass the check.

You can see what’s happening more clearly by wrapping .startswith("H") in a function that also prints out which item is being checked:

Note that any() doesn’t actually check all items in cities . It only checks items until it finds one that satisfies the condition. Combining the := operator and any() works by iteratively assigning each item that is being checked to witness . However, only the last such item survives and shows which item was last checked by any() .

Even when any() returns False , a witness is found:

However, in this case, witness doesn’t give any insight. 'Holguín' doesn’t contain ten or more characters. The witness only shows which item happened to be evaluated last.

One of the main reasons assignments were not expressions in Python from the beginning is that the visual likeness of the assignment operator ( = ) and the equality comparison operator ( == ) could potentially lead to bugs. When introducing assignment expressions, a lot of thought was put into how to avoid similar bugs with the walrus operator. As mentioned earlier , one important feature is that the := operator is never allowed as a direct replacement for the = operator, and vice versa.

As you saw at the beginning of this tutorial, you can’t use a plain assignment expression to assign a value:

It’s syntactically legal to use an assignment expression to only assign a value, but only if you add parentheses:

Even though it’s possible, however, this really is a prime example of where you should stay away from the walrus operator and use a traditional assignment statement instead.

PEP 572 shows several other examples where the := operator is either illegal or discouraged. The following examples all raise a SyntaxError :

In all these cases, you’re better served using = instead. The next examples are similar and are all legal code. However, the walrus operator doesn’t improve your code in any of these cases:

None of these examples make your code more readable. You should instead do the extra assignment separately by using a traditional assignment statement. See PEP 572 for more details about the reasoning.

There’s one use case where the := character sequence is already valid Python. In f-strings , a colon ( : ) is used to separate values from their format specification . For example:

The := in this case does look like a walrus operator, but the effect is quite different. To interpret x:=8 inside the f-string, the expression is broken into three parts: x , : , and =8 .

Here, x is the value, : acts as a separator, and =8 is a format specification. According to Python’s Format Specification Mini-Language , in this context = specifies an alignment option. In this case, the value is padded with spaces in a field of width 8 .

To use assignment expressions inside f-strings, you need to add parentheses:

This updates the value of x as expected. However, you’re probably better off using traditional assignments outside of your f-strings instead.

Let’s look at some other situations where assignment expressions are illegal:

Attribute and item assignment: You can only assign to simple names, not dotted or indexed names:

This fails with a descriptive error message. There’s no straightforward workaround.

Iterable unpacking: You can’t unpack when using the walrus operator:

If you add parentheses around the whole expression, it will be interpreted as a 3-tuple with the three elements lat , 59.9 , and 10.8 .

Augmented assignment: You can’t use the walrus operator combined with augmented assignment operators like += . This raises a SyntaxError :

The easiest workaround would be to do the augmentation explicitly. You could, for example, do (count := count + 1) . PEP 577 originally described how to add augmented assignment expressions to Python, but the proposal was withdrawn.

When you’re using the walrus operator, it will behave similarly to traditional assignment statements in many respects:

The scope of the assignment target is the same as for assignments. It will follow the LEGB rule . Typically, the assignment will happen in the local scope, but if the target name is already declared global or nonlocal , that is honored.

The precedence of the walrus operator can cause some confusion. It binds less tightly than all other operators except the comma, so you might need parentheses to delimit the expression that is assigned. As an example, note what happens when you don’t use parentheses:

square is bound to the whole expression number ** 2 > 5 . In other words, square gets the value True and not the value of number ** 2 , which was the intention. In this case, you can delimit the expression with parentheses:

The parentheses make the if statement both clearer and actually correct.

There’s one final gotcha. When assigning a tuple using the walrus operator, you always need to use parentheses around the tuple. Compare the following assignments:

Note that in the second example, walrus takes the value 3.8 and not the whole tuple 3.8, True . That’s because the := operator binds more tightly than the comma. This may seem a bit annoying. However, if the := operator bound less tightly than the comma, it would not be possible to use the walrus operator in function calls with more than one argument.

The style recommendations for the walrus operator are mostly the same as for the = operator used for assignment. First, always add spaces around the := operator in your code. Second, use parentheses around the expression as necessary, but avoid adding extra parentheses that are not needed.

The general design of assignment expressions is to make them easy to use when they are helpful but to avoid overusing them when they might clutter up your code.

The walrus operator is a new syntax that is only available in Python 3.8 and later. This means that any code you write that uses the := syntax will only work on the most recent versions of Python.

If you need to support older versions of Python, you can’t ship code that uses assignment expressions. There are some projects, like walrus , that can automatically translate walrus operators into code that is compatible with older versions of Python. This allows you to take advantage of assignment expressions when writing your code and still distribute code that is compatible with more Python versions.

Experience with the walrus operator indicates that := will not revolutionize Python. Instead, using assignment expressions where they are useful can help you make several small improvements to your code that could benefit your work overall.

There are many times it’s possible for you to use the walrus operator, but where it won’t necessarily improve the readability or efficiency of your code. In those cases, you’re better off writing your code in a more traditional manner.

You now know how the new walrus operator works and how you can use it in your own code. By using the := syntax, you can avoid different kinds of repetition in your code and make your code both more efficient and easier to read and maintain. At the same time, you shouldn’t use assignment expressions everywhere. They will only help you in some use cases.

In this tutorial, you learned how to:

To learn more about the details of assignment expressions, see PEP 572 . You can also check out the PyCon 2019 talk PEP 572: The Walrus Operator , where Dustin Ingram gives an overview of both the walrus operator and the discussion around the new PEP.

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Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python

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Operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example,

Here, + is an operator that adds two numbers: 5 and 6 .

Types of Python Operators

Here's a list of different types of Python operators that we will learn in this tutorial.

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Special Operators

1. Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. For example,

Here, - is an arithmetic operator that subtracts two values or variables.

Operator	Operation	Example
	Addition
	Subtraction
	Multiplication
	Division
	Floor Division
	Modulo
	Power

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators in Python

In the above example, we have used multiple arithmetic operators,

+ to add a and b
- to subtract b from a
* to multiply a and b
/ to divide a by b
// to floor divide a by b
% to get the remainder
** to get a to the power b

2. Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is an assignment operator that assigns 5 to x .

Here's a list of different assignment operators available in Python.

Operator	Name	Example
	Assignment Operator
	Addition Assignment
	Subtraction Assignment
	Multiplication Assignment
	Division Assignment
	Remainder Assignment
	Exponent Assignment

Example 2: Assignment Operators

Here, we have used the += operator to assign the sum of a and b to a .

Similarly, we can use any other assignment operators as per our needs.

3. Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators compare two values/variables and return a boolean result: True or False . For example,

Here, the > comparison operator is used to compare whether a is greater than b or not.

Operator	Meaning	Example
	Is Equal To	gives us
	Not Equal To	gives us
	Greater Than	gives us
	Less Than	gives us
	Greater Than or Equal To	give us
	Less Than or Equal To	gives us

Example 3: Comparison Operators

Note: Comparison operators are used in decision-making and loops . We'll discuss more of the comparison operator and decision-making in later tutorials.

4. Python Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is True or False . They are used in decision-making. For example,

Here, and is the logical operator AND . Since both a > 2 and b >= 6 are True , the result is True .

Operator	Example	Meaning
	a b	: only if both the operands are
	a b	: if at least one of the operands is
	a	: if the operand is and vice-versa.

Example 4: Logical Operators

Note : Here is the truth table for these logical operators.

5. Python Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit, hence the name.

For example, 2 is 10 in binary, and 7 is 111 .

In the table below: Let x = 10 ( 0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 ( 0000 0100 in binary)

Operator	Meaning	Example
	Bitwise AND	x & y = 0 ( )
	Bitwise OR	x \| y = 14 ( )
	Bitwise NOT	~x = -11 ( )
	Bitwise XOR	x ^ y = 14 ( )
	Bitwise right shift	x >> 2 = 2 ( )
	Bitwise left shift	x 0010 1000)

6. Python Special operators

Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator and the membership operator. They are described below with examples.

Identity operators

In Python, is and is not are used to check if two values are located at the same memory location.

It's important to note that having two variables with equal values doesn't necessarily mean they are identical.

Operator	Meaning	Example
	if the operands are identical (refer to the same object)
	if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same object)

Example 4: Identity operators in Python

Here, we see that x1 and y1 are integers of the same values, so they are equal as well as identical. The same is the case with x2 and y2 (strings).

But x3 and y3 are lists. They are equal but not identical. It is because the interpreter locates them separately in memory, although they are equal.

Membership operators

In Python, in and not in are the membership operators. They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence ( string , list , tuple , set and dictionary ).

In a dictionary, we can only test for the presence of a key, not the value.

Operator	Meaning	Example
	if value/variable is in the sequence
	if value/variable is in the sequence

Example 5: Membership operators in Python

Here, 'H' is in message , but 'hello' is not present in message (remember, Python is case-sensitive).

Similarly, 1 is key, and 'a' is the value in dictionary dict1 . Hence, 'a' in y returns False .

Precedence and Associativity of operators in Python

Introduction
Python Arithmetic Operators
Python Assignment Operators
Python Comparison Operators
Python Logical Operators
Python Bitwise operators
Python Special operators

Write a function to split the restaurant bill among friends.

Take the subtotal of the bill and the number of friends as inputs.
Calculate the total bill by adding 20% tax to the subtotal and then divide it by the number of friends.
Return the amount each friend has to pay, rounded off to two decimal places.

Video: Operators in Python

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Assignment operator in python.

Last Updated on June 8, 2023 by Prepbytes

To fully comprehend the assignment operators in Python, it is important to have a basic understanding of what operators are. Operators are utilized to carry out a variety of operations, including mathematical, bitwise, and logical operations, among others, by connecting operands. Operands are the values that are acted upon by operators. In Python, the assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operator is represented by the equals sign (=), and it is the most commonly used operator in Python. In this article, we will explore the assignment operator in Python, how it works, and its different types.

What is an Assignment Operator in Python?

The assignment operator in Python is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operator is represented by the equals sign (=), and it is used to assign a value to a variable. When an assignment operator is used, the value on the right-hand side is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. This is a fundamental operation in programming, as it allows developers to store data in variables that can be used throughout their code.

For example, consider the following line of code:

Explanation: In this case, the value 10 is assigned to the variable a using the assignment operator. The variable a now holds the value 10, and this value can be used in other parts of the code. This simple example illustrates the basic usage and importance of assignment operators in Python programming.

Types of Assignment Operator in Python

There are several types of assignment operator in Python that are used to perform different operations. Let’s explore each type of assignment operator in Python in detail with the help of some code examples.

1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The simple assignment operator is the most commonly used operator in Python. It is used to assign a value to a variable. The syntax for the simple assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side of the equals sign is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value 25 is assigned to the variable a using the simple assignment operator. The variable a now holds the value 25.

2. Addition Assignment Operator (+=)

The addition assignment operator is used to add a value to a variable and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the addition assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side is added to the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is incremented by 5 using the addition assignment operator. The result, 15, is then printed to the console.

3. Subtraction Assignment Operator (-=)

The subtraction assignment operator is used to subtract a value from a variable and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the subtraction assignment operator is

Here, the value on the right-hand side is subtracted from the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is decremented by 5 using the subtraction assignment operator. The result, 5, is then printed to the console.

4. Multiplication Assignment Operator (*=)

The multiplication assignment operator is used to multiply a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the multiplication assignment operator is:

Here, the value on the right-hand side is multiplied by the variable on the left-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is multiplied by 5 using the multiplication assignment operator. The result, 50, is then printed to the console.

5. Division Assignment Operator (/=)

The division assignment operator is used to divide a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the division assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 5 using the division assignment operator. The result, 2.0, is then printed to the console.

6. Modulus Assignment Operator (%=)

The modulus assignment operator is used to find the remainder of the division of a variable by a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the modulus assignment operator is

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the remainder is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 3 using the modulus assignment operator. The remainder, 1, is then printed to the console.

7. Floor Division Assignment Operator (//=)

The floor division assignment operator is used to divide a variable by a value and round the result down to the nearest integer, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the floor division assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is divided by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is rounded down to the nearest integer. The rounded result is then stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is divided by 3 using the floor division assignment operator. The result, 3, is then printed to the console.

8. Exponentiation Assignment Operator (**=)

The exponentiation assignment operator is used to raise a variable to the power of a value and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the exponentiation assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is raised to the power of the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is raised to the power of 3 using the exponentiation assignment operator. The result, 8, is then printed to the console.

9. Bitwise AND Assignment Operator (&=)

The bitwise AND assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise AND operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise AND assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is ANDed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise AND operator, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is ANDed with 3 using the bitwise AND assignment operator. The result, 2, is then printed to the console.

10. Bitwise OR Assignment Operator (|=)

The bitwise OR assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise OR operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise OR assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is ORed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise OR operator, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is ORed with 3 using the bitwise OR assignment operator. The result, 7, is then printed to the console.

11. Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator (^=)

The bitwise XOR assignment operator is used to perform a bitwise XOR operation on the binary representation of a variable and a value, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise XOR assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side is XORed with the value on the right-hand side using the bitwise XOR operator, and the result are stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is XORed with 3 using the bitwise XOR assignment operator. The result, 5, is then printed to the console.

12. Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator (>>=)

The bitwise right shift assignment operator is used to shift the bits of a variable to the right by a specified number of positions, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise right shift assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side has its bits shifted to the right by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Explanation: In this case, the value of a is shifted 2 positions to the right using the bitwise right shift assignment operator. The result, 2, is then printed to the console.

13. Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator (<<=)

The bitwise left shift assignment operator is used to shift the bits of a variable to the left by a specified number of positions, and store the result in the same variable. The syntax for the bitwise left shift assignment operator is:

Here, the variable on the left-hand side has its bits shifted to the left by the number of positions specified by the value on the right-hand side, and the result is stored back in the variable on the left-hand side. For example,

Conclusion Assignment operator in Python is used to assign values to variables, and it comes in different types. The simple assignment operator (=) assigns a value to a variable. The augmented assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=) perform a specified operation and assign the result to the same variable in one step. The modulus assignment operator (%) calculates the remainder of a division operation and assigns the result to the same variable. The bitwise assignment operators (&=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=) perform bitwise operations and assign the result to the same variable. The bitwise right shift assignment operator (>>=) shifts the bits of a variable to the right by a specified number of positions and stores the result in the same variable. The bitwise left shift assignment operator (<<=) shifts the bits of a variable to the left by a specified number of positions and stores the result in the same variable. These operators are useful in simplifying and shortening code that involves assigning and manipulating values in a single step.

Here are some Frequently Asked Questions on Assignment Operator in Python:

Q1 – Can I use the assignment operator to assign multiple values to multiple variables at once? Ans – Yes, you can use the assignment operator to assign multiple values to multiple variables at once, separated by commas. For example, "x, y, z = 1, 2, 3" would assign the value 1 to x, 2 to y, and 3 to z.

Q2 – Is it possible to chain assignment operators in Python? Ans – Yes, you can chain assignment operators in Python to perform multiple operations in one line of code. For example, "x = y = z = 1" would assign the value 1 to all three variables.

Q3 – How do I perform a conditional assignment in Python? Ans – To perform a conditional assignment in Python, you can use the ternary operator. For example, "x = a (if a > b) else b" would assign the value of a to x if a is greater than b, otherwise it would assign the value of b to x.

Q4 – What happens if I use an undefined variable in an assignment operation in Python? Ans – If you use an undefined variable in an assignment operation in Python, you will get a NameError. Make sure you have defined the variable before trying to assign a value to it.

Q5 – Can I use assignment operators with non-numeric data types in Python? Ans – Yes, you can use assignment operators with non-numeric data types in Python, such as strings or lists. For example, "my_list += [4, 5, 6]" would append the values 4, 5, and 6 to the end of the list named my_list.

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Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:

Operator	Name	Example
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
%	Modulus	x % y
**	Exponentiation	x ** y
//	Floor division	x // y

Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

Operator	Example	Same As
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x - 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
//=	x //= 3	x = x // 3
**=	x **= 3	x = x ** 3
&=	x &= 3	x = x & 3
\|=	x \|= 3	x = x \| 3
^=	x ^= 3	x = x ^ 3
>>=	x >>= 3	x = x >> 3
<<=	x <<= 3	x = x << 3
:=	print(x := 3)	x = 3 print(x)

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator	Name	Example
==	Equal	x == y
!=	Not equal	x != y
>	Greater than	x > y
<	Less than	x < y
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y

Python Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operator	Description	Example
and	Returns True if both statements are true	x < 5 and x < 10
or	Returns True if one of the statements is true	x < 5 or x < 4
not	Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true	not(x < 5 and x < 10)

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator	Description	Example	Try it
is	Returns True if both variables are the same object	x is y
is not	Returns True if both variables are not the same object	x is not y

Python Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:

Operator	Description	Example	Try it
in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object	x in y
not in	Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object	x not in y

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator	Name	Description	Example
&	AND	Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1	x & y
\|	OR	Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1	x \| y
^	XOR	Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1	x ^ y
~	NOT	Inverts all the bits	~x
<<	Zero fill left shift	Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off	x << 2
>>	Signed right shift	Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off	x >> 2

Operator Precedence

Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed.

Parentheses has the highest precedence, meaning that expressions inside parentheses must be evaluated first:

Multiplication * has higher precedence than addition + , and therefor multiplications are evaluated before additions:

The precedence order is described in the table below, starting with the highest precedence at the top:

Operator	Description	Try it
	Parentheses
	Exponentiation
	Unary plus, unary minus, and bitwise NOT
	Multiplication, division, floor division, and modulus
	Addition and subtraction
	Bitwise left and right shifts
	Bitwise AND
	Bitwise XOR
	Bitwise OR
	Comparisons, identity, and membership operators
	Logical NOT
	AND
	OR

If two operators have the same precedence, the expression is evaluated from left to right.

Addition + and subtraction - has the same precedence, and therefor we evaluate the expression from left to right:

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Different Forms of Assignment Statements in Python

We use Python assignment statements to assign objects to names. The target of an assignment statement is written on the left side of the equal sign (=), and the object on the right can be an arbitrary expression that computes an object.

There are some important properties of assignment in Python :-

Assignment creates object references instead of copying the objects.
Python creates a variable name the first time when they are assigned a value.
Names must be assigned before being referenced.
There are some operations that perform assignments implicitly.

Assignment statement forms :-

1. Basic form:

This form is the most common form.

2. Tuple assignment:

When we code a tuple on the left side of the =, Python pairs objects on the right side with targets on the left by position and assigns them from left to right. Therefore, the values of x and y are 50 and 100 respectively.

3. List assignment:

This works in the same way as the tuple assignment.

4. Sequence assignment:

In recent version of Python, tuple and list assignment have been generalized into instances of what we now call sequence assignment – any sequence of names can be assigned to any sequence of values, and Python assigns the items one at a time by position.

5. Extended Sequence unpacking:

It allows us to be more flexible in how we select portions of a sequence to assign.

Here, p is matched with the first character in the string on the right and q with the rest. The starred name (*q) is assigned a list, which collects all items in the sequence not assigned to other names.

This is especially handy for a common coding pattern such as splitting a sequence and accessing its front and rest part.

6. Multiple- target assignment:

In this form, Python assigns a reference to the same object (the object which is rightmost) to all the target on the left.

7. Augmented assignment :

The augmented assignment is a shorthand assignment that combines an expression and an assignment.

There are several other augmented assignment forms:

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How to apply a logical operator to all elements in a python list

I have a list of booleans in python. I want to AND (or OR or NOT) them and get the result. The following code works but is not very pythonic.

Any suggestions on how to make it more pythonic appreciated.

6 Answers 6

Logical and across all elements in a_list :

Logical or across all elements in a_list :

If you feel creative, you can also do:

keep in mind that those aren't evaluated in short circuit, whilst the built-ins are ;-)

another funny way:

and yet another:

and we could go on all day, but yes, the pythonic way is to use all and any :-)

By the way, Python has not tail recursion elimination, so don't try to translate LISP code directly ;-)

8 operator.and_ is the bitwise and operator &, not the logical and. – Ants Aasma Commented Nov 24, 2009 at 15:17
1 luckly True and False (as the op wanted) are casted to 1 and 0 respectively, so the bitwise operators work as the logical ^_^ – fortran Commented Nov 24, 2009 at 22:27
7 Explained a lot of redundant versions, but didn't provide the syntax for the actual correct answer. – jwg Commented May 20, 2013 at 21:51
2 disagree whatever you want, it's in the faq: stackoverflow.com/privileges/vote-down – fortran Commented May 22, 2013 at 16:29
3 Note that reduce() is in functools since Python 3.0 – Duncan WP Commented Oct 31, 2017 at 12:01

ANDing and ORing is easy:

NOTing is also fairly easy:

Of course, how you would use those results might require some interesting applications of DeMorgan's theorem.

4 If you want short-circuting of the not variant, simply use generator expressions: all(not x for x in some_list) (but that is the same as not any(some_list) (quite a natural expression, huh?)). – u0b34a0f6ae Commented Nov 24, 2009 at 16:22

Reduce can do this:

As fortran mentioned, all is the most succinct way to do it. But reduce answers the more general question "How to apply a logical operator to all elements in a python list?"

5 reduce isn't going away, AFAIK. it's being moved into the functools module, from its previous position in the global namespace – Eli Bendersky Commented Nov 24, 2009 at 14:52
1 @eliben: Why talk about Python 3 in future tense? reduce is still there . reduce is functools.reduce in Python 3 – u0b34a0f6ae Commented Nov 24, 2009 at 16:19
If you remove the , True , this answer will be the only one actually equivalent to the question's code, for non-boolean lists. – Thomas Ahle Commented Aug 20, 2016 at 14:24

The idiom for such operations is to use the reduce function (global in Python 2.X, in module functools in Python 3.X) with an appropriate binary operator either taken from the operator module or coded explicitly. In your case, it's operator.and_

Here's another solution:

ANDing all elements will return True if all elements are True, hence no False in a list. ORing is similar, but it should return True if at least one True value is present in a list.

As the other answers show, there are multiple ways to accomplish this task. Here's another solution that uses functions from the standard library:

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Assignment Operators in Python
The Walrus Operator in Python is a new assignment operator which is introduced in Python version 3.8 and higher. This operator is used to assign a value to a variable within an expression. Syntax: a := expression. Example: In this code, we have a Python list of integers. We have used Python Walrus assignment operator within the Python while loop.
Python's Assignment Operator: Write Robust Assignments
To create a new variable or to update the value of an existing one in Python, you'll use an assignment statement. This statement has the following three components: A left operand, which must be a variable. The assignment operator ( =) A right operand, which can be a concrete value, an object, or an expression.
Python Assignment Operators
Python Assignment Operators. Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables: Operator. Example. Same As. Try it. =. x = 5. x = 5.
Python Assignment Operators
print(num) Run. The above code is useful when we want to update the same number. We can also use two different numbers and use the assignment operators to apply them on two different values. num_one = 6. num_two = 3. print(num_one) num_one += num_two. print(num_one)
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Python Assignment Operator. The = (equal to) symbol is defined as assignment operator in Python. The value of Python expression on its right is assigned to a single variable on its left. The = symbol as in programming in general (and Python in particular) should not be confused with its usage in Mathematics, where it states that the expressions on the either side of the symbol are equal.
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Assignment Operators in Python are used to assign values to the variables. "=" is the fundamental Python assignment operator. They require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable, and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=".
Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity
Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership, Bitwise. Operators are special symbols that perform some operation on operands and returns the result. For example, 5 + 6 is an expression where + is an operator that performs arithmetic add operation on numeric left operand 5 and the right side operand 6 and ...
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The Python Assignment Operators are handy for assigning the values to the declared variables. Equals (=) is the most commonly used assignment operator in Python. For example: i = 10. The list of available assignment operators in Python language. Python Assignment Operators. Example. Explanation. =.
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Assignment Operators will work on values and variables. They are the special symbols that hold arithmetic, logical, and bitwise computations. The value which the operator operates is referred to as the Operand. Read this article about Assignment Operators in Python. What are Assignment Operators?
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List of assignment operators Operator =. The assignment operator (=) is used to assign a value to a variable.number = 10 In this example, number is a variable to which the value 10 is assigned. Operator +=. The += operator is used to add the value on the right to the variable and assign the result to the variable.. counter = 5 counter += 3 # Equivalent to counter = counter + 3
The Walrus Operator: Python 3.8 Assignment Expressions
Each new version of Python adds new features to the language. For Python 3.8, the biggest change is the addition of assignment expressions.Specifically, the := operator gives you a new syntax for assigning variables in the middle of expressions. This operator is colloquially known as the walrus operator.. This tutorial is an in-depth introduction to the walrus operator.
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Multiply and Assign. This operator multiplies the right operand by the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Syntax. x *= y. Example. a = 3. b = 5. # a = a * b. a *= b.
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Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example, # assign 5 to x x = 5. Here, = is an assignment operator that assigns 5 to x. Here's a list of different assignment operators available in Python.
Assignment Operator in Python
The simple assignment operator is the most commonly used operator in Python. It is used to assign a value to a variable. The syntax for the simple assignment operator is: variable = value. Here, the value on the right-hand side of the equals sign is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side. For example.
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Since Python 3.8, code can use the so-called "walrus" operator (:=), documented in PEP 572, for assignment expressions.This seems like a really substantial new feature, since it allows this form of assignment within comprehensions and lambdas.. What exactly are the syntax, semantics, and grammar specifications of assignment expressions?
Augmented Assignment Operators in Python
The Python Operators are used to perform operations on values and variables. These are the special symbols that carry out arithmetic, logical, and bitwise computations. The value the operator operates on is known as the Operand. Here, we will cover Different Assignment operators in Python. Operators Sign Description SyntaxAssignment Operator = Assi
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Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...
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Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location: Operator. Description. Example. Try it. is. Returns True if both variables are the same object. x is y.
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An assignment operator is an operator that is used to assign some value to a variable. Like normally in Python, we write "a = 5" to assign value 5 to variable 'a'. Augmented assignment operators have a special role to play in Python programming. It basically combines the functioning of the arithmetic or bitwise operator with the assignment operator
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1. Most sources online call = (and +=, -=, etc...) an assignment operator (for python). This makes sense in most languages, however, not in python. An operator takes one or more operands, returns a value, and forms an expression. However, in python, assignment is not an expression, and assignment does not yield a value.
How to apply a logical operator to all elements in a python list
4. Here's another solution: def my_and(a_list): return not (False in a_list) def my_or(a_list): return True in a_list. ANDing all elements will return True if all elements are True, hence no False in a list. ORing is similar, but it should return True if at least one True value is present in a list.

Assignment Operators

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Python Assignment Operator

Example of Assignment Operator in Python

Augmented Assignment Operators in Python

Augmented Addition Operator (+=)

Augmented Subtraction Operator (-=)

Augmented Multiplication Operator (*=)

Augmented Division Operator (/=)

Augmented Modulus Operator (%=)

Augmented Exponent Operator (**=)

Augmented Floor division Operator (//=)

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Python Operators: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity, Membership, Bitwise

Arithmetic Operators

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Assignment Operators in Python

What are Assignment Operators?

1. What is Assign Operator?

2. What is Add and Assign

3. What is Subtract and assign ?

4. What is Multiply and assign ?

5. What is Divide and assign Operator?

6. What is Modulus and Assign Operator?

7. What is Divide ( floor)and Assign Operator?

8. What is Exponent and Assign Operator?

9.What is Bitwise and Assign Operator?

10. What is Bitwise OR and Assign Operator?

11. What is Bitwise XOR and Assign Operator?

12. What is Bitwise Right Shift and Assign Operator?

13. What is Bitwise Left shift and Assign Operator?

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