short essay on democracy and poverty using examples of india

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Essay on Indian Democracy in 100 and 200 Words for School Students in English

• Updated on  
• Jan 27, 2024

Essay on Indian Democracy: A democracy is a form of government in which voters utilize their right to vote. India has been colonized by Europeans for centuries and has been ruled by several kings and emperors; democracy is highly valued there. Democracy has a special position in India, a country that has seen many monarchs and emperors as well as centuries of European colonisation. Indeed, India is the largest democracy in the world. Check out the sample essay on Indian Democracy in 100 and 200 Words for school students in English. 

Also Read: Essay on Democracy in 100, 300 and 500 Words

Essay on Indian Democracy in 100 Words

The world’s largest democracy, India’s, is a vibrant fabric of unity and variety. It was formed in 1950 on the tenets of freedom, justice, and equality. The political structure of India allows for a multiparty system, guaranteeing the representation of different ideas. Elections regularly enable people to select their leaders, promoting a concept of participatory governance. Notwithstanding obstacles, the democratic spirit persists, encouraging diversity and defending individual liberties. The cornerstone that directs the country’s democratic culture is the Indian Constitution . The democracy of India is a shining example of the tenacity of democratic institutions and the dedication to promoting a pluralistic society.

Also Read: Sources of the Indian Constitution: Detailed Notes for Competitive Exams

Essay on Indian Democracy in 200 Words

India has the largest democratic system in the world, which is evidence of its unwavering commitment to plurality and tolerance. It was founded in 1950 with the ratification of the Constitution and is based on the ideas of justice, equality, and freedom. India’s democratic system depends on periodical elections where people can exercise their right to vote and guarantee that different ideas are represented in the multi-party system.

The capacity of Indian democracy to accept a wide range of linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity within a single political framework is one of its main advantages. The Constitution serves as the cornerstone, offering a strong legal system that protects individual liberties and prevents arbitrary authority.

The democratic spirit endures despite obstacles like socioeconomic inequality and regional complexity. Regular elections at all governmental levels promote the peaceful handover of power and strengthen the democratic values of responsiveness and accountability.

Beyond its political system, India is devoted to democracy. It includes an independent court, a thriving civil society, and a free press—all essential elements that support the nation’s democracy.

To sum up, India’s democracy is a dynamic and developing framework that embodies the country’s commitment to promoting unity among diversity. It acts as a lighthouse, illustrating the tenacity of democratic principles and the ongoing quest for a fair and inclusive society.

Also Read: 11 Features of Democracy in India

Ans: Indian democracy empowers citizens to actively participate in the decision-making process. It fosters inclusivity, diversity, and social justice, ensuring that the voices of a billion people are heard.

Ans: The evolution of Indian democracy is a dynamic process marked by constitutional amendments, electoral reforms, and societal changes. From its inception in 1950, the system has adapted to the needs of a growing and diverse nation. 

Ans: Despite its strengths, Indian democracy faces contemporary challenges such as corruption, political polarisation, and issues related to social and economic inequality. Understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining a healthy democratic system. Efforts towards electoral transparency, accountable governance, and fostering civic engagement play a vital role in overcoming these obstacles.

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Nidhi Mishra is a seasoned senior content writer with more than eight years of diverse experience in the field of education. Her varied career encompasses work in teaching, training, counselling, developing curriculum, and content creation. Nidhi has a solid background in education and has developed her abilities to meet the diverse needs of students, especially students who want to study abroad. Throughout her career, Nidhi has been an invaluable resource to students with their test-taking efforts, offering thorough career assistance and insightful advice on how to navigate the complexity of the system of education. Her speciality is creating interesting and educational content that is specifically designed to fulfil the needs of students who want to pursue higher education abroad. Together with her wonderful writing skills, Nidhi's love of education has allowed her to produce content that has a lasting impression on readers, educators, and students alike. She is committed to providing high-quality, timely, and insightful content because she believes that education can empower people.

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Essay on Democracy in India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on democracy in india.

Essay on Democracy in India – First of all, democracy refers to a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. Democracy holds a special place in India. Furthermore, India without a doubt is the biggest democracy in the world. Also, the democracy of India is derived from the constitution of India. After suffering at the hands of British colonial rule, India finally became a democratic nation in 1947 . Most noteworthy, Indian democracy since independence is infused with the spirit of justice, liberty, and equality.

Features of Indian Democracy

Sovereignty is a vital feature of Indian democracy. Sovereignty refers to the full power of a governing body over itself without outside interference. Moreover, people can exercise power in Indian democracy . Most noteworthy, people of India elect their representatives. Moreover, these representatives remain responsible for common people.

The democracy in India works on the principle of political equality. Furthermore, it essentially means all citizens are equal before the law. Most noteworthy, there is no discrimination on the basis of religion , caste, creed, race, sect, etc. Hence, every Indian citizen enjoys equal political rights.

Rule of the majority is an essential feature of Indian democracy. Moreover, the party which wins the most seats forms and runs the government. Most noteworthy, no-one can object to support of the majority.

Another feature of Indian democracy is federal. Most noteworthy, India is a union of states. Furthermore, the states are somewhat autonomous. Moreover, the states enjoy freedom in certain matters.

Collective responsibility is a notable feature of Indian democracy. The council of Ministers in India is collectively responsible to their respective legislatures. Therefore, no minister alone is responsible for any act of their government.

Indian democracy works on the principle of formation of opinion. Furthermore, the government and its institutions must work on the basis of public opinion. Most noteworthy, public opinion must be formed on various matters in India. Moreover, the Legislature of India provides an appropriate platform to express public opinion.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Ways to Strengthen Democracy in India

First of all, people must stop having a blind belief in the media. Many times the news reported by media is out of context and exaggerated. Most noteworthy, some media outlets may propagate the propaganda of a particular political party. Therefore, people must be careful and cautious when accepting media news.

Another important way to strengthen the Indian democracy is to reject the consumer mentality in elections. Several Indians view national elections like consumers buying a product. Most noteworthy, elections should make Indians feel like participants rather than separatists.

People in India should make their voices heard. Furthermore, people must try to communicate with their elected official all year-round instead of just during elections. Therefore, citizens must write, call, email, or attend community forums to communicate with their elected official. This would surely strengthen Indian democracy.

Huge voter turnouts is really an efficient way to strengthen democracy in India. People must avoid hesitation and come out to vote. Most noteworthy, large voter turnout would signify a substantial involvement of the common people in Indian politics.

In conclusion, the democracy in India is something very precious. Furthermore, it is a gift of the patriotic national leaders to the citizens of India. Most noteworthy, the citizens of this country must realize and appreciate the great value of democracy. The democracy in India is certainly unique in the world.

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India Defies the Odds: Why Democracy Survives

• Ashutosh Varshney

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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

India has long baffled theorists of democracy. Democratic theory holds that poverty, widespread illiteracy, and a deeply hierarchical social structure are inhospitable conditions for the functioning of democracy. Yet except for 18 months in 1975-77, India has maintained its democratic institutions ever since it became independent of Britain in 1947. Over those five decades, there have been 12 parliamentary elections and many more state assembly elections. Peaceful transfers of power between rival political parties have occurred seven times at the central (i.e., federal) level. Since 1967, the party that ruled in New Delhi has not ruled in nearly half of the states. Since 1977, moreover, incumbent governments have been repeatedly defeated in elections. The press has remained vigorous, free, and unafraid to challenge the government, as even a cursory sampling of morning newspapers will show. The judiciary, despite periodic pressure from the federal executive branch, maintains institutional autonomy. Election turnout keeps rising, exceeding the levels typical in several advanced Western democracies. Having started at 45.7 percent in the first general elections (held in 1952), turnout now often rises above 60 percent.

Predictions of an imminent collapse of India’s democracy have continued since the 1960s. When Prime Minister Indira Gandhi suspended democracy in June 1975 and declared a state of emergency, it seemed that India was finally starting down the path that most of the world’s poorer democracies had already traveled. Yet democracy returned 18 months later, and emergency rule proved to be a conjunctural aberration rather than an emerging structural trend.

To be sure, danger signs remain. When unpopular ruling parties are thrown out, hope that the new incumbents will govern wisely and well too often gives way quickly to anguish, marked by troubling questions. How long can democracy survive if public trust in India’s political leaders continues to decline? How long will short-term benefits — rather than long-term insight — determine the behavior of politicians? Scholars speak of India’s democracy as ungovernable, and clearly its health is not what it was in the 1950s and 1960s. . . .

Read the full essay here .

About the Author

Ashutosh Varshney is Sol Goldman Professor of International Studies and the Social Sciences, and professor of political science at Brown University.

View all work by Ashutosh Varshney

Further Reading

Volume 6, Issue 1

Democracy’s Future: The Asian Spectrum

• Muthiah Alagappa

Volume 35, Issue 1

Does Democracy Have a Future in Pakistan?

• Ayesha Jalal

The schism between Pakistan’s military establishment and former prime minister Imran Khan marks a new era of instability. Is the country experiencing the rise of an autocratic deep state or…

Volume 35, Issue 4

Majoritarianism Without Majorities

• Kanchan Chandra

Majoritarian nationalism is a defining feature of our time. If we are to resist ethnonationalist leaders trying to recast our societies into imagined majorities, we must revise our conception of…

India rising: Soft power and the world’s largest democracy

Subscribe to this week in foreign policy, dhruva jaishankar dhruva jaishankar former brookings expert, director, us initiative - observer research foundation, non-resident fellow - lowy institute.

September 17, 2018

Content from the Brookings Institution India Center is now archived . After seven years of an impactful partnership, as of September 11, 2020, Brookings India is now the Centre for Social and Economic Progress , an independent public policy institution based in India.

This article first appeared in  USC Center on Public Diplomacy . The views are of the author(s).

Arguably, few phrases are as misused in international relations as “soft power.”

When he coined the term, Joseph Nye captured the important and (at the time) poorly studied phenomenon in international affairs of “getting others to want the outcomes that you want,” predicated on the attractiveness of one’s culture, political values and foreign policy. As the world’s largest democracy that is also home to the world’s largest number of impoverished people, India is variously described as a model of soft power, or a country that makes remarkably poor use of it. For some, its rich culture and democracy stand in contrast to other authoritarian and revisionist great powers, and indeed many Indian leaders speak positively about the country’s soft power potential. By contrast, as implied by its absence from  The Soft Power 30  Index, India evidently does not yet benefit as much from international awareness, positive associations or investments in cultural diplomacy as many other countries.

In reality, the picture is mixed. Indeed, there are many ways in which India fares poorly in terms of elements of national attraction. It has a widespread (and often justified) reputation for corruption, endemic poverty and hostility to business. Reports in the international media of pollution in urban areas, child labor and violence against women have also detracted expatriates, tourists, businesspeople and other visitors. At the same time, India’s associations have started to change over the past quarter century from a land of poverty and Mother Theresa to a source of software programmers and techies.

However, despite these contrasting trends, there are several reasons that may explain why India fares worse on objective metrics of soft power than it perhaps should. First, any measure of soft power that compares countries on a per capita basis is bound to favor developed states over developing ones such as India. India may be home to more top 30 unicorns (billion dollar start-ups) than any country other than the United States and China, but its digital penetration remains low, with millions still without access to electricity, let alone basic digital technologies. Similarly, India has more UNESCO World Heritage sites than all but five other countries and more public policy think tanks than any country outside the United States, China and the United Kingdom, but still fares poorly on tourism and education on a per capita basis.

There are several reasons that may explain why India fares worse on objective metrics of soft power than it perhaps should.

Second, India rates badly on any measure of state-driven cultural diffusion rather than more organic and natural private sector and citizen-led efforts. For example, India’s national airline—Air India—is in such woeful shape that the government struggles to find buyers or investors. But four of the fastest-growing airlines in the world by aircraft orders (Indigo, SpiceJet, GoAir and Jet Airways) are Indian, all privately owned and operated. Indeed, most Indian cultural diffusion to overseas audiences—from yoga to Bollywood—has occurred without the involvement of the Indian government, which has made only belated attempts at reclaiming these phenomena as national contributions. In a similar vein, the Indian government has made no more than modest efforts at promoting the study of Hindi abroad in large part because of its linguistic diversity at home. Recent efforts at doing so have been controversial and hotly debated within India.

Third, there are Indian contributions that are not necessarily associated with the country. The most successful export of India’s largest car manufacturer Tata Motors is Jaguar Land Rover, manufactured primarily in Britain. To give a very different example, Buddhism has hundreds of millions of adherents around the world but very few in its birthplace in India. While Buddhism has become indigenized in such places as Japan, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Mongolia, India has only recently made efforts at appealing to these countries as the fount of Buddhism, by facilitating pilgrimages and sponsoring religious renovations, in China and Myanmar.

Finally, in many cases India’s appeal is to others in the developing world rather than to high-value or prestige markets. For example, despite their many evident shortcomings, India’s universities continue to attract a large number of students from across the developing world, including Nepal, Afghanistan and Africa. Indian food is popular around the world but is often seen as a cheap eat rather than worthy of a Michelin-starred fine dining experience. Indian popular films may not be rewarded at the Academy Awards or at Cannes but have massive followings in China, Central Asia and the Middle East. There are recent signs that Indian culture may be moving up the value chain: consider the establishment of luxury Taj Hotel properties in Boston, San Francisco and London, or the New Delhi fine dining establishment Indian Accent opening up a branch in New York City in 2016.

In many cases India’s appeal is to others in the developing world rather than to high-value or prestige markets.

Despite the evident shortcomings—both in terms of actual soft power and in ways in which metrics capture India’s soft power capabilities—India has a reasonably good track record of leveraging its culture, political values and foreign policy for national objectives. In the 1950s, India benefited from significant aid from both the United States and Soviet Union. Democrats in the U.S. Congress saw India as a darling of the developing world even as Soviet leaders perceived the country as a foothold for their engagement outside the communist bloc. India benefited in very real terms from these associations and relationships, resulting in the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology, which formed the backbone of India’s software boom in the 1990s, and the Green Revolution in the 1960s that helped make the country agriculturally self-sufficient.

There was also a strong moral streak in India’s external engagement during the Cold War, helped in part by its self-perception as a pluralistic but postcolonial democracy. In 1959, it was in India that the Dalai Lama sought refuge, and the presence of the Tibetan spiritual leader and his followers in India continues to attract visitors and supporters from around the world.

Similarly, India’s principled boycott of South Africa for its racist Apartheid policies won it respect from post-colonial states across Africa. In 1971, despite overwhelming opposition from the U.S. and United Nations, India created international acceptability for its intervention in East Pakistan (which resulted in the independent state of Bangladesh) by calling attention to the morality of its actions. It was assisted in no small part by the appeal of Indian culture among the likes of former Beatles member George Harrison, who organized a sold-out concert for Bangladesh in New York’s Madison Square Garden that featured Eric Clapton and Bob Dylan, and helped bring acceptability to India’s military intervention and creation of an independent state.

India’s soft power appeal manifested itself even after the end of the Cold War. In the 1990s, India was brought into Asian institutions by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which saw the appeal of its growing economy and democratic values. Similarly, in the 2000s, the U.S. worked to gain India an international waiver from nuclear sanctions, effectively recognizing it as a  de facto  nuclear weapon state, a process that was enabled by mostly positive associations of India as a democracy, growing market and responsible steward of nuclear weapons. Even more recently, governments and dissidents in India’s neighboring countries—from Bangladesh and Nepal to the Maldives and Afghanistan—turn to India for assistance in conducting free and fair elections, drafting their constitutions and developing welfare schemes.

As a democracy with a rich culture and a modicum of principle in its international engagement, it has often benefited in real, tangible ways from its soft power.

As these examples suggest, the metrics of soft power—particularly those that capture state-led efforts, high-end cultural exports or per capita capabilities—may understate India’s record of utilising its soft power for national objectives. India has found soft power to be a necessary but insufficient ingredient in its engagement with the world. As a democracy with a rich culture and a modicum of principle in its international engagement, it has often benefited in real, tangible ways from its soft power. Clearly though, it has its work cut out in better projecting its culture and values to international audiences. As India builds upon a range of ongoing political and diplomatic efforts—from improving its ease of doing business rankings, unveiling its Incredible India tourism campaign, getting International Yoga Day recognized by the United Nations or investing in Buddhist diplomacy—we can expect its soft power to gradually grow.

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Community Developments

The outreach blog : from the field.

Poverty in India: Real-Life Consequences & Sustainable Solutions

Over the last several decades, India has become one of the fastest growing economies in the world. But even with this impressive progress, poverty in India continues to be an enormous problem. A small percentage of people in India have benefitted from this growth, while the vast majority still struggle to meet their basic daily needs. This inequity is exacerbated by a long-standing social caste system in India that disproportionately affects women and children.

In this blog post, we’ll explain the complex causes of poverty in India, the consequences it has on so many of its people, and the work Outreach International is doing to help people lift themselves out of poverty, and into a life of prosperity and hope.

Understanding the Causes of Poverty in India

Poverty in India is a result of various overlapping factors , spanning a long history of social and economic issues. The social issues include a caste system that causes inequity among the citizens of India. People who are born into certain socioeconomic groups or ethnicities can find it more difficult than others to access education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Economic issues include a history of financial pressure from foreign countries which makes the economy of India sensitive to external markets which are beyond its control.

Outreach Project: Sumita accessed an Usha School Program sewing machine from Outreach’s Program Partner, Outreach India, in Feb, 2023.

Statistics and Facts

• The September 2023 Global Poverty Update by the World Bank revealed that at the $3.65 poverty line, India accounts for 40% of the global poverty rate of 24.1%. ( The World Bank )
• Over a third of all people living in poverty in the world live in South Asia, which amounts to roughly 389 million people. ( The World Bank )
• In South Asia, the rate of extreme poverty, measured by the international poverty line of $2.15, increased by 1.9 percentage points to 10.5%. India accounts for almost 70% of this global change in extreme poverty. ( The World Bank )
• Between 2012 and 2021, 40% of the wealth created in India has been captured by just the wealthiest 1% of the population. ( BBC )

Factors Contributing to Poverty in India

The complex causes of poverty in India lead to equally complex factors that perpetuate the problem. These include:

Limited Access to Education

Despite making strides in improving literacy rates in general, access to adequate education remains out of reach for many groups in India, especially for those who live in remote areas.

Unemployment and Underemployment

The uneven distribution of economic growth creates limited job opportunities in many geographic areas, especially among young people who are actively seeking employment.

Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure

The healthcare that the government provides for people who live in poverty in India is inadequate in many geographic areas. Serious health issues, often related to childbirth, can go undertreated, leading to overwhelming debt and feelings of hopelessness.

Social Inequality

Discrimination based on social caste, gender, and ethnicity make it harder for marginalized groups to experience basic socio-economic advancement. This creates a cycle of poverty that passes these issues on to the next generation.

Outreach Project: A new 4G cell tower benefits Sumita and everyone in Khambesu Village.

Historical, Economic, and Social Factors of Poverty in India

India has dealt with a long history of colonization that led to the export of wealth and resources for generations. Although this issue is a part of India’s past, the legacy of uneven trade continues to put financial pressure on India’s poorest citizens. Also, like many economies of the world, social disparity makes it almost impossible for people who live in poverty to climb out of it alone.

The Cost of Poverty in India

The consequences of poverty in India are profound and far-reaching. These include:

Unequal Distribution of Wealth and Resources

The concentration of wealth among a small percentage of the population of India limits access to essential resources and opportunities for the majority of its citizens. According to the Harvard Business Review , the wealthiest 10% of people in India hold 77% of the nation’s wealth. It also states that as of 2023, there were 119 billionaires in India, whose wealth continues to grow at disproportionate rates.

Barriers to Receiving Healthcare

The social healthcare system in India ranks very low among other countries. Expert care and the most advanced treatments remain expensive, and so only those who can afford it have access to it. Those who live in poverty sometimes have to make the choice between health or debt. This can be especially difficult when it comes to the health of their children. This lack of access to quality healthcare is evident in the relatively high infant mortality rates .

Outreach International’s Impact in India: Community-Led Solutions to Change this Reality

It can be nearly impossible for people who live in poverty to solve their issues alone. Outreach International works tirelessly to empower people to help themselves. Our partners at Outreach India bring community groups together to learn to identify their unique poverty-related issues, and then mobilize to solve them.

Many people who live in remote areas in India must deal with a lack of adequate infrastructure. This means that there may be no central power grid, or regional sewage and water treatment system. People who live under these conditions must spend much time and effort fulfilling their basic daily needs. But with the help of Outreach facilitators, solutions can be found.

Solar Water Systems

Until 2010, the citizens of Nandibadi had to walk a kilometer each day to collect water from a river. That year, they had a single spout well installed, which was considered a significant improvement at the time. Even then, however, people had to wait in line and take turns using the hand pump from what was their only water source. With the help of Outreach facilitators, they had a solar-powered water well and storage system installed. This improvement not only made life easier, but it freed up large amounts of time for people to spend making progress in other areas of their lives. ( Read about the Nandibadi Solar Water System )

Solar Street Lights

In Lelibadi, people stayed home after dark because of fear of predatory animals and the possibility of crime. There were no streetlights or electric grid to power them. The community-based organization mobilized to have streetlights installed, each powered by an individual solar panel. Now, the nights are brighter, and the community can gather together, socialize, and travel safely. ( Read about the Lelibadi Solar Street Lights )

Safe Sanitation

Safe sanitation is a crucial factor in the health and wellbeing of a community. Illness from contaminated drinking water and unpleasant surroundings due to a lack of a sanitation system in a community would make life difficult for anyone. Community leaders in Kurumpeta successfully managed a latrine construction project that solved their sanitation issues. ( Read about Solving the Sanitation Crisis )

Disability Inclusion

In Kunjibadi Village, Naika lost his leg in a road accident in 2016. This left him and his wife dependent on her income alone, which placed them well below the poverty line. With help from Outreach India, Naika learned that he was eligible for disability benefits. He prepared his documentation, visited the government offices, and now receives benefits that cover basic daily needs for the family. Naika and his wife feel empowered, and able to look to the future with hope. ( Read about Disability Inclusion in Community-Led Development )

Help Outreach Break the Cycle of Poverty in india

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How to Help

Poverty in India is a multifaceted and pervasive issue that affects millions of people. By understanding its root causes, addressing its consequences, and supporting initiatives that promote socio-economic empowerment, we can all help India find truly equitable prosperity.

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