cause and effect essay eng 106

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ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay

The USA has more than 150,000 on the transplant waiting list at any given time and yet only about 15,000 of them end up receiving the lifesaving organs. This implies that as much as 90% of persons in the transplant list end up not receiving the required organs. As many as 22 patients die every day because of medical conditions that could have been alleviated through receiving transplant organs. This state of affairs has been blamed on low organ donations and shortage of donors. The situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the USA has legislation in place that makes selling organs illegal. In fact, many countries have such legislations. This has created a unique situation in that is only expected to worsen if organ donations are not increased since the current demand greatly outweighs the supply (Flescher, 2018; Kaserman & Barnett, 2002). As such, there is a need for the USA to develop more aggressive strategies for procuring transplant organs.

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It is estimated that as much as 85% of the American population is ready to donate their organs. However, they are not well informed of their options and most of them end up dying without making the decision to become donors. Through publicity campaigns that inform potential donors about the ability to save a life and extend life through donating organs. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay. They can be made to understand that as much as 80% of the people on the waiting list will not get the lifesaving organs, and making the donations even in death could save lives. The publicity campaigns should be conducted in a manager that appeals to the heart and altruistic nature of potential donors, ending up making them feel compelled to make the donations (Flescher, 2018). To be more precise, the current publicity approaches must be faulted since they are typically applied in the emergency room when a potential donor is in critical condition or brain dead. In fact, the publicity can be considered insensitive since it is conducted at a time when family and loved ones are facing emotional turmoil over the loss of a loved. It is not surprising that most family members will refuse to donate the organs of a loved on when approached at a time of grief (Goodwin, 2006). ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay

Rather than waiting until the potential donor is in critical condition, the publicity campaigns should be targeted at healthy individuals. This would allow the potential donors enough time to consider their choices and make rational decisions that play to their altruistic nature. Indeed, most donors are galvanized by the idea of continuing to live on through the organ recipients even after death so that someone will always be thankful to them for saving a life (Veatch & Ross, 2015).

It is evident that how to attract organ donors remains a concern in the USA. Most of the public is uninformed about the form and how to make donations. The public typically associated organ donations with living donors, and most are unaware that they could still donate some of their organs even after death. The government has tried to address this concern through creating an opt-in system that allows individuals to donate their organs upon death. This entails the donors registering in the national organ donor registry with the information indicated in the driver’s license. They registry has captured 28% of the US population, a commendable achievement that unfortunately has done very little to address the 90% organ shortage. Addressing the large gap between supply and demand of organs requires more radical thinking to include a first person-authorization consent that makes the intent to become a posthumous donor legally binding as an advance directive or living will (Tsouflas, 2018). ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay

The fact is that organ donations are at very low levels. Perhaps it is time to reconsider the prohibition on organ trade and sale, or even consider introducing incentives. Although these options create opportunities for ethical abuse, the reality is that the current trends do not spell well for organ donations. While the US is still struggling with the potential for organ trade and sale being abused to exploit the poor, other countries such as Iran have successfully launched activities ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay. Kidney sales average approximately $1,200 per organ in Iran. The result is a significant increase in supply to match demand with an ever present reserve so that the possibility of shortage is eliminated. Taken as a business activity, organ trade in Iran now conforms to the business principles of supply and demand with significant protections to eliminate the possibility of abuse (Fry-Revere, 2014; Satel, 2008).

With the high number of deaths of persons in organ transplant waiting list in the USA and the favorable organ trade results in Iran, perhaps it is time that the US legislature seriously considers the possibility of incentivizing organ donation to increase supply. Incentives do not necessarily have to be in the form of direct cash provision as has been the case in Iran. They can be in the form of better life opportunities for the doors, such as paying for future funeral expenses. It is understandable that the US legislature may be resistant to cash exchanges owing to the ethical implications of trade (such as the poor being abused and the perception that human life is for sale), but the reality is that America is hard pressed to increase organ donations and incentives offer a good opportunity (Farrell, Price & Quigley, 2011) ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay.

Another option is the use of an opt-out legislation that automatically turns all Americans into organ donors upon death unless they sign documents to the contrary. Although not used in the USA, the opt-out system is successfully applied in at least 25 European countries. Unlike the USA that relies on altruistic motivations to realize 15% of organ demand being met, countries with the opt-out legislation report figures in excess of 90%. Although it is unclear whether such a system would work in the USA, the present state of affairs creates a situation in which this option must be tried. It is important to note that although an opt-out legislation would increase donation volumes, the increase may not be high since only approximately 2% of deaths occur in controlled environments with oxygenated blood flowing through the organs. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay This means that only 2% of deaths would present viable organs even if an opt-out legislation is applied. Such legislation had previously been proposed in 2014 but was met with significant opposition from capitalist systems that focus more on financial implications and associated profits (Tsouflas, 2018).

Yet another option is to introduce supportive legislation to enhance the opt-in legislation. It is not uncommon for family members to disregard a donor’s wishes and refuse to release organs as the decision does not financially benefit them. The US legislature can address this concern through introduce first-person authorization clause that is legally enforceable so that families disregarding the donors wishes and refusing to release organs can be prosecuted. There is similar legislation in place but it does not adequately address the issue. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay. Brain death first person consent legislation is in place prohibit next of kin from overriding person decisions to donate organs (Flescher, 2018).

However, the legislation is made inadequate by the fact that clinical death is a subjective concept. Some states interpret clinical death as irreversible loss of all brain functions, while other states interpret it as irreversible loss of cardiopulmonary functions. The two interpretations make it possible for next of kin to legally delay or halt organ donation activities by refusing to remove the family member from life support. In such case, the delay could reduce the viability of the donated organs. As such, there is a need for legislation to clarify the human functions that can be used to determine clinical death (Farrell, Price & Quigley, 2011). The ambiguity about what constitutes clinical death is not good for organ donation. Although this would be unsettling for the family members who still have hope of a miracle occurring and their loved ones recovering, the reality is that long delays has an effect on organ viability (Tsouflas, 2018). ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay.

One must accept that America’s altruistic model has failed to match organ supply with demand, and persons in the organ transplant list are left with grim future as most of them do not get the lifesaving organs. 90% of persons in the organ waiting list are unlikely to receive the required organs. The implication is that the organ transplant management systems applied in the USA are lacking and inadequate, and there is a need for changes to increase organ donations so as to address the existing shortfall. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay. Firstly, there is a need for better publicity campaigns that appeal to the public’s altruistic nature and informs them about the available opportunities such as the possibility of making donations when alive and in death. Secondly, introducing incentives, and allowing for organ trade and sales with strict regulations to protect vulnerable populations. Thirdly, introducing opt-out legislation automatically turns all Americans into organ donors upon death unless they sign documents to the contrary. Finally, introducing supportive legislation to enhance opt-in legislation. In this respect, there is a need for the USA to develop more aggressive strategies for procuring transplant organs. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay.

Farrell, A., Price, D. & Quigley, M. (ed) (2011). Organ shortage: ethics, law and pragmatism . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Flescher, A. M. (2018). The organ shortage crisis in America: incentives, civic duty, and closing the gap . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay

Fry-Revere, S. (2014). The kidney sellers: a journey of discovery in Iran . Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

Goodwin, M. (2006). Black markets: the supply and demand of body parts . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kaserman, D. L. & Barnett, A. H. (2002). The US organ procurement systems: a prescription for reform . Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.

Satel, S. L. (2008). When altruism isn’t enough: the case for compensating kidney donors . Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.

Tsouflas, G. (ed) (2018). Organ donation and transplantation: current status and future challenges . London: IntechOpen.

Veatch, R. M. & Ross, L. F. (2015). Transplantation ethics (2 nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ENG 106 – Cause and effect of low organ donation in the USA Essay

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Cause & effect essays Aka reason and result

The Cause and effect essay is another common essay type, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs examining causes and effects. This page gives information on what a cause and effect essay is , how to structure this type of essay, and how to use cause and effect structure words (transition signals) for this type of essay. There is also an example cause and effect essay on the topic of women at work, as well as some exercises to help you practice this area.

What are cause & effect essays?

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A cause and effect essay looks at the reasons (or causes) for something, then discusses the results (or effects). For this reason, cause and effect essays are sometimes referred to as reason and result essays. They are one of the most common forms of organisation in academic writing. Sometimes the whole essay will be cause and effect, though sometimes this may be only part of the whole essay. It is also possible, especially for short exam essays, that only the causes or the effects, not both, are discussed. See the examples below.

• Discuss the causes and effects of global warming ['cause and effect' essay]
• Explain the high death rate in Chernobyl ['causes' only essay]
• Discuss the WTO and its effects on the Chinese economy ['effects' only essay]

There are two main ways to structure a cause and effect essay. These are similar to the ways to structure problem-solution essays , namely using a block or a chain structure. For the block structure, all of the causes are listed first, and all of the effects are listed afterwards. For the chain structure, each cause is followed immediately by the effect. Usually that effect will then be the cause of the next effect, which is why this structure is called 'chain'. Both types of structure have their merits. The former is generally clearer, especially for shorter essays, while the latter ensures that any effects you present relate directly to the causes you have given.

The two types of structure, block and chain , are shown in the diagram below.

Cause and Effect Structure Words

Cause and effect structure words are transition signals which show the cause and effect relationships. It is important to be clear which is the cause (or reason) and which is the effect (or result), and to use the correct transition word or phrase. Remember that a cause happens first , and the effect happens later .

Below are some common cause and effect structure words. X is used to indicate a cause, while Y is used to indicate the effect.

• The first cause of (Y) is (X)
• The next reason is (X)
• Because of (X), (Y)
• As a result of (X), (Y)
• As a consequence of (X), (Y)
• because/since/as (X)
• to result from (X)
• (X) results in (Y)
• to be the result of (X)
• (Y) is due to (X)
• Owing to (X), (Y)
• (Y) is because of (X)
• (Y) is the effect of (X)
• (Y) is the consequence of (X)
• Worsening pollution levels in cities are due to the increased use of cars.
• Because of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are worsening.
• As a result of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are worsening.
• The effect of the increased use of cars is a worsening of pollution levels in cities.
• The first effect of (X) is (Y)
• Another result of (X) is (Y)
• As a result, (Y)
• As a consequence, (Y)
• Consequently (Y)
• Therefore, (Y)
• (X) causes (Y)
• (X) has an effect on (Y)
• (X) affects (Y)
• (X) is one of the causes of (Y)
• (X) is the reason for (Y)
• Cars are used increasingly for urban transport. As a consequence , pollution levels in cities are worsening.
• Increased use of cars for urban transport adversely affects pollution levels in cities.
• Increased use of cars for urban transport is one of the causes of worsening pollution levels in cities.

Example essay

Below is a cause and effect essay. This essay uses the block structure . Click on the different areas (in the shaded boxes to the right) to highlight the different structural aspects in this essay, i.e. Causes, Effects, and structure words. This will highlight not simply the paragraphs, but also the thesis statement and summary , as these repeat the causes and effects contained in the main body.

Title: More and more women are now going out to work and some women are now the major salary earner in the family. What are the causes of this, and what effect is this having on families and society?

In the past, most women stayed at home to take care of domestic chores such as cooking or cleaning. Women's liberation and feminism have meant that this situation has been transformed and in contemporary society women are playing an almost equal role to men in terms of work. This has had significant consequences , both in terms of the family , for example by improving quality of life and increasing children's sense of independence , and also for society itself with greater gender equality . The main reasons behind the increase of women in the workplace are women's liberation and feminism. The women's liberation movement originated in the 1960s and was popularised by authors such as Simone de Beauvoir. As a consequence of this, new legislation emerged, granting women equal rights to men in many fields, in particular employment. Because of feminist ideas, men have taken up roles which were previously seen as being for women only, most importantly those related to child rearing. As a result of this, women have more time to pursue their own careers and interests. These have led to some significant effects, both to family life and to society as a whole. Although the earning capacity of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a man, she can nevertheless make a significant contribution to the family income. The most important consequence of this is an improved quality of life. By helping to maintain a steady income for the family, the pressure on the husband is considerably reduced, hence improving both the husband's and the wife's emotional wellbeing. Additionally, the purchasing power of the family will also be raised. This means that the family can afford more luxuries such as foreign travel and a family car. A further effect on the family is the promotion of independence in the children. Some might argue that having both parents working might be damaging to the children because of a lack of parental attention. However, such children have to learn to look after themselves at an earlier age, and their parents often rely on them to help with the housework. This therefore teaches them important life skills. As regards society, the most significant impact of women going to work is greater gender equality. There are an increasing number of women who are becoming politicians, lawyers, and even CEOs and company managers. This in turn has led to greater equality for women in all areas of life, not just employment. For example, women today have much stronger legal rights to protect themselves against domestic violence and sexual discrimination in the workplace. In conclusion, the increasing number of women at work has brought about some important changes to family life, including improved quality of life and increased independence for children, as well as affecting society itself. It is clear that the sexes are still a long way from being equal in all areas of life, however, and perhaps the challenge for the present century is to ensure that this takes place.

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Below is a checklist for cause and effect essays. Use it to check your own writing, or get a peer (another student) to help you.

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Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 16 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.

Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).

Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.

Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.

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