how to cite unpublished dissertation chicago style

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Theses & Dissertations

Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.

• CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations

Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .

Note-Bibliography

First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).

      Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).

Short Note:

Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University      of Chicago, 2008.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year)

(Mihwa 2008)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting  Imaginaires  in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”  PhD diss.       University of Chicago.

Note -Bibliography

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).

Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."

Bibliography:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.

Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.

(Hosking 2010)

Last-name, First-name.  Year.  "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.

Hosking, Barry C.    2010.  "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.

      12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222),  2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

(Stewart 2005)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."  Database Name  (Identifier if given), Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program  (WMU2005.1222),    http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

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Legal, Public and Unpublished Materials

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General Guidelines for Public and Unpublished Materials

Notes and bibliographic entries for public documents, like other documents, should include the elements needed to locate the items. These essential elements often include the following:

• Country, city, state, province, county, etc.
• Legislative body, executive department, court, bureau, board commission or committee, etc.
• Subsidiary divisions
• Title, if any, of the document or collection
• Individual author (editor or compiler), if given
• Report number or any other identification necessary or useful in finding the specific document
• Publisher, if different from issuing body

Footnote or Endnote (N):

1. Firstname Lastname, “Title of Document” (source type identifier, Place of Publication, year of publication), page number(s).

Corresponding Bibliographic Entry (B):

Legal Materials and Government Documents

Legal materials and other government documents should be cited using footnotes, endnotes, and/or citation sentences (with clauses including the same information required in a footnote). Print copies of the sources tend to be preferred to digital, though verified digital sources are acceptable.

When writing for law journals or other legal publications, these sources are not usually required to be cited in a bibliography or on a references page. Citation sentences alone are an acceptable form of citation, so long as the document has only a few legal citations (for more information, see The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., sections 14.269-305 and 15.58.)

Court Decisions and Cases

Notes for court cases should include case name, number, volume number, abbreviated name(s) of reporter, and, in parentheses, the abbreviated name of the court and the date. Case names written in full are typeset in roman, while in subsequent shortened citations the short form of the case name is italicized. Citations are assumed to refer to decisions as a whole unless a particular page is cited using “at” (see example 3 below). The CMOS offers the following note examples in section 14.276:

United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 (4th Cir. 2000).

Profit Sharing Plan v. Mbank Dallas, N.A., 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).

Christmas, 222 F.3d at 145. The court also noted that under United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989), police may briefly detain a person without probable cause if the officer believes criminal activity “may be afoot.” Christmas, 222 F.3d at 143; see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).

Theses and Dissertations

Thesis and dissertation titles appear in quotation marks, not in italics, but are cited in all other ways like books. Include name, title, type of document, academic institution, and date, in that order. If the item was found online, include a URL or DOI (see guidelines for citing online sources ).

1. Tara Hostetler, “Bodies at War: Bacteriology and the Carrier Narratives of ‘Typhoid Mary’” (master’s thesis, Florida State University, 2007), 15-16.

Hostetler, Tara. "Bodies at War: Bacteriology and the Carrier Narratives of ‘Typhoid Mary.’” Master’s thesis, Florida State University, 2007.

Letters and Unpublished Manuscripts

Letters and unpublished materials that have not been archived may be cited like other unpublished material, with information on location replaced by wording such as “private collection of Trinity Overmyer” or “in the author’s possession.” The location is not mentioned.

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Thesis or Dissertation (Section 14.113 )

Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks, not italics.

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Citation Help: Dissertations & Theses

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A quick note:

The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.

Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses

Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.

Important Elements:

• Author 
• Title of Dissertation or Thesis
• Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
• Name of Degree Granting Institution

Thesis or dissertation

1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.

1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.

Shortened note

2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.

2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.

Bibliography Entry

Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.

Examples courtesy of  The Turabian 8th edition .

Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source

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Chicago Style Guide

Thesis/Dissertation – Chicago Bibliography

General tips.

• Titles of unpublished works appear in quotation marks—not in italics. This treatment is applied to theses and dissertations.

Thesis/Dissertation Print

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year .

1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).

2. Choi "Contesting Imaginaires".

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.

Thesis/Dissertation Commercial Database

For items retrieved from a commercial database, add the name of the database and an accession number following the facts of publication. This dissertation cited below is shown as it would be cited if it were retrieved from ProQuest's database for dissertations and theses.

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . Database name ( accession number ).

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss.,, University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Thesis/Dissertation Web

Last , First M . " Thesis/Dissertation Title ." PhD diss., [OR] Master's thesis , Academic institution , Year . http:// www.url.com

Johnson, Shakela Carion. "An Examination of the Social Characteristics and Beliefs of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth." PhD thesis. Auburn University, 2007. http://search.proquest.com/docview/304897390?accountid=12528

1. Mihwa Choi, "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty," (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008), ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Chicago 17th edition notes and bibliography

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Citing theses

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Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks otherwise they are cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

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Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System)

The Chicago Manual of Style documentation system is used in both the humanities and the social sciences. A bit more complex than either the MLA or the APA, it offers two approaches for documenting sources: 1) a notes system and, 2) an author/date system similar to the APA. This guide explains the Author/Date system. A separate guide explains the Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System) .

Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a specific entry on the References List page.

Notes, similar to those used in the CMS Notes System, may be used in the Author/Date system, but only to provide further information about a particular idea. They do not replace entries found in the References List which contains the bibliographic information required to properly cite your sources. Check with your instructor on what is expected when you are asked to use this style.

This guide is largely based on style recommendations from the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.

[Guide Updated April 2022]

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CMS In-Text Formatting Rules

CMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules are as follows:

• A space, not a comma, should separate the author's name and the year of publication.
• Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a direct quotation is cited. Abbreviations ("p." or "pp.") are not required.
• Footnotes and endnotes are used only when there is a need to provide further information about a particular idea or when specific copyright permission needs to be documented.

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules

Citing an entire source.

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

1. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). There is a space, not a comma, between the author's name and the date.

In a recent study of sustainable management techniques (Myers 1997)... 

2. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow the author's name. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around the date may be omitted.

Example One:

Myers (1997) compared sustainable management techniques...

Example Two:

In Myers 1997, sustainable management techniques are compared to more conventional practices.

Citing Part of a Source

When citing a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication and the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers, etc.) where the cited material may be found.

3. Citing Part of a Source

Format: When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). One space separates the author's name from the date, and one comma separates the date from the page number (or chapter, etc.). Page abbreviations like "p." or "pp." are used only when their absence is likely to cause confusion. Abbreviations such as sec. (section), fig. (figure), app. (appendix), etc., should be used, however.

Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for anti-establishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landess 1976, 121).

Examples of Variations to In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Sources with No Date

Format: When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date").

This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).

2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Format: When no author is listed on the tile or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than A, An, or The .

Letting Ana Go (New York: Simon Pulse, 2013), 118-20.

Letting Ana Go . New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.

3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources

Format: An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited material may be found is recommended.

Mendelson, Abby. “Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment.” Pittsburg Pirates. MLB.com. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List

Format: Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.

5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List

Format: Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself.

Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 2016) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan.

In a letter dated 12 August 2016, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented to the County Commissioners.

6. Citing Sources with More than One Author

Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors: List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Jerin, Robert A., and Laura J. Moriarty. The Victims of Crime . Upper Saddle river, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

Format, Sources with Four or More Authors: In a note, give only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”). In the bibliography, list all the authors that appear on the title page.

Harry Markopolos et al., No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010). 179.

Markopolos, Harry, Frank Casey, Neil Chelo, Gaytri Kachroo, and Michael Ocrant. No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010.

Note: An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance of the same "Author et al." occurring.

(Nesbitt et al., Neighborhood associations , 2015)

(Nesbitt et al., Zoning laws , 2015)

7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group or Corporation

Format: Use the group or corporation as the author; it may also be the publisher.

Where the References List entry looks like:

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 2014. 2014 NEA Grant Application for …

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 2014) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 2014).

8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis

Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author: When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 2004, 2010, 2016).

Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year: When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Past research (Johnson 2013a, 2013b) has revealed interesting patterns.

Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors: When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons.

Several studies (Evens 2005; Dorer 2014; Bundy 2014) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is the References List page. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material.

This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited.

Proper CMS documentation depends on the References List . Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

Formatting Citations

CMS References List formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the Notes page should begin on page 8.

Note: Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight page assignment.

The page itself should be formatted in the following way:

• The title-References List-should be centered one inch from the top of the page. This may also be called a Literature Cited or Works Cited page.
• Double space between the title and first entry; all subsequent entries should be single spaced.
• Arrange entries alphabetically, according to authors' last names.

Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:

• The first line of each entry should be flush-left while any subsequent lines are indented five spaces.
• LastName, FirstName. Year.  Title of Work.  Location: Publisher.
• Use the "down" or "sentence style" for titles and subtitles, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, as well as any proper nouns and adjectives that are included.

1. Book with Unknown Author(s)

References List Format : When no author is listed on the title or copyright page, begin the entry with the title of the work followed by the date of publication. In the bibliography, alphabetize the entry by the first word other than A, An, or The .

Lucy in the Sky. 2012. New York: Simon and Schuster.

References List Format : Use the corporation or group as the author; it may also be the publisher.

Microsoft Corporation. 2003.  Microsoft Windows 2000 Scripting Guide: Automating System Administration. Hoboken: Microsoft Press.

References List Format : When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog.

Mengestu, Dinaw. 2007.  The Beautiful Thing That Heaven Bears. New York: Riverhead Books.

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format : List the authors in the order in which they appear on the title page. In a note, list the first name for each author first. In the bibliography, list the first author’s last name first and list the first names for each other author first.

Kaufman, Amie, and Meagan Spooner. 2022.  Beyond the End of the World. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Note: Names must always appear in the same order, separated by commas, as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format : First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)-First Names or initials first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Number ed.-when applicable. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The Business Writer's Handbook. 7th ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format (Editor) : List the author at the beginning of the citation and add the editor’s name after the title. In notes, use the abbreviation “ed.” before the editor’s name. In the bibliography, include the phrase “Edited by” before the editor’s name.

Lewis, Matthew. 2016.  The Monk. Edited by Howard Anderson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References List Format (Translator) : List the author first and the translator after the title. Use the abbreviation “trans.” in a note, but spell out “Translated by” in the bibliography.

Lessing, Gotthold E. 2004.  Nathan the Wise. Translated by Ronald Schechter. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format : To cite an entire anthology or collection of articles, give the editor(s) before the title of the collection, adding a comma and the abbreviation “ed.” or “eds.”

Dove, Rita, ed. 2011. The Penguin Anthology of Twentieth Century American Poetry . New York: Penguin Books.

References List Format : Give the author and title (in quotation marks) for the chapter or selection. Then give the title, editor (if any), and publication data for the book or anthology. In the bibliography, give the inclusive page numbers before the publication data, separated by a comma.

Boully, Jenny. 2003. “ The Body. ” In The Next American Essay , 437-466. Minneapolis: Gray Wolf Press.

9. Chapter in an Unedited Book

References List Format : Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No quotation marks-No italics. Chap. Number-if applicable. In Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Barad, Karen. 2007. Agential Realism: How Material Discursive Practices Matter. Chap. 4 in Meeting the Universe Halfway.  Durham and London: Duke University Press.

References List Format : Give edition information after the title.

McDonald, Russ. 2001.  The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare. 2 nd  ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

References List Format : Place the original publication date after the original author's name. Include the date of re-publication after the editor's name.

Austen, Jane. 1813.  Pride and Prejudice. Edited by James Kinsley. 2008. Reprint, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Note: Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to the CMS Notes Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules for more information.

References List Format : In the notes, give the volume number and page number, separated by a colon, for the specific location of the information referred to in your text. In the bibliography, if you have used all of the volumes, give the total number of volumes after the title, using the abbreviation “vols.” (“2 vols.” or “4 vols.”). If you have used one volume, give the abbreviation “Vol.” and the volume number after the title.

Canterbury, Dave. 2015.  Advanced Bush Craft: An Expert Field Guide to the Art of Wilderness Survival . Vol 2. Avon: Adams Media.

References List Format : Give the title of the volume to which you refer, followed by the volume number and the general title for the entire work.

Rozell, Matthew A. 2017  The Things our Fathers Saw, 1944-1945. Vol 2 of War in the Air. Hartford: Woodchuck Hollow Press.

References List Format : The series name follows the title and is capitalized as a title but is not italicized. If the series numbers its volumes, include that information as well.

Jordan, Jay. 2022.  Grounded Literacies in a Transnational WAC/WIC Ecology: A Korean-U.S. Study.  International Exchanges on the Study of Writing Series. Fort Collins: The WAC Clearinghouse. https://doi.org/10.37514/INT-B.2022.1503.

References List Format : For a book without publication information, use the following format: Author-Last Name first. n.d.  Book Title – in italics . N.p.

Biv, Roy G. n.d.  On learning the color spectrum. N.p.

References List Format : Give the name of the writer of the foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword followed by the appropriate phrase (“introduction to,” “preface to,” and so on) before the title of the book. If the writer of the introduction or other part differs from the writer of the book, after the title insert the word “by” and the author’s name.

Tracy, Robert. 2008. Introduction to In a Glass Darkly , vii-xxviii. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination

Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue.

References List Format : Give the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication then the article title. Include the name of the journal (in italics) followed by the v olume number, the issue number (if available) and page number(s). End with the DOI (if available). The DOI should be in a URL format, beginning with "https://doi.org/".

Harrington, Marua G. 2004."'My Narrative': the Story of the Non-Disinterested Narrator in Poe's 'Hop-Frog'."  The Edgar Allan Poe Review  5, no.1 (Spring): 91-99.

Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination.

References List Format : Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title and the name of the journal (in italics). Include the volume number, the issue number and end with the article page number(s).

Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1, no. 2:118-46.

References List Format : Cite like a monthly magazine (see next format), but provide the day of publication.

Bates, Josiah. March 25, 2022. "Why the FBI Won't Release Quarterly Crime Stats for 2021.” Time Magazine .

References List Format : Magazines are cited by their dates rather than by volume and issue.

Bertz, Matt. February 2017. “Virtual Reality is Still Waiting for its Software Savior.” Game Informer , 22-30.

Note: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number.

References List Format : Begin with the author (last name first) followed by the year of publication, the article title, the magazine title (in italics), the volume number and or issue. End with the page number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

A passing race. 1929. Canadian Magazine , 71:34.

Note: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name.

References List Format : If the name of the newspaper does not include the city, insert the city before the name (and italicize it). If an American city is not well known, name the state as well (in parentheses, abbreviated). Identify newspapers from other countries with the city in parentheses (not italicized) after the name of the newspaper. Page number may be omitted, since separate editions of the same newspaper may place articles differently. If a paper comes out in more than one edition, identify the edition after the date.

Zito, Kelly. “Cities Key Source of Toxins in Bay, Study Finds.” San Francisco Chronicle , October 5, 2010, Bay Area Edition.

Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:

Denver Rocky Mountain News

Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Ashtabula , (OH) Star-Beacon

Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Sunday Times (London)

References List Format : Give the author of the review title, if any, and then the words “review of” followed by the title and the author of the work reviewed and the author or editor (for books) or director or performer (for movies, plays, and similar productions).

Holden, Stephen. “Students Caught in the School Squeeze.” Review of Waiting for Superman , directed by Davis Guggenheim. New York Times , September 23, 2010.

References List Format : If no author is given, begin the note with the title of the article; begin the bibliography entry with the title of the periodical.

Boston Globe. “NYC May Ban Smoking in Parks, on Beaches.” Boston Globe September 16, 2010.

9. Citing a Letter to the Editor

References List Format : Treat as a newspaper article. If no title is provided, place “Letter to the editor” in the title position.

Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. Smithsonian , June 2016.

Dissertations and Theses

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format : Give the author and year, then the title, followed by the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” and any information about the institution that granted the degree. End with the DOI if one is available.

Hill, Chaney E. 2018.  The Nonhuman Write Back: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Short Stories . master's thesis, Boise State University, https://doi.org/10.18122/td/1389/boisestate.

References List Format : Give the author and year, then the title, followed by the phrase “PhD diss.” or “master’s thesis,” and any information about the institution that granted the degree.

Lopez, Lope. 2010. “Untimely Figures: Edgar Allan Poe, Journalism and the Literary Imagination.” PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh.

Note: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format : Provide information as you would for an article in a journal. Add information about Dissertation Abstracts International.

Corwin, Elizabeth J. 1977. “Botanical Environments.” master's thesis, Colorado State University. Abstract: iii-iv.

Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers

1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection

References List Format : Include the document author (last name first), the document date (when available) followed by a description of the document including the collection name, the depository name and the depository location.

Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be formatted in the same manner as a book.

References List Format : List the author (last name first), the year the paper was read, and the paper title. Include the phrase “Paper read” followed by the meeting name, the location, the day and month of the meeting.

Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture, Columbia, SC, 27 April.

Interviews, Letters and Personal Communications

1. Published Interviews

Note: Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non-print mediums.

References List Format : Give the location and date in a note.

Rachel Stein, interview by author, Pittsburgh, June 2, 2014.

References List Format : Do not include unpublished interviews in the bibliography.

References List Format : Do not include personal communications such as letters or phone calls in the bibliography. In a note, give the name of the person with whom you communicated, the form of communication, and the date.

Megahn McKennan, conversation with author, March 5, 2014.

Sangita Thakore, letter to author, November 12, 2014

Electronic Sources

1. Portable Sources (CD-ROM's, Diskettes, Magnetic Tapes, etc.)

Note: Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List. The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different.

References List Format : Author or Editor-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Title- in italics if book title . Volume, edition, etc.-if appropriate. [Medium]. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacy . [CD-ROM]. New York: Holt.

References List Format : Program/Software Name: Identifying Version, level or release number and date-if available. Abbreviated Program/Software Name.-if applicable. Organization or Individual holding Property Rights, Location.

Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. 1. Bedford, Boston.

Digital Sources

All digital sources should include either a publication date, a revision or “last modified” date, or an access date. After the date, include a DOI (digital object identifier) or, if the source does not have a DOI, a stable URL. Ensure that all DOIs are also in a URL format. For a source accessed through a database, include the name of the database and any number assigned to the source.

1. Online Computer Services

References List Format : List the author or editor (last name first). List the title (italicize if it is a book title), the print publication information, the online publication information (including the computer service name), and finish with the accession number.

Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog."

Wever, Katharine. 1998. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New York Times 30 August, late ed.: sec. 2, p. 30. Dialog, New York Times Fulltext 03819774.

2. Article from an Online Journal

References List  Format:

List the name of the author or editor followed by the date and title of the article in quotations, as well as the name of the journal in italics. Finally, include any information about the journal and end with the DOI or URL.

Ray, Brian. 2008. "A New World: Redefining the Legacy of Min-Zhan Lu.’” The Journal of Basic Writing  27, no. 2 . https://doi.org/10.37514/JBW-J.2008.27.2.06.

3. Article from an Online Database

List the author or editor followed by the date and the title of the article in quotations. Put the name of the journal in which the article was originally published in italics, then include any information about the journal. End with the name of the online database as well as the DOI or URL if available.

Abbasi, Pyeaam and Bahareh Azad. 2018. “Hamlet's Catch-22: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Hamlet and Catch-22.” Critical Survey  30, no. 3: 97-115. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48587699.

4. Article from a Website

.List the author and date of publication, followed by the title of the article in quotations. End with the name of the website and the URL

Rittenburg, Adam. 2022. “Final Four 2022: How Remy Martin went from afterthought to Kansas Jayhawks hero when it mattered most.” ESPN.  https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id?33615018.

5. Article Posted on a Wiki

References List Format :

List the name of the wiki site followed by the date of publication. Then, list the title of the article in quotations, the date the article was last modified, and the URL.

Wikipedia. 2022. "Diet Coke." Last Modified March 19, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_Coke.

6. Citing an Entire Blog

Put the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

McNamara, Pat. McNamara’s Blog: Musings of a Catholic Church Historian from Queens, New York. http://patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/.

7. Citing an Entry or Comment on a Blog

References List Format : Put the word “blog” in parentheses following the name of the blog, if it is not already part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.

Winchell, Donna Haisty. “In Arizona, Is It Ethics or Economics?” Argument and the Headlines (blog). Bits: Ideas for Teaching Composition , March 3, 2014, http://blogs.bedfordstmartins.com/bits/author/donnaonbitsgmail-com/.

8. Citing an E-mail Message

References List Format : Chicago recommends that personal communication, including email, not be included in the bibliography, although it can be cited in your text. Note that the Chicago Manual prefers the hyphenated version of the word “e-mail.”

Brysa, H. Levy, e-mail message to author, January 4, 2014

9. Citing an Online Posting to a Discussion Group

References List Format : Like email, online postings are considered personal communication and are therefore listed in the text only, not in the bibliography. Include a URL for archived postings.

Alessandro, Busà to URBANTH-L discussion group, December 1, 2009, http://lists.cc.ysu.edu/pipermail/urbanth-l/2009-December/002761.html.

Audio and Video Recordings

1. Sound or Musical Recordings

Note: The elements in the following format (particularly composer and director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples.

References List Format : Give the composer and title of the recording, the performers and conductor, the label and identifying number.

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich. Symphony No. 5, Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Daniele Gatti. Harmonia Mundi, MU907381, compact disc.

References List Format : List the playwright (last name first), the title of the recording (in italics), director’s name, the performers’ or artists’ names, (first names first), the label and identifying number.

Shakespeare, William. Othello . Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape.

References List Format : List the poet or prose writer (last name first), the recording title (in italics), the name of the reader (first name first) or the phrase “Read by Author”, the label and the recording number.

Eliot, T.S. Poems and Choruses . Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record album.

References List Format : List the lecture recorder (last name first), the year, the recording title (in italics), a brief description of the lecture, the phrase “presented by” followed by the name of the lecturer. Include the institution name, the location, the month and year of the lecture and any publication information (if applicable).

Nesbitt, L.M. 1995. Censorship . Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, October 1995.

Note: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In these cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

References List Format : Slide Show Producer-Last Name first. Year. Slide Show Title-in italics . Place of Production: Production Company Name. Slides.

Nesbitt, John. 1991. Europe by train . Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Company. Slides.

References List Format : Provide the title first, the name of the director, the company, the year it was filmed, the medium (film, videocassette, DVD).

Michael Jackson’s This Is It. Directed by Kenny Ortega. 2009 (2009; Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures, 2010) DVD.

Legal Materials

1. State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions

Note: State and federal court cases and decisions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below. The Chicago Manual of Style provides no guidance for a References List entry.

In the 1923 case, Meyer v. State of Nebraska (262 U.S. 390), the Court handed down a decision that...

Note: State and federal constitutions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below

Format : Give the state or country name. the article or amendment number and the subdivision number.

In the Wisconsin Constitution, art. 9, sec. 1...

Publications of Congress

1. Congressional Record/General Citation

References List Format : List the Congressional Record (in italics), the year, the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of sessions, the volume number (numeral only) and the abbreviated pt. number. Include the page number(s) (if appropriate).

Congressional Record . 1995. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 141, pt. 26.

References List Format : List the Speaker’s name (last name first), the year, a brief description of the remarks, the resolution number (if appropriate), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the phrase “Cong Rec” (abbreviated and in italics), the day, month, volume number, pt. number and page number(s) (if appropriate).

Kennedy, Edward. 1995. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Cong. Rec. , 30 Jan., vol. 141, pt. 10.

References List Format : Congressional Body or Committee Name. Year. Report or Document Title-in italics . Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated,. Document Number. Serial Number-if available.

U.S. Congress. 1982. South Dakota Water Resource Development . 97th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the name of the journal (in italics), the year, number of Congress (abbreviated), the number of sessions (abbreviated), the day, month and year. .

U.S. Congress. Senate Journal . 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

U.S. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the Hearing (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of sessions, the day and month.

U.S. Senate. 1990. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 101st Cong., 2d sess. 4-5 December.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Committee name, the title of the report (in italics), the phrase “Report prepared by” followed by the name of the agency or department person(s), the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, and the Committee Print number.

U.S. Senate. 1973. Committee on Public Works. Effects and methods of control of thermal discharges. Report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 93rd Cong., 1st sess. Committee Print 14.

Note: Congressional bills and resolutions are normally cited in the running text of a document, however, when included in the References List, follow the example below.

References List Format : List the Congressional body name, the year, the Bill or Resolution title (in italics), the abbreviated number of Congress, abbreviated number of session, the Bill or Resolution number, the phrase “Congressional Record” (in italics), and record information (if applicable).

U.S. House. 1995. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act . 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195. Congressional Record , 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January): H168.

References List Format : List the name of Law (when available; in italics), the U.S. Public Law numbers, the abbreviated number of Congress, the abbreviated number of session, the day, month and year.

U.S. Public Law 105-258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998.

References List Format : List U.S. Statutes at Large (in italics), the year, the volume number, the page number(s) and the name of the law (when available; in italics).

U.S. Statutes at Large . 1888. Vol. 25, p. 476.

References List Format : List the law, statute, or act title (in italics), U.S. Code (in italics), the volume number and the section number.

Farm Credit Act . 1959. U.S. Code Annotated . Vol. 42, sec. 410.

Presidential Documents

1. Proclamations and Executive Orders

References List Format : President. Year. Proclamation or Executive Order. Proclamation or Executive Order Title. Federal Register-in italics Number, Issue Number (Day Month):-in parenthesis: Page Number(s). Medium-if applicable.

President. 1954. Proclamation. Display of the flag of the United States of America at half-staff upon the death of certain officials and former officials. Federal Register 19, no. 3 (1 March): 1235. Microfiche.

References List Format : Document Title-in italics . Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated. In Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897-in italics . Edited by Name of Editor-First Name First. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication.

References List Format : President-Last Name first. Year. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: President-First Name first, Term in Office. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication-no parenthesis.

Carter, Jimmy. 1981. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1980-81. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

Government Documents and Publications

1. Executive Department Publications

References List Format : In general, give the issuing body, then the title and any other information (such as report numbers) that would help your readers locate the source. Follow with the publication data and the page numbers if relevant. You may abbreviate “Government Printing Office” as GPO.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. 1991. Attorney-client privilege and the right of congressional access to documents for oversight purposes in the case of the suspension of the telephone loan programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

References List Format : Commission Name. Year. Publication Title-in italics . Washington, D.C.: GPO.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1977/78. Annual report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

References List Format : Department or Issuing Body. Year of Treaty. Treaty Title. Day Month of Treaty. TIAS Number. Publication Name-in italics. Vol. Number, Part Number-if text instead of microform.

U.S. Department of State. 1989. Tourism. 3 October. TIAS no. 12403. United States treaties and other international agreements.

References List Format : Name of Issuing Body. Year. Report Title-in italics. Place.

Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education. 1996. 1996 Legislative report on higher education admission standards. Denver.

Note: State laws or municipal ordinances are normally cited in the running text, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the References List.

References List Format : State or Municipal Name, Year. State Laws or Municipal Compilation Title-in italics. (Editor Name)-in parenthesis.

Colorado. 1974. Revised Statutes, Annotated (Michie Co.).

How to Arrange Reference List Entries

1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title.

When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.

Passing Race, A. 1929. Canadian Magazine .

Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.

[Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine.

Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works.

Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the conservative restoration, 1969-1982. Boston: Routledge and K. Paul.

Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and Garvey.

The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by title.

Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

Additional CMS Author/Date Resources

Printed Resources:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers . 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers . 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

University of Chicago Press.  The Chicago Manual of Style,  17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.

Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Electronic Resources:

The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services.

Mississippi University for Women - ' Chicago Citation Guide '

University of Washington Libraries - ' Citing Sources: Chicago Author-Date Style '

Bennett, Andrea, Will Allen, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, & Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2022). Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Author/Date System).  Writing@CSU . Colorado State University.  https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=10

Chicago Referencing Guide

• Notes - basic patterns
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Thesis - general pattern

Thesis, dissertation or exegesis, type of thesis.

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Bibliography:

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things, depending on which institution the work is from.

At Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities):

• Thesis is used either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is used either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g. a film, artwork, novel.

In some other parts of the world, such as the United States, a dissertation may be used for a doctoral degree and a thesis   used for a master's degree. You can use the same citation pattern, no matter what the type of thesis is called.

List the type of thesis as it appears on the title page, but abbreviate dissertation as diss .

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Cite A Dissertation in Chicago Manual of Style citation style

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• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
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• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Notes-Bibliography Format

Reference list.

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Author-Date Format

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)?

Create a spot-on reference in chicago 17 and 16, general rules.

Citing dissertations, master's theses, etc. under the requirements of The Chicago Manual of Style is specific due to the particularities of this type of source. Thus, a bibliographic reference should include the university responsible for the preparation and defense of the work and the type of work. The title of the dissertation is put between quotation marks. Use the following templates for references:

Reference in a bibliography:

Author . " Title ." Work type , University , year . URL .

Author , " Title " ( work type , University , year ), number of the cited page , URL .

Short note:

Author , " Title ," number of the cited page .

For a dissertation published online, it is allowed to indicate the database from which it is available and its publication number in the database instead of the URL address.

To order and indicate correctly all reference elements, we recommend using our online reference generator .

Examples of references in a bibliography

Bolton, Emma Victoria. "The Barriers and Facilitators to Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing') for Older People Living in Care Homes." PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2020. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/27649/ .

Alotaibi, Sarah. "A Biophysically-Based Skin Reflectance Model for Face Analysis." PhD thesis, University of York, 2019. White Rose eTheses Online.

Examples of notes

1. Emma Victoria Bolton, "The Barriers and Facilitators to Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing') for Older People Living in Care Homes" (PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2020), 11, http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/27649/ .

2. Sarah Alotaibi, "A Biophysically-Based Skin Reflectance Model for Face Analysis" (PhD thesis, University of York, 2019), 41, White Rose eTheses Online.

3. Bolton, "Stopping Inappropriate Medicines ('Deprescribing')," 11.

4. Alotaibi, "Skin Reflectance Model," 42.

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a master's thesis in Chicago

To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in Chicago style 17th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the thesis: Give first the last name, then the name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For more than seven authors, list the first seven names followed by et al.
• Title of the thesis: Give the title in quotation marks.
• Degree: Type of degree.
• University: Give the name of the institution.
• Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a master's thesis in Chicago style 17th edition:

Author(s) of the thesis . " Title of the thesis ." Degree , University , Year of publication .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Chicago style guidelines in action:

A psychology master's thesis with one author

Bauger, Lars . " Personality, Passion, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being among Junior Elite Athletes in Norway ." Master's Thesis , University of Tromsø , 2011 .

A master's thesis with one author

Aube, Kyle Eric . " A Comparison of Water Main Failure Prediction Models in San Luis Obispo, CA ." Master's Thesis , Cal Poly , 2019 .

This citation style guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th edition).

More useful guides

• Chicago Citation Quickguide
• How to Cite A Dissertation
• Citing and referencing: University theses and dissertations

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• AMA: how to cite a magazine article
• APA: how to cite a newspaper article
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How To Cite Unpublished Dissertation In The Chicago Style: A Detailed Guide

In higher learning institutions, there are different styles of writing which a student is expected to pursue among them is the Chicago style. When it is time to craft your final paper, this is an aspect which should always be taken into serious consideration because you don’t want to write and only to be told you failed to follow the requisite rules that define a given academic writing style. In dissertation writing, it is therefore paramount to stick to the rules of writing which your college recommends while ensuring that every bits and bytes of the same are given preference. Further, there is no day you will do a piece of academic paper and call it done without including references or the section which shows your cited works. The question however is; what about situations whereby you have no option but to cite unpolished works? To someone who is going to cite such works for the first time, it can be a big hurdle and the possibility of doing it wrongly cannot be overruled. Therefore, a little guidance on how to do it just rightly is important and this is what this article discusses hereafter.

Use of quotations

Well, when your academic writing pursues the Chicago style, the use of quotations makes is always phenomenal when referencing unpublished thesis. Make no mistake of using italics. The name of the unpublished work is what should appear in quotations. This is then followed by the name of the institution of higher learning and then the date. These are always enclosed by a parenthesis in note form but not in bibliographic referencing.

What about reference list?

In crafting an academic paper where giving attribution to unpublished works is part of writing, in text citation becomes more pronounced than having a bibliographic reference at the end of your writing. In this regard, you are supposed to have your sources including the authors names fully included in the text rather than under bibliographic information.

The order of citation

When citing unpolished sources in your writing, it means you are referencing to majorly primary sources of information which can otherwise be referred to as raw data. The name of the unpublished work will always come first and in which case should appear as italicized and followed by the name of higher learning institution such as university or college. The author’s name will always come last and the option of having all names indicated is never a mistake.

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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Footnote Referencing

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• 6th May 2020

Have you found useful ideas or data in someone else’s dissertation or thesis to support an argument in your own work? Our guide below explains how to cite a thesis or dissertation correctly in the Chicago footnote style.

Footnote Citation for a Thesis or Dissertation

The Chicago Manual of Style ’s footnote referencing system uses superscript numbers to point to citations. For instance:

Usually at the end of a sentence, like this. 1

The footnote format for a thesis or dissertation in Chicago referencing is similar to the one used for a book . The main difference is that you should use quote marks instead of italics for the title:

n. Author name, “Title of paper” (type of paper, academic institution, year of completion), page number, URL/database name (document ID).

Of course, you only need to give a URL or database name and ID if you accessed the paper online! To cite page 42 of John Smith’s printed PhD thesis, then, your footnote would look like this:

1. John Smith, “Useful Ideas for Research” (PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006), 42.

If you’re citing only an abstract, simply add the word “abstract” after the title:

2. Tom Persson, “Great Thoughts and Stuff,” abstract, (master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012), 81, https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.

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For repeat citations, use the standard shortened footnote format .

The Bibliography Entry

The bibliography entry for a thesis or dissertation will be similar to the first footnote citation. However, there are a few differences in the format:

• You will need to use a period between each element, not a comma.
• The first author’s name should be inverted (i.e., “Surname, First Name”)
• You do not need parentheses for the additional paper information (i.e., the paper type, institution, and year of completion).
• No page number is required.

So, bibliography entries for these sources should look like this:

Author Surname, Author First Name. “Title of paper.” Type of paper, academic institution, year of completion. URL/database ID.

Thus, you would present your bibliography entries as follows:

Persson, Tom. “Great Thoughts and Stuff.” Abstract. Master’s thesis, Educational Establishment of City Name Here, 2012. https://CityNameUniversity.edu/1901.11/39144.

Smith, John. “Useful Ideas for Research.” PhD diss., University of Learning, 2006.

The points above will help you cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago footnote referencing. Want further help checking your references and writing are error free? Our team of expert proofreaders is available 24/7.

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Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References

This page contains a reference example for an unpublished dissertation or thesis.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

• Parenthetical citation : (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation : Harris (2014)
• When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
• In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
• If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the published dissertation or thesis reference examples .

Unpublished dissertation or thesis references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.6 and the Concise Guide Section 10.5

How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian With Examples

• Icon Calendar 19 May 2024
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Dissertations refer to a document submitted by a student intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. In practice, a dissertation or thesis allows students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their specialization field. Then, students at different levels of higher learning education must complete their dissertations to meet the required academic criteria for graduating. Moreover, there are some specific rules on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in the Chicago/Turabian referencing style that writers should follow when developing citations for dissertations. In particular, credible bibliographic entries in this format should contain the author’s name, the title, type of a thesis, and other publication details. Besides, some dissertations may not contain the author’s name. In such cases, one should use the title when preparing the bibliographic entry of the source. Also, entries for thesis bibliographies published online should contain the URL link.

General Aspects of Citing a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian

A dissertation refers to a student’s document intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. Basically, thesis papers allow students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their field of specialization. In this case, learners have to advance the existing knowledge by carrying out informed research. Also, the most common types of dissertations include an undergraduate thesis, a Master’s thesis, and a doctoral dissertation. Hence, students at different levels of higher learning education must complete their dissertations to meet the required academic criteria for graduating.

Undegraduate Thesis

An undergraduate thesis refers to a culmination of college experiences. For example, students use the experience learned throughout undergraduate courses to focus on a single research problem. In this case, scholars must advance knowledge that can merge the knowledge gap identified. Moreover, an undergraduate thesis contains credible information that other scholars can reference in their academic papers by using the rules of citing a dissertation in Chicago/Turabian.

Master’s Thesis

A master’s thesis refers to a piece of original scholarship written under a faculty advisor’s close supervision. In practice, a master’s thesis resembles a doctoral dissertation. For example, the main difference between these types of papers includes length and focus. Basically, the Master’s thesis is shorter and has a narrow focus compared to the doctoral dissertation. Besides, a Master’s thesis allows learners to pursue further research in their field of specialization. In practice, other scholars can cite the information from the Master’s thesis due to its level of originality and credibility.

Doctoral Thesis

A doctoral thesis makes a new and creative contribution to the field of study. Basically, students pursuing a doctoral degree use the thesis to demonstrate their expertise in the area of study. In most cases, the doctoral dissertation contains an in-depth analysis of a specific research problem. Moreover, students present facts that can advance the existing knowledge in the study. In turn, other scholars cite the information contained in the doctoral dissertation by considering the referencing guidelines of the Chicago/Turabian format because it contains credible details relating to a specific topic.

Citing Rules for a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian

Chicago/Turabian citation style requires a student to acknowledge information obtained from credible sources. In particular, dissertations contain credible and accurate details that can support academic arguments. Then, all entries in the bibliography should include basic elements, like the author, title, and publication information. Moreover, one must follow the right punctuation when providing relevant details. Hence, the following are the guidelines on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that a scholar should follow when entering each element of the source.

Citing an Unpublished Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

1. name of the author.

The name of the author of a thesis is the first item in a bibliographic entry when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian. For instance, the author’s name should appear in an inverted form in the bibliography. In this case, one must place the last name first. Then, a comma should separate the first and the last name of the author. For example, if the author of the dissertation is John Smith, it should appear as “Smith, John” in the bibliographic entry. Basically, the first, middle, and second names of the author appear on the title page of the thesis. In turn, one should identify the actual name of the author to avoid possible cases of plagiarism.

Unknown Author

Some dissertations do not contain the name of the author. In this case, writers should consider using the title of the source if it contains credible information for the citation. Also, one should not use fake names to identify the author because it can lead to a case of plagiarism. Instead, the title of the source should help one to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian correctly.

2. Title of the Dissertation

The title of the dissertation represents the second item in a bibliographic entry. Basically, writers should identify the full title of the thesis when citing the required entry in Chicago/Turabian. Also, these details should appear in quotation marks. In turn, the title must appear in the title case where all the words should begin with a capital letter. Moreover, only the linking words should begin in small letters. Therefore, the title of the dissertation should appear inside quotation marks and in title case.

Punctuation Marks

The title of the dissertation should contain the right punctuation marks. For instance, one should place a period at the end of the thesis’s title. In most cases, writers place the period outside quotation marks. However, a credible bibliographic entry should contain the period inside punctuation marks. Hence, students must include the right punctuation marks when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian.

3. Publication Details

Publication details of a dissertation should follow the title and must appear inside rounded brackets. In particular, the most important bibliographic details include the source type identifier, place of publication, and year. Basically, these parts may vary depending on the type of thesis that a writer uses as the source of information. Hence, the following are the guidelines for citing publication details on a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian.

A) Source Type Identifier

The source type identifier is the first item in the bibliographic entry. Basically, the source identifier refers to the type of thesis that one uses as the source of evidence. In this case, one should identify if the source is a doctoral dissertation, a master’s thesis, or an undergraduate thesis. For doctoral papers, one should use the phrase “Ph.D. diss.” Also, the word “dissertation” should appear in the shortened form. However, students should use “Master’s Thesis” or “Bachelor’s Thesis” for the other two types of dissertations.

B) Place of Publication

Place of publication refers to the learning institution of authors of dissertations. For instance, one should identify the university where the author of the thesis presented the work for academic approval. In practice, one should include the full name of the institution.

C) Year of Publication

The year of publication should be the last detail of the publication. In particular, writers should identify the actual year when the author presented the dissertation for academic defense. As a thumb rule, one should use a thesis published not later than five years.

D) Punctuation Marks

Writers should use the correct punctuation marks to separate the bibliographic entry of the sources. In practice, one should use commas to separate bibliographic information from the source. As a result, a good bibliographic entry when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian should appear as (Source type identifier, place of publication, year). 

Citing a Published Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

The bibliographic entry of a published dissertation should contain the name of the author and the title. Basically, these details should follow the format used in unpublished journals. However, other details vary. In turn, the following are the guidelines that one should follow to complete specific parts of a journal article.

1. Details of Publication

The publication details of a bibliographic entry of a published source should not appear inside brackets. For example, the type of dissertation, place, and year of publication should not appear in rounded brackets like in the unpublished thesis. However, commas should separate these details.

2. Page Numbers

Dissertations published as research articles may have unique page numbers. Basically, one should include the range of pages that contain the relevant article. In this case, a hyphen should separate the first and last pages. Besides, one should not use “p.” or “pp.” when presenting actual pages of the thesis presented. In turn, the actual pagination of a published research thesis should appear as “15-50.” Then, a period should appear after the pagination.

3. Database Name and Accession Number

The writer should identify the name of the database and the accession number. In this case, the name of the database should follow the publication details of the thesis. Basically, this name refers to the actual journal that published the dissertation. In turn, the accession number of the published dissertation should appear inside the brackets. Moreover, a period should follow the bracket containing the accession number.

Citing a Dissertation Published Online in Chicago/Turabian

One may find different types of dissertations published online. For example, the bibliographic entry of a published dissertation should contain the name of the author and the title. Also, these details should follow the format used in unpublished journals. However, some bibliographic entries vary when compared to other dissertations. Hence, the following are the guidelines on how to cite a published dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that one should use to develop the bibliographic entry.

1. Publication Inforamtion

The publication details of a bibliographic entry of an online published source should not appear inside brackets. Basically, one should include the type of dissertation, place, and year of publication should appear and separate them using commas. In practice, these details should follow the title of the source.

Students should include the URL link that leads to the source. In this case, the URL should be accurate to avoid the vagueness of the bibliographic entry. For instance, the URL link should appear as “http://www.” Moreover, the URL link should be the last item in the bibliographic entry. Therefore, one should include the valid URL link that leads to the online published thesis.

Examples of Relevant Citations

1. scheme of the citation.

The following are examples of citing schemes for referencing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that one can use to write a bibliographic entry of unpublished, published, and online dissertations.

A) The bibliographic entry of an unpublished dissertation should follow the scheme:

Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” (Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year).

B) A published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should follow the scheme:

Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. Database name (accession number).

C) An online published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should follow the scheme:

Last, First M. “Title of the Dissertation or Thesis.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. http://www.url.com

2. Samples of Actual Citations

A) The actual citation of an unpublished dissertation should take the form:

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Representations in Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” (Ph.D. diss., Chicago/Turabian University, 2020).

B) The actual citation of a published dissertation should take the form:

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Representations in Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Ph.D. diss., Chicago/Turabian University, 2020. ProQuest (AAT 5612356).

C) The actual citation of an online published dissertation should take the form:

Lewis, Jennifer, “A Multi-Method Approach to Examining Emotion Regulation Profiles in Women with and without Borderline Personality Disorder,” 2020, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/25256.

Note: Not all of these examples of citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian are actual works written by scholars. In turn, such samples serve only for learning purposes.

Summing Up on How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian

Dissertations refer to a document submitted by a student intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. Basically, thesis papers allow students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their field of specialization. In this case, they contain credible information that other scholars can use for citations. Then, the most common types of dissertations include undergraduate and Master’s thesis papers and doctoral dissertations. Moreover, students at different levels of higher learning education must learn the main rules on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian format to avoid plagiarism cases. In turn, there are some specific rules that writers should follow when developing citations for dissertations. Hence, the following are some of the factors that one must consider:

• The bibliographic entry of unpublished dissertations should appear as “Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” (Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year).”
• A published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should appear as “Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. Database name (accession number).”
• An online published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should appear as “Last, First M. “Title of the Dissertation or Thesis.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. http://www.url.com”
• One should omit the author’s name in cases where it does not appear on the title page of the dissertation. In this case, the title of the dissertation should serve as identification details for the source.

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• How to cite a dissertation in APA Style

How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on December 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

The format for citing someone else’s dissertation or thesis in APA Style depends on whether the thesis is available from a database, published somewhere else (e.g. on a university archive or personal website), or unpublished (only available in print form directly from the author or university).

To cite a dissertation or thesis from a database, use the following format. In the square brackets, specify the type of dissertation or thesis and the university. As with other database sources, no URL or DOI is included.

Table of contents

Citing a dissertation published elsewhere, citing an unpublished dissertation in apa style.

To cite a dissertation or thesis published in a university archive (often in PDF form ) or on a personal website, the format differs in that no publication number is included, and you do list a URL.

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To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add “Unpublished” to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets.

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Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/dissertation/

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Center for Digital Scholarship

University-Wide Requirements for the Ph.D. Dissertation

Dissertations must comply with the specifications set by the Library, by the author's department, and by the University. Departments, divisions, and schools may have requirements in addition to those described in this booklet. Students are responsible for informing themselves of these additional requirements.

The Dissertation Office provides information on the University’s dissertation policies. We help doctoral students understand dissertation formatting and submission requirements, and we assist with the submission process. Students are welcome to contact us with questions.

Contact the Dissertation Office

Web: phd.lib.uchicago.edu Email: [email protected] Phone: 773-702-7404 Visit: Suite 104D, Center for Digital Scholarship, Regenstein Library

Routine Hours: Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Actual hours vary to accommodate meetings, workshops, and training. The office is often closed during the interim between quarters.

Dissertation Requirements

Doctoral dissertations are original contributions to scholarship. As a condition for receipt of the doctorate, all students are required to submit their dissertations to Knowledge@UChicago, the University’s open access repository. If a dissertation includes copyrighted material beyond fair use, the author must obtain permission from the holder of the copyright.

The public sharing of original dissertation research is a principle to which the University is deeply committed, and dissertations should be made available to the scholarly community at the University of Chicago and elsewhere in a timely manner. If dissertation authors are concerned that making their research publicly available might endanger research subjects or themselves, jeopardize a pending patent, complicate publication of a revised dissertation, or otherwise be unadvisable, they may, in consultation with faculty in their field (and as appropriate, research collaborators), restrict access to their dissertation for a limited period of time according to the guidelines outlined by the Dissertation Office. If a dissertation author needs to renew an embargo at the end of its term or initiate an embargo after graduation, the author must contact the Dissertation Office with the embargo request. Embargo renewals may be approved only in rare instances, and in general no more than one renewal will be allowed.

All dissertations must follow the formatting and submission requirements stated in the University-Wide Requirements for the Ph.D. Dissertation , available from the Dissertation Office on the first floor of the Joseph Regenstein Library in the Center for Digital Scholarship.

University-Wide Requirements

Academic Policies

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CWP: Craft of Prose: Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images

• Getting started
• News and Opinion Sites
• Academic Sources
• Grey Literature
• Substantive News Sources
• What to Do When You Are Stuck
• Understanding a citation
• Examples of Quotation
• Examples of Paraphrase
• Chicago Manual of Style: Citing Images
• Researching the Op-Ed
• Researching Prospective Employers
• Resume Resources
• Cover Letter Resources

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style citation style provides guidelines for "Author-Date" or in text citation as well as for using footnotes or endnotes along with the bibliography. Images can be cited using captions or in a bibliography. Check with your instructor for the correct format.

For information on specific guidelines for images visit the online site , and use the table of contents to find: 

Chapter 14: Notes and Bibliography Section: 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture Chapter Contents / Special Types of References / Artwork and Illustrations

The Manual states, "Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online, add a URL." 

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec235.html

Examples of Citing Images

Footnote/endnote (general) 18 Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night , 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Caption (general)*note: captions can be done as figure, fig., illustration, or ill. Fig. 1: Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, oil on canvas, 29 in. x 36 ¼ in., Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Bibliographic entry, online (websites or databases) Duveneck, Frank.Whistling Boy, 1872. Oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati. <http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>, accessed 12 Aug. 2007.

Footnote/endnote, online (websites or databases) 4 Henri Matisse, The Woman with the Hat , 1905, oil on canvas, 81.3 cm x 60.3 cm, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

Caption, online (websites or databases) Ill. 1: Frank Duveneck, Whistling Boy , 1872, oil on canvas, 28 in. x 21 ½ in. Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati,<http://cincinnatiartmuseum.stores.yahoo.net/frduwhboy.html>

Credit lines Images with copyright restrictions: Reproduced with permission from Jan Newstrom Thompson, Duveneck: Last Paintings Found (Santa Clara, CA: Triton Museum of Art, 1987), 55, © 1987 by Triton Museum of Art.

Images without copyright restrictions: Man and boy fishing in Ohio River, September 14, 1929. Courtesy of Rosemary Bart

Photograph courtesy of Cincinnati Art Museum

Unknown Artist, Title, or Date

When all or part of an image source is unknown or unknowable, use these points to guide your MLA image caption:

Unknown Artist, Author or Creator List that source by title in your works cited list. The title should be followed by the name of the source in the citation, and the remainder of the citation composed as appropriate for the source type. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, or the).

An image without a title if an image is not titled, create a brief, descriptive title for it. do not italicize this title or place it in quotes, and capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns., undated sources use "n.d." (for "no date") in the appropriate place in your citation. when this is used after a period in a citation, capitalize the "n" ("n.d.")., for more information ....

Boxes on this page were copied from the " Cite Images " page on the Penn Libraries guide for Finding images , developed by Patty Guardiola, Director of the Fisher Fine Arts Library. Please visit the full page for more information on working with images. 

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• Last Updated: Aug 26, 2024 1:21 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.upenn.edu/c.php?g=1419866

How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition): Citation Style Guide

Table of Contents

What is APA 7th Edition ?    

The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the latest edition of the APA Style Manual (i.e., APA 7 th edition ) in 2019. APA Style has its origins in 1929 , when a group of academics and professionals decided to develop a set of guidelines that would standardize scientific writing. The earliest form was a seven-page guide published in the Psychological Bulletin . The first formal edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952, with subsequent editions appearing in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and most recently, in 2019.  

Over the years, the APA style guide has evolved considerably to meet the changing needs of a wide range of disciplines, from social and behavioral sciences to health care, natural sciences, and humanities. APA Style is widely used by academic journals and books.  

As APA 7 th edition is the current and most updated version, students and researchers should familiarize themselves with the style guidelines, including the reference and citation styles.  

Who Should Use APA 7th Edition ?    

The aim of style guides such as the APA Style Guide is to simplify the work of editors and make it easier for readers to understand a text by ensuring a uniform format for a given publication. For example, the APA Style Guide will contain guidelines that lay down the APA reference format and APA style citation for authors to follow.  

The APA Style Guide can be a valuable reference when writing and formatting academic papers, irrespective of discipline. However, this style is primarily used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social sciences (e.g., sociology, psychology, anthropology), behavioral sciences, education, business, and nursing.  

If you are a student, you may consult with an instructor to check what style your discipline uses before using APA Style in your work. Most importantly, be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you plan to publish in to ensure APA 7 th edition is the correct style to use.   

APA In-text Citations    

Researchers rely on citations and references to give credit to original sources, support their arguments, and guide readers to additional information for further study. Let us now look at how to cite sources in APA format. The formatting requirements of APA 7th edition citation for referring to secondary sources in your text are as follows.  

The APA citation format includes the author’s last name and the year of publication. When referring to a particular part of a source, the page number may be included, e.g., “(Rawat et al., 2018, p. 115).”  

APA style citation in the text may be parenthetical or narrative.  

In parenthetical citation, the author’s name and the year of publication are placed in parentheses within the text. This style is used at the end of a sentence. See below for an example:  

• Gender, age, education, and income determine a person’s risk and adaptive capacities (Birkmann et al., 2022).  

In narrative citation, the author’s name appears as a part of the sentence, followed by the publication year in parentheses. See below for an example:  

• Birkman et al. (2022) note that gender, age, education, and income determine a person’s risk and adaptive capacities.

Table 1: How to cite sources in APA format when there are multiple authors and organizations as authors  

*First time with an abbreviation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016); all subsequent citations: (WHO, 2016)  

Table 2: How to cite sources in APA format when some information is missing  

  APA Reference Format    

After APA citations , let us now look at the APA reference format. As an academic, you might use a wide array of source types. According to the APA style guide , each type is formatted in a certain manner. The most commonly used sources are journal articles, books, and dissertations. However, you occasionally might need to cite webpages, podcasts, and news article. How would all these appear in an APA 7 reference page ? You will find your answers in Table 3!  

Table 3: How to format various sources in the APA reference list  

Formatting the APA Paper    

Papers formatted according to APA 7th edition typically contain the following elements:  

Title page with the title (bold, centered), running head and page number in the header, author names and affiliations, and author notes (ORCID ID, conflicts of interest, etc.); see below:  

Next comes the abstract . It should be double spaced and use consistent font. The keywords appear below the abstract, with an indent.  

For the main text, margins are 1 inch on all four side s. T he text is double spaced . T he font used should be consistent . H eadings are used to separate sections , and d etails on heading levels are as follows:  

Source: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings

Finally, the APA 7 reference page contains the references to all sources used in the paper. References are double-spaced and use hanging indents :  

Style guides in academic writing serve to standardize formatting, citations, and language use across scholarly works. They provide readers with cues they can use to follow the text more efficiently and to locate information of interest to them. In other words, it avoids distraction of unfamiliar or non-uniform formatting.  

In this piece about APA 7th edition , we have explained in detail the nuances of APA citations , including how to cite in APA format and how to format the APA 7 reference page . A brief primer on formatting a manuscript in line with APA 7th edition is also provided.  

Frequently Asked Questions    

• What are the major changes from APA 6th to APA 7th Edition ?  

The updates from APA 6th to APA 7th Edition reflect a commitment to improving clarity, inclusivity, and usability in scholarly writing. The salient differences from APA 6 th edition are as follows:  

• Title page format: The title page has been updated for professionals. The author note includes information such as ORCID IDs and conflict of interest disclosures.
• Running head: The running head format has been simplified for professional authors.
• Font flexibility : There is greater flexibility in font specifications to enhance accessibility.
• Bias-free language guidelines: The guidelines for bias-free language have been updated to promote inclusivity and respect when writing about various identities.  
• Reference formatting: In APA 7th edition , the number of authors included in a reference entry has changed to allow up to 20 authors before using an ellipsis. The presentation of DOIs and URLs has been standardized.  
• In-text citations: In-text citations for works with three or more authors have been simplified to include only the first author’s name followed by “et al.”
• Accessibility: APA 7th edition emphasizes accessibility for users with disabilities, ensuring that guidelines support various modalities, including screen readers.  
• How do I cite a journal article in APA 7th Edition ?  

According to APA 7 th edition , a reference would appear as below:  

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy .  

The in-text citation would include the author name(s) and year of publication, e.g., (Andriolatou, 2007).   

• How should multiple authors be cited in APA 7th Edition?  

APA 7 citation style would vary depending on the number of authors and whether you are citing the source parenthetically or narratively:  

Single author, parenthetical: (Bik, 2020)  

Single author, narrative: Bik (2020) reported that…  

Two authors, parenthetical: (Bik & Urs, 2019)  

Two authors, narrative: As demonstrated by Bik and Urs (2019), …  

Three or more authors, parenthetical: (Bik et al., 2023)  

Three or more authors, narrative: Bik et al. (2023) have published…  

• How do I format in-text citations for a direct quote?  

When someone else’s words are copied verbatim in your paper, it refers to a direct quote.   

For APA 7 citation of short direct quotes (<40 words), use quotation marks around the quote and cite the author, year, and page number:  

Another way to look at it is how people “get a broader range of experience than they would on a feature” (Catmull, 2014, p. 209).  

For APA 7 citation of longer quotes, or block quotes, the sentence preceding the quote ends in a colon and is followed by the quoted text. No quotation marks are used. The quote is indented and cited without a period at the end (see the figure below).   

Figure: How to cite block quotes in APA citations

To conclude  

Over the years, the APA style guide has evolved significantly. The current version, APA 7th edition , has expanded in both scope and size to accommodate the needs of wide-ranging fields and to address changing times. Despite these changes, the core intention—to provide clear, consistent guidelines for effective communication—remains at the heart of APA Style .   

For busy researchers, not only is it difficult to remember the different elements of citations and references and the subtle differences in formatting, but it also a tedious task to manually format in-text citations and reference lists and ensure consistency between them. In addition, you might need to format (and even re-format) your manuscript according to different journals, which might follow styles different from APA 7th edition (MLA, Chicago, AMA, etc.)! But there is no need to worry…help is at hand!

Citation generators are online tools that format references in different styles. There are a number of citation generators available, and Paperpal has launched its new citation generator , which stands out from the others in many ways. As a part of Paperpal’s writing workflow, you can easily find and cite sources accurately in a matter of seconds.

This free citation generator supports the updated recent versions of 10,000+ styles, including APA 7th edition . Therefore, it can serve as an APA 7th edition citation generator if you need one! What’s more, you don’t need to switch between multiple tools to search, save, or format your citations. You can rely Paperpal’s citation generation feature for help with citing sources accurately and consistently in your writing. Explore Paperpal for free now!  

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Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, or how the two systems are related, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

In the notes and bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

In the author-date system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided. Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share the same style for authors’ names, titles of works, and other cited components. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

For a more comprehensive overview of Chicago’s two systems of source citation, see chapter 13 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For many more examples organized by type of source, consult chapter 14 .