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Salt Analysis For Class XII - By Dr. Vikas Yadav

• Publisher: GuruCool Classes

• Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University

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Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical File PDF

Hello friends, if you are a student of class XII, then this post is very important for you because today we are going to share with you the important practical file of class 12th board Chemistry Salt Analysis Class 12 Practical File PDF Free with a download link.

The salt analysis is an important practical method, also known as systematic qualitative analysis or qualitative inorganic analysis. In this, the cation and anion of the inorganic salt are identified.

Suppose you have a sample salt, as we all know that any salt has two components anionic component and a cationic component such as (Nacl = Na+ and Cl-). The salt analysis is done to identify the anionic and cationic components.

H-Cl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl + H2O (Salt → Cation + Anion)

Cationic – Basic Radical (Na+)

Anionic – Acidic Radical (Cl-)

Qualitative analysis is carried out through the reactions which are easily perceptible to our senses such as sight and smell. Such reactions involve:

• Formation of a precipitate
• Change in colour
• Evolution of gas etc.

Systematic analysis of an inorganic salt involves the following steps:

• Preliminary examination of solid salt and its solution.
• Determination of anions by reactions carried out in solution (wet tests) and confirmatory tests.
• Determination of cations by reactions carried out in solution (wet tests) and confirmatory tests.

Step-by-Step Process for Salt Analysis

Step 1: Find the inorganic salt whose cation and anion you have to identify.

Step 2: Conduct preliminary tests of ions group-wise until you get a positive result. Anions and cations are classified into groups that share the same group of reagents, therefore, have the same initial test.

Step 3: As long as you have a positive result for the initial test for an anion, do a confirmatory test for that anion. (If you get a positive result, go to step 4. If not obtained, repeat the initial test for the anion.)

Step 4: Conduct preliminary tests for cations group-wise until you obtain a positive result.

Step 5: If you get a positive result, do a confirmatory test for cation.

Step 6: Now you have identified the cations and anions, balance the charges of the cation and the anion to get the chemical formula of the salt. For example, if your cation is Fe3+ and your anion is Cl-, the chemical formula for the salt would be FeCl3.

Salt Analysis Answer Format (Sample)

Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.

Apparatus Required:

(i) Preliminary Test for Anion:

(ii) Confirmatory Test for Anion:

(iii) Preliminary Test for Cation:

(iv) Preliminary Test for Cation:

Result: The acidic radical is (anion), and the basic radical is (cation). Therefore, the given salt is identified to be (salt).

Common Cations (Basic Radicals) for Salt Analysis

Common Anions (Acidic Radicals) for Salt Analysis

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CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals PDF Download

CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals Download here in pdf format. These Lab Manual may be freely downloadable and used as a reference book. Learning does not mean only gaining knowledge about facts and principles rather it is a path which is informed by scientific truths, verified experimentally. Keeping these facts in mind, CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals have been planned, evaluated under subject Improvement Activities. Check our CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals. We are grateful to the teachers for their constant support provided in the preparation of this CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual.

CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals

The laboratory is important for making the study complete, especially for a subject like Science and Maths. CBSE has included the practicals in secondary class intending to make students familiarised with the basic tools and techniques used in the labs. With the help of this, they can successfully perform the experiments listed in the CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual.

CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals Features:

• Basic Concept of Experiments
• Before performing the experiments the basic concept section of every experiment helps the students in know the aim of the experiment and to achieve the result with the minimum mistake
• Lab Experiments with Interactive session and NCERT Lab Manual Questions 
• Completely solved CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual Questions are provided.
• Practical Based Questions
• PBQs based on every experiment with their answers, covering Previous Years’ Questions, are provided experiments for complete coverage of concepts Web support

By performing the experiments, students will know the concept in a better way as they can now view the changes happening in front of their eyes. Their basics will become solid as they will learn by doing things. By doing this activity they will also get generated their interest in the subject. Students will develop questioning skills and start studying from a scientific perspective. Here we have given all the necessary details that a Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals student should know about CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual. From CBSE Science practical to Lab manual, project work, important questions and CBSE lab kit manual, all the information is given in the elaborated form further in this page for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals students.

Benefit of the CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual for Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals:

• Basic concepts of every experiment have been covered for better understanding. The matter is presented in the simple and lucid language under main-headings and sub-headings.
• Detailed observation tables and graphical design of experiments are provided wherever it is necessary.
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• CBSE Class 12 Lab Manual Questions with their answers
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• Group/Suggested Activities have also been given.
• Two Practice question Papers have also been included based on the latest guidelines issued by the CBSE.

The CBSE is a prestigious educational board in India that conducts the final examinations for the Chapter 12 2 Experiment 1 To Analyse the Given Salt for Acidic and Basic Radicals. The syllabus for the practical exam is designed by CBSE according to the CCE guidelines.

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• Salt Analysis

A Brief Introduction to Salt Analysis

The segregation of different anions and cations and identification of the same in inorganic salts is known as salt analysis. This process is known via different names like qualitative analysis of inorganic salts or systematic qualitative analysis. Inorganic salts are separated into different ions with the help of different sorts of experiments done under laboratory conditions and putting the compounds under different distinct tests which confirm whether certain ions are present or not in the solution. 

For both theory and practical examinations, class 12 chemistry practicals salt analysis is a very important topic. If you were plagued until today with questions like ‘how to do salt analysis experiment class 12’, keep reading this article to get all your answers. 

A Walkthrough for Analysing Salts

Procure a considerable amount of salt on which you want to conduct an experiment.

Try to find out which anion group is present inside the salt. For most of this experiment, finding a wider group of ions is easier because, for groups, there is a common reagent against which a positive test result is obtained.

Once you find the group, take each anion of that group and perform positivity tests. 

Do the same group-wise experiment for cations, as you did for anions.

Once you find the group, take each cation of that group and perform positivity tests.

When both the cation and anion are obtained and identified, construct the chemical formula keeping in mind the valences of each ion. For example, if the cation found is Fe 3+ and the anion found is Cl - , then the final inorganic salt result will be FeCl 3 . 

It is not mandatory that anions have to be found first. The order of finding each ion can also be swapped. 

Sample Answer Format

Below we provide a table that will help you conduct and write any practical experiment related to salt analysis class 12 with ease. 

Aim: To separate and identify the cation and anion present in the given inorganic salt.

Apparatus Needed: To be done by students. 

Procedure :

Anion Group Test – Preliminary

Final Anion Test – Confirmatory

Cation Group Test – Preliminary

Final Cation Test – Confirmatory

Shortcuts to Identify Ions

There are thousands of cations and anions which are there in nature and being discovered regularly. That is the reason it is impossible for students to test for each and every one of them. Also, owing to academic reasons, there are a certain set of popular ions which are asked to be experimented upon. We provide here a small checklist and a table that will help you identify cations much more easily than your peers. 

Make sure you correctly identify the colour of the cation. 

Most cations secrete a certain colour when mixed with other compounds. If a cation is coloured, you can skip the steps in between and go directly for the confirmatory test. 

Do not be confused if the salt is colourless. There are more colourless salts present than coloured salts. For colourless salts, the most fruitful test is the flame test, which proves the presence of three different cations. The most effective way to perform the flame test is to hold a pinch of the given salt and pour a minuscule amount of concentrated acid (say, hydrochloric acid) on it and then put it on a burner.

If even after this, there is no coloured cation seen to be present, move on to the preliminary test to identify the cation group, rather than single cations. 

Remember that there are certain cations that do not react with certain anions. For example, Sr 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ do not have any known inorganic salt with the sulphate ion (SO 4 2- ). Another such example is the phosphate ion (PO 4 3- ) which forms salts only with group 0, group 1 and group 2 ions.

There are certain salts that are commonly asked in class 12 examinations. For example, NH 4 Br and CaCl 2 are the two most popular salts that examiners ask students. Also, salts like calcium carbonate have a chalk-like appearance, which can be easily identified. Hence, even if it seems tough to identify salts, remembering these shortcuts can help save you a lot of time in the exam hall.

Identify the anion in the given inorganic salt – MnO 2 . 

O 2- (Answer)

A Guide to Common Cations to Help with Salt Analysis

Keep in mind that multiple cations of the same group will have to undergo the same preliminary test, but undergo distinct confirmatory tests.

A Guide to Common Anions in Salt Analysis

Preliminary Tests (Anions & Acid Radicals)

The salt analysis for anions involves carrying out preliminary tests and group-wise to find the salt’s anion. If the test yields positive results, a confirmatory test needs to be carried out in order to confirm if the anion is present or not in the salt.

Preliminary Tests (Group 1 Anions)

Procedure : Take a small amount of salt solution in a test tube and add some drops of sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) to it. If you observe no change, then you can carry out preliminary tests for Group 2 anions.

Preliminary Tests (Group 2 Anions)

Procedure : Take a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in a test tube and add tiny amounts of salt to it. If you notice no change, then you can carry out preliminary tests for Group 3 anions.

Preliminary Tests (Group 3 Anions)

Significantly, Group 3 anions do not have any prominent preliminary test. These are the phosphate and sulphate ion groups, and if no positive test results are obtained, you must directly carry out the confirmatory tests for these.

The salt analysis is a very integral part of the CBSE chemistry syllabus for class 12. To learn more about the preliminary tests for cations, basic radicals and inorganic salts, check out our range of engaging study material and content available on the site. Download our Vedantu app and register yourself for our free live demo classes.

Preliminary Test for Group 4 Cations

Experiment : To the original solution add the solid form of NH 4 Cl and then add NH 4 OH. Post adding the two compounds pass H 2 S gas through the solution. 

Preliminary Test for Group 5 Cations

Experiment : to the original solution add ammonia chloride, ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide. If there is a precipitate which is white in colour then there is a possibility that the cation is that of the group 5 cation. After it, add dilute acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) to dissolve to white precipitate completely. Now perform the below mentioned test in the same sequence as written below.

FAQs on Salt Analysis

1. Why do we Perform Salt Analysis?

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of salt often yields very vital information about it. The results of such tests may not be conclusive, but they still give us a very clear idea of the types of anions and cations that might be present in it.

2. What is the Basic Principle of Salt Analysis?

The fundamental principles governing salt analysis are ionic product and solubility product. For a precipitate to form in a reaction, the ionic product must always be greater than the solubility product.

3. What is the Procedure to Test for Chloride?

The procedure is taking a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in a test tube and adding tiny amounts of chloride salt to it.

The results include a pungent-smelling gas which is released. This gas is white in colour. This further increases in intensity when a glass rod, coated with ammonium hydroxide is brought close to the brim of the test tube.

4. What is the Preliminary Test for Group 3 Anions?

NCERT Study Material

Notes For Free

One Stop Repository

• Salt Analysis – A complete Index of all the various kind of salt analysis experiments
• Titration (Mohr’s Salt) – Discusses preparation of 250ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt and using that to calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
• Titration – Oxalic Acid – Discusses preparation of 100ml of M/40 solution of Oxalic Acid and using that to calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
• Carbohydrate Test – A test to determine the presence of carbohydrate in the given food sample.
• Chromatography – To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and blue ink by ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values.
• Preparing Colloidal Ferric Hydrochloride – To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide
• Preparing Colloidal Starch
• Oil Fat Test – Testing the presence of oil or fat in the given food sample.
• Preparing Mohr’s Salt Crystals (Volumetric Analysis)
• Preparing Potash Alum Crystal (Volumetric Analysis)
• Protein Test

Viva Questions

• Viva Voce – Questions on Titration Practicals
• Viva Voce – Questions on Salt Analysis Practicals
• Viva Voce – Questions on Chromatography
• Viva Voce – Questions on Preparation of Sols
• Viva Voce – Questions on Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate Test

You can also get Class XII Practicals on  Biology ,  Physics , and  Physical Education .

You can also get Class XI Practicals on  Biology , and Physics .

18 Replies to “Chemistry”

Practical 30se jyada hona record me jaruri h kya

30 practical kaun banwaata hai???

Nhi nhi aisa kuch nhi hai… mn ka veham hai sbb kuch yeh

Awesome site.. Really helpful.

N1 V1=N2 V2 N1X10=N2XEnd point-1 N2=N1X10 End point-1 N2=y(suppose)

samajhe me nhi aya kya hai

Thanks for everything sir actually we give these type of tests in front of external teachers so we become lil. Confused and may lac our confidence but now you had provided ques related it now we are able to do confidently.. regards samritika thakur

If you prepare the practical file of physics please send me pdf on my gmail [email protected]

Awesome site really helpful…👍🏻

pls send to me an experiment on preparing 250 ml of M/20 oxalic acid

Hi kriti mujhe lagta h mene aapko kahi dekha h

Nice post. ..visit for more articles related with CBSE

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NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry: Practicals & Projects

Ncert laboratory manual for cbse class 12 chemistry subject is available here for download in pdf format. here you will also get links to some other important articles for cbse 12th chemistry board exam preparation..

NCERT Chemistry lab manual for class 12 is available here for download in pdf format for free. It is published by NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) itself. It contains complete details about practical and projects. 

Download CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2020-21

As per the latest pattern, there will be a theory paper of 70 marks and a practical exam of 30 marks, at the end of the academic session. For complete detailed about weightage of topics and list of experiments, you can refer latest CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2020-21.

Links to download NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry: Practicals & Projects 

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-1 Introduction

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-2 Basic Laboratory Techniques

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-3 Purification and Criteria of Purity

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-4 Chemical Equilibrium (Ionic Equilibrium in Solution)

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-5 pH and pH Changes in Aqueous Solutions

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-6 Titrimetric Analysis

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Unit-7 Systematic Qualitative Analysis

- NCERT Laboratory Manual for CBSE Class 12: Details of Projects

Other Important Articles for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Exam Preparation: 

NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Chemistry: Download Now

NCERT Textbooks for Class 12 Chemistry: Download Now

Chapter-wise Notes for Class 12 Chemistry: Download Now

CBSE 12th Chemistry Board Exam 2020: Paper Analysis, Review, Feedback - Watch Video & Check Updates - Check Here

CBSE Syllabus 2020-21 for All Subjects of Class 12: Download PDF

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Salt Analysis: Process, Tests, Tricks & Shortcuts

Jasmine Grover

Senior Content Specialist

Salt analysis involves the identification of the anion and cation of an inorganic salt. It is also known as qualitative inorganic analysis or systematic qualitative analysis. The analysis of salt is done by conducting a series of tests and formulating observations to determine the absence or presence of specific cations and anions .

• Salt analysis is an important part of the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Examination.
• With the help of different experiments performed in a laboratory, inorganic salts are separated into different ions .
• After that, tests are performed to confirm whether certain ions are present or absent in the solution .

Download:  Chemistry Practical Class 12 Salt Analysis Notes and Cheatsheet

Key Terms:  Cation, Anion, Salt Analysis, Inorganic salt, Solution, Sulphuric Acid, Phosphate, Sulphate

What Is Salt Analysis?

[Click Here for Sample Questions]

Salt analysis, also known as qualitative inorganic analysis, is a process to identify the cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) present in an unknown salt. It is performed through a series of steps that involves

• Preliminary Tests
• Group-Wise Analysis
• Confirmatory Tests
• Identification

It helps ensure the purity and composition of salts used in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Studying the composition of salt in water or soil can reveal environmental pollution or contamination. Salt analysis is, therefore, a valuable tool providing important insights into the composition of compounds.

Process Of Salt Analysis

The steps involved in the process of the salt analysis experiment are mentioned below-

• Step 1 – Take a reasonable amount of inorganic salt to identify the anions and cations.
• Step 2 – Conduct preliminary tests to find out which anion group is present inside the salt. Anions and cations are classified as sharing the same group of reagents and that’s why they have similar preliminary tests.
• Step 3 – After finding the group, perform the confirmatory test for the anion.
• Step 4 – The same process should be followed for finding the cations group-wise.
• Step 5 – After finding the cations group, perform the confirmatory test for the cation.
• Step 6 – After identifying both anions and cations, get the chemical formula of salt by balancing the charges of cations and anions. 

For example, if the salt contains the sulfate (SO 4 2- ) anion and the calcium (Ca 2+ ) cation, the chemical formula for the salt will be CaSO 4 , commonly known as gypsum .

List of Cations For Salt Analysis

Multiple ions that belong to the same group usually have the same preliminary tests but their confirmatory tests are different. The list of cations for salt analysis is mentioned below-

List of Common Anions (Acidic Radicals) For Salt Analysis

The list of anions for salt analysis is mentioned below-

Preliminary Tests For Anions and Their Groups

The preliminary test for anions involves the identification of the anion of the salt group. When a positive preliminary test is conducted for an anion, a confirmatory test is a must to confirm the presence of anion in the salt.

Preliminary Test for Group 1 Anions

Experiment- Firstly, add a few drops of dilute H 2 SO 4 (i.e., sulfuric acid ) to a small quantity of salt in a clean and dried test tube. If this test doesn’t work or nothing happens then move on to the preliminary test for group 2 anions.

Preliminary Test for Group 2 Anions

Experiment- Take a small amount of salt in a test tube then add a few drops of concentrated H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) to it.

Preliminary Test for Group 3 Anions

The sulfate and phosphate ions of group 3 do not have any prominent preliminary test. If no positive test results are obtained for group 1 and 2 anions, you can directly carry out the confirmatory test for the phosphate and sulfate anions.

Confirmatory Tests For Anions 

Preparation of the water extract of salt can be done by dissolving a pinch of inorganic salt in some drops of water.

• Carbonate (CO 3 2- )
• Confirmation Test – Mix Magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) with water extract of the salt.
• Observation – A white precipitate will be formed.
• Sulfite (SO 3 2- )
• Confirmation Test – Combine aqueous barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) into some water extract.
• Observation – A white precipitate will be formed that disappears after the addition of hydrochloric acid.
• Sulfide (S 2 - )
• Combine sodium nitroprusside with water extract.
• Combine aqueous lead acetate with the water extract.
• The solution may turn purple or violet.
• The Black precipitate will be formed.
• Nitrite (NO 2 - )
• Confirmation Test - Boil diluted H 2 SO 4 with water extract. Then add solid potassium iodide and starch solution to the boiled mixture.
• Observation- A deep blue color will be developed.
• Chloride (Cl - )
• Confirmation test- Dissolve silver nitrate in the water extract.
• Observation- White precipitate will be formed that can be dissolved in ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH)
• Bromide (Br - )
• Confirmation Test - Combine silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) in the water extract.
• Observation - A yellow precipitate will be formed that can be dissolved in ammonium hydroxide.
• Iodide (I - )
• Confirmation Test - Combine silver nitrate to the water extract.
• Observation- Yellow precipitate will be formed that cannot be dissolved in NH 4 OH
• Nitrate (NO 3 - )
• Confirmation Test - Dissolve iron (II) sulfate solution (FeSO 4 ) into the water extract. Then add one drop of concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 ) in a test tube.
• Observation - A brown-colored ring is formed in the solution and also at a junction of acid.
• Acetate (CH 3 COO - )
• Confirmation Test - Combine some ethanol and concentrated H 2 SO 4 into the salt.
•  Observation- A fruity smell developed because of the formation of an ester .
• Oxalate (C 2 O 4 - )
• Confirmation Test - Dissolve acetic acid and calcium chloride into water extract and then boil the mixture.
• Observation- White precipitate will be formed that can be dissolved upon the addition of the dilute HNO 3 .4
• Sulphate (SO 4 2- )
• Confirmation Test - Mix aqueous barium chloride to the water extract.
• Observation - White precipitate will be formed that cannot be dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCI)
• Phosphate (PO 4 3- )
• Confirmation Test Boil dilutes nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and ammonium molybdate with water extract. 
• Observation- Yellow, crystalline precipitate will be formed.

Preliminary Tests For Cations 

A Preliminary test for cations is performed to check the different cations present in the inorganic salt. The process of these tests is similar to the test for anions. Some of the Cation groups like group 0 and group 6 do not have any preliminary test. So, the confirmatory tests for these cations can be directly conducted.

Note - One can prepare the original solution by mixing a small amount of inorganic salt with water and acid.

Preliminary Test for Group 1 Cations 

Experiment- Add some drops of dilute hydrochloric acid to the original solution.

Preliminary Test for Group 2 Cations

Experiment - Mix some drops of dilute HCI and hydrogen sulfate into the original solution.

Preliminary Test for Group 3 Cations

Experiment- There are two experiments included in group 3 for cations as mentioned below-

• Ferrous salts (Fe 2+ ) are green in color while ferric salt (Fe 3+ ) is brown in color.
• For aluminium (Al 3+ ion), when solid ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) and excess ammonium hydroxide are added to OS, a gelatinous white precipitate is obtained.

Preliminary Test for Group 4 Cations 

Experiment- Mix solid NH 4 CI with NH 4 OH to the original mixture and then pass H 2 S gas through it.

Preliminary Test for Group 5 Cations 

Experiment- In the original solution, add ammonium carbonate ((NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 ), ammonium chloride (NH 4 CI), and ammonium hydroxide. If a white precipitate is obtained, then the cation might be of group 5 cation. To dissolve the white precipitate, add dilute acetic acid (CH 3 COOH).

Confirmatory Tests For Cations

The tests performed to confirm the presence of certain cations are as follows – 

Salt Analysis Chemistry Practical – Tips and Tricks

Cations – 

Anions –  

Things To Remember

• The salt analysis involves the identification of different anions and cations of inorganic salt. 
• It is also known as qualitative analysis of inorganic salt or systematic qualitative analysis.
• When Magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) mixes with the water extract of the salt, it gives a white precipitate.
• When some drops of dilute HCl and hydrogen sulfate are poured into the original solution black precipitate is formed.
• When some drops of dilute hydrochloric acid are added to the original solution white precipitate is formed.
• Carbonate (CO 3 2- ) - Colorless and odourless gas that turns limewater milky.
• Sulfite (SO 3 2- ) - Colorless, pungent-smelling gas
• Sulfide (S 2 - ) - Colorless gas which smells like rotten eggs
• Nitrite (NO 2 - ) - Light brown gas having a pungent smell.
• Copper (CU 2 + ) - Formation of black precipitate
• Zinc (Zn 2 + ) - Formation of a greyish-white precipitate.
• Manganese (Mn 2 + ) - Formation of a skin-coloured precipitation
• Acetate (CH 3 COO - ) - Pungent fumes that smell like vinegar
• Nitrate (NO 3 - ) - Brown fumes with a pungent smell

Sample Questions

Ques: Which salts ionize when dissolved in water and why? (1 Mark)

Ans: The organic salts ionize when dissolved in water because water has a high dielectric constant and hence, the force of attraction holds ions in salt decrease.

Ques: Organic salts possess which type of bonding? (1 Mark)

Ans: The bond that exists in the organic salts is electrovalent.

Ques: What are the colours of nickel salts and manganese salt? (1 Mark)

Ans: The colour of the nickel salt is green or bluish salt and the colour of the manganese salt is Light pink or flesh colour.

Ques: What is meant by sublimation? (1 Mark)

Ans: When the solid directly turns into the gaseous form, the process is known as Sublimation. And on cooling the vapours directly from back to solid.

Ques: What is the need to perform the salt analysis? (2 Marks)

Ans: The main aim of performing salt analysis is to identify the basic and acidic radicals of the given inorganic salt. It gives a very clear idea about the present anions and cations.

Ques: Describe the basic principle of salt analysis. (2 Marks)

Ans: Fundamental principles that govern salt analysis are solubility and ionic products. The ionic product should always be greater than the solubility product for a precipitate to be formed in a reaction.

Ques: Describe the preliminary test for group 3 anion. (2 Marks)

Ans: There is no preliminary test for group 3 anion. These are the sulfate and phosphate ions groups. If no positive test results are obtained. A direct confirmatory test can be carried out.

Ques: How many electrons are involved in the following redox reaction? Cr 2 O 7 2- + Fe 2 + + C 2 O 4 2- → Cr 3 + + Fe 3 + + CO 2 (unbalanced) (2 Marks)

Ans:  Balanced Reaction:

Cr 2 O 7 2- + 2Fe 2 + + 2C 2 O 4 2- → 2Cr 3 + + 2Fe 3 + + 4CO 2

6 electrons are involved in this reaction.

Ques: What is the procedure for testing chloride? (3 Marks)

Ans: Take a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in a test tube and then a very small amount of chloride salt to it. After this, a pungent-smelling gas is formed and is white. When a glass rod that is coated with ammonium hydroxide is brought close to the brim of the test tube, its intensity increases.

Ques: Why does Copper become green when exposed to moist air for a long period?  (3 marks)

Ans: When exposed to air, Copper metal turns green in colour because of corrosion. The metal reacts with moisture and atmospheric gases to form a mixture of copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.

Ques: Explain the different stages of salt analysis. (3 marks)

Ans. The different stages of salt analysis are as follows – 

• Preliminary Tests: Simple tests like solubility and physical appearance provide initial clues about the salt's properties.
• Group-Wise Analysis: Specific tests for major groups of cations and anions help narrow down the possibilities.
• Confirmatory Tests: Specific tests for individual ions confirm their presence and eliminate ambiguity.
• Identification: Combining all findings, the specific cations and anions are identified, revealing the salt's chemical formula.

Ques: List some common confirmatory tests for cations. (3 marks)

Ans.  Examples include:

• Ammonium (NH 4+ ): Nessler's reagent produces a yellow or brown precipitate.
• Lead (Pb 2+ ): KI and K 2 CrO 4 each form yellow precipitates.
• Copper (Cu 2+ ): Excess NH 3 turns a black precipitate blue.
• Iron (Fe 3+ ): Concentrated HNO 3 forms a brown precipitate, followed by blue with K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (potassium ferrocyanide).

Ques: What are some tips for accurate salt analysis? (1 mark)

Ans.  Use a clean and organized workspace, prepare fresh solutions, use small drops of reagents, observe reactions, record observations systematically, and practice to hone your skills.

Ques: How can you differentiate between BaSO 4 and BaCO 3 precipitates? (1 mark)

Ans.  Add dilute HCl. BaSO 4 remains insoluble, while BaCO 3 dissolves with CO 2 gas evolution.

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CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

1. discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in: biological systems medicinal chemistry analytical chemistry extraction/ metallurgy of metals, 2. name the oxometal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group number., 3. indicate the steps in the preparation of:   k 2 cr 2 o 7 from chromite ore.   kmno 4 from pyrolusite ore., 4. write the nernst equation and emf of the following cells at 298 k :  (i) mg(s) | mg 2+ (0.001m) || cu 2+ (0.0001 m) | cu(s)  (ii) fe(s) | fe 2+ (0.001m) || h + (1m)|h 2 (g)(1bar) | pt(s)  (iii) sn(s) | sn 2+ (0.050 m) || h + (0.020 m) | h 2 (g) (1 bar) | pt(s)  (iv) pt(s) | br 2 (l) | br -  (0.010 m) || h + (0.030 m) | h 2 (g) (1 bar) | pt(s)., 5. depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction zn(s) + 2ag + (aq) → zn 2+ (aq) + 2ag(s) takes place. further show:   (i) which of the electrode is negatively charged   (ii) the carriers of the current in the cell.   (iii) individual reaction at each electrode., 6. the rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 x 10 -5 s -1 at 546 k. if the energy of activation is 179.9 kj/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor..

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