how to use transitions in essays

Some experts argue that focusing on individual actions to combat climate change takes the focus away from the collective action required to keep carbon levels from rising. Change will not be effected, say some others, unless individual actions raise the necessary awareness.

While a reader can see the connection between the sentences above, it’s not immediately clear that the second sentence is providing a counterargument to the first. In the example below, key “old information” is repeated in the second sentence to help readers quickly see the connection. This makes the sequence of ideas easier to follow.  

Sentence pair #2: Effective Transition

Some experts argue that focusing on individual actions to combat climate change takes the focus away from the collective action required to keep carbon levels from rising. Other experts argue that individual actions are key to raising the awareness necessary to effect change.

You can use this same technique to create clear transitions between paragraphs. Here’s an example:

Some experts argue that focusing on individual actions to combat climate change takes the focus away from the collective action required to keep carbon levels from rising. Other experts argue that individual actions are key to raising the awareness necessary to effect change. According to Annie Lowery, individual actions are important to making social change because when individuals take action, they can change values, which can lead to more people becoming invested in fighting climate change. She writes, “Researchers believe that these kinds of household-led trends can help avert climate catastrophe, even if government and corporate actions are far more important” (Lowery).

So, what’s an individual household supposed to do?

The repetition of the word “household” in the new paragraph helps readers see the connection between what has come before (a discussion of whether household actions matter) and what is about to come (a proposal for what types of actions households can take to combat climate change).

Sometimes, transitional words can help readers see how ideas are connected. But it’s not enough to just include a “therefore,” “moreover,” “also,” or “in addition.” You should choose these words carefully to show your readers what kind of connection you are making between your ideas.

To decide which transitional word to use, start by identifying the relationship between your ideas. For example, you might be

• making a comparison or showing a contrast Transitional words that compare and contrast include also, in the same way, similarly, in contrast, yet, on the one hand, on the other hand. But before you signal comparison, ask these questions: Do your readers need another example of the same thing? Is there a new nuance in this next point that distinguishes it from the previous example? For those relationships between ideas, you might try this type of transition: While x may appear the same, it actually raises a new question in a slightly different way. 
• expressing agreement or disagreement When you are making an argument, you need to signal to readers where you stand in relation to other scholars and critics. You may agree with another person’s claim, you may want to concede some part of the argument even if you don’t agree with everything, or you may disagree. Transitional words that signal agreement, concession, and disagreement include however, nevertheless, actually, still, despite, admittedly, still, on the contrary, nonetheless .
• showing cause and effect Transitional phrases that show cause and effect include therefore, hence, consequently, thus, so. Before you choose one of these words, make sure that what you are about to illustrate is really a causal link. Novice writers tend to add therefore and hence when they aren’t sure how to transition; you should reserve these words for when they accurately signal the progression of your ideas.
• explaining or elaborating Transitions can signal to readers that you are going to expand on a point that you have just made or explain something further. Transitional words that signal explanation or elaboration include in other words, for example, for instance, in particular, that is, to illustrate, moreover .
• drawing conclusions You can use transitions to signal to readers that you are moving from the body of your argument to your conclusions. Before you use transitional words to signal conclusions, consider whether you can write a stronger conclusion by creating a transition that shows the relationship between your ideas rather than by flagging the paragraph simply as a conclusion. Transitional words that signal a conclusion include in conclusion , as a result, ultimately, overall— but strong conclusions do not necessarily have to include those phrases.

If you’re not sure which transitional words to use—or whether to use one at all—see if you can explain the connection between your paragraphs or sentence either out loud or in the margins of your draft.

For example, if you write a paragraph in which you summarize physician Atul Gawande’s argument about the value of incremental care, and then you move on to a paragraph that challenges those ideas, you might write down something like this next to the first paragraph: “In this paragraph I summarize Gawande’s main claim.” Then, next to the second paragraph, you might write, “In this paragraph I present a challenge to Gawande’s main claim.” Now that you have identified the relationship between those two paragraphs, you can choose the most effective transition between them. Since the second paragraph in this example challenges the ideas in the first, you might begin with something like “but,” or “however,” to signal that shift for your readers.  

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• Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Published on May 29, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2023.

Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.

The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore , we attempted a second solution. However , this solution was also unsuccessful.

For clear writing, it’s essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.

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Table of contents

When and how to use transition words, types and examples of transition words, common mistakes with transition words, other interesting articles.

Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma ), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.

Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It’s important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.

Example text with and without transition words

The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it’s not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.

If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently , France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

Don’t overuse transition words

While transition words are essential to clear writing, it’s possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.

In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.

The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.

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There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential. Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.

• We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore , the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”

• We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also , and , or so

While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.

• Also , a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.

• A second round of testing was also carried out.
• Additionally , a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions . This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although” clause.

• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like “however.”

• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.
• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However , other researchers disagree.

And vs. as well as

Students often use the phrase “ as well as ” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different. Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as” introduces additional information that is less important.

• Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse .

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before “as well as” but not before “and.”

• Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
• Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse , as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.

Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y ,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”

• Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.
• Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or

The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

• Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.
• Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,” or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

• Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby , we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.

• Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such , we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

Using a paraphrasing tool for clear writing

With the use of certain tools, you can make your writing clear. One of these tools is a paraphrasing tool . One thing the tool does is help your sentences make more sense. It has different modes where it checks how your text can be improved. For example, automatically adding transition words where needed.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or writing rules make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Writing Transitions

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Good transitions can connect paragraphs and turn disconnected writing into a unified whole. Instead of treating paragraphs as separate ideas, transitions can help readers understand how paragraphs work together, reference one another, and build to a larger point. The key to producing good transitions is highlighting connections between corresponding paragraphs. By referencing in one paragraph the relevant material from previous paragraphs, writers can develop important points for their readers.

It is a good idea to continue one paragraph where another leaves off. (Instances where this is especially challenging may suggest that the paragraphs don't belong together at all.) Picking up key phrases from the previous paragraph and highlighting them in the next can create an obvious progression for readers. Many times, it only takes a few words to draw these connections. Instead of writing transitions that could connect any paragraph to any other paragraph, write a transition that could only connect one specific paragraph to another specific paragraph.

Writing Studio

Common transition words and phrases.

In an effort to make our handouts more accessible, we have begun converting our PDF handouts to web pages. Download this page as a PDF: Transitions Return to Writing Studio Handouts

Transitions clarify the logic of your argument by orienting your reader as you develop ideas between sentences and paragraphs. These tools should alert readers to shifts in your argument while and also maintain the smoothness and clarity of your prose. Below, you’ll find some of the most commonly used transition categories and examples of each. Depending on the example, these suggestions may be within sentences or at the beginning of sentences.

Transitions by Category

1. addition.

Use when presenting multiple ideas that flow in the same direction, under the same heading/ idea also, another, finally, first, first of all, for one thing, furthermore, in addition, last of all, likewise, moreover, next, and, second, the third reason

2. Sequence/ Order

Use to suggest a temporal relationship between ideas; places evidence in sequence first, second (etc.), next, last, finally, first of all, concurrently, immediately, prior to, then, at that time, at this point, previously, subsequently, and then, at this time, thereafter, previously, soon, before, after, followed by, after that, next, before, after, meanwhile, formerly, finally, during

3. Contrast

Use to demonstrate differences between ideas or change in argument direction but, however, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, yet, differ, difference, balanced against, differing from, variation, still, on the contrary, unlike, conversely, otherwise, on the other hand, however

4. Exception

Use to introduce an opposing idea however, whereas, on the other hand, while, instead, in spite of, yet, despite, still, nevertheless, even though, in contrast, but, but one could also say…

5. Comparison

Use to demonstrate similarities between ideas that may not be under the same subject heading or within the same paragraph like, likewise, just, in a different way / sense, whereas, like, equally, in like manner, by comparison, similar to, in the same way, alike, similarity, similarly, just as, as in a similar fashion, conversely

6. Illustration

Use to develop or clarify an idea, to introduce examples, or to show that the second idea is subordinate to the first for example, to illustrate, on this occasion, this can be seen, in this case, specifically, once, to illustrate, when/where, for instance, such as, to demonstrate, take the case of, in this case

7. Location

Use to show spatial relations next to, above, below, beneath, left, right, behind, in front, on top, within

8. Cause and Effect

Use to show that one idea causes, or results from, the idea that follows or precedes it because, therefore, so that, cause, reason, effect, thus, consequently, since, as a result, if…then, result in

9. Emphasis

Use to suggest that an idea is particularly important to your argument important to note, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, remember that, pay particular attention to, a central issue, the most substantial issue, the main value, a major event, the chief factor, a distinctive quality, especially valuable, the chief outcome, a vital force, especially relevant, most noteworthy, the principal item, above all, should be noted

10. Summary or Conclusion

Use to signal that what follows is summarizing or concluding the previous ideas; in humanities papers, use these phrases sparingly. to summarize, in short, in brief, in sum, in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, to conclude, finally

Some material adapted from Cal Poly Pomona College Reading Skills Program and “ Power Tools for Technical Communication .” 

Writing Effective Sentence Transitions (Advanced)

Transitions are the rhetorical tools that clarify the logic of your argument by orienting your reader as you develop ideas between sentences and paragraphs. The ability to integrate sentence transitions into your prose, rather than simply throwing in overt transition signals like “in addition,” indicates your mastery of the material. (Note: The visibility of transitions may vary by discipline; consult with your professor to get a better sense of discipline or assignment specific expectations.)

Transition Signals

Transition signals are words or phrases that indicate the logic connecting sets of information or ideas. Signals like therefore, on the other hand, for example, because, then, and afterwards can be good transition tools at the sentence and paragraph level. When using these signals, be conscious of the real meaning of these terms; they should reflect the actual relationship between ideas.

Review Words

Review words are transition tools that link groups of sentences or whole paragraphs. They condense preceding discussion into a brief word or phrase. For example: You’ve just completed a detailed discussion about the greenhouse effect. To transition to the next topic, you could use review words like “this heat-trapping process” to refer back to the green house effect discussion. The relative ability to determine a cogent set of review words might signal your own understanding of your work; think of review words as super-short summaries of key ideas.

Preview words

Preview words condense an upcoming discussion into a brief word or phrase. For example: You’ve just explained how heat is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. Transitioning to the theory that humans are adding to that effect, you could use preview words like “sources of additional CO2 in the atmosphere include” to point forward to that discussion.

Transition Sentences

The strongest and most sophisticated tools, transition sentences indicate the connection between the preceding and upcoming pieces of your argument. They often contain one or more of the above transition tools. For example: You’ve just discussed how much CO2 humans have added to the atmosphere. You need to transition to a discussion of the effects. A strong set of transition sentences between the two sections might sound like this:

“These large amounts of CO2 added to the atmosphere may lead to a number of disastrous consequences for residents of planet earth. The rise in global temperature that accompanies the extra CO2 can yield effects as varied as glacial melting and species extinction.”

In the first sentence, the review words are “These large amounts of CO2 added to the atmosphere”; the preview words are “number of disastrous consequences”; the transition signals are “may lead to.” The topic sentence of the next paragraph indicates the specific “disastrous consequences” you will discuss.

If you don’t see a way to write a logical, effective transition between sentences, ideas or paragraphs, this might indicate organizational problems in your essay; you might consider revising your work.

Some material adapted from Cal Poly Pomona College Reading Skills Program  and “ Power Tools for Technical Communication .”

Last revised: 07/2008 | Adapted for web delivery: 05/2021

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How to Use Transitions in an Essay – Tutorial with Examples

One of your main tasks in writing an essay is to help the reader make connections and understand your writing well. Transitions allow you to do that. They help ensure that the reading process flows smoothly. 

I’m Tutor Phil, and in this tutorial I’ll show you how to use transitions effectively in your essays and research papers.

Four Rules of Using Transitions in Academic Writing

Rule 1. structure your essay well.

If your essay has a clear structure, this will minimize the need for transitions. Remember – you shouldn’t really need a lot of transitional words and phrases in your essay. 

Use transitions in places where they are most likely to help the reader make the necessary connection and move along. And if your flow of ideas in the essay is clear, that alone is the single most important quality of your writing.

So, if you’re new to essay writing, I highly recommend my tutorial on essay writing for beginners .

Rule 2. Trust the reader

If you trust yourself to write a well-structured essay, then you should trust the reader to understand what you have written. 

Don’t use transitions to summarize what you just wrote.  

When you pause to remind the reader what you just stated – whether in a section or a paragraph – this makes them feel that you’re wasting their time. Nobody likes stuff repeated to them over and over.

Besides, this signals a lack of trust both in the writer and the reader. Instead, use transitions only to move the reader forward in your essay. I’ll show you exactly how.

Rule 3. Proceed from general to specific

Going from general to specific is a mode in which you should be writing your essay. And transitions should help you accomplish this.

Let’s leave it at that for now because the examples in this tutorial will illustrate this perfectly. But for now just keep in mind that transitions are a great way to help you move from general to specific in your essay. 

Rule 4. Use transitions on multiple levels

Transitions can be used to move into a section, a paragraph, or a sentence. When transitioning into a section or a paragraph, use the transition within the lead sentence. 

If you’re not familiar with lead sentences or need to brush them up, here is my short and sweet tutorial on lead sentences .

Transitions also come in handy when introducing or leading into a smaller bit of writing, such as a sentence or part of a paragraph. 

10 Categories of Transitions with Examples

1. transitions that indicate similarity.

These are transitions that allow you to introduce material that is similar to what came before. You can use these transitions to add material to your essay. 

These are such words and phrases as:

• By the same token

“Mozart and Haydn wrote music primarily for the emerging upper middle class. Similarly, Beethoven adhered to the musical tastes of this sliver of the society early in his career.”

2. Contrary Transitions 

These are important and powerful transitions that tell the reader that something opposite to what they just read is coming. These include such words and phrases as:

• Nevertheless
• Notwithstanding
• Despite (or “In spite of”)
• On the other hand

“Mozart and Haydn wrote music primarily for the upper middle class and nobility. Beethoven did the same because his sustenance depended on it. However, his creative spirit yearned to write highly evolved and complex music aimed at the connoisseur.”

Another Version (with a different transition)

“Mozart and Haydn wrote music primarily for the upper middle class and nobility. Conversely, Beethoven yearned to write highly evolved and complex music aimed at the connoisseur.”

The Counterargument

One of the ways transitions in this category can be used is to expand your essay while adding validity to your argument. 

Let’s say you’re making an argument that Beethoven was an amazingly innovative composer. And you have provided some evidence to support this claim. 

Here is how you can use a counterargument to add content and make your point even stronger. You can suggest that others may disagree with your point. But they miss the mark for one or more important reasons. 

For example:

“ Some contemporary critics of Beethoven argued that his music was needlessly complex and failed to please much of the public. However , they were quite shortsighted. Beethoven’s music continues to please audiences hundreds of years later while the names of his critics are lost in the shuffle of history.”

You can use the counterargument technique to add a couple of juicy paragraphs to your essay. Here’s a video I created which will show you how:

3. Transitions of Order and Sequence

These are very useful when enumerating or listing items. These are such words as:

A great place to use these transitions is in the thesis statement.

“Going to college presents great advantages. First, college graduates earn more than those without a degree. Second, higher education enriches a person’s inner world. Finally, college is a great way to start friendships that will last a lifetime.”

4. Time Transitions

These words and phrases specify or change the time in which the reader finds herself. Here are some of them:

• In the meantime
• Subsequently

“Two of the men were on the lookout. Meanwhile, the third and fourth were busy cleaning out the store.”

5. Place Transitions

These transitions indicate location or change of location:

• In front of 

“In front of the school stood a hot dog stand, students’ favorite food spot.”

6. Transitions into Examples/Specificity

These very important transitions indicate that a specific piece of information is about to support a more general statement that just came before. These are such words and phrases as:

• For example
• For instance
• To illustrate
• Specifically
• To be more specific

“Some kids love school. For example, my son is always excited to go to school because he loves to socialize and to learn.”

“Some subjects are crucial to students’ intellectual development. To be more specific, they cultivate such skills and abilities as critical thinking, decision making, and argumentation.”

7. Transitions of Emphasis or Focus

Use these transitions sparingly because they are often unnecessary. These are such words and phrases as:

• Importantly

“Indeed, Beethoven was an innovative composer.”

“Naturally, Beethoven’s patrons adored him.”

8. Transitions of Cause and Effect

These are very important transitions that I often call Power Words. ( Here is my article on Power Words where you can learn more about them .)

• Consequently

“Mozart wrote some of the most original music with catchy melodies. In effect, he quickly gained the favor of the Viennese.”

9. Transitions Indicating Additional Material 

Use these transitions when you want to add a new category or kind of material to support an argument. These words and phrases include:

• Furthermore
• In addition

“The nobles of Vienna adored Mozart for his musical genius and wit. Besides, he knew how to please them by writing music for soirees and social events that were all the rage at the time.”

10. Concluding Transitions

These transitions allow you to signal the coming of the final section, paragraph, or sentence. Definitely use them in the beginning of a conclusion paragraph. These are such words and phrases as:

• To conclude
• In conclusion
• In the final analysis

“In the final analysis, both Mozart and Beethoven enjoyed great success and formidable challenges as composers in their lifetimes.”

Hope this was helpful ( source ). Now go ahead and make these transitions a working part of your writing skills.

Tutor Phil is an e-learning professional who helps adult learners finish their degrees by teaching them academic writing skills.

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Understanding Transition Sentences (For Essays and Writing with Examples)

What are transition sentences? And how do they work? Is there a correct way to use them? And an incorrect way? Understanding transition sentences is critical when writing essays, articles, or any type of logical flow.

Learn what transitional sentences are in this short guide…

What are transition sentences?

When you write an article, essay (or anything), you’ll want to write it in a logical sequence. You start with an introduction, highlight your points, and then end with a conclusion. Throughout your writing, you would be using sentences to express your thought. To make your writing effective, you need to link the sentences together in a logical way .

This is where transition sentences can be helpful.

As the name suggests, a transition sentence links the thoughts you are expressing in your writing. They make use of words and phrases that act as a bridge between different parts of your writing.

Transition sentences allow your reader to move smoothly from one section to another. Without transition sentences, your reader might not be able to understand the link between different parts of your writing.

What makes a good transition sentence?

Look at this example:

The CEO was very clear that productivity and efficiency were the two key things he would focus on. However , the legacy systems followed by the company acted as a detriment. Tech modernization was the solution that would enhance productivity and efficiency.

Sentences one and three make sense by themselves. But it is important to establish a relationship between the two. This is what the second sentence does . It acts as a bridge (or transition) between the first and third sentences. By doing so, it helps the writer communicate their ideas more effectively.

A good transition sentence would bring clarity by linking ideas expressed in the sentences before and after it. Words and phrases like ‘however,’ ‘in contrast,’ ‘for instance,’ ‘in fact,’ and ‘therefore’ can get used to help make the transition.  

Many transition words are available to use. Choose the appropriate word for the situation.

For example, if you want to show the sequence between two sentences, you can use a word like ‘then’ or ‘after.’ If you want to emphasize a point through the transition, you can use ‘indeed,’ ‘especially,’ or ‘particularly.’

Transition words can be used at the start of the sentence ( e.g. , Surely , you are not going to go now!). It can also be used within the sentence (e.g., I rejected the job offer because the salary was lesser than my present pay ).

Here are a few tips that will help you use transition words correctly:

• When sentences within a paragraph sound abrupt or awkward, you need to use transition words to link them.
• Choose the correct transition word that is appropriate to the situation. A wrong selection can make your reader confused.
• When moving from one idea to another, use a transition word to let the reader know.
• Don’t make the mistake of overusing transition words. Too many transition words can end up making your writing look messy.

List of words for transition sentences

Some common words used in transition sentences are:

• Furthermore
• Nevertheless
• Specifically

List of phrases for transition sentences

Transition sentences would use both words and phrases as the bridge. A few phrases that are used include:

• In other words
• On the contrary
• As a result
• In the long run
• As you can see
• In the following
• In the previous
• Having established
• Most importantly
• For example/instance
• By the time

5 Examples of Transitions (Types of Transitions)

Conjunctive adverbs can be used to establish the logical link between ideas. They can be classified under five heads. It must be noted some words appear in multiple categories.

Of addition

• Additionally
• In addition
• In the same way

The following example will make this clear.

First , put a pan on the stove and heat it. Next , add oil to the pan.

In the above, first and next act as the transition and are adding on to what is being said previously.

Of contrast

These words establish a contrast or difference while making the transition.

• In contrast
• Even though
• At any rate
• In spite of that
• On the other hand

The island was not the paradise we were hoping for. On the contrary , it was dirty, noisy, and had unmanageable traffic.

The above example brings out a contrast between expectations and reality.

Of comparison

• By comparison
• In the same manner

Jonathan is crazy about chess. His daughter is similarly a big fan of the board game.

In this example, the word similarly shows a comparison between father and daughter. You may note the transition word need not be at the start of the sentence. It can be placed anywhere.

These transition words are indicative of a result. It shows the result of the previous sentence/idea.

• Consequently

Their star player was suffering from a hamstring injury and could not play. Hence , their team faced a humiliating defeat on match day.

The star player’s absence resulted in the team’s defeat. The transition word ‘Hence’ in the example is the bridge between the cause/event and the result.

Some transition words show relationships in time. They include:

• Simultaneously
• Subsequently

The speaker will be a bit late for the talk. Meanwhile , let’s ask the participants to share their views on the program .

As the speaker will be late, there is time left. So, the participants are asked to share their views and opinions. In this example, ‘Meanwhile’ is a transition word that shows relationship to time.

Subordinating conjunctions and transition sentences

You can use a subordinating conjunction in a sentence to join a dependent clause to an independent clause .

Example: When the postman came, my dog greeted him with a volley of barks.

In this example, the word ‘when’ is the subordinating conjunction that joins ‘the postman came’ and ‘my dog greeted him …’

The subordinating conjunction serves a special purpose here. It acts as a transition between two ideas. The use of the coordinating conjunction provides a logical flow.

Example: He is smarter than you are.

In this example, “than” is the subordinating conjunction that connects ‘He is smarter’ and ‘you are.’ It provides the bridge or transition between the two clauses .

Let’s look at another example to understand this. There are two clauses – ‘The spring arrives’ and ‘my hay fever gets aggravated. A subordinating conjunction can link the two. We can use ‘As’ here. So, the sentence would now read – ‘ As the spring arrives, my hay fever gets aggravated.’

Correlative conjunctions and transition sentences

The correlative conjunction shows a correlation between two words or phrases within a sentence. They play a key role in transition sentences. The use of a correlative conjunction ensures a smooth flow between two sentences or ideas.

Example: My boss totally ignored my work. Neither my hard work nor my punctuality impressed him. So, I decided to move on and look for a new job.

In the above example, sentences one and three are independent and convey the meaning clearly. However, the second sentence acts as a transition explaining why sentence one leads to sentence two.

In the second sentence, we see the use of neither … nor. This combination of words acts as correlative conjunctions in this example.

Some other words that work as correlative conjunctions are:

• Either … or
• Neither … nor
• Whether … or
• Not only … Also

Whether you want to have dinner or prefer to skip it is entirely left to you.

The above example uses Whether … or as correlative conjunctions in the sentence.

Examples of transition sentences

Examples of transition sentences:

Communicate similarities

To communicate similarities, you can use transitional words like:

Examples of sentences where the transition word communicates similarities:

• He decided to join the army just as his brother had done five years back.
• You can fly this plane the same way you flew the trainer jet; there is no real difference.
• All the employees in the Production department come from the neighboring town . Similarly , the store staff is also from that town.

Express emphasis

Words like ‘especially,’ ‘above all,’ ‘particularly’, ‘indeed,’ in fact,’ and ‘in particular’ can be used to express emphasis. When used in transition sentences, they emphasize the idea express previously.

• She was overweight. In fact , it won’t be wrong to say she was grossly obese.
• I liked the blue dress in particular .
• Indeed , it won’t be wrong to say that her arrogance led to the engagement’s breakup.
• There is a lot of focus on improving public services, especially education.

Cause and effect

Transition sentences can be very helpful in showing cause and effect or result. The following words can be used for this:

• Accordingly
• At that time
• They spent the entire semester binge-watching shows. Consequently , they failed to obtain pass marks on any of the papers.
• There are just ten items left in stock. Hence , it would be better if we suspend taking new orders at present.
• The tests revealed that his blood pressure and cholesterol levels were very high. As a result , the doctor decided that he had to increase the dosage of his medicines.

Position or place can be indicated through the use of transition words like:

• At the back

Here are some example sentences:

• Walk towards the bookshelf. Adjacent to the shelf is a table, that’s where you will find the money.
• The house was located a few yards from the river. Next to the house was the scary-looking tree.
• You will see the building with the red flag. The storeroom is at the back of this building.

Describe a sequence

Transition words are perfect to use while describing a sequence. The words that can be used are:

• Followed by
• First , write down all the numbers in the form of a list. Next , add all the numbers. Finally , write down the total.
• Initially , three employees were working on the project. Subsequently , the project grew the numbers rise to twenty.
• The private plane owned by the CEO was the first to land. This was followed by the helicopter containing the crew.

To show examples

Transition words can be used to show examples or illustrate a particular point. Some words to use are:

• For example
• For instance
• Illustrated by
• As an example
• In this case
• On this occasion
• To illustrate
• To demonstrate
• The speaker displayed the blueprint of the equipment on the screen. To illustrat e its working, he showed a video.
• There are seven tools you can use to solve this problem. As an example , I will talk about the fishbone diagram.
• Different essential oils can help you feel relaxed. For instance , using lavender oil makes you feel refreshed and rejuvenated.

How to use transition sentences between paragraphs

Transition sentences can get used within a paragraph. It also can get used between paragraphs.

This is important since the transition sentence provides a flow between paragraphs . It allows the readers to understand the relationship between the ideas expressed in those two different paragraphs.

When you start writing a paragraph , show a link to the previous paragraph in the first sentence. This establishes a bridge between both paragraphs.

Here’s an example:

There is no doubt that the effects of pollution by industries. This is why activists call for a ban on industries to stop pollution.

Despite the previous argument , we must also think about the economy. Banning industries will bring the economy to a standstill.

This example, ‘despite the previous argument’ is used to transition between the two paragraphs.

In contrast, the first part calls for a ban on industries, and the second discusses the economic effect. Using a transition allows for a smooth flow between the two.

Examples of transition sentences for essays

The use of transitions is very important in essays. An essay is written to convey an idea, opinion, or viewpoint. To ensure its effectiveness, transition sentences are needed at different parts of the essay. Transition sentences are needed between sentences, between sections, and at the conclusion of the essay.

A few examples of this:

• Having established that a large majority of students have internet access, we can conclude t hat e-learning is a distinct possibility.
• All the employees have a smartphone. In fact , most of them connect to the company’s Wi-Fi using their phone.

Examples of transition words for concluding sentences

Transition sentences are used throughout a write-up. It is imperative that the conclusion also has a transition. Your write-up needs to end with a summary of what you are trying to say. Or with a call-to-action. Using transition words in the conclusion can help you achieve this.

A few transition words you can consider using are:

• In conclusion
• As shown above
• On the whole
• Generally speaking
• To summarize
• To summarize , sustained use of this medicine offers significant benefits to patients.
• In summary, democracy has many limitations but no other acceptable alternative.
• Ultimately , it all boils down to the decision taken by the customer.
• In short , the best option available is to get funds from a new investor.

Sentence structure

More on sentence structure:

• Dangling modifier
• Transition sentences
• Active voice
• Passive voice
• Adverbial clause
• Parallelism
• Transition Sentences Tips and Examples for Clear Writing
• Transitional devices
• How to Use Transition Sentences for Smoother Writing
• Transition Words: Examples in Sentences, Paragraphs & Essays

Inside this article

Fact checked: Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. Learn more.

About the author

Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.

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Connecting Ideas Through Transitions

Writing that Establishes Relationships and Connections between Ideas

Introduction Common Kinds of Relationships Writers Establish between Ideas Cohesion Coherence Transition Words and Phrases

Introduction

According to poet and science writer Diane Ackerman, “one of the brain’s deepest needs [is] to fill the world with pathways and our lives with a design.” We naturally look for how things are related. In writing, this means that readers tend to assume that two side-by-side sentences or adjacent paragraphs relate to each other. If the pathways and design of your writing aren’t clear to readers, readers will either get confused or frustrated or try to mistakenly intuit their own connections. Both responses can be disastrous.

Good writing provides clear passages through all of your ideas so that readers don’t get lost or start to blaze their own conceptual trail. These connections between ideas occur at the sentence, paragraph, section, and (for longer works) even chapter level. As a writer, it is your responsibility to make sure that your readers follow this progression, that they understand how you arrive at your various ideas and how those ideas relate to each other. In this page, we explore how to make your connections between ideas understandable by using common relationship categories to compose sentences that are cohesive, paragraphs that are coherent, and transitions that clearly order and introduce ideas.

Common Kinds of Relationships Writers Establish between Ideas

Writers are always working to establish clear relationships between and within all of their ideas. Consider how Derek Thompson moves naturally between one concept to another in this short passage from his The Atlantic feature about the future of jobs entitled “A World Without Work”:

[1] One common objection to the idea that technology will permanently displace huge numbers of workers is that new gadgets, like self-checkout kiosks at drugstores, have failed to fully displace their human counterparts, like cashiers. [2] But employers typically take years to embrace new machines at the expense of workers. [3] The robotics revolution began in factories in the 1960s and ’70s, but manufacturing employment kept rising until 1980, and then collapsed during the subsequent recessions.

In the first sentence, Thompson begins with an idea that is familiar to readers at three different levels. The argument that machines haven’t replaced all retail employees and therefore won’t do so in the future is common to anyone who has thought much about workplace technology. This idea is also specifically familiar to the individuals who have been reading Thompson’s article. Finally, Thompson makes this idea even more familiar by connecting it to an example that his readers are familiar with: the effects of self-checkout kiosks. In his second sentence, Thompson uses the transition word “but” to establish a contrastive relationship; what he is about to say in some way opposes what he just said. He concludes this passage with a sentence providing chronologically organized evidence for the idea he raised through that contrast. In this example, he very quickly leads us from the 1960s to the late 20 th century and is able to cover a lot of ground clearly because he starts with happened earlier and concludes with what has happened more recently.

In just these three sentences, we can see Thompson establishing different kinds of relationships between concepts. He is:

• guiding us from familiar ideas into unfamiliar ones,
• comparing two unlike things,
• providing examples for his claims, and
• presenting information chronologically.

Familiarity, contrast, example, and chronology are four common ways that topics can be related, but there are several others. The following lists identifies key relationships that we tend to find naturally in the world around us when we ask questions like, “Why did that happen?” and, “How do these two things fit together?” If you can obviously situate any your ideas within these well-known structures, then readers will be able to more quickly understand the connections you are establishing between your ideas. In the list that follows we identify these common relationship categories, explain them, and provide examples of sentences that establish these kinds of relationships. (All off these sample sentences are about research in Lake Mendota—the body of water just north of the UW-Madison campus.)

Familiarity– Connecting what readers know to what they don’t known.

Learning often involves drawing from existing knowledge in order develop new knowledge. As a result, this is one of the most important relationships you can establish in your writing. Start with what your readers know (either because you can assume a common knowledge or because you’ve already told them about this earlier in your paper or even in the preceding sentence) in order to then take them to something they don’t know.

Example: When you dive into a lake for a quick swim, you’re actually entering a diverse limnology laboratory—the research field for the ecologists who study inland waters.

Causation– Connecting the instigator(s) to the consequence(s)

We are very familiar with thinking about ideas and processes in relationship to cause and effect. You can use the prevalence of this relationship to your advantage by relating your ideas to causation.

Example: In the mid-19 th century, the white sand beaches that used to line Lake Mendota were engulfed by the additional four feet of water that the Tenney Locks brought into the lake (Van Eyck).

Chronology– Connecting what issues in regard to when they occur.

This is particularly useful if you are describing a sequence of events or the steps of a process.

Example: In 1882, E.A. Birge was gathering data about the prevalence of blue-green algae in Lake Mendota (Van Eyck). By 1897, he was publishing about plankton (Birge). Even when he became president of UW-Madison several years later, his interest in freshwater lakes never waned (“Past presidents and chancellors”).

Combinations

Lists–connecting numerous elements..

You can think of this as a “this + this + this” model. You are saying that a collection of concepts or elements contribute equally or simultaneously to something. Within lists, it’s still important that you are being strategic about which elements you are identifying, describing, or analyzing first, second, and third.

Example: Across its studied history, Lake Mendota has been negatively affected by blue-green algae, Eurasian milfoil, spiny water fleas, and zebra mussels, among others (Van Enyck).

Part/Whole— Connecting numerous elements that make up something bigger.

This is a “this + this + this = that” model. You are showing how discrete elements form something else through their connections.

Example: Across generations, the damage Lake Mendota has sustained as a result of the unnaturally prolific prevalence of blue-green algae, Eurasian milfoil, spiny water fleas, and zebra mussels has irreparably altered these waters.

Contrast– Connecting two things by focusing on their differences.

This establishes a relationship of dis-similarity. It helps readers understand what something is by comparing it with something that it is not.

Example: But whereas boosting the population of walleye and northern perch in Lake Mendota effectively reduced the prevalence of Eurasian milfoil, scientists haven’t been able to develop a plan to respond to the damaging spiny water fleas (Van Eyck).

Example– Connecting a general idea to a particular instance of this idea.

Arguments are made more understandable and persuasive when you develop your overall claims in relationship to specific evidence that verifies or exemplifies those claims. Which examples will be the most persuasive (e.g., statistical data, historical precedent, anecdotes, etc.) will depend on the knowledge, interests, disposition, and expectations of your reader.

Example: “These new challenges demand new solutions, some behavioral (such as cleaning boats from lake to lake) and some research-driven (for example, identifying a natural predator for the invasive species)” (Van Eyck).

Importance– Connecting what is critical to what is more inconsequential.

This can also be thought of as connecting what is big to what is small. You may also choose to reverse these relationships by starting with what matters least or what is smallest and building to what is the most important or what is the most prominent. Just make sure that you are helping your reader understand which end of the spectrum you are starting with.

Example: Boaters were inconvenienced by the Eurasian milfoil clogging their propellers, but the plants’ real harm was dealt to the lake’s native flora and, consequently, its fish (Van Eyck).

Location– Connecting elements according to where they are placed in relationship to each other.

Even if you aren’t writing about geographical entities, you can still clarify how various ideas are positioned in relationship to each other.

Example: Whether or not the lake is pretty is peripheral to the issue of whether or not its natural ecosystems are in balance.

Similarity– Connecting two things by suggesting that they are in some way alike.

This highlights commonalities to show readers how elements or ideas are serving the same function.

Example: Just as invasive water flora (i.e., Eurasian milfoil) disrupted Lake Mendota’s ecosystem in the 1970s, in 2009 scientists discovered that the lake was being damaged by invasive water fauna (i.e., spiny water fleas) (Van Eyck).

While the examples provided above for each of these relationships is a sentence or short series of sentences where relationships are established through sequencing and transition words, you should also develop these kinds of common connections between ideas on a large scale through grammatical parallelism, paragraph placement, and your progression from one section to another.

Also, as can be seen in these examples, sometimes multiple different relationships are functioning simultaneously. For instance, consider again the example for the “Importance” item:

The ideas in this sentence work within the following relationship categories:

• Importance—Connecting what is more inconsequential (i.e., how boaters are bothered by Eurasian milfoil) to what is most critical (i.e., how the lake’s ecosystem is disrupted by Eurasian milfoil),
• Contrast—Connecting two things (i.e., boaters’ concerns and the lake’s wellbeing) by focusing on their differences,
• Causation—Connecting an instigator (i.e., Eurasian milfoil) to consequences (i.e., native plants’ destruction and, secondarily, the native animals’ destruction).

This collection of interwoven relational connections doesn’t mean that these ideas are jumbled; this is just an indication of how relationships can become interconnected.

Since clearly working within these relationship categories can be useful for organizing your key concepts as well as guiding readers through the structure of entire papers or particular paragraphs as well as sentences, different kinds of connections can be similarly layered across the whole structure of a paper. For example, if you are composing an argument about why it’s so hard for meteorologists to pin-point the severity and location of tornadoes, the overarching relationship of your ideas might be part/whole because you’re interested in how a range of factors contribute to a difficult prediction process. However, within your paragraphs, you might have to use chronological and causation relationships to describe the physical processes by which tornadoes are formed. And from sentence to sentence, you’ll need to make sure that you are starting with what’s familiar to your readers before moving into what’s new.

Joseph Williams and Joseph Bizup, in their handbook Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace , identify the process of moving from what is known to what is unknown as “cohesion.” “Sentences are cohesive ,” they write, “when the last few words of one sentence set up the information that appears in the first few words of the next” (67). They relate this careful sequencing to the issue of “flow”—readers find that ideas follow each other naturally when one sentence begins where the previous sentence left off.

Consider another annotated example passage from Derek Thompson’s economic analysis of the effects of automation and technology on jobs. This paragraph comes after one about how horses (once primary forces for industrial production) were made obsolete by transportation technology.

[1] Humans can do much more than trot, carry, and pull. [2] But the skills required in most offices hardly elicit our full range of intelligence. [3] Most jobs are still boring, repetitive, and easily learned. [4] The most-common occupations in the United States are retail salesperson, cashier, food and beverage server, and office clerk. [5] Together, these four jobs employ 15.4 million people—nearly 10 percent of the labor force, or more workers than there are in Texas and Massachusetts combined. [6] Each is highly susceptible to automation, according to the Oxford study.

Thompson’s most obvious application of Williams and Bizup’s concept of cohesion happens at the end sentence 4 and the beginning of sentence 5 where he first lists four professions (salesperson, cashier, server, and clerk) then begins the next sentence with, “these four jobs.”

But even on a conceptual level, Thompson is continuously moving from old information to new information. Consider this analysis of the conceptual shifts within each of these six sentences where Thompson’s ideas have been stripped down and his key concepts have been highlighted in different colors:

[1] Humans have more skills than horses. [2] Humans’ full range of skills aren’t always utilized by many office jobs . [3] Many jobs don’t push us to our full potential. [4] Here are the most common jobs . [5] These jobs employ many people. [6] These jobs could be eliminated through automation .

Thompson begins this paragraph by connecting a new idea (i.e., humans’ present occupational relationship to technology) to an old idea from the previous paragraph (i.e., horse’s past relationship to technology). After introducing the human subject, he then uses it to bring in his next topic: workplace skills. Then, through skills he brings in the issue of jobs, and jobs eventually lead him to the issue of automation. This sequence holds together like a line of conceptual dominoes.

Connecting new ideas to old is a practice that you should implement across sentences, paragraphs, and even whole sections of your writing. However, be careful. If this practice becomes heavy-handed or overdone, your writing can become patronizing to your readers. Make sure that you are clearly and comprehensively connecting ideas and not just sequencing subjects.

In Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace , Joseph Williams and Joseph Bizup also write about the importance of coherence. While “cohesion” and “coherence” sound similar, they are two different things. “Cohesion” is about ideas that connect to each other “the way two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle do,” whereas “coherence” “is when all the sentences in a piece of writing add up to a larger whole” (69). Sometimes this is also called “unity.” Coherence is achieved when the things you are writing about all clearly contribute to the same overarching topic. For example, let’s return to the domino example from above. The movement from humans to skills to jobs to automation works because Thompson’s larger article establishes a thematic connection between all of these topics: work changes in response to technological developments. Thompson is even able to start this paragraph with an otherwise unexpected reference to horses because in the previous paragraph he has shown his readers how horses also relate to this theme of work changing in response to technological development. Within your writing, it’s important to make sure that all of your smaller ideas are related to and pointed towards the same goal.

Williams and Bizup suggest one way of making sure that your writing is coherent or unified is to pay attention to what each of your sentences is about—its subject (the noun or pronoun that guides a sentence) and topic (the idea that is the focus of that sentence). In most sentences, your subject and topic should be the same thing. Also, most of the time your topic should be short and direct, and each paragraph should be primarily dedicated to one topic. As an example, consider again this paragraph from the Thompson article about human skills, jobs, and automation. The subjects/topics of each sentence have been highlighted.

1] Humans can do much more than trot, carry, and pull. [2] But the skills required in most offices hardly elicit our full range of intelligence. [3] Most jobs are still boring, repetitive, and easily learned. [4] The most-common occupations in the United States are retail salesperson, cashier, food and beverage server, and office clerk. [5] Together, these four jobs employ 15.4 million people—nearly 10 percent of the labor force, or more workers than there are in Texas and Massachusetts combined. [6] Each is highly susceptible to automation, according to the Oxford study.

Note that after setting up this paragraph in a way that connects back to the previous paragraph’s focus on horses, Thompson settles into the issue of jobs as his clear and primary focus. The final four sentences have some version of “jobs” as their subject and topic. This consistency allows him to develop coherent ideas about this one issue.

For more information about writing intentionally structured and unified paragraphs, check out our resource on paragraphing. Additionally, if you are trying to discern whether or not your paragraphs are functioning coherently across your entire paper, we recommend the practice of reverse outlining. You can find out more about this technique here.

Transition Words and Phrases

The best way to clearly communicate the logical pathways that connect your ideas is to make sure that you move smoothly from old information to new information (cohesion) and that your readers always understand how your primary topics contribute to the big picture of your overall argument (coherence). While we’ve considered ways that whole sentences and paragraphs can do this work, sometimes even individual words can help you establish clear, cohesive, and coherent relationships between your ideas. In writing these are often called “transition words.”

The following is a list of useful transition words and phrases. Following the list of common relationship categories provided above, these words are organized according to the kinds of relationships they frequently develop. Of course, establishing clear relationships between ideas requires much more than just dropping one of these into the start of a sentence, but used sparingly and carefully based on the logical associations they establish, these words can provide usefully obvious indications to your readers of the kind of connections you are trying to develop between your ideas.

Causation– Connecting instigator(s) to consequence(s).

accordingly as a result and so because

consequently for that reason hence on account of

since therefore thus

after afterwards always at length during earlier following immediately in the meantime

later never next now once simultaneously so far sometimes

soon subsequently then this time until now when whenever while

Combinations Lists– Connecting numerous events. Part/Whole– Connecting numerous elements that make up something bigger.

additionally again also and, or, not as a result besides even more

finally first, firstly further furthermore in addition in the first place in the second place

last, lastly moreover next second, secondly, etc. too

after all although and yet at the same time but

however in contrast nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding

on the contrary on the other hand otherwise though yet

as an illustration e.g., (from a Latin abbreviation for “for example”)

for example for instance specifically that is

to demonstrate to illustrate

chiefly critically

foundationally most importantly

of less importance primarily

above adjacent to below beyond

centrally here nearby neighboring on

opposite to peripherally there wherever

Similarity– Connecting to things by suggesting that they are in some way alike.

by the same token in like manner

in similar fashion here in the same way

likewise wherever

Other kinds of transitional words and phrases Clarification

i.e., (from a Latin abbreviation for “that is”) in other words

that is that is to say to clarify to explain

to put it another way to rephrase it

granted it is true

naturally of course

finally lastly

in conclusion in the end

to conclude

Intensification

in fact indeed no

of course surely to repeat

undoubtedly without doubt yes

for this purpose in order that

so that to that end

to this end

in brief in sum

in summary in short

to sum up to summarize

Works Cited

Ackerman, Diane. “I Sing the Body’s Pattern Recognition Machine.” The New York Times , 15 June 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/15/science/essay-i-sing-the-body-s-pattern-recognition-machine.html . Accessed 6 June 2018.

Birge, Edward Asahel. Plankton Studies on Lake Mendota . Harvard University Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoolog., 1897.

“Past presidents and chancellors.” Office of the Chancellor , University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016. https://chancellor.wisc.edu/past-presidents-and-chancellors/ . Accessed 16 June 2018.

Thompson, Derek. “A World Without Work.” The Atlantic , July/August 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/07/world-without-work/395294/. Accessed 14 June 2018.

Van Eyck, Masarah. “Lake Mendota: a scientific biography.” L&S News , College of Letters and Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, 29 Aug. 2016. http://ls.wisc.edu/news/lake-mendota-a-scientific-biography . Accessed 15 June 2018.

Williams, Joseph M. and Joseph Bizup. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace . 12 th ed., Pearson, 2017.

Improving Your Writing Style

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Clear, Concise Sentences

Use the active voice

Put the action in the verb

Tidy up wordy phrases

Reduce wordy verbs

Reduce prepositional phrases

Reduce expletive constructions

Avoid using vague nouns

Avoid unneccessarily inflated words

Avoid noun strings

Transitional Words and Phrases

Using Transitional Words and Phrases

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190 Good Transition Words for Essays

August 23, 2023

Essay writing consists of two primary procedures: coming up with the content we want to include and structuring that content. These procedures might take place in either order or they could occur simultaneously. When writing an essay it is important to think about the ways that content and structure complement one another. The best essays join these two elements in thoughtful ways. Transition words for essays (including for college essays) are some of our most primary tools when it comes to structuring a piece of writing.

When beginning an essay it is often recommended to begin with a messy first draft. The purpose of this draft is to get everything out on the page. You should put down as many ideas and trajectories as you can without worrying too much about phrasing or whether they will make it into the final draft. The key here is to be loose—to get ahead of our self-editors and expel everything we can from our minds.

List of Good Transition Words for Essays (Continued)

While this is a good strategy for beginning an essay it will likely leave you unsure how everything fits together. This is where transition words come in. As you will see in this list (which is necessarily incomplete) the range of transition words for essays is vast. Each transition word implies a different relation, often in subtle ways. After accumulating content, the next step is to figure out how the elements fit together towards an overall goal (this could be but is not necessarily an “argument”). Consulting this list of transition words for essays can provide a shortcut for determining how one piece might lead into another. Along with transition words, rhetorical devices and literary devices are other tools to consider during this stage of essay writing.

Transition Words for College Essays

While this list will be a useful tool for all types of essay writing it will be particularly helpful when it comes to finding the right transition words for college essays . The goal of a college essay is to give a strong overall sense of its author in the tight space of 650 words. As you might imagine, it’s not easy to encompass a life or convey a complex personality in such a space. When writing a college essay you are working with a huge amount of potential content. Students often want to squeeze in as much as they can. To this end, transition words for college essays are essential tools to have at our disposal.

Here is our list of transition words for college essays and other essays. It is organized by the different types of transition words/phrases and their functions. While this organization should be convenient, keep in mind that there’s plenty of overlap. Many of these words can function in multiple ways.

1) Additive Transitions

These words function in an additive manner, accumulating content to build upon what has already been stated. They can be used to construct an argument or establish a scene through the accumulation of details.

• Additionally
• In addition to
• Furthermore
• Not to mention
• In all honesty
• To tell the truth
• Not only…but also
• As a matter of fact
• To say nothing of
• What’s more
• Alternatively
• To go a step further

 2) Comparative Transitions (Similarity)

  These transition words draw a parallel or bring out a similarity between images or ideas. They can be used not only in a straightforward sense but also to establish relations of similarity between objects or ideas that might appear to be dissonant.

• In the same way
• In a similar vein
• Along the lines of
• In the key of

 3) Comparative Transitions (Difference)

  While also functioning comparatively, the following words demonstrate difference between ideas or images. These transition words are useful when it comes to establishing contrasting points of view, an important component of any argument.

• On the other hand
• On the contrary
• In contrast to
• In contradiction
• Nevertheless
• Nonetheless
• In any event
• In any case
• In either event

4) Sequential Transitions

  The following are particularly effective transition words for college essays. They will allow you to order ideas chronologically or in a sequence, providing a sense of continuity over time. This is particularly useful when an essay leans into something more creative or involves telling a story.

• Subsequently
• At the same time
• Concurrently
• In the beginning
• At the start
• At the outset
• Off the bat

5) Spatial Transitions

Rather than organizing ideas or images in regards to sequence, these transitions indicate spatial relationships. They are particularly useful when it comes to painting a scene and/or describing objects, but they can also be used metaphorically. Consider, for example, how you might use the transition, “standing in […’s] shadow.”

• Standing in […’s] shadow
• In front of
• In the middle
• In the center
• To the left
• To the right
• On the side
• Adjacent to
• Around the bend
• On the outskirts
• In the distance
• On the horizon
• In the foreground
• In the background
• Underground
• Through the grapevine

 6) Causal Transitions

These transition words for essays indicate cause and effect relationships between ideas. They will be particularly useful when you are structuring a logical argument, i.e. using logos as a mode of persuasion . Causal transitions are an important element of academic, legal and scientific writing.

• Accordingly
• Resultingly
• As a result
• Consequently
• In consequence
• As a consequence
• For this reason
• So much that
• Granting that
• That being the case
• Under those circumstances
• With this in mind
• For the purpose of
• For all intents and purposes
• In the event that
• In the event of
• In light of
• On the condition that
• To the extent that

7) Examples/Illustration/Supporting Transition

  These transition words for college essays can be used to introduce supporting evidence, emphasis, examples, and clarification. There is some overlap here with additive transitions and causal transitions. These transitions are also useful when it comes to building an argument. At the same time, they can signal a shift into a different linguistic register.

• For example
• For instance
• In other words
• As an illustration
• To illustrate
• To put it differently
• To put it another way
• That is to say
• As the evidence illustrates
• It’s important to realize
• It’s important to understand
• It must be remembered
• To demonstrate
• For clarity’s sake
• To emphasize
• To put it plainly
• To enumerate
• To speak metaphorically

8) Conclusory Transitions

These transition words for essays serve to bring an idea or story to a close. They offer a clear way of signaling the conclusion of a particular train of thought. They might be followed by a summary or a restatement of an essay’s argument. In this way they also provide emphasis, setting the reader up for what is about to come.

• In conclusion
• To summarize
• To put it succinctly
• To this end
• At the end of the day
• In the final analysis
• By and large
• On second thought
• On first glance
• That’s all to say
• On the whole
• All things considered
• Generally speaking

List of Good Transition Words for Essays (Final Thoughts)

Even when elements appear to be disparate on first glance, transition words are a great tool for giving your essay a smooth flow. They can also create surprising juxtapositions, relationships, and equivalences. The way a reader will understand a transition word depends on the context in which they encounter it.

Individual words and phrases can be used in a wide variety of ways, ranging from the literal to the figurative to the colloquial or idiomatic. “Through the grapevine” is an example of the colloquial or idiomatic. When we encounter this phrase we don’t interpret it literally (as hearing something “through” a grapevine) but rather as hearing news secondhand. There are, of course, a vast number of idioms that are not included in this list but can also function as transitional phrases.

This list of transition words for college essays (and really any form of writing you might be working on) is a resource that you can return to again and again in your life as a writer. Over years of writing we tend to fall into patterns when it comes to the transition words we use. Mixing things up can be exciting both as a writer and for your readers. Even if you don’t choose to stray from your trusted transitions, considering the alternatives (and why they don’t work for you) can offer a deeper understanding of what you are trying to say.

List of Good Transition Words for Essays (An Exercise)

As an exercise in self-understanding, you may want to try highlighting all of the transition words in a piece of your own writing. You can then compare this to the transition words in a piece of writing that you admire. Are they using similar transitions or others? Are they using them more or less often? What do you like or dislike about them? We all use transition words differently, creating different tonal effects. Keeping an eye out for them, not only as a writer but also as a reader, will help you develop your own aesthetic.

• College Essay

Emmett Lewis

Emmett holds a BA in Philosophy from Vassar College and is currently completing an MFA in Writing at Columbia University. Previously, he served as a writing instructor within the Columbia Artists/Teachers community as well as a Creative Writing Teaching Fellow at Columbia, where he taught poetry workshops. In addition, Emmett is a member of the Poetry Board at the Columbia Journal , and his work has been published in HAD , Otoliths , and Some Kind of Opening , among others.

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Transition Sentences: How to Use Them with Great Examples

What are transition sentences? Writing is a very beautiful thing; it not only allows us to communicate with others but to also express our ideas. Despite its beauty, it can become a challenge. Especially with how to correctly transition from one idea to the next, without losing sense in what we are trying to express. This can become even more challenging when we are writing to someone else, as we want to avoid any possible misunderstandings and make sure our writing is clear and easy to read so it can be enjoyable to the reader.

If you’re currently stuck on transitioning your writing or just simply want to expand on your writing skills , then keep on reading because I’m going to share with you everything you need to know about transitions in writing!

Transition Sentences

What are transition sentences.

A transition is simply a word, phrase , or sentence, that helps the reader identify a clear and well-structured connection between ideas. Using transitions throughout your writing is especially important when it comes to writing for professional and academic purposes , as your main goal when writing is to share information or ideas with clarity. By using transitions, you are achieving this goal by showing a connection between sentences, paragraphs, as well as new sections in your writing.

Why Use Transition Sentences?

Transition sentences don’t just provide your writing with some clarity and structure, but using them also provide organisation. When reading your writing, your audience will be able to consume your information and ideas in a better way as there is a clear flow of ideas or information. Making your writing eye-catching and pleasing to the eye. As you are including directions in your writing for the reader, to guide them on how to piece together the information and ideas you are sharing with them.

If your reader didn’t enjoy the flow of your writing, felt lost while reading, failed to understand how an idea relates the previous one or found your writing to be choppy , abrupt or jumpy. Chances are, you need to work on your transitions. This is often due to the fact that when we write, we often tend to just pour out all of our ideas into our writing and let our mind guide us. Although this is very common, it can cause your writing to look messy and unclear to read. Using transition sentences will simply prevent this.

If you know you struggle with the things we’ve just mentioned above, practise using transition sentences by first writing your ideas, organising them, and finally adding transitions throughout. In order, to achieve a clear and well-structured piece of writing. With time, adding transitions will become easier and feel effortless.

If you’re unsure with what types of transitions is suitable for your writing, down worry because we are now going to discuss the types of transition sentences, as well as, what types of transitions suit certain situations better. With examples!

Transition Sentences Examples

Transitioning between paragraphs.

When transitioning between paragraphs, it’s important to begin by making two things very clear. These are: what information this paragraph holds and how, if so, it relates to the previous one. You may want to start with: “ furthermore” , “ however”, or “ having   established” . The best place to include a transition between paragraphs is right at the start, so the reader knows exactly what they’re reading and how it relates to the writing beforehand without having to guess or only find out halfway. Risking to cause your audience to lose interest or an understanding of your writing.

Here is an example of how you should transition between paragraphs:

“Transitions in writing are seen as very important because…

However , what many people fail to understand is…”

Transitions within a Paragraph

What many writers overlook, is the importance of using effective transitions within a paragraph. It’s equally as important to use transitions within a paragraph as it allows the reader to understand the order of information being told to them, avoiding any misunderstandings and messiness. This is much like using transitions between paragraphs, but instead, you use transitions between sentences within a paragraph to add more information. You may want to use transitions, such as: but ,  and ,  as well as , or  yet . Whenever you are adding a new piece of information.

Here is an example of how you should transition within a paragraph:

“Writing may seem difficult to many.  But  that doesn’t mean you can’t learn…”

Transitioning to a New Section

When it comes to transitioning to a new paragraph, you may end up writing an entire sentence to summarise the previous paragraph. When it comes to transitioning to a new sentence, you may just simply write a word to a simple phrase. However, when it comes to transitioning to a new section, you’ll probably end up writing an entire paragraph to summarise your previous section. This is to help the reader understand how this new section relates the previous one and to also remind them of any information they may have forgotten or missed.

Here is an example of how you should transition to a new section:

“… results show that this article provides effective knowledge about transitions.

In summary  of the previous section, it has been proven that…”

Other Types of Transitions with Examples

You’ll find that certain types of transition words and phrases suit better situations better than others, this is something to be very careful with. As you want to make sure you are letting your audience know, exactly what kind of relationship lies between ideas. Here are some examples:

• The best transitions for concluding or summarising:

finally, briefly, in conclusion , on the whole, to conclude, to summarise, to sum up, in summary

• The best transitions for similar ideas:

also, as well as, and, just as, too, likewise, similarly, in addition , moreover, furthermore

• The best transitions for contradicting ideas:

but , however , on the other hand , nevertheless, nonetheless, in contrast, on the contrary, yet

• The best transitions for examples:

for example , for instance, to illustrate, specifically, in other words, to emphasise, for this reason

• The best transitions for additional information:

additionally , again, also, and, as well as, in addition, then, besides, equally important, furthermore

Transition Sentences | Infographic

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Top 100 Transition Words for Smooth Writing

Transition words serve as essential tools in writing. These words enhance the readability and flow of content. Transition words guide readers through sentences and paragraphs, creating a coherent message. Studies have shown that these words improve audience engagement by clarifying relationships between ideas. Writers can use transition words to connect thoughts logically, making the content easier to understand.

Understanding Transition Words

What are Transition Words?

Definition and purpose.

Transition words serve as connectors between ideas in writing. These words link sentences and paragraphs, ensuring a smooth flow of information. Writers use transition words to guide readers through the text, making the content coherent. The primary purpose of transition words involves clarifying relationships between different thoughts. This clarity enhances the overall readability of the content.

How They Improve Writing Flow

Transition words improve the flow of writing by creating logical connections. These words help readers understand the sequence and relationship of ideas. For instance, words like "furthermore" and "moreover" add additional information. Words such as "however" and "nevertheless" introduce contrasting ideas. Effective use of transition words ensures that the writing remains engaging and easy to follow.

Types of Transition Words

Additive transitions.

Additive transitions introduce additional information or ideas. Common examples include "and," "also," and "in addition." These words help to expand on a point without disrupting the flow. Writers often use additive transitions to build upon previous statements, providing more depth and detail.

Adversative Transitions

Adversative transitions highlight contrasts or opposing ideas. Examples include "but," "however," and "on the other hand." These words signal a shift in perspective or introduce a counterargument. Using adversative transitions effectively can strengthen an argument by acknowledging different viewpoints.

Causal Transitions

Causal transitions indicate cause-and-effect relationships. Words like "because," "therefore," and "consequently" fall into this category. These transitions help to explain why something happens or the result of a particular action. Causal transitions provide clarity and logical progression in writing.

Sequential Transitions

Sequential transitions denote the order of events or steps in a process. Examples include "first," "next," and "finally." These words guide readers through a sequence, ensuring that the information follows a logical order. Sequential transitions are particularly useful in instructional or procedural writing.

Top 100 Transition Words

Examples and usage.

Additive transitions introduce supplementary information. These words enhance the depth of content without disrupting the flow. Common examples include "furthermore," "moreover," and "in addition." Writers use these words to expand on a point or add new ideas.

Furthermore : This word adds more information to the previous statement. For example, "The project was completed on time. Furthermore, it exceeded all expectations."

Moreover : This word introduces an additional point that supports the previous one. For instance, "The new policy will save costs. Moreover, it will improve efficiency."

In addition : This phrase adds another piece of information. For example, "The team won the championship. In addition, they set a new record."

Adversative transitions highlight contrasts or opposing ideas. These words signal a shift in perspective or introduce a counterargument. Common examples include "however," "nevertheless," and "on the other hand."

However : This word introduces a contrast to the previous statement. For example, "The proposal has many benefits. However, it also has some drawbacks."

Nevertheless : This word presents a contrasting idea while acknowledging the previous one. For instance, "The task was challenging. Nevertheless, the team completed it successfully."

On the other hand : This phrase introduces an alternative viewpoint. For example, "The plan seems effective. On the other hand, it may require more resources."

Causal transitions indicate cause-and-effect relationships. These words help explain why something happens or the result of a particular action. Common examples include "because," "therefore," and "consequently."

Because : This word explains the reason for an action or situation. For example, "The meeting was postponed because the main speaker was unavailable."

Therefore : This word introduces a logical conclusion based on the previous information. For instance, "The data shows a significant increase in sales. Therefore, the marketing strategy was successful."

Consequently : This word indicates the result of a specific action. For example, "The company invested in new technology. Consequently, productivity improved."

Sequential transitions help organize writing by indicating the order of events or steps. These words guide readers through a logical sequence, ensuring clarity and coherence. Common examples include "first," "next," and "finally."

First : This word introduces the initial step or point in a sequence. For example, "First, gather all necessary materials for the project."

Next : This word indicates the following step or point. For instance, "Next, mix the ingredients thoroughly to ensure a smooth consistency."

Finally : This word signals the last step or point in a sequence. For example, "Finally, bake the mixture at 350 degrees for 30 minutes."

Sequential transitions play a crucial role in instructional or procedural writing. These words ensure that readers can follow the steps easily. Effective use of sequential transitions enhances the readability and flow of content.

Researchers often emphasize the importance of transition words in academic writing. These words facilitate easy understanding and enhance the flow of research papers. However, incorrect use of transition words can disrupt the tone and impact of the writing.

Practical Usage of Transition Words

How to Incorporate Transition Words in Writing

Tips for effective use.

Transition words enhance the readability and flow of writing. Writers should use these words strategically to guide readers through the text. Here are some tips for effective use:

Identify the Relationship : Determine the relationship between ideas. Choose transition words that best convey this relationship.

Vary Usage : Avoid repetitive use of the same transition words. Use a variety of words to maintain reader interest.

Maintain Consistency : Ensure that the chosen transition words align with the tone and style of the writing.

Avoid Overuse : Use transition words sparingly. Overuse can make the writing seem forced or cluttered.

Examples in Sentences

Examples help illustrate the effective use of transition words:

Addition : "The project was successful. Furthermore, it received positive feedback."

Contrast : "The plan has potential. However, it requires more resources."

Cause and Effect : "Sales increased significantly. Therefore, the marketing strategy proved effective."

Sequence : "First, gather all materials. Next, follow the instructions carefully."

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Overuse of transition words.

Overuse of transition words can disrupt the flow of writing. Writers should aim for balance. Here are some common pitfalls:

Redundancy : Using multiple transition words that convey the same idea can confuse readers. For example, "Furthermore, additionally, and moreover" in one sentence.

Unnecessary Transitions : Inserting transition words where they are not needed can make writing cumbersome. For instance, "The team won the game. However, they celebrated afterward."

Incorrect Placement

Incorrect placement of transition words can lead to confusion. Writers should place these words at the beginning or middle of sentences for clarity. Here are some guidelines:

Beginning of Sentences : Place transition words at the start to introduce new ideas. For example, "However, the results were inconclusive."

Middle of Sentences : Use transition words within sentences to connect related ideas. For instance, "The policy aims to reduce costs; moreover, it seeks to improve efficiency."

Tips for Effective Application

Enhancing writing flow, balancing transition words.

Effective writing requires a balance of transition words. Writers should avoid overloading sentences with these connectors. Excessive use can make the text seem forced. A balanced approach ensures smooth and natural flow. Transition words should enhance clarity without overwhelming the reader.

Writers should assess the necessity of each transition word. Each word should serve a clear purpose. Unnecessary transitions can clutter the writing. Thoughtful placement improves readability and engagement.

Varying Transition Words

Variety in transition words keeps writing engaging. Repetitive use of the same words can bore the reader. Different words can convey similar relationships. For example, "furthermore" and "moreover" both add information. Alternating between them maintains interest.

A diverse vocabulary enhances the writing's dynamic quality. Writers should explore synonyms for common transition words. This practice enriches the text and prevents monotony. Variety also demonstrates the writer's command of language.

Editing and Revising

Identifying overuse.

Overuse of transition words can disrupt the writing's flow. Writers should review their work to identify excessive usage. Highlighting transition words during editing can help. This visual aid makes it easier to spot redundancy.

Writers should aim for concise and clear sentences. Removing unnecessary transition words can streamline the text. Each word should contribute to the overall coherence. Overuse can dilute the impact of important points.

Improving Clarity

Transition words should enhance clarity. Incorrect placement can confuse readers. Writers should ensure that transitions align with the intended meaning. Proper placement guides the reader through the text seamlessly.

Transition words should fit naturally within sentences. Forced usage can break the flow. Writers should read their work aloud to check for smooth transitions. This practice helps identify awkward or misplaced words. Clear and precise transitions improve the overall quality of writing.

Transition words play a vital role in enhancing the clarity and flow of writing. These connectors guide readers through ideas , ensuring a coherent message . Practicing the use of transition words can significantly improve writing skills. Applying the tips provided will help achieve smooth and engaging content. Writers should strive for balance and variety in their usage. Transition words, when used effectively, elevate the quality of writing. Mastery of these words leads to more professional and polished work.

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CSS view transitions

The CSS view transitions module defines the behavior of the View Transition API , which allows developers to create animated transitions between different states within a document and across documents. This module also defines the CSS properties and pseudo-elements for styling these transitions.

• view-transition-name Experimental

Note: This module also defines the view-transition-class property, but it is currently not supported in any browser.

At-rules and descriptors

• navigation descriptor

Selectors and pseudo-elements

• ::view-transition Experimental
• ::view-transition-image-pair() Experimental
• ::view-transition-group() Experimental
• ::view-transition-new() Experimental
• ::view-transition-old() Experimental

Note: This module also defines the :active-view-transition and :active-view-transition-type() pseudo-classes, but they are currently not supported in any browser.

• CSSViewTransitionRule
• ViewTransition.skipTransition() method
• ViewTransition.updateCallbackDone
• ViewTransition.ready
• ViewTransition.finished
• Document.startViewTransition() method

Explains how to create view transitions and customize transition animations, including manipulating active view transitions.

Related concepts

• pagereveal event
• pageswap event
• Document.visibilityState
• CSSKeyframesRule
• CSSStyleRule
• Web animations API
• <transform-function>

Specifications

• Pseudo-elements
• Functional pseudo-classes
• CSS building blocks: Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements

Human Resources University of Michigan

Search form, five tips for managing life’s transitions.

Alexander Jendrusina, Ph.D., Counselor with the Faculty and Staff Counseling and Consultation Office, shares tips for managing change and transition.

Transitions can be tough, even when you have time to prepare. For example, as summer ends, you might be thinking about your kids going back to school, the impact of thousands of students returning to campus, or big projects at work. While you can't control everything, you can take steps to make transitions smoother. Here are five ideas to help reduce the stress of change.

1. Be Present 

Planning for a change is essential for being prepared, which means there are times you need to focus on the future. But remember, you can only plan so much. It’s also important to practice being in the here and now.  Try this - savor current experiences, like a family day at the beach, or take a solo hike and immerse yourself in nature. Being present helps you care for yourself and create deeper connections with your loved ones. It can help you to enjoy your experiences by making you more aware of your needs. Whatever you choose to do for yourself, be sure to notice your feelings and do it without judgment. 

2. Practice Self-Compassion 

Be kind to yourself, especially when there is a lot of change in your life. Speak to yourself with the same compassion you would offer a close friend. Think about what you would say or do for them, and then do that for yourself. This might be kind words, setting aside time to relax, or being realistic with your expectations. For example, if you’re starting a new job, remind yourself that it’s okay not to know everything in a new role. Know that change takes time and often has “bumps in the road.”

3. Create and Stick to a Routine that Fits Your Needs

Establishing a routine and sticking to it can make it easier when your daily responsibilities shift. For example, in the fall you may have a new start time at work, or a different school drop-off routine for your kids. Find a routine that works and stick to it. This type of predictability benefits both children and adults. 

4. Remember the Basics 

Take care of your basic needs to function at your best. Ensure you get enough sleep to wake up refreshed, as sleep impacts almost everything we do. Regular exercise benefits both physical and mental health and can serve as a stress outlet. Eat regular meals and stay hydrated to align with your new routine. If you’re pressed for time on work days, try to do some meal preparation on your days off.

5. Seek Support 

Don't hesitate to ask for help when needed. Identify the type of support you need—maybe physical help with tasks at home or emotional support by talking to a friend or family member. Remember you don’t have to handle change alone. Professional help is always an option.

Need More Support? We’re Here for You

If you’d like to learn more about mental health services or are interested in support, counselors are available at no charge to you for confidential services. If you work on an academic campus, reach out to the Faculty and Staff Counseling and Consultation Office (FASCCO) at 734-936-8660 or via email at [email protected] . If you work at Michigan Medicine, reach out to the Office of Counseling and Workplace Resilience (OCWR) by calling 734-763-5409 or sending an email to [email protected] .

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Where Tim Walz Stands on the Issues

As governor of Minnesota, he has enacted policies to secure abortion protections, provide free meals for schoolchildren, allow recreational marijuana and set renewable energy goals.

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By Maggie Astor

• Aug. 6, 2024

Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, the newly announced running mate to Vice President Kamala Harris, has worked with his state’s Democratic-controlled Legislature to enact an ambitious agenda of liberal policies: free college tuition for low-income students, free meals for schoolchildren, legal recreational marijuana and protections for transgender people.

“You don’t win elections to bank political capital,” Mr. Walz wrote last year about his approach to governing. “You win elections to burn political capital and improve lives.”

Republicans have slammed these policies as big-government liberalism and accused Mr. Walz of taking a hard left turn since he represented a politically divided district in Congress years ago.

Here is an overview of where Mr. Walz stands on some key issues.

Mr. Walz signed a bill last year that guaranteed Minnesotans a “fundamental right to make autonomous decisions” about reproductive health care on issues such as abortion, contraception and fertility treatments.

Abortion was already protected by a Minnesota Supreme Court decision, but the new law guarded against a future court reversing that precedent as the U.S. Supreme Court did with Roe v. Wade, and Mr. Walz said this year that he was also open to an amendment to the state’s Constitution that would codify abortion rights.

Another bill he signed legally shields patients, and their medical providers, if they receive an abortion in Minnesota after traveling from a state where abortion is banned.

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• By Haruto Nakamura
• Last Updated August 9, 2024
• Lifestyle & Culture

Top Strategies for Integrating Music in Classroom for Enhanced Learning

Music in the classroom can significantly enhance learning and student engagement. This article explores the cognitive, emotional, and social benefits of using music in daily teaching. Find out how “music in classroom” can create a positive learning environment and discover practical strategies for effective integration.

Table of Contents

Key takeaways.

Integrating music into classroom settings enhances cognitive development, memory retention, emotional well-being, and overall academic performance.

Music supports both emotional expression and social skills, fostering a sense of community and promoting teamwork and empathy among students.

Practical applications of music in education, including using it for transitions, background focus, and lesson hooks, create a positive classroom atmosphere and make learning more engaging and effective.

The Importance of Music in Classroom Settings

Bringing music into the classroom is not just about entertainment; it is a powerful tool that enhances cognitive development, memory retention, and emotional well-being. Studies have shown that music positively impacts students’ learning and overall development by engaging multiple domains, including cognitive, communication, social-emotional, and sensory. This multifaceted approach can lead to better academic performance and a more holistic learning experience.

Music’s ability to elevate spirits and soothe anxieties is especially beneficial in an academic setting. The benefits of incorporating music into education include:

Creating a positive classroom atmosphere, making students more receptive to learning

Fostering fine motor skills

Enhancing language development

Promoting social-emotional growth

These benefits show that extended music education enhances an invaluable component of education, supported by music education research.

Moreover, weaving music into diverse subjects can stimulate deeper comprehension and better student engagement. By connecting abstract concepts with memorable tunes, music helps students retain information and makes learning more enjoyable. We will now explore in detail the cognitive, emotional, and social advantages that music introduces into the classroom.

Cognitive Benefits of Music Education

Music education has been shown to significantly enhance cognitive development in various ways. The benefits include:

Increasing vocabulary

Sharpening memory

Improving articulation and auditory skills

Improved problem-solving skills

Greater memory retention

Better academic performance

Promoting brain plasticity, aiding the brain’s ability to grow and adapt over time.

Moreover, games and activities related to music education make learning theories and note memorization more effective and enjoyable, positively engaging students. Integrating music into the classroom allows teachers to establish a dynamic learning environment that keeps students attentive and motivated. This heightened engagement not only makes lessons more enjoyable but also enhances the way the brain processes information, leading to improved communication skills and overall cognitive development.

Emotional and Social Benefits

Music is a powerful medium for emotional expression, allowing children to convey feelings of happiness, fear, and anger in a healthy and constructive manner. Group music activities, in particular, can foster cooperation and empathy among students, promoting a sense of community within the classroom. Working collaboratively on music projects enables students to learn teamwork and mutual support, thereby enhancing their social abilities.

In addition, classroom music supports comprehensive learning as it positively influences physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and sensory aspects. Some benefits of incorporating music in the classroom include:

Improved memory and cognitive skills

Enhanced creativity and problem-solving abilities

Increased social interaction and teamwork

Boosted emotional well-being and self-expression

Apps like Soundtrap and BandLab enable students to collaborate on music projects in real time, encouraging creative collaboration and teamwork. These activities not only make learning more enjoyable but also help students develop important life skills such as empathy, cooperation, and emotional intelligence.

Practical Ways to Incorporate Music into Daily Classroom Activities

Implementing music into daily classroom activities can transform the learning experience, making it more engaging and effective. Music can facilitate smoother transitions between activities, improve focus, and serve as an engaging lesson hook.

Teachers can apply a variety of strategies to integrate music into their routines, thereby promoting student engagement and enhancing the overall classroom environment. By doing so, they effectively promote student engagement, making learning more enjoyable and interactive for their students.

Using Music for Transitions

Transitions between activities can often be challenging, but music can provide structure and engage students during these times. Familiar songs can serve as cues to signal a change in activity, making it easier for students to shift focus. For example, playing a 30-second song can signal a quick transition, while a longer track can allow more time for students to finish activities. This structured approach helps manage students’ energy levels and ensures smoother transitions throughout the day.

Moreover, songs and chants during transitions provide an enjoyable and captivating method of guiding students through desired actions. By incorporating music into transitions, teachers can increase student movement, induce relaxation, and improve overall classroom organization.

Background Music for Focus

Using background music can effectively establish a calm and focused learning atmosphere. Reflective music played while students write has been shown to help them maintain attention for longer periods, doubling the amount of writing produced. Music helps students concentrate, understand, and remember lessons more effectively, making it an invaluable addition to the classroom.

Music as a Lesson Hook

Employing music as a lesson starter can instantly capture students’ attention and gear them up for learning. Playing themed music at the start of a lesson can set an exciting tone and capture students’ interest. This approach not only makes lessons more engaging but also helps students transition into a learning mindset, ready to absorb new information.

Engaging Students with Music-Based Learning Activities

Activities centered around music can enrich education by:

Deepening student comprehension

Boosting memory retention

Encouraging students to express themselves

Relating to the class material on a personal level

Promoting active engagement and creativity

Creating Educational Songs

Motivating students to craft educational songs stimulates creativity and encourages them to take charge of their learning journey. By rewriting lyrics to popular songs, students can reinforce key concepts and deepen their understanding of the lesson material. This method acts as a powerful mnemonic device, aiding in memory retention and making learning more enjoyable. Some benefits of using educational songs in the classroom include:

Increased engagement and participation

Improved memory retention

Enhanced understanding of complex concepts

Development of creativity and critical thinking skills

Fun and enjoyable learning experience

So why not incorporate educational songs into your teaching repertoire and watch your students thrive?

Instrumental Music for Writing Prompts

Instrumental music can act as an effective backdrop to ignite students’ imaginations during writing tasks. Using instrumental tracks during writing tasks can improve students’ focus and reduce distractions, making the writing process more productive and enjoyable.

Teaching Vocabulary Through Songs

Imparting vocabulary through songs and chants can make learning both fun and easier to remember. Songs with educational content can simplify complex vocabulary, making it more digestible for young learners. This approach not only reinforces learning but also boosts creativity and engagement when played at low volumes during class activities.

Integrating Music Across Different Subjects

Weaving music into multiple subjects can boost student engagement, retention, and comprehension of intricate concepts. By using music as a learning tool, teachers can make lessons more dynamic and memorable, bridging the gap between abstract ideas and practical application.

Music in Math Lessons

Music can assist students in understanding mathematical concepts such as multiplication tables and fractions by using rhythmic patterns. Songs and chants incorporating math concepts can aid in memory retention and reinforce mathematical ideas. Additionally, playing instruments and engaging in music-based games can help students understand patterns, sequences, and functions in math.

Science and Music Integration

Music can efficaciously elucidate scientific concepts, thereby enhancing student engagement and retention. Creating songs about scientific topics, such as the planets or cellular processes, can help students memorize and retain information better. This approach not only makes learning more enjoyable but also enhances understanding of scientific principles through academic research.

History Lessons with Music

Using songs and musical pieces from the time period in history lessons can vivify the subject and offer context. Historical songs can provide an emotional connection to the events being studied, making it easier for students to remember key dates and figures.

Utilizing Technology to Enhance Music Integration

Technology can bolster the integration of music in the classroom by offering teachers a plethora of new tools and resources. Some examples include:

Backing tracks

Digital music notation

Interactive music apps

Online music lessons

Virtual instruments

These tools create a more dynamic and engaging learning environment in modern classrooms, especially for those studying business and social sciences.

Interactive whiteboards and digital audio workstations (DAWs) facilitate thorough music production, recording, editing, and mixing, thus incorporating music into the educational process.

Digital Music Tools

Digital music tools like notation apps and digital audio workstations can enhance music learning and production. Apps such as Solfeg.io and NotateMe provide high-quality recordings, complete notations, and the ability to convert handwritten music into digital format, making it easier for students to learn and share their work.

Online Resources and Platforms

Online resources and platforms offer vast libraries of music and practice tools to support music education. Some examples include:

SoundCloud: Allows students to access and practice songs at home

Smart Music: Provides a wide range of practice tools and accompaniments

AIVA: An AI tool that assists in creating original music pieces, providing inspiration and demonstrating the compositional process

These tools can greatly enhance music education and provide students with valuable resources for learning and practicing music.

Creating a Positive Classroom Atmosphere with Music

Music can foster a positive classroom ambiance by regulating students’ energy levels, encouraging relaxation, and alleviating anxiety. Calming music can reduce aggressive behavior and feelings of stress among students, leading to better performance and a more conducive learning environment.

The act of playing music as students enter the classroom during their school life can establish a relaxed and positive mood for the day, aiding in energy management and fostering a supportive atmosphere, which can increase positive classroom atmosphere. Observing how students perform in such an environment can provide valuable insights for educators.

Morning Music Routines

Establishing morning music routines can create a positive mood for the day and prime students for learning. Classical music in the morning can produce a calming effect by releasing dopamine and inhibiting stress hormones, helping set a positive tone for the day.

Starting the day with a dedicated song can make morning routines engaging and fun for young students.

Music for Brain Breaks

Integrating music into brain breaks can rejuvenate and energize students, thus enhancing the effectiveness of the breaks. Using music as a brain break encourages physical movement, helps children focus better, and can improve students’ overall affect and mood.

Relaxation and Stress Relief

Music therapy can efficiently alleviate anxiety disorders in children, thereby encouraging relaxation and stress relief. By incorporating music therapy into the classroom, teachers can create a more supportive and calming environment, helping students manage stress and improve their well-being.

In summary, integrating music into classroom settings offers numerous cognitive, emotional, and social benefits. By using music to facilitate transitions, enhance focus, and engage students through creative activities, teachers can create a dynamic and positive learning environment. The use of technology further enhances music integration, providing new tools and resources to make music an integral part of education.

Incorporating music into various subjects and daily routines not only makes learning more enjoyable but also promotes a positive classroom atmosphere. By adopting these strategies, teachers can inspire and motivate students, helping them achieve their full potential. Let the power of music transform your classroom and elevate the learning experience for all.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can a teacher use music in the classroom.

A teacher can use music in the classroom to make math memorable, explore historical context through songs, teach poetry through song lyrics, underscore mood or time period, signal classroom transitions, and promote a better classroom culture. Embracing the power of music in these smart ways can enhance the learning experience for students and create a more engaging classroom environment.

How can I use music to help students transition between activities?

You can use familiar songs or short musical cues to signal students to transition smoothly between activities. Different song durations can indicate the time they have to move, ensuring structured and efficient transitions.

What type of music should I use to help students focus?

You should use reflective or instrumental background music to help students focus and maintain attention for longer periods. It creates a calm and focused environment, aiding in concentration.

How can I integrate music into subjects like math and science?

Integrating music can help students understand mathematical concepts like multiplication and fractions, as well as aid in memorization and comprehension of scientific topics such as planets and cellular processes.

What are some digital tools that can enhance music integration in the classroom?

Incorporate digital tools like Solfeg.io, NotateMe, and GarageBand to enhance music integration in your classroom. These tools offer high-quality recordings, notation conversion, and comprehensive environments for music production, enriching the learning experience for students.

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