research paper topics on gender roles

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100 Gender Research Topics For Academic Papers

Gender research topics are very popular across the world. Students in different academic disciplines are often asked to write papers and essays about these topics. Some of the disciplines that require learners to write about gender topics include:

Sociology Psychology Gender studies Business studies

When pursuing higher education in these disciplines, learners can choose what to write about from a wide range of gender issues topics. However, the wide range of issues that learners can research and write about when it comes to gender makes choosing what to write about difficult. Here is a list of the top 100 gender and sexuality topics that students can consider.

Controversial Gender Research Topics

Do you like the idea of writing about something controversial? If yes, this category has some of the best gender topics to write about. They touch on issues like gender stereotypes and issues that are generally associated with members of a specific gender. Here are some of the best controversial gender topics that you can write about.

How human behavior is affected by gender misconceptions
How are straight marriages influenced by gay marriages
Explain the most common sex-role stereotypes
What are the effects of workplace stereotypes?
What issues affect modern feminism?
How sexuality affects sex-role stereotyping
How does the media break sex-role stereotypes
Explain the dual approach to equality between women and men
What are the most outdated sex-role stereotypes
Are men better than women?
How equal are men and women?
How do politics and sexuality relate?
How can films defy gender-based stereotypes
What are the advantages of being a woman?
What are the disadvantages of being a woman?
What are the advantages of being a man?
Discuss the disadvantages of being a woman
Should governments legalize prostitution?
Explain how sexual orientation came about?
Women communicate better than men
Women are the stronger sex
Explain how the world can be made better for women
Discuss the future gender norms
How important are sex roles in society
Discuss the transgender and feminism theory
How does feminism help in the creation of alternative women’s culture?
Gender stereotypes in education and science
Discuss racial variations when it comes to gender-related attitudes
Women are better leaders
Men can’t survive without women

This category also has some of the best gender debate topics. However, learners should be keen to pick topics they are interested in. This will enable them to ensure that they enjoy the research and writing process.

Interesting Gender Inequality Topics

Gender-based inequality is witnessed almost every day. As such, most learners are conversant with gender inequality research paper topics. However, it’s crucial to pick topics that are devoid of discrimination of members of a specific gender. Here are examples of gender inequality essay topics.

Sex discrimination aspects in schools
How to identify inequality between sexes
Sex discrimination causes
The inferior role played by women in relationships
Discuss sex differences in the education system
How can gender discrimination be identified in sports?
Can inequality issues between men and women be solved through education?
Why are professional opportunities for women in sports limited?
Why are there fewer women in leadership positions?
Discuss gender inequality when it comes to work-family balance
How does gender-based discrimination affect early childhood development?
Can sex discrimination be reduced by technology?
How can sex discrimination be identified in a marriage?
Explain where sex discrimination originates from
Discuss segregation and motherhood in labor markets
Explain classroom sex discrimination
How can inequality in American history be justified?
Discuss different types of sex discrimination in modern society
Discuss various factors that cause gender-based inequality
Discuss inequality in human resource practices and processes
Why is inequality between women and men so rampant in developing countries?
How can governments bridge gender gaps between women and men?
Work-home conflict is a sign of inequality between women and men
Explain why women are less wealthy than men
How can workplace gender-based inequality be addressed?

After choosing the gender inequality essay topics they like, students should research, brainstorm ideas, and come up with an outline before they start writing. This will ensure that their essays have engaging introductions and convincing bodies, as well as, strong conclusions.

Amazing Gender Roles Topics for Academic Papers and Essays

This category has ideas that slightly differ from gender equality topics. That’s because equality or lack of it can be measured by considering the representation of both genders in different roles. As such, some gender roles essay topics might not require tiresome and extensive research to write about. Nevertheless, learners should take time to gather the necessary information required to write about these topics. Here are some of the best gender topics for discussion when it comes to the roles played by men and women in society.

Describe gender identity
Describe how a women-dominated society would be
Compare gender development theories
How equally important are maternity and paternity levees for babies?
How can gender-parity be achieved when it comes to parenting?
Discuss the issues faced by modern feminism
How do men differ from women emotionally?
Discuss gender identity and sexual orientation
Is investing in the education of girls beneficial?
Explain the adoption of gender-role stereotyped behaviors
Discuss games and toys for boys and girls
Describe patriarchal attitudes in families
Explain patriarchal stereotypes in family relationships
What roles do women and men play in politics?
Discuss sex equity and academic careers
Compare military career opportunities for both genders
Discuss the perception of women in the military
Describe feminine traits
Discus gender-related issues faced by women in gaming
Men should play major roles in the welfare of their children
Explain how the aging population affects the economic welfare of women?
What has historically determined modern differences in gender roles?
Does society need stereotyped gender roles?
Does nature have a role to play in stereotyped gender roles?
The development and adoption of gender roles

The list of gender essay topics that are based on the roles of each sex can be quite extensive. Nevertheless, students should be keen to pick interesting gender topics in this category.

Important Gender Issues Topics for Research Paper

If you want to write a paper or essay on an important gender issue, this category has the best ideas for you. Students can write about different issues that affect individuals of different genders. For instance, this category can include gender wage gap essay topics. Wage variation is a common issue that affects women in different countries. Some of the best gender research paper topics in this category include:

Discuss gender mainstreaming purpose
Discuss the issue of gender-based violence
Why is the wage gap so common in most countries?
How can society promote equality in opportunities for women and men in sports?
Explain what it means to be transgender
Discuss the best practices of gender-neutral management
What is women’s empowerment?
Discuss how human trafficking affects women
How problematic is gender-blindness for women?
What does the glass ceiling mean in management?
Why are women at a higher risk of sexual exploitation and violence?
Why is STEM uptake low among women?
How does ideology affect the determination of relations between genders
How are sporting women fighting for equality?
Discuss sports, women, and media institutions
How can cities be made safer for girls and women?
Discuss international trends in the empowerment of women
How do women contribute to the world economy?
Explain how feminism on different social relations unites men and women as groups
Explain how gender diversity influence scientific discovery and innovation

This category has some of the most interesting women’s and gender studies paper topics. However, most of them require extensive research to come up with hard facts and figures that will make academic papers or essays more interesting.

Students in high schools and colleges can pick what to write about from a wide range of gender studies research topics. However, some gender studies topics might not be ideal for some learners based on the given essay prompt. Therefore, make sure that you have understood what the educator wants you to write about before you pick a topic. Our experts can help you choose a good thesis topic . Choosing the right gender studies topics enables learners to answer the asked questions properly. This impresses educators to award them top grades.

40 Ideas for Women Issues and Gender Research Paper Topics

Read also: A Guide to Buying Term Papers Online

The history of gender
The difference between sex and gender
Women erased from history: who they were and what they did?
Gender imbalance in China and India: the causes of it
Stereotype gender roles: why did society need them and does it need them now?
Sexual revolution and the concept of gender
Can gender be changed during a person’s life?
Intergender relations
The development and goal of gender studies
How many genders exist in humanity?
The #MeeToo movement and its consequences
Gender discrimination laws all over the world
What is sexism and gender discrimination?
Does the backwards discrimination exist?
Expected gender traits: nature versus nurture
The physiological differences and gender
Gender transitioning
Gender and family issues
Gender and sexual harassment
Sex, gender and leadership
Gender and parenting
Gender roles in media and literature
Feminism movement
Do men need to fight for their rights as feminist women do?
Does sex still sell? Gender in advertising
Gender and pornography. Fem-porn: does it exist?
Gender and prostitution
Cognitive differences between genders
Typically male and typically female nonverbal communication
Women and “glass ceiling”
Maternity and paternity leaves. Are they equally important for the baby?
Abortions, pregnancy and gender
Internal misogyny and misandry: causes and ways to overcome
Childfree movement and gender
Sexual behaviour, marriage strategies and gender
The toys segregation and sexual education: shall it still be different for boys and girls?
Gender dysphoria
Beauty standards and gender
Gender and power: male and female bosses
Sexual orientation and gender

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112 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Gender is a complex and multifaceted aspect of human identity that influences every aspect of our lives. From the way we dress and behave to the roles we play in society, gender plays a significant role in shaping who we are and how we interact with the world around us. With such a wide-ranging and diverse topic, there are countless gender essay topics to explore and discuss. In this article, we will provide 112 gender essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing and research.

The impact of gender stereotypes on children's development
Gender inequality in the workplace
Gender representation in the media
The intersection of gender and race
Gender identity and sexual orientation
Transgender rights and activism
The history of the feminist movement
Masculinity in the modern world
The role of gender in politics
Gender and mental health
Gender-based violence and abuse
Gender and education
The gender wage gap
Gender and technology
The portrayal of gender in literature
Gender and body image
Gender and sports
Gender and healthcare
The impact of gender on parenting
Gender and language
Gender and religion
Gender and disability
Gender and aging
Gender and globalization
Gender and social class
Gender and environmental issues
Gender and war
Gender and peacebuilding
Gender and migration
Gender and entrepreneurship
Gender and leadership
Gender and the criminal justice system
Gender and social media
Gender and the arts
Gender and fashion
Gender and popular culture
Gender and body modification
Gender and social norms
Gender and social change
Gender and the family
Gender and marriage
Gender and divorce
Gender and friendship
Gender and sexuality
Gender and reproduction
Gender and parenting
Gender and childhood
Gender and adolescence
Gender and young adulthood
Gender and midlife
Gender and old age
Gender and health
Gender and physical health
Gender and reproductive health
Gender and mental illness
Gender and chronic illness
Gender and addiction
Gender and trauma
Gender and resilience
Gender and coping strategies
Gender and social support
Gender and healthcare access
Gender and healthcare disparities
Gender and healthcare quality
Gender and healthcare outcomes
Gender and healthcare costs
Gender and healthcare policy
Gender and healthcare reform
Gender and healthcare innovation
Gender and healthcare workforce
Gender and healthcare leadership
Gender and healthcare education
Gender and healthcare research
Gender and healthcare ethics
Gender and healthcare advocacy
Gender and healthcare activism
Gender and healthcare organizations
Gender and healthcare technology
Gender and healthcare communication
Gender and healthcare decision-making

These gender essay topic ideas and examples cover a wide range of issues and perspectives related to gender. Whether you are interested in exploring the impact of gender stereotypes on children's development or the intersection of gender and race, there is no shortage of topics to choose from. By delving into these gender essay topics, you can deepen your understanding of the complexities of gender and its influence on society.

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How To Write An Essay On Gender Roles Topics

There is one basic rule any student should always follow when creating essays of this kind. This is meeting the requirements of the traditional structure of the academic paper. Here is how it will look like in your case:

Introduction: Make sure to create an eye-catching beginning of your paper. The best thing to come up with a nice introduction is to pick up the most controversial option among various interesting women's studies topics. This way, you will grab the interest of the reader right from the start. By the way, it is important to be brief and come up with a striking thesis at the end of your introduction.
Main part: Here comes the main info you want to share with the audience. As a rule, you will need to find several powerful arguments about gender roles, feminism, or other related topics. You are expected to come up with convincing arguments that will support the facts, discovered during your research. Moreover, you can share your own understanding of gender power, the issues related to this area in modern society, as well as provide some recommendations on how to solve them.
Conclusion: This is a brief summary of your paper. Avoid writing about any new facts in this part but just sum up your research facts and ideas.
Bibliography. The last part of your academic paper is a list of sources you’ve used for creating an essay. Don’t forget to add a bibliography list to your paper to get the best scores for your assignment.

Gender Roles And Issues Topics

Gender roles have been constantly changing. This means you can find tons of ideas to write a brilliant essay about gender roles and their development throughout the years.

Men And Women Roles In Childcare
Women’s Roles In The 20th Century
The Psychology Of Gender
Women’s Rights
Gender Roles And Employment
Women’s Roles During The Industrial Revolution
Gender Roles In Building A Career
The Concepts Of Gendered Society
Gender-related Issues In The Modern World
Psychological Differences Between Men And Women
Women’s Roles In The Ancient World
Women’s Roles In The Middle Ages
Women In Combat
Women In Non-traditional Roles
The Theories Of Gender Development
The Basic Concepts Of Gender Identity
Men And Women In Politics
Traditional Feminine Traits
Differences In The Behavior Of Men And Women
The Attitude In Different Societies Towards Women
Importance Of Girl’s Education
The Pros And Cons Of Changing Gender Roles

Women-Related Studies Topics: Abortions

Abortion has been among the most controversial topics for years. Moreover, it continues to be one of the burning issues in modern society, too. In case you are looking for a modern, sharp, and disputable idea for your academic paper, feel free to choose a topic about abortion.

Abortion Rights In The USA
The Risks Of Abortion
Pros And Cons Of The Right Of Abortion
Abortion Rights In Asia
Abortion Rights In Europe
Sex-selective Abortion
Women’s Movements Related To Abortion
Abortion: Cases And Controversies
Abortion Policies: A Global Review
The Times When Abortion Was A Crime
Abortion And Politics
The Modern Ways Of Birth Control
Abortion And Democracy
Abortion In Judaism
The Abortion Question
Psychological Conditions After Abortion
Abortion And Depression
Abortion And Further Pregnancies
The Benefits Of Reproductive Freedom
Defense Of Abortion
Abortion And Ethics
Abortion In India
Fertility Control In Different Countries
Fertility And Abortion
Abortion: Public Opinion
Abortion From Doctor’s Retrospective

Gender Stereotypes Research Paper Topics

Although we live in a developed society, there are still lots of gender stereotypes thousands of people believe in. Many of these stereotypes are related to gender, as well as relationships in families. You can create a gender stereotypes research paper using one of the following ideas.

Patriarchal Stereotypes In Family Relationships
Gender Stereotypes In The Advertisement
Gender Stereotypes On TV
Gender Stereotypes In The Gaming Industry
Gender Stereotypes In Different Countries
Sei Shonagons Pillow Book Analysis
The Psychology Of Stereotyping
Dominance Stereotypes
Ways To Fight Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotype Activation: Basic Concepts
Gender-role Stereotyping And Career Aspirations
Gender Role Stereotyping In Children's Imaginary Friends
Gender Stereotypes Dynamics
Stereotyping And Discrimination
Gender Stereotypes In Different Age Groups
Stereotypes About Same-sex Marriages
Adoption Of Sex-role Stereotyped Behaviors
Sex-role Stereotypes

Women's Rights Topics: Gender Inequality

Gender inequality has been an issue in most countries for centuries. However, in many societies, this problem still continues to be sharp. Therefore, one of the topics on gender inequality might become an excellent choice for many students.

Gender-neutral Language
The Issue Of Gender Inequality In The Modern World
How To Fight Gender Inequality
Gender Inequality Policies
Primary Source Analysis On Gender Ain't A Woman
Racial And Gender Inequality In African Countries
The Modernization Of Gender Inequality In Brazil
Class, Race, Gender, And Inequality
The Indications Of Inequality Between The Sexes
Inequality And Education
Inequality At The Workplace
Factors Causing Gender Inequality
Inequality In Business
Sexuality And Politics

Gender Studies Research Topics: Psychology Of Gender

The psychology of gender is one of the most interesting topics for discussion. You will definitely find lots of the newest research on this issue and will be able to write a fresh and up-to-date academic paper.

Camel And Cactus Test
Femme Invisibility
Benevolent Sexism
Determining The Relations Between Different Sexes
Gender-parity In Parenting
Sex-role Theory In Sociology
Men And Women In Sports
Impact Of Discrimination On The Development Of Boys And Girls
Lack Of Female Leaders In Politics
Women Without Children: Issues And Opportunities
Discrimination In Marriage
Technology And Gender Psychology
Modern Gender Norms
The Future Of Gender Norms
The Role Of Motherhood In The Lives Of Women
How To Solve A Work-home Conflict Of Modern Women

Gender Reassignment Studies Topics

Gender reassignment is becoming common in the modern world. But are there any issues for changing gender in different societies? What makes people change their sex or sexual preferences? You can freely describe these issues in your essay and get top grades for your assignment.

Heterosexual Transvestites
Homosexuals In Military
Polysexual In The Modern World
Transsexuals: Basic Concepts And Features
Who Are Transgenders?
Origin Of Sexual Orientation
Why Do People Become Transgenders?
Transgender Identities
Socializing Transgenders
Bisexuals In A Modern Society
Gender Reassignment In Muslim Cultures
Sex Reassignment And Personal Identity
Rethinking Gender And Therapy

Powerful Gender Research Topics

There are many controversial topics you can write about in your academic paper. For example, same-sex marriages, legalization of prostitution, sexuality, and many others.

Legalization Of Prostitution
Same-sex Adoption Rights
Same-sex Marriage
Signs Of Sexuality
Gender-based Violence
Human Trafficking
Healthy Relations Between Sexes
Types Of Abuse And How To Stop It
The Role Of Women In The Modern World
The Problem Of Gender Diversity
Determining Sexual Orientation
Psychology Of Gender
Men Vs. Women: Who Is Stronger?
Types Of Sexual Orientations
Gender And Mental Health

How To Write A Gender-Related Academic Paper

There is nothing new that choosing a research topic for women gender studies is not easy. However, picking up the most fitting option among hundreds of gender and feminist research paper topics is only half of the job you need to do complete your assignment. So, what else are you expected to do to get the best scores in a class?

Create an essay with a flawless structure
Do advanced research via different channels
Write in a proper voice and tone
Use up-to-date and impressive facts and arguments
Represent the best examples to support your ideas
Split your main ideas into paragraphs in a logical and well-structured way
Express your own views wisely and properly
Use a particular voice and tone
Avoid any grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes
Make sure not to have any typos
Add a polished and correct bibliography
Use only modern and reliable sources
Make your introduction shine
Create a great summary with no new facts and ideas
Use proper formatting

Following all these rules often seem amazingly difficult for many learners. In case you are one of them, no worries. The secret truth is that lots of diligent students often pay for essay online . And you can do that, too! This way, you will get a brilliant essay created by skilled and professional writers with absolutely no effort.

References:

Writing tips for beginners
The best research techniques
The history of feminism
Influential women in wellness
Women during the American Civil War
The role of women during the industrial revolution
Books about women

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569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender

Looking for gender research topics for your paper? Look no further! In this awesome list, you will find here plenty of research questions about gender, essay topics, discussion ideas, and more. Check it out!

🏆 Best Essay Topics on Gender

⭐ catchy gender essay topics, 👍 good gender research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot gender studies research topics to write about, 🎓 most interesting gender research titles, 💡 simple gender issues topics for research paper, 📌 easy gender essay topics, ❓ research questions about gender, 🔥 interesting research topics on women’s issues, ✅ gender studies topics to write about.

Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
The Social Construction of Gender
Gender-Based Violence and Its Effects: Literature Review
Gender and Sexuality: Essay Example
Preventing Gender-Based Violence
The Social Construction of Gender Roles
Gender Inequality Issue and Solutions
Elizabethan Era Gender Roles in Shakespeare Plays Searching for an essay on gender roles in Shakespeare’s plays? Here is an excellent essay sample on the topic! Use it for inspiration.
Gender Roles in The Tempest Looking for an essay on gender roles in The Tempest by Shakespeare? Here is a great essay sample on the topic! Use it to get inspired.
Gender Inequality in the Workplace The global fight against gender inequality in the workplace can be successful if appropriate initiatives and interventions are taken at the organizational level.
Social Construction of Gender and Sexual Dichotomy Gender is usually divided into two sexes, namely male and female, in modern society. Traditionally, gender is determined by various physiological features, such as genitalia.
Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in Employment Gender segregation refers to unequal distribution of men and women in the occupational structure. Vertical segregation refers to placing men at the top of occupational hierarchies.
Gender Roles Effects on Children Development Many aspects of children education affect their development. One of these aspects is the way in which they are taught about gender roles.
Impact of Fashion on Gender and Sexual Identity Fashion has long been used to communicate gender and sexuality. Clothing is a powerful way of expressing identity and communicating with the outside world.
Gender Stereotyping in the “Pretty Woman” Movie The movie Pretty Woman, starring Julia Roberts and Richard Gere, created quite a bit of stirring among the feminist supporters of the country.
Gender Discrimination and Performance in the Workplace While talking about the gender discrimination, both sexes are considered although on discrimination the female are mainly on the receiving end.
Gender Lightbulb Moment in Personal Experience The sex-role stereotyping and gender bias can be countered by educating people on the importance of diversity.
The Issue of Gender-Separated Sports Gender-separated sports provide better opportunities for all gender involved while also respecting gender-related patterns of building social relations.
Gender Roles in Medea – Stereotypes & Resistance With the help of Medea and Jason, the main characters of the play “Medea”, Euripides presented individuals as complex creatures who carry both women’s and man’s characteristics.
Gender-Neutral Toilets in Schools Schools with both gender-expansive and transgender students are often endeavoring to create an enabling environment that addresses the needs of such a diverse population.
Speech of Emma Watson: Gender Equality The paper discusses the process of Emma Watson makes the first speech called United Nations Address on Gender Equality, focusing on gender equality.
Gender and Grade Point Average: Statistical Analysis This research paper aims to assess the relationship between Grade Point Average and gender by applying correlation analysis with stratified sampling.
Gender Discrimination Issues and Interventions Women should be encouraged to more actively protect their labor rights, do not be afraid to apply to the prosecutor’s office, the state labor inspectorate, or the court.
Gender Stereotypes in Western and Eastern Culture Stereotypes claim that the girls from the east are well behaved. They are shy and respectful, quiet and smart.
“Lanval”: Summary & Analysis of Gender Roles and Courtly Love “Lanval” is one of Marie de France’s lais in which the idea of love is discussed from the specific perspective according to which women and men are equal in their love.
Gender Differences in Delinquency Research shows that gender is the most influential correlate for juvenile delinquency. In other words, males tend to commit more crimes than women.
Women and Men Empowerment for Gender Equality The current world has emphasized women empowerment that has led to men’s disempowerment. It is important to involve men in the intervention of gender equality.
Changing Gender Roles in Families This essay analyzes two articles on family gender roles and argues that the changing gender roles in modern society is rapidly being driven by single parent family controversy.
Postmodern Feminism and Its Theory of Gender as Social Construction Post modern feminists argue that there are no natural building blocks between genders. It is the society that structures human being in a particular way to keep differences.
Japanese vs. American Male Gender Roles American males perceived their women as weak and powerless creatures requiring protection, whereas the Japanese male stereotypes envisioned their women as being subordinate to men.
Gender Roles in “Wide Sargasso Sea” by Jean Rhys The impacts of colonialism and civilisation on the society in the Jean Rhys’ novel, Wide Sargasso Sea and specifically regarding its impact on gender roles in society.
How Gender Stereotypes Affect Society Gender stereotypes are harmful because they only teach men and women to act in certain ways; they confine people to a set of behaviors associated with their gender.
Gender Differences in Using the English Language This paper investigates gender differences in using the English language to understand the attitudes of men and women when they choose the way of pronunciation and vocabulary.
Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Culture In the contemporary society, gender and sexuality forms the basis for recognition. In effect, social construction defines that males and females are different creatures.
Biology and Culture of Gender Color Stereotypes This paper attempts to answer this question and determine whether the indicated color genders are biologically based or culturally embedded.
The Gender Dysphoria Concept Gender dysphoria is a condition that manifests in a mismatch between a person’s biological sex and gender identity.
Gender Representation in Akira Kurosawa’s Films This paper is intended to analyze one of the most controversial topics of Kurosawa’s films, specifically gender representation.
Is Gender a Culturally or Biologically Perscribed Role? The concept of gender as a product of culture or biology has been debated and analyzed by various researchers. The result of this debate has further polarized the topic.
Gender, Racial Discrimination, and Exclusion in Toni Morrison’s “Paradise” “Paradise” addresses the issue of racism by narrating a story about African Americans who move to the town of Ruby, in which people repeat certain mistakes.
Multiculturalism as a Threat to Gender Equality To make democratic states realize that tolerance must not equal acceptance and that the specifics of a particular culture must not be projected onto another one.
Cultural Impact on Gender and Sexuality The biblical understanding of sexuality and gender perceives gender as a result of differences in traditional scripts for boys and girls.
Gender in The Great Gatsby & The Yellow Wallpaper The complexities of men and women in the texts were examined and evaluated on the basis of sexuality and relationship and the inferences would be supported by the text itself.
Addressing the Issue of Gender Equality Gender equality is one of the core problems of the current century. It means providing equal conditions for men and women
Personal Awareness: Gender Identity Personal awareness is an important aspect of life cause it empowers a person on how to make cognizant decisions. Friends, family and society have a profound impact on personality.
Gender and Sexual activity: Literature Review This literature review focus on various perspectives of gender and sexuality in the context of different arenas of social groups.
Gender & Feminism in A Doll’s House The paper uses a combination of gender focus and reader-response approaches and argues that in “A Doll’s House” women’s self-sacrifice is viewed as a regular responsibility.
Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ – Gender Oppression and Justice The drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell revolves around the murder of John Wright, a farmer described by his peers as an honest and hard-working man.
Factors Contributing to the Gender Pay Gap in the UK The gender pay gap still exists; this essay will discuss what causes the gap and human resource strategies to eliminate the inequalities in remunerations.
Gender Roles in “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Atwood Margaret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” is a novel illustrating a dystopian system in which fertile women become the maids of couples who cannot conceive.
Single Parenthood Households and Gender-Related Issues In contemporary society, single parenthood has become common. Marriages between two couples are no longer popular.
Women: Gender Inequality and Discrimination This paper explains whether innate gender differences exist and how they determine the abilities, choices, and aptitudes that differentiate men from women.
Gender Bias in Sports Commentary Observations The analysis of the ESPN coverage of sporting events shows that, although women are portrayed mostly equally, they generally receive less media attention than men.
Gender Discrimination in Society and Social Media: Solutions The paper finds out to what extent discriminatory attitudes are present in different societies and how much social media induce them.
Role of Mass Media in Gender Issues This paper discusses the role of mass media in the presentation of gender and examines standards from various media sources to demonstrate how some news stories develop.
Modern Issues of Gender Studies The study of gender entails consideration of men and women in the society. The subject defines the notion of gender and how society has been shaping the concept over the time.
Objective Social Structure: Race, Gender, and Class The vast majority of social divisions take place based on race, gender, and class, where one or all three categories are imposed on individuals.
Themes of Feminism & Gender in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Ibsen is considered one of the most successful play writers of the 19th century. He has a large body of work in various genres of literature.
Gender Divide and Solidarity in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ Trifles is an one-act play written by Susan Glaspell which crux of the story is the murder of John Wright, and the subsequent investigation of this event by other characters.
Understanding Different Gender Roles and the Impact on Marketing There are traditional and nontraditional gender roles that determine how male and female models are used in commercials.
Social Learning and Gender Schema Theories The paper states that social learning theory and gender schema theory, studying the same subject, provide their perceptions of gender-role development.
Sexism and Gender Inequality in Sport The paper reviews an example of sexism and gender inequality and academic scholarship on the topic. Women athletes have faced gender inequality and sexism.
Influence of Culture and Gender on Personality Disorders Diagnosis The ongoing polemics is believed to have a positive influence on the functioning and finding new approaches while treating personality disorders.
Gender Mainstreaming For Effective Development Of Our Company Gender mainstreaming entails assessing the effects to both men and women of any planed undertaking be it legislative, a program or policies covering all levels of development.
Women and Gender Roles in “Antigone” by Sophocles Sophocles’ “Antigone” tells a story of a woman who disobeys the order of the ruler of Thebes who decided to leave the body of her brother unburied on the battlefield.
The Role of Gender in Interactions via Social Media Females tend to focus on development of certain relationships and creating a community while males tend to use social media to get information, have fun and so on.
Gender Dynamics in Development This essay opens with the indication of how serious gender dynamics affect life. Gender issues must be understood if development goals are to be realized.
Gender Pay Gap From Feminist Perspective Feminists are in the best position to comprehend and articulate the causes of the problems women face in society, which include the gender pay gap.
Gender Roles and Inequalities in Advertisement The perfume for men, Dior Sauvage, was released in 2019, and an advertising campaign supported it with Johnny Depp.
Cinderella and Girl: Feminist and Gender Critique Anne Sexton, in her poem Cinderella focuses on the position of women in society on the material of the well-known fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm.
“Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment” by Kabeer Gender inequality is an issue that has led to endless debates with different people proposing diverse solutions to ensure equality is exercised.
Gender Roles in Married at First Sight and Other Media Sources Every society and culture have different gender role expectations. This paper focuses on the comparison of the media sources’ assumptions about genders.
Gender Inequality in French Hospitality Industry The study scrutinizes the French hotel and tourism sector and the concerns and challenges women encounter in management roles and compares them to the trends.
Influence of Gender on Life and Sexism Sexism is a negative phenomenon meaning that individuals face various opportunities and attitudes based on their genders.
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution The rationale for Butler’s idea that gender represents actions that are norms and traditions of our society reflects cultural and historical experience.
Gender Gap in Financial Literacy The presented paper studies the topic of the differences in financial knowledge between male and female undergraduate psychology students.
Gender Discrimination in “Disgrace” by J.M Coetzee J.M Coetzee’s book “Disgrace” that has been examined in this paper explores the nature of gender discrimination meted on women in South Africa.
Gender Equality and Women’s Rights The issue of gender equality in society has gained popularity in the course of the precedent century with the rise of the feminist movement and women’s struggle for equal rights.
Gender Stereotypes and Misunderstanding Stereotypes predetermine a human life and a female life, in particular, explaining the approaches that can change the situation, and defining the power of stereotypes.
Gender Changes in the Film “Far from Heaven” by Todd Haynes The movie “Far from Heaven” by Todd Haynes examines how and why gender has changed since the 1950s in the US. The story describes the traditional family of Whitakers living in 1957.
Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers: Gender Roles The domination of the female gender in the cartoon Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers is presented with the expression of the males’ agreement to subject to that domination.
Is Gender Natural or Acquired? Gender may be categorized as both natural and acquired since one has the ability to transform from one gender to another.
Race and Gender Stereotypes in Literature Literary texts are used to advance gender and race-related stereotypes. In this paper, the author examines three literary texts: Araby, The Hound of the Baskervilles and The False Gems.
Unveiling the Gender Gap: Feminist Theory in Sociology Feminist theory in sociology shifts the emphasis from men to women and from social structure to the lived experiences of individuals.
The Problem of Gender Identity in Sports Allowing athletes to compete regardless of their gender may effectively address gender segregation often shown in sports.
Gender Bias During the Hiring Process Gender bias in hiring has been a problem that many organizations have dealt with, as many employers prefer to hire men because of the notion that they are more committed.
Perkin-Gilman’s Feminist Theory and View on Gender Discrimination In “The Yellow Wallpaper”, Gilman depicts in novel structure how the house turns into a women’s jail and how being shut in could lead to mental distress in women.
Gender Stereotyping in Audi’s Used Car Ad Audi’s Used Car Ad was chosen because it sparked outrage on Chinese social media and worldwide because of the severe misogyny and stereotyping.
Societal and Gender Construction Affecting Incidents of Domestic Violence The paper intends to explore how societal and gender construction can affect the incidences of domestic violence.
Marriage and Inequalities With Gender The issue of bridging gender equality has been the center of debate in the 21 century. The role of women in society could no longer be underestimated.
Gender Relations in Roman Society The aspect of gender relations in Rome involves some peculiarities which help to perceive the whole essence of the Roman culture.
Gender Issues in the Leadership of the Organization Traditional stereotypes of women as being less suited for leadership roles is also one of the reasons why gender has been linked to leadership.
Gender Roles Within Greek Society Gender roles in Greek society were determined by social and cultural traditions, position of women in society and their significance as citizens.
Shifting Gender Norms in Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits The questions of gender equality and the role of women in family and society are central for Isabel Allende’s novel The House of the Spirits that was first published in 1982.
Gender Roles: “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Piercy “What’s That Smell in the Kitchen” by Marge Piercy is a poem that speaks against gender-stereotyped roles in society. It considers as a feminist literary piece of the 20th century.
Sex and Gender as a Social Phenomenon The paper establishes the differences between sex and gender; defines the term of gender identity; interprets gender from the viewpoint of every sociological angle.
Gender Expectations in the Disney Film “The Little Mermaid” This article will show that the Disney’s work magnifies the evolving roles of women in society, and despite the existing tensions and backlash, women are integrating successfully into the society.
Sexuality in “Love Beyond Gender” by Alysia Abbott The question of sexuality has always been an ongoing issue for human society. Sexual interest impacts the life of an individual and predetermines the choice of a partner.
Income Inequality Based on Gender Income inequality based on gender is the dissimilarity between male and female earnings usually expressed in part by male earnings.
Gender in the 21st Century: Fighting Dangerous Stereotypes Women happen to be the victims of gender stereotyping, men also suffer from the clichés concerning masculinity, which authors address in essays.
Untraditional Gender Roles Distribution The experiences of different cultures and family institution patterns show that gender role distribution can have various forms.
Career-Related Decision-Making and Gender Differences The paper focuses on career-related decision-making differences between men and women in general and the incidence of depression in the context of career advancement in particular.
Gender and Racial Equality Barriers in the Workplace Gender and racial bias still exist in many fields, resulting in significant turnover rates among female and black workers.
Stereotypes of Gender Roles The paper details the scientific justification, impacts, development, prevention strategies, and how gender role stereotypes can be addressed.
Gender Role Differences and Immigration Gender roles have played a considerable role in the ways that women were assimilated in the process of immigration.
Gender Inequality and Feminism in a TV Series Gender inequality indicators measure quantifiable aspects of biases against women or men. It is the women who suffer the most from gender discrimination.
Economic Inequality Between Genders Discussions on the problems of gender inequality have been going on for decades that’s why the difference in the earnings between men and women is called the gender pay gap.
Gender Inequality at Google Inc. Some percentage of women employed in Google shows that it is possible and both genders should work hard to get a job there.
Futurama Series Speaks Against Gender Stereotypes Although Futurama may seem to be a sexist series, at first sight, a closer examination reveals several directions in which this work speaks against gender stereotypes.
Role of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising The paper states that it is of great significance to understand the reasons behind the advertisers’ attachment to socially constructed gender differences.
Absurd of Predetermined Gender Roles in Literature This essay aims to analyze “The Importance of Being Earnest,” “Blood Relations,” and “Essay” to argue for the absurdity of predetermined gender roles in society.
Sally Haslanger’s “Gender and Race” Review In Sally Haslanger’s philosophical essay ‘Gender and Race: (What) are they? (What) do we want them to be?’ the author utilizes an analytical approach to gender and race.
Gender Quotas in Saudi Arabia: Unpacking the Political Conditions Talking about gender quotas and their sociology, it is interesting to take a look at the example of Saudi Arabia. It is the seemingly most unexpected place to introduce a policy.
Gender Bias in the Aviation Industry The findings of the court of appeal in the case of Cello Diaz versus Pan American World Airways, was significant towards employment equity.
Discussion of Gender and Society Themes in Films The paper discusses gender and society themes in “The Power of Categories”, “How to Survive a Plague”, “Intersexion” and “The Edge Of Gender”.
Gender, Social Structure and Division of Labor In every community, there is a gender structure that provides bodies with inequality through the sex category.
Sexism & Gender Wage Gap: Deconstructing the Myths A recent Harvard study reveals that the gender earnings gap is primarily associated with the amount of time one works.
What Makes an Ideal Society? Revolutionary Ideas for Gender Equality The article is relevant because it demonstrates how a perfect society can be achieved by first realizing social change, as it was done before the women’s movements.
Gender Discrimination as an Ethical Issue Society is related to discrimination, inequality, and ethical injustice due to the increasing rates of incompetence incidence based on racial, gender, or ethnic affiliation.
Sexual Agency: The Gender Politics of Campus Sex Sexual agency is the ability to make decisions freely in situations that involve a sexual context. It is the choice of whether one wants to engage in sexual activity.
Gender-Related Barriers to E-commerce Adoption in the UAE The work diagnoses the problem of low E-Commerce adoption among Emirati women by identifying barriers and proposing possible strategies and tactics for removing them.
Gender, Race, and Trade Unions It can be noted that there are particular strategies, which can be applied when gender or racial discrimination happens.
Gender Is a Culturally Prescribed Role, Rather Than a Biological Sex The debates concerning the notions of “sex” and “gender” have been going on over the years.
Impact of Gender and Sexuality on Advertisement Sex, gender, and sexuality often appear in advertisements for various products. It is so because these phenomena have a robust impact on people.
Gender Roles and Psychological Health The emergence of traditional gender roles and the images of masculinity and femininity can be regarded as an attempt to organize society and create stable social structures.
Gender Studies: Feminine Men and Masculine Women Women have a vital role in society: they bring up children and ensure the comfort and psychological well-being of all the family members.
Chapter 12 of Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies by Gills & Jacobs Chapter 12 of “Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies” by Gills & Jacobs made me think that feminism is often misunderstood due to the diversity of opinion.
Rethinking Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination The paper focuses on the theory of egoism and when to apply the theory in the work environment to avoid sexual discrimination.
Male Gender Role in the Chinese Workplace The expectations placed on males are very high, given that a man is viewed as both the protector and the provider in the Chinese culture.
The Five-Factor Theory, Personality, and Gender Freud developed the psychosocial stages of human development. It begins at childhood to adulthood. The primary concern in his study was that people grow through various stages.
Behavioral Learning Approach and Gender-Role Behavior Individuals learn particular behaviors when influenced by various environmental factors associated with specific macro- and micro-social contexts.
Gender Roles in Cartoons Most people believe that children can use the portrayals of gender in cartoons arrangement to establish their roles of their gender and to understand their roles in their culture.
Gender is a Role, not a Biological Sex, and it is Cultural Gender identity differs from person’s sexual orientation or biological sex, it is rather a social role which an individual links himself/herself to.
Impact of Globalization on Norms and Experiences around Gender Inequality is one of the most prolonged global debates that have refused to go away despite the great strides made through globalization
Gender: The Social Roles of Men and Women The paper states that the term “gender” describes how society and culture make distinctions between men and women based on things like sex.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Characteristics of Pain in Spain Culture plays an important role in people’s approach to sickness and healthcare. Providing culturally appropriate medical services is pivotal to meeting Spanish patients’ needs.
Gender in Sophocles’ Tragedy Antigone One such tragedy is Antigone, written by Sophocles; it features a strong female character in opposition to an oppressive, politically bound male.
Children and Gender: Growing Up Trans by Frontline PBS Review The documentary “Growing Up Trans” by Frontline PBS becomes a valuable source of information about what it is like to realize at an early age that one identifies.
Gender and Race in Langston Hughes’ Poetry of the Spanish Civil War Langston Hughes was a crucial figure in the 1920s Harlem Renaissance, which blossomed black intellectual, literary, and creative life in several American cities, particularly Harlem.
The Relationship Between Gender and GPA The impact of students’ socio-demographic characteristics on their overall academic performance is the subject of the current paper.
Contemporary Gender Equality Challenge This essay investigates the issues associated with gender equality on both individual and community levels and identifies the possible responses to those challenges.
Gender, Generations, and Communications The discussion focused on developing different approaches to bridging socio-cultural discrepancies associated with different generations in the workplace.
The Issue of Gender Inequality in Kenya Kenya is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa with oppressive conditions, most preferably the gender inequality and marginalization of a specific proportion of the populace.
The Gender Pay Gap in Australia The existence of a gender gap is a severe problem for economic equality in a democratic society. This paper tests the idea that a gender pay gap exists using Australian workers.
The Issue of Gender Discrimination Related to Business and Society In this paper, the issue of gender discrimination will be analyzed based on how the deteriorated relationships taking root from societal issues affect all sides of the conflict.
Gender Identity Development This paper discusses the development of one’s gender identity from an early age and the different factors that affected that development.
Gender Roles in the Buddhist Culture In the Buddhist culture, women are considered weak beings and require men to provide them with protection. Furthermore, men are considered to be the strong and family breadwinners.
Aspects of Parenting and Gender Roles For children to develop a healthy understanding of gender roles, it is essential that parents choose the right approach to their formation.
Gender Inequality in Security Sector The assumption of gender composition in the security sector has been linked with the apparent norm that women cannot work in the military.
Gender in Traditional Superhero Costumes The traditional superhero costumes reinforce gender and sexuality by emphasizing the need for men to be well-built and the women to reveal their upper body and legs.
Gender, Philosophy, and Religion in the Axial Age The philosophers of the axial age were primarily involved in the discussion of justice as the principal condition of citizens’ wellbeing.
Gender and Sexuality in Modern Society The topic of gender and sexuality emphasized how anthropology is connected to modern society and the world as it provides a cultural perspective on women’s role in society.
The Movie”Smurfs”: The Problem of Gender Roles The gender roles in the Smurfs are polarized and fixed between male and female stereotypes, which is a mentality of the past.
Gender-Oriented Products: Branding and Marketing Marketing of gender-oriented products should be more gender-neutral oriented because to be efficient in the market, the brand needs to meet the changing social requirements.
Gender and Entrepreneurship Relations This paper analyzes how different factors affect both men and women in deciding to become entrepreneurs. Marital status is a significant factor for entrepreneurial women.
Factors that Contribute to the Housework Gender Gap The problem of the housework gender gap affects almost any adult American, which explains a number of biased sources of information about it.
Representing Islam: Racial and Gender Identities For African women, racial and ethnic identities are potentially viewed as their sources of discrimination, which have had a detrimental influence on social interactions.
Comparison of Gender Differences in Communication Considering a number of biological, evolutionary, social, and historical aspects, men and women tend to prove different psychological and behavioral patterns.
Gender Gaps in Student Academic Achievement The following research paper will focus on the issue discussed by Tsai et al. in “Gender gaps in student academic achievement and inequality.”
Gender Differences in Agressive Behavior The belief that violence is observed mostly in men than in women in the daily observations has a stable base in the records of crime and also in the common perception about gender.
Gender and Cultures in Conflict Resolution The conflict resolution measures should not solely end conflicts, but should also help to restore the fighting communities together.
Gender Hierarchy in English Language This paper shows how the asymmetry in male and female terms in the English language preserves gender hierarchy and male control.
Advertising and Gender Roles Mass media, especially television imposes certain stereotypes on our consciousness and the most interesting thing is that we take these stereotypes as examples.
Gender Discrimination Topic for Research Gender discrimination is a social phenomenon based on cultural practices that set a glass ceiling to women in many aspects of life.
Gender Studies: The Queer of Color Theory The queer of color theory “seeks to disrupt binarism and normalcy in social institutions and structures” in terms of persons of different races.
Gender Bias Issues: Types of Gender Bias in the Workplace and Their Impact on Productivity Issues of gender bias have been identified as critical in organizational theory and behavior. Today there are more calls for equal treatment of both men and women in organizations.
Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations Psychologists have paid significant attention to gender stereotypes, and many important trends have been identified and evaluated. Researchers use various methodologies.
ANOVA Research: Person’s Gender and Level of Education A one-way repeated measures ANOVA will be appropriate for a research because this test allows for comparing the means of a variable of the same sample when these means were measured.
Gender Stereotypes Developed Within Families
Gender Stereotypes in Families: Parental Influence on an Adolescent’s Career Choice
Does the Gender Pay Gap Still Exist?
Gender-Neutral Schools in Sweden
Sex, Gender, and Inequalities
Gender-Neutral Upbringing: Reasonable and Possible?
How Gender Norms and Stereotypes Contribute to Inequality in Society
A Critical Analysis of Gender Dynamics in Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’
Gender Dynamics in American Slavery
Plato vs. Wollstonecraft on Education and Gender Relations
Gender: Navigating State, Religion and Gender
The Role of Gender in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Chapter 5 “Gender” of “The Family” by Cohen
Examples of Employment Discrimination: Gender, Age, Race, & Others
Gender Roles in Dual-Income Families
Racial Formation and Gender Performance in “13th”
The Autism-Gender Relationship Analysis
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
How Societies Construct Gender Identities, Sexual Practices, and Gendered Bodies
The Gender-Based Pay Inequality Factors
Gender Inequality in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, “A Rose for Emily”, and “Trifels”
Gender and Students’ Performance
Gender Intersectionality: Fighting Discrimination
The Gender Pay Gap and Coping Strategies
Gender Socialization During the First 12 Years of Life
Heart Disease Risk Profiles and Gender Differences
“Gender Disparity in Students’ Choices…” by Zhang et al.
Gender Diversity Within and Beyond School Contexts
Analyzing Gender Bias in the Fire Department
Forum: Gender and Gender Roles
The Role of Gender in Social and Moral Development
Embracing Gender Identity: Pursuing a Fulfilling and Authentic Life
Gender and Sexuality and Their Role in Life
Smoking and Gender Factors of Lung Cancer
Discussion: Race, Gender, and Science
Gender Identity and Correctional Institutions
Global Gender Inequality and Its Main Trends
Gender and Sexuality in the United States History
Gender Differences in Schizophrenia
Gender, Labor, and Power in the Global Apparel Industry by Jane L. Collins
Shifting Gender Politics in Fashion and Textiles
The Influence of Gender and Power Disparities on the Workplace
Gender Equality: Language and Literature
Gender Norms’ Impact on Men and Women
Sociology of Race, Gender, Identity, and Sexuality
Gender Inequality for Men and Women
Critical Areas in Women and Gender Studies
The Types of Law Violations: Gender Effects
Race, Sex, and Gender in Cultural Anthropology
Gender as a Social Construct and Related Issues
Gender Equality in Daily Life: Fictional Works Analysis
The Gender Concept and Its Impact on Health and Wellness
The US History, Markets, Geography, and Gender Politics
Gender Inequality Among Women in Canada
Gender Equality Cannot Be a Universal Concept
The Gender-Based Marketing and Its Negative Sides
Importance of Gender Reveal Ultrasound
The Gender Pay Gap Problem: Why Women Earn Less
Age and Gender Stratification in Older Adults
Sexuality and Gender-Related Behavior During Adolescence
Society’s Conception of Gender Roles in Media
Health Care Disparities: Race and Gender
Gender Differences and Self-Esteem in Exact Sciences
Issues Associated With Gender and Incarceration
The Gender Influence on the Language of Communication
Gender Stereotypes in Academic and Family Settings
Gender Stereotype in Advertisement
What Will Happen When AI Picks Up Social Biases About Gender?
Gender Roles in the Boys Don’t Cry Movie
Gender Stereotypes Have Changed by Eagly et al.
Housing Discrimination Across Race, Gender, and Felony History
Racial and Gender Macroaggression in the White College Campus
Aspects of Society in Relation to Gender and Sex
Gender Differences in Development of Schizophrenia
Race and Gender in 17th-18th Century American Colonies
“Glass Ceiling” in the Theory of Gender Studies
Historical Review of Gender Inequality in the USA
Gender, Sexuality, Power Relations, and Social Expectations
Disability: Social Origin and the Role of Aging, Gender, and Race
Ethics: Discourses of Love and Gender
Toxic Masculinity and Gender Equality in the US
Gender Diversity in Organizations
Telephone Culture and Role of Gender Differences
What About Gender Is Most Interesting to Sociologists?
Social Work Assignment: Gender, Money, and the Charity Organization Society
Gender Roles in a Modern Society
Issues of Female Gender in Modern World
Does Gender Affect the Type of Law Violation?
Gender Roles in Advertisements
Discussion of Race and Gender Identity
Ethnicity, Race, and Gender as Social Constructs
Gender in Workplace and Induction Case Study
Gender Ideology in the 1930s by Alice Kessler-Harris
Women in Business and Gender Diversity Policy
Gender and Sexual Scripts in the American Culture
Gender Identity Evolution and Its Results
Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles
Social Constructs of Race and Gender
Data, Technology, Gender, and Society
Gender Roles in Trifles Play by Susan Glaspell
Gil’s Idea of the Paradoxical Body and Gender Constitution and Concerning Black Identity
The Labels Adolescents Use to Describe Their Gender Identity
Discussion of Sex, Gender, and Culture
Gender Differences in Aggression
Gender Inequality in Social Inequality
Fair Treatment of Both Genders and John Rawls’ Theory of Justice
Intersection of Disability Justice, Race, and Gender
Intersectionality of Race and Gender
Gender Differences in the Dream Content of Children and Adolescents
Gender Equality Strategies in Education
Issues of Sex and Gender in Society Today
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Citizenship
How Society Influences the Gender Roles
Discussion of Gender Roles in Modern World
Gender, Emotional Labor, Harm, and Safety
Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Leadership
Gender Equality: Do Women Have Equal Rights?
The Inclusivity of Language: Gender Issues
Gender Diversity: Impact on the Organizational Performance
Gender Equality in the Media Workforce
Nature-Nurture Debate of Gender Identity
Intersectionality in Gender and Sexual Differences
Gender Stereotypes and Their Role in Advertising
Gender Education: Sociological Review
The Gender-Neutral Conceptualization of Parenting
Global Misunderstanding of the Idea of Feminism and Gender Equality
How Gender, Race, and Class Impact Criminality Levels
Sex and Gender Equality in a Personal Worldview
Gender Pay Gap for Women: The Main Causes
Gender Stereotyping at Workplaces
Researching of Gender and Work-Life Balance
The Problem of Gender Stereotypes
The Politics of Gender and Race in the Ilbert Bill Controversy
Gender Norms and Contemporary Culture
Gender Pay Gap Problem Overview
Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare
Gender Pay Gap in the Modern Society
Expanding Reach: Addressing Gender Barriers in COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout
Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents
Gender, Power, Privilege, and Feminism in the USA
Gender Impact on Societies Worldwide
Occupational Gender Segregation and Its Causes
Nursing Attitudes toward Trans and Gender-Nonconforming Pediatric Patients
Gender Equality as Smart Economics’ Policy Agenda
Marketing and Interaction Through Social Media Platforms and Gender Inequalities
Comparing Opposite Views on Gender: National Organization for Women vs: Concerned Women for America
Social Construction of Race and Gender in the United States and Brazil
Discussion of Gender Bias in Research
Social Construction of Gender. Sociology in Modules
“Women’s Assessments of Gender Equality Critique” by Kurzman
Gender Messages From Social Institutions: Family, School, and Mass Media
Gender-Role Attitudes: Society Values & Standards
Role of Ideology and Institutions in Gender Inequality
Gender and Communication in “Modern Family” by Lloyd
Discusses of the Role of Gender in the Employment
Culture, Gender, and Price in Consumer Behavior
Doing Genders: Social Constructs of Gender
Vision of Gender Stratification in an Advertisement
Relationship Between Gender and Death Anxiety
Families, Gender Relations and Social Change in Brazil
The Problems of Gender Inequality
Implications of Current Gender Expectations
Racial and Gender Disparities Among Evicted Americans
Gender Differences in Public Health
Integration of Gender Equality in Organizational Management
“Gender Gap in Academic Seminar Questions” by Pells
Gender Representation in American Pop Culture
Gender Inequality Articles by Beaumont vs. Eigenberg
Age and Gender Discrimination in the Workplace
Evolution, Not Revolution: Gender Law and Women Rights in Saudi Arabia
Qualitative Research on the Gender Perception of E-Commerce
Gender and Racial Socialization
“Gender Wage Gap”: The Pay Disparity Issue
Gender Inequality in Ohio’s Education and Labor Market
Gender Differences in the Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With ACSs
The Effects of Gender on Child Obesity
Gender Pay Gap: Making Change With Civil Disobedience
Intersectionality of Religion with Gender, Race, and Class
Gender Identity in Life-Span Development
Gender Norms, Roles, and Stereotypes: Act Analysis
Embracing Equality: Gender in Medieval Europe
Gender Effect on the Growth of Nursing as a Knowledge-Based Profession
Oppressive Gender Norms and Roles
Intersectionality of Gender With Race, Culture, and Politics
Sex and Gender Beyond the Binaries
Analyzing the Relationship Between Gender and Victimization
Job Limitation and Gender Sensitivity
Queer Representation of Gender and Sexual Non-Conformity
Gender: Do People Choose Their Sexual Orientation?
Gender Equality: Men as Daycare Professionals
Gender and Sexual Labeling
“Is Gender Equality the Silent Killer of Marriages?” Article Analysis
Dominant Parenting Styles: Gender-Differentiated Parenting Revisited
Trans Individuals’ Sexual and Gender Identities
Household Composition and Gender Differences
Factors of the Gender Pay Gap
Woman and Gender Equality in Canada
‘Sex Under Pressure: Jerks, Boorish Behavior, and Gender Hierarchy’ by S. A. Anderson
Challenging Gender Norms: Personal Experience
Gender Norms in Different Cultures
Racial and Gender Diversity in Hollywood
Gender Issues in the Us Correctional System
Gender Inequality in Modern Societies and Its Reasons
Racial and Gender Issues in Modern Society
Gender-Assigned Social Norms: Male Socialization Experiences
Gender Identity in Athletics: “The Battle Over Title IX and Who Gets to Be a Woman in Sports”
Hispanic Community: Alcohol & Substance Abuse Among the Female Gender Population
Gender Stratification and Divorce Trends
The Article About Gender Gap and Delinquency
Gender, Sex, and Sexuality in the U.S.
Gender Stigmas: From the Past to the Present
The Impact of Gender on Pay and Their Gap
Sociological Issues About Social Class and Poverty, Race and Ethnicity, Gender
Ethical Dilemma of Worldwide Gender Equality
Human Rights and Gender Issues: “The Love Suicides at Amijima” & “Tale of Kieu”
Racial, Ethnic and Gender Categories in the U.S. Census
“Gender and Education” by David, Ball, Davies, and Reay
Childhood Gender Analysis: Factors Influencing Gender Perception
Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults
Gender Conflict in “Sweat” by Zora Neale Hurston
Primetime TV Shows and Gender Portrayals
Finding the Link Between Gender and Sexuality
Gender in Perception of Barriers to E-commerce in UAE
Gender as a Role, Cultural and Not Biological
Images and Messages Patterns About Gender Given by Advertisers in Mass Media
Gender and Cultural Factors in Risky Behavior Among Adolescents in the US and Asia
Formation of Sexual Identity, Sexual Customs and Gender Bodies
The Role of a Gender in the Media
Influence of Gender and Race on Our Life Experiences
Gender & Politics in Post- Modernist Society
Gender Representation: Term Definition
Identities, Gender & Sexuality: Linguistic Anthropology
What Ideas About Gender & Sexuality Are Communicated by Contemporary Fashion Images?
Gender Ideology in the U.S. and Japan
Transnationalism Issues: Migration and Gender
Representation of Australian Indigenous Sex and Gender
Gender Construction and Heterosexism
Gender Socialization of Children
The Issue of Gender Pay Discrimination in Canada
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: An Etiquette Without Gender Discrimination Terms
Religious and Biological Approaches of Gender and Nature
Interrelation of Gender and Contemporary Society: Madonna
Issues in Sports: Gender Equality
Communicative Features of Gender-Neutral Language
The Problem of Gender Identity Disorder
Leadership and Gender Relations Analysis
The Importance of Gender in Marketing
Female Gender and Changes over the Last 150 Years
Gender Symbols Usage in International Family-Oriented Marketing
Gender Inequality in Democratic Welfare States
Misconceptions of Gender and Migration Issues
Gender, Race and Class in American Television
Development of Voting Rights of Religious, Socioeconomic Groups, Gender, and Racial Minorities
Gender Question in O’Connor and Williams’ Novels
Gender Non-Conforming or Transgender Children Care
Race and Gender: Dimensions of Power
Gender and Sexuality in “The Exorcist” Film
Gender as a Social Process: Theoretical Foundation
Race and Gender in Public Relations
Discrimination Against Racial and Gender Minorities
Gender in “The Chrysanthemums” by John Steinbeck
Gender Differences in Financial Knowledge
Value of Genders in Society: Agents of Socialization
Gender Stereotyping in American Media
Gender and the Rights of Women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia
Gender in the Saudi Arabian Educational Setting
Gender Norm Violation Study: Evaluating Impact on the Society
Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the European Union
The Concept of Gender Socialization and Ageism
Gender Studies. “A Cyborg Manifesto” by Haraway
Gender Issues and the U.S. Constitutional Law: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes et al.
Race and Gender in Public Relations Field
Gender Discrimination and Intervention Program
Gender Pay Gap as a Serious Social Issue
Gender Equality in Jackson’s “The Lottery”
Gender Stereotypes of the US Women
Gender Stereotypes: Data Presentation Strategy
Data Analysis Proposal: Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes: Research Question
Issue of Gender Discrimination in Different Societies
Gender Roles and Social Groups
Social Experiment: Informal Norms of Gender Issues
Narration and Gender: Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge, Burney’s Evelina, Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry
Gender Stereotypes in Family and Academic Settings
Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity and Gender
Gender Identification in Coed Dormitories
The Gender Stereotypes in the Workplace
Gender Identities Within the Farm Family
Gender Differences in Mate Selection
Preventative Care Depending on Age and Gender
Gender Differences in Managerial Behavior
Gender Equity and Social Justice in Schoolchildren
Gender-Based Social Responsibilities and Structure
Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Children
Community Health Status: Development, Gender, Genetics
Gender Stereotypes in Family: Research Methods
Homonationalism and Gender Identity in Catholicism
Global Sense: Female Leadership and Gender Equity
Gender-Based Discrimination during Surgical Training
Gender Inequality as an International Issue
The Fifth Element: Gender and Sexuality in Cinema
Gender Studies and Feminization in Education
Gender Stereotyping in Athletic Management
Gender Roles in “Herland” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Emotion Perception and Gender Factor in Stress
Gender Stereotypes Formation in Children
Parents’ Gender Roles and Children’s Aspirations
Sexism and Gender: Culture and Conflict Reflection
Pauli Murray’s Advocacy for Civil and Gender Rights
Gender Stereotypes’ Effects Career and Mental Health
Gender, Race and Sexuality Issues in Society
Gender Mainstreaming of European Union Institutions
Gender in Fiction and Sociological Literature
Gender Stereotyping among Children
Gender Display in TV Shows, Movies and News
Women’s Views on Long-Existing Gender Stereotypes
Racial Gender Inequality in the United States
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EDITORIAL article

Editorial: gender roles in the future theoretical foundations and future research directions.

$\nAlice H. Eagly$

1 Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
2 Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Editorial on the Research Topic Gender Roles in the Future? Theoretical Foundations and Future Research Directions

The study of gender has become a major focus of research in psychology and in social psychology in particular. Among early contributors to this study, Eagly (1987) formulated social role theory to explain the behavior of women and men as well as the stereotypes, attitudes, and ideologies that are relevant to sex and gender. Enhanced by several extensions over the intervening years, this theory became a pre-eminent theory of gender in social psychology ( Eagly and Wood, 2012 ). Also, over the last decades, social psychologists have developed a variety of related approaches to understanding gender, including, for instance, theories devoted to stereotype threat, status, backlash, lack of fit to occupational roles, social identity, and categorization. The conference that preceded this Research Topic, sponsored by the European Association of Social Psychology and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, featured work that fit within the broad umbrella of social role theory and related approaches.

The contemporary interest in the psychology of gender reflects its centrality in the understanding of social behavior. Gender continues to be a driving force in world politics and economics, as evident in the struggles of women to attain parity in political and economic institutions, the transformative impact of the #me-too movement, and the falling birthrates in many nations as women opt for careers instead of large families. In addition, binary gender itself is facing challenge as the two primary sex categories of female and male yield to accommodate multiple gender and sexual identities, including non-binary identities and transgender status.

One of the central topics of the social psychology of gender is gender stereotypes, understood as consensual beliefs about the attributes of women and men. Although describing the content of gender stereotypes might seem to be a task already accomplished many decades ago (e.g., Broverman et al., 1972 ), research on this matter has continually expanded. Not only has recent research described change in gender stereotypes over time ( Eagly et al., 2019 ), but also this Research Topic includes the Hentschel et al. article that identifies facets underlying these stereotypes' two primary dimensions of agency and communion. Their analysis of agency thus reveals the facets of independence, instrumental competence, and leadership competence and of communion yields the facets of concern for others, sociability, and emotional sensitivity. Other advances in stereotype research consider intersectionalities between gender and other social attributes as well as the prescriptive aspect of gender stereotypes by which they define what members of each sex should and should not do. Illustrating these advances, Koenig's research explores prescriptive stereotypes for the intersections of gender with age from toddlerhood to old age. Among her findings is a weakening of these gender stereotypes in relation to elderly women and men.

Gender stereotypes exert influence in daily life even when they compete with the influences of other social roles. In particular, occupational roles have demands that may be more or less consistent with gender roles. In extending social role theory to account for such circumstances, Eagly and Karau (2002) argued that the female gender stereotype is generally inconsistent with leader roles because of the expectations that women are communal and that leaders, like men, are agentic. Consequently, women can suffer discrimination in relation to leadership roles because many people believe that they are insufficiently agentic to perform effectively as leaders. Manzi raises the issue of whether parallel discriminatory processes exist for men who occupy or seek to occupy roles with primarily communal demands. The article by Block et al. further addresses men's occupancy of communal roles by analyzing the low representation of men in healthcare, early education, and domestic (HEED) roles. Their research shows that, consistent with gender stereotypes, men tend to have agentic values that focus on status, competition, and wealth and thus are not attracted to careers with a focus on caring for others. However, as Van Grootel et al. demonstrate, men tend to underestimate the extent to which other men approve of men's communal traits and behaviors. Correction of this pluralistic ignorance fosters men's greater endorsement of communal values and support for progressive gender-related social change. In a different demonstration of how to reduce the power of existing gender stereotypes, Olsson and Martiny review research on exposure to counterstereotypical role models. They conclude that such exposures do hold promise for promoting counterstereotpical goals and aspirations, especially in girls and women.

For leadership, gender makes a difference, given the definition of leadership primarily in culturally masculine terms that disfavor women. Vial and Napier offer clever demonstrations that people do view agentic traits as more important than communal traits for successful leaders, thus confirming women's disadvantage for attaining leader roles. Communal traits appear to be a nice, but inessential add-on for leaders. Another disadvantage for women, as shown by Player et al. , is that male candidates for leadership are valued more highly for their perceived potential to be a good leader rather than their past performance. Female candidates, in contrast, are valued more for their past performance and given relatively little credit for their potential. Consistent with the female stereotype of low agency, women thus have the burden of proving their leadership competence rather than merely being trusted to have potential for the future. As shown by Gruber et al. , some women do emerge as leaders, and greater facial attractiveness facilitates their emergence by fostering the ascription of social competence to them. These researchers have yet to investigate the importance of facial attractiveness to male leaders.

Increasing gender diversity in organizations is surely an important social goal for advocates of gender equality. Yet, organizational processes are not so simple that merely adding women catalyzes gains for other women. In fact, women in leadership roles do not necessarily work to change organizational norms to insure equal opportunity for other women, as Sterk et al. argue. Instead, senior women may accept negative stereotypes about women's lesser capacity for leadership. Such “queen bee” senior women may distance themselves from junior women and thus exert negative effects on them. Moreover, as van Dijk and van Engen explain, despite the presence of gender-diverse work groups, organizational behaviors are often constrained by self-reinforcing gender role expectations that perpetuate traditional gender-unfair practices.

Gender stereotypes exert influence in other situations as well. One such setting is high-stakes aptitude tests whose outcomes affect the opportunities of women and men. As shown by the Leiner et al. research on Austrian medical school aptitude tests, there are intriguing sex differences in the ways that female and male test takers perceive the test situation. In particular, the women experienced greater test anxiety than men and perceived the test as less fair. Another realm of social behavior that is fraught with gender issues is sexual coercion and rape. Gravelin et al. provide a thorough review of what is now a large research literature on tendencies to blame the victim of acquaintance rape. Also related to sexual violence is an incident in Germany of mass sexual assault on New Year's Eve of 2015. The discourse that ensued receives careful analysis by Hannover et al. One question that Germans faced is whether the largely Muslim perpetrators of these assaults were motivated by particularly sexist attitudes toward girls and women that emanated from their religion. The findings of this research instead implicated, not a particular religion, but high levels of religiosity and fundamentalism as precursors of the sexist beliefs that fostered violence against women.

In a world in which gender is always in flux, the future of gender relations is uncertain. To help understand this future, Gustafsson Sendén et al. asked Swedes to indicate what they think that the traits of Swedish women and men were in the past, are in the present, and will be in the future. Replicating earlier research by Diekman and Eagly (2000) , respondents perceived women to increase in agentic traits over time but remain more communal than men. Such beliefs, derived from the abstract belief that gender equality is increasing, may not reflect actual changes in stereotype content over time ( Eagly et al., 2019 ).

The contemporary challenges to the binary view of sex, gender, and sexuality receive important exploration in the essay by Morgenroth and Ryan . They review earlier writing by the philosopher Judith Butler, who advocated “gender trouble” that would disrupt the binary view of gender. As these authors suggest, Butler's ideas can guide understanding of some of the ways that performance socially constructs gender in society. Butler's writings on performativity and related themes can provide intriguing hypotheses for systematic empirical exploration by social psychologists. In the meantime, other social psychologists argue that the way forward in gender theory entails exploring how gender is and is not socially constructed by producing research that also considers the biological grounding of some patterns of male and female behavior ( Eagly and Wood, 2013 ). From this interactionist perspective, nature, and nurture are intertwined in producing the phenomena of gender.

The articles included in this Research Topic are broadly positioned across the field of social psychology, which encompasses a wide range of themes pertaining to sex and gender. Some of these themes link social psychology to other areas of psychological specialization, such as personality, developmental, cultural, industrial-organizational, and biological psychology as well as to the other social science disciplines of sociology, political science, and economics. In invoking other disciplines and psychology subfields, many of the authors whose work appears in this Research Topic recognize the importance of social roles as a central integrative concept in theories of gender. These articles thereby complement social role theory by reaching out to build an extended theoretical foundation for gender research of the future.

Author Contributions

Both authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., and Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: a current appraisal. J. Soc. Issues 28, 59–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x

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Diekman, A. B., and Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: women and men of the past, present, and future. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 26, 1171–1188. doi: 10.1177/0146167200262001

Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

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Eagly, A. H., and Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychol. Rev. 109, 573–598. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573

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Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., and Sczesny, S. (2019). Gender stereotypes have changed: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of US public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018. Am. Psychol . 18:494. doi: 10.1037/amp0000494

Eagly, A. H., and Wood, W. (2012). “Social role theory,” in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology , eds P. van Lange, A. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 458–476. doi: 10.4135/9781446249222.n49

CrossRef Full Text

Eagly, A. H., and Wood, W. (2013). The nature–nurture debates: 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8, 340–357. doi: 10.1177/1745691613484767

Keywords: gender prejudice, social role theory, communion, agency, gender stereotypes, gender roles

Citation: Eagly AH and Sczesny S (2019) Editorial: Gender Roles in the Future? Theoretical Foundations and Future Research Directions. Front. Psychol. 10:1965. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01965

Received: 07 August 2019; Accepted: 09 August 2019; Published: 04 September 2019.

Edited and reviewed by: Eva G. Krumhuber , University College London, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2019 Eagly and Sczesny. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Alice H. Eagly, eagly@northwestern.edu

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Gender and Politics

Gender and Politics Research Paper Topics

The gender gap in political representation: causes and consequences
Gender quotas in politics: pros and cons
Women’s rights and political participation in the Middle East
Women’s representation in local government: a case study of a specific country or region
Masculinity and political leadership: how gender affects perceptions of leadership qualities
Women’s access to political power in post-conflict societies
Gender and political violence: how violence affects men and women differently
The impact of gender on voting behavior
The role of women in peacebuilding and conflict resolution
Gender mainstreaming in international development policy: successes and challenges
Intersectionality in politics: how race, class, and gender intersect to shape political outcomes
The gendered impact of globalization on the labor market and political participation
Gender and environmental politics: exploring the links between gender, environmentalism, and politics
The impact of gender on political ideology and party affiliation
Gender and political rhetoric: how gendered language affects political discourse
The role of men in promoting gender equality in politics
Feminism and political theory: historical and contemporary debates
The impact of gender on political socialization and political attitudes
The gendered nature of political scandals: how men and women are affected differently
Women’s role in authoritarian regimes: case studies of specific countries
The gendered impact of austerity policies on welfare states and social programs
Gender and political participation in online spaces: how digital platforms are changing the landscape of political participation
Women’s representation in the judiciary: a comparative analysis
The impact of gender on media coverage of political campaigns
Gender and international security: exploring the links between gender, security, and conflict
The gendered impact of immigration policies and migration flows
Gender and political corruption: how gender affects perceptions of corruption and ethics in politics
Women’s role in political parties: a comparative analysis
The impact of gender on political trust and legitimacy
The gendered impact of economic liberalization and privatization policies
Women’s representation in international organizations: a case study of the United Nations
The role of gender in the formation of public policy and political decision-making
Gender and political communication: how gender affects political messaging and public opinion
The impact of gender on the formation and implementation of foreign policy
Gender and the politics of social movements: exploring the role of women in movements for social change
Gender and the politics of reproductive rights: a comparative analysis of policy and activism
Women’s access to education and its impact on political participation
The gendered nature of political institutions and processes: a comparative analysis
Gender and the politics of identity: exploring the links between gender, race, and ethnicity in political discourse
The impact of gender on the politics of healthcare and healthcare policy
Women’s participation in local community governance: a case study of a specific region or country
The impact of gender on political accountability and transparency
Gender and political decision-making in the private sector: a comparative analysis
The gendered impact of natural disasters on political outcomes and policy responses
Women’s role in the politics of climate change: exploring the links between gender, the environment, and politics
The impact of gender on political violence and terrorism
Gender and the politics of nationalism: exploring the links between gender, nationalism, and identity
Women’s role in the politics
The Role of Intersectionality in Women’s Political Participation: An Analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Class Differences in Political Mobilization.
Women’s Representation in Political Leadership: Examining the Glass Ceiling in Parliaments and Executive Offices.

Women have historically been excluded from political decision-making, with men dominating positions of power in most political systems. This has led to a lack of representation of women’s perspectives and experiences in political decision-making, resulting in policies that do not adequately address the needs of all members of society. While progress has been made in increasing the number of women in political leadership roles in many countries, women continue to face unique challenges in accessing and exercising political power. These challenges include gender bias, discrimination, and social norms that prioritize men in political leadership.

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One way to address these challenges is through the use of quotas and affirmative action policies to increase the representation of women in political decision-making. Quotas have been implemented in many countries around the world, with varying degrees of success. Some argue that quotas are necessary to overcome the structural barriers that prevent women from accessing political power, while others argue that quotas are unfair and can lead to the selection of less qualified candidates. Regardless of the effectiveness of quotas, it is clear that increasing the representation of women in political decision-making is essential to creating more equitable and inclusive policies.

Feminist movements have also played a critical role in shaping political discourse and pushing for gender equality in political systems. Feminist movements have highlighted the ways in which gender shapes political systems and policies, and have worked to mobilize women to become more active in political decision-making. These movements have also pushed for policy changes to address gender-based violence, discrimination, and other issues that disproportionately affect women. By bringing attention to these issues, feminist movements have helped to shape political discourse and create more space for women to participate in political decision-making.

Despite these efforts, women continue to face significant challenges in accessing and exercising political power. Women remain underrepresented in political decision-making in many countries, and face unique challenges in accessing the resources and support needed to succeed in these roles. Addressing these challenges will require a sustained effort to increase the representation of women in political decision-making and to create more supportive and inclusive political environments.

In conclusion, gender and politics is a critical area of inquiry in political science, exploring the ways in which gender shapes political systems, policies, and outcomes. Women have historically been excluded from political decision-making, resulting in policies that do not adequately address the needs of all members of society. Quotas and affirmative action policies, as well as feminist movements, have been instrumental in addressing these challenges and increasing the representation of women in political decision-making. However, significant challenges remain, and continued efforts will be needed to create more equitable and inclusive political systems.

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622 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best gender topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on gender, ✅ simple & easy gender essay titles, 📌 writing prompts for gender, 📑 interesting topics to write about gender, ✍️ gender essay topics for college, ❓ essay questions about gender.

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The Problem of Gender-Based Violence Wood et al.examine the rural region of Tajikistan, the country in Central Asia, and note the distinctive perceptions of violence between men and women, particularly the empowerment of the male population.
Gender Issues: Femininity and Masculinity Depiction of the Portuguese visitors to Benin by artist in the 16th century clearly emphasizes on that exclusion of women and the embrace of masculinity.
Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Essay This essay will document gender bias and gender discrimination in the context of social and physical and the social confines of the work place that is experienced at work in the context of United States […]
Should Sports Be Segregated by Gender? As a result of the fact that males are often taller, heavier, more powerful, and faster than women, it is not actually feasible for them to compete on an equal level in the majority of […]
Ann Oakley’s Gender Socialization Theory Essay She received her bachelor degree in 1965.she continued her studies at Bedford College, University of London, Anne has gained a PhD in 1969.main spheres of her investigations included sociology of medicine and health of women.
Gender and the Division of Labor The differential basis of cultivation of skill is important in understanding the inferior economic position of women inside and outside the society.
Race and Gender in “Hidden Figures” (2016) Discussing the restroom scene within the context of the main theme of race and gender in Hidden Figures is important because it showed the tension between the urgent scientific work and the lack of logic […]
Gender Inequality in the Story of Ama Aidoo “In the Cutting of a Drink” The story of Ama Aidoo In the Cutting of a Drink tells about gender inequality, which is expressed in the clash between the typical values of rural residents and the values of people living in […]
Gender Studies and Society In my view, studying gender should be in the context of the prevailing cultural and social factors in a given society. In particular, the gender-role attitudes shape the gender roles and identities.
The Concept of Gender in Cinema The concept of gender in cinema refers to the portrayal of female roles in cinemas. These representations of female roles in cinemas show the consistent effort by filmmakers to use cinemas to emphasize the mainstream […]
Analysis and Conclusion on Gender Violence Even though direct and physical violence against women lead to physical injury and physiological trauma, use of women as sex pets and commercial sex workers during the disintegration of the Soviet Union created a social […]
Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective by Brettell & Sargent Islam accorded equal opportunities to both men and women in the society when it realized the important roles that women play in the society.
Gender Identity in “Room of One’s Own” and “Orlando” The transgression from one style to the other, and through the process of breaking the convention Virginia Woolf, in her essay A Room of One’s Own and parodic novel Orlando: An Autobiography, reinstates for her […]
Gender Issues in the Movie “The Stoning of Soraya M.” Gender roles and the discrimination of women have been the main topics of concern in most movies in the recent past. The movie shows women as inferior to men as illustrated by the differentials in […]
Gender and Sexuality in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando Using the book, the paper will support the argument that it is inaccurate to bind gender and sexuality. Orlando continues to break the convention of sex and gender and find her place as a woman […]
Single-Gender Education in Saudi Arabia This means that those in charge of developing mathematics curriculum have to produce curriculum that takes into account the learning differences that exist between boys and girls, and gives confidence to girls in mathematics and […]
Gender Roles in Antigone Essay This will be seen through an analysis of the other characters in the play and the values of ancient Greeks. Indeed this central character appears to be at odds with the inclinations of the other […]
Gender difference Of course, it would be unwise to conclude that all men and women exhibit these qualities, as there are women who want to have all the authority and men who have profound insight but the […]
Gender and Sports: Men and Women Equality Sport is considered to be one of the most appealing but at the same time the most controversial institutions in the world.
Gender and Language: Sociolinguistics Perspective It adopts a structure that is designed to demonstrate the manner in which researchers approach the issue of gender and sex with respect to language variations.
Gender roles in the Wind in the Willows For instance, in the case where both the mole and the rat make comments to the toad that are full of women critics.
Gender Identity The influence of biological factors on gender identity can be explained by considering functions of hormones and cerebral lateralization of the brain.
Gender Inequality as a Global Issue This essay will examine some of the causes that affect the gap in the treatment of men and women, and its ramifications, particularly regarding developing countries.
The Impact of the Ways Gender Is Constructed in the Briar Rose Representation of the king as an overprotective father and benevolent king, the thirteenth wise woman who has turned the curse to blessing by revealing the princess from her farther care and allowing her to become […]
Sociological perspectives of Gender Inequality The events taking place in the modern world and the occurrence of the feminist movements during the past few decades can be used to offer a deeper understanding on the subject of gender inequality and […]
Gender Inequality in Workplace Gender is the main reason for inequalities in the workplace; this is because nowadays there is a steady increase in the number of women in workplaces in the world.
Gender Roles Set in Stone: Prehistoric and Ancient Work of Arts In the prehistoric and ancient works of art, the representation of women and men reveals a massive imbalance in gender equity that favors men over women.
Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and Genitals These definitions indicate that sex and gender are not the same as they refer to different aspects of the human society.
The Concepts of Gender Roles and Sexuality by John Money and Judith Butler These categories of feminists are united in the belief of existence of many children and little sex. This paper explains the concepts and ideologies relating to gender roles and sexuality.as advocated by John Money and […]
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Gender Identity in Hemingway’s “Garden of Eden” She asserts that the man in the newspaper is a different man than the one she is married to because the one she is married to could never dream of being mentioned anywhere without having […]
Tupac and Gender: Sexuality in His Music He is the perfect Tupac who adores and supports women going through a crisis.”Keep yah Head Up” is another inspirational song to black women, it is a call for black women to stand firm and […]
Theme of Gender in «The Story of an Hour» by Kate Chopin and «A Room of One’s Own» by Virginia Woolf On the other hand, the unknown narrator; the main character in the novel A Room of One’s Own addresses and criticizes the issue of gender inequality in her society.
Trobriand Society: Gender and Its Roles In this society, the passage from one stage to the other involves a complicated exchange of gifts with other members of the society.
Gender Role in the “Trifles” by Susan Glaspell In her play, Trifles, Glaspell uses two parts of the play, one distinctive narrative on men and the other on women, in order to trigger the reader into evaluating the value of both genders to […]
Gender Inequality: The Role of Media The media plays a major role in gender socialization because of the ways it chooses to portray women. Shows such as Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella, and Snow White are famous because they usher children […]
Gender Issues: Education and Feminism These experiences in many times strongly affects the individual’s understanding, reasoning, action about the particular issue in contention In this work two issues of great influence and relevance to our societies are discussed.
Gender and Educational Level: Chi-Square Study In the chi-square test, the null hypothesis holds if the chi-statistic is less than the critical value and the p-value is greater than a given significant level.
Sexuality and Gender in the Film “Provoked: A True Story” The relationships between the two sexes are depicted in the context of the investigation and the struggle of the social organization Southhall Black Sisters for the release of Kiranjit.
The Character of Dellarobia in Flight Behavior: Gender Norms and Resisting Them Wishing to shed the fetters limited her freedom; at the beginning of the novel, Dellarobia fears not meeting the gender norms of the culture.
Women’s Health and Gender The establishment of empowering health care systems can make it easier for women to achieve their potential and lead better lives.
Gender-Based Violence in India: Issues and Solutions According to the pioneers of the campaign, every person can embrace the best practices in order to deal with gender-based violence.
SDGs – Equality Education and Gender Equality The quality of education for girls can affect their employment and their ability to support themselves financially. With a good education, women have a larger range of jobs to choose from and the opportunity to […]
Gender Relations in Murasaki Shikibu’s “The Tale of Genji” The focal point of the paper is to discuss four female characters in The Tale of Genji and focus on women’s social role, level of education, how much independence they enjoyed, their emotions, their love […]
Gender and Politeness Therefore, the society too expects them to demonstrate politeness in their use of language and in their conversations at large. It is also important for one to analyze closely how the people seem judged based […]
Ideology of Gender Roles In the world of literature, ideology has played a vital role in depicting the condition of the society. In this scenario, Kingston reveals that the men out-live their roles in the society, and they are […]
Gender Roles in the 19th Century Society: Charlotte Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper However, the narrator’s developing madness can also act as the symbolical depiction of the effects of the men’s dominance on women and the female suppression in the 19th-century society.”The Yellow Wallpaper” was first published in […]
“Gender Role Behaviors and Attitudes” by Holly Devor It is descriptive of the exact characteristics that are attributed to men and women and how society is readily judgmental in voicing opinions and assigning roles.
Male Teachers: Gender and Schooling This is the perception that is held by most people and thus the presence of male teachers in the school might help to reduce the myth that is associated with school among the boys.
Gender Treatment: Changing Role of Women in Modern Society Despite the valuable contribution that women made to the development of society, the role reversal between US men and women is demonstrated most explicitly and painfully in the working class, having significant cultural and political […]
Digital Technology’s Impact on the Body, Gender, and Identity The influence of digital technologies on the category of the body is expressed in the prevalence of images and representation of different body constitutions and their recognition as normal.
Sex and Gender Distinction: Imaginary Body According to the research conducted by Gartens on gender distinctions and sex, he concluded that the two factors are more or less the same in regards to the differentiation between consciousness and the mind. The […]
Gender Bender: Definition & Meaning This experience is based on the topic of gender-bending which in the end proved to be a learning experience of, to say the least bizarre.
Gender Studies: Penis Size and Breast Augmentation Sexual confidence is part of the issues that many men have to face in their lives, especially if they consider the size of their penis as a source of self-affirmation.
The Progress of Gender Equality The key achievements have been the removal of all forms of discrimination against women, the promotion of legal literacy, education, and the general protection of the rights of women.
Campaign Against Gender-Based Violence in the UAE Additionally, the culture of the citizens of the UAE has been blamed for the general mistreatment of women and girls. The Freedom House reveals that Sharia law has been interpreted to suggest that women are […]
Gender Inequality in Afghanistan Thirdly, there is social gender inequality, which is demonstrated by women being the victims of domestic violence and sexual assault, inequalities in education attainment, lack of freedom to marry and divorce, and unequal access to […]
Gender Socialization Therefore, in order to reconstruct the role of race, class and gender in society, it is important to examine them in the context of power relations.
Gender Stereotypes in Advertisement In addition, I think that this example has a negative contribution and can become harmful for limiting gender stereotypes due to the downplaying of the importance of women.
Athena and Gender Roles in Greek Mythology According to Eicher and Roach-Higgins, the elements of her dress were important because they immediately communicated specific ideas about her character that was as contradictory as the physical gender of the birthing parent.”In appropriating the […]
Gender Role Expectations in “The Odyssey” by Homer The reason is that many behaviors of these female characters are masculine in their nature, and they need to be further discussed with reference to examples.
Gender Roles in “Bridge to Terabithia” by Paterson The theme of gender roles is consistently present in the novel, starting with character origins and becoming the central concept as they mature to defy archetypal perceptions of feminine and masculine expectations in order to […]
Gender Studies: Lesbian Sadomasochism She insists critics of sadomasochism only see pain and humiliation yet the people involved consent to it because of the strong connection they feel.
Gender-Based Inequality: Housework After explaining the problem in question in more detail, as well as describing the significance of the study and its theoretical framework, a review of the scholarly literature pertaining to the topic of gender discrimination […]
Gender Issues in the New Testament However, such attempts in the church are met with resistance and even use of the Bible verses to disapprove of women’s role in the leadership. The modern church needs to be progressive and allow women […]
Gender Inequality in Social Media Research shows that teenagers from the age of thirteen use social media to discuss the physical appearances of girls and exchange images with sexual content.
“Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies” Kang, M., Lessard, D., Heston, L., & Nordmarken, S. The thesis of Chapter 1 is that the ability to recognize the complexity of the current world and capitalize on the notions of equality and partnership could help people achieve more in the field of […]
Gender Issues in the School Environment Studies show that the school does not convene the needs of a child in the way that is expected because of the narrower understanding of the terms masculinity and femininity.
Gender and Women by Leila Ahmed The most honored of you in the sight of God is the most righteous of you, the one practicing the most taqwa.
Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities Despite these problems psychologists have always remained interested in the extent to which the gender differences are reflected in cognitive functioning and a variety of different measures have been devised to try and ascertain the […]
Gender Inequality in the Field of Working Wright and Yaeger state that it is the deep intersection of the life and work fields in the current working paradigm that creates daily and long-term problems, limits the available time for male and female […]
Racism and Gender in Beyoncé’s Lemonade The album Lemonade by an American singer Beyonce is one of the brightest examples when an artist portrays the elements of her culture in her music. Along with music videos, the album features a number […]
Changing Gender Roles Between Boys and Girls In the twenty-first Century, girls have greatly stepped up and assumed some of the roles that were considered to be boy’s while boys have done the same leading to an interchange of roles.
Karma, Merit, and Rebirth through a Gender Lens Likewise, being born as a man or as a woman and one’s position in this or that society is a manifestation of karma, a consequence of one’s deeds in past lives.
Gender Segregation in Religion Second, the lower the percentage of people’s religious affiliation in the region, the lower the percentage of gender inequality, as shown by a study of fifty states.
Gender Inequality and Female Leaders in the Hospitality Industry The current literature regarding the challenges and issues facing women in leadership positions in the hospitality industry in France is inadequate.
“Desiree’s Baby” and “Gender Queer: A Memoir”: Character Analysis It turns out that Desiree and the child are not white, and Armand becomes angry and shameful. Society constantly treats her as a girl, and she is not always able to talk about her feelings […]
Combating Gender Inequality It is thanks to this approach that humanity will be able to successfully cope with the problem of gender inequality, sexism, and discrimination.
“The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?” by Blum Deborah Estrogen is identified as the hormone that is able to affect the human mind as a result of which mannerisms are of feminine nature.
Being the Opposite Gender And it’s perfectly okay for a man to look and flirt, but if “his” woman does the same, it must be because she does not really love him.
Gender Inequality as a Global Societal Problem For eliminating the gender wage gap, nationwide legislation shows to increase the hiring and promotion of women in the workplace. Unfortunately, there is a gap in scholarly research in regards to reflecting the success of […]
Raising Gender-Neutral Children The major claim of gender-neutral parenting supporters is that it is important to raise a child in a gender-free environment with a focus on the health and happiness of a child.
Ethics and Gender: Empowering Societies The topic “Ethics and Gender” highlights the major challenges affecting many people in the society. The essay presents the best arguments in order to support the importance of this topic.
Absolute Gender Equality in a Marriage Despite the fact that the principles of gender equality in marriage will clearly affect not only the relationships between a husband and a wife but also the roles of the spouses considerably, it is bound […]
Anne Bradstreet’s Approach to Exhibiting Gender Emphasizing the gender of Earth, Bradstreet seems to divide the roles between the Creator as the Father of the world and the Earth as the Mother of the natural life in the world.
Gender Communication in Romantic Relationship In order to understand the gender communication in romantic relationship it is important to understand the different styles of communication. It is up to the parties to determine the kind of interaction and intimacy they […]
Gender, Race and Class These ambivalent attitudes towards females are used by males to remain at the top of the hierarchy of power and leadership and place females at the bottom. The concepts are entrenched in our society and […]
Gender Inequality and the Glass Ceiling The significant societal barriers that keep women from achieving the highest levels of their careers include, but are not limited to, organizational barriers, societal barriers, and Personal barriers.
The Feminist and Gender Theory Influence on Nursing That is, gender and feminist theories are still relevant in the modern world. This is explained by the fact that women are struggling to demonstrate their professionalism in order to receive the same recognition and […]
Title IX: Gender Equality in Education Education provides opportunities for developing the abilities of girls and boys, women and men to participate in the social, economic, and political life of the state and is the basis for the development of a […]
Gender Bias in K-Pop: Gender Bias in Korean Society In the industry, they are forced to illustrate femininity and fragility in order to meet the prevailing notions of gender roles in society.
Gender Theories Paper “Interpersonal Theory” At the very early stages of growth and development, mothers are known to spend more time with their children as compared to the fathers.
Gender and Discourse in Linguistics: Idea of Women’s and Men’s Discourse Lakoff is of the view that women live in a male-dominated society and for that matter, their discourse is also deficient due to a lack of confidence. In her view, the imbalance of power is […]
Race, Class and Gender: Feminism – A Transformational Politic The social construction of difference in America has its historical roots in the days of slavery, the civil war, the civil rights movement, and the various shades of affirmative action that have still not managed […]
Gender-Sensitive Education and Equality This is because they are in the best position to determine the level of success that has been achieved, and what could be impeding the achievement of this equality.
Gender and Test Score Correlation The assumptions of correlation for gpa and final: Final and GPA variables are independent. Final and GPA scores are linearly related.
Discussing Gender Roles in the Interaction Perspective It is the purpose of this issue to discuss the concept of gender roles using the sociological perspective of symbolic interaction.
Role of Gender in “Mulan” by Walt Disney This is despite Mulan joining the military to rescue her father, she cannot however stand up to her father as opposed to other men in the military because it is only her father who understands […]
Gender Inequality in the Video Games Industry The portrayal of males and females in video games is a subject of study in gender studies and is discussed in the context of sexism in the industry.
Cultural Anthropology, Gender and Kinship Gender is the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. Gender stratification is the unequal distribution of social value by gender.
Essence of Gender Inversion and Its Impact on Society The idea of gender grows up with us from childhood to adulthood where the norm dictates that in most cases, men are the providers and women the care givers in families and society as a […]
Gender-Neutral Bathrooms on Campus: A Whim or a Necessity There are many possible ways for a student to be discriminated against, one of which is being denied their access to basic utilities, such as on-campus bathrooms.
Nobility vs. Femininity: Overcoming Gender Norms in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” The plot of the story follows the life and death of a Southern woman Emily Grierson, mostly in the period after the Civil War.
Gender Mainstreaming: Taking Action, Getting Results In addition to this, gender analysis deals with the planned interventions and the implications that they have; with regards to this, its purpose is to ensure understanding of these implications within different contexts and evaluate […]
Impact of Culture on Gender Identity: How Differences in Genders Are Evident in the Behavior In the early centuries, there were always two genders, male and female and the heterosexual society and culture helped to shape the gender identity of countless people across the centuries.
Gender Issues of Equality and Representation in the K-12 Education System This paper examines the gender issues of equality and representation in the K-12 education system and gives out the major findings based on the observed trends from the structured study of literature in the area.
Gender and Sexuality in Cosmetic Advertising It also assesses the correctness of truths conveyed to and the effect of these advertising images to the audience. The woman’s position to the back could be interpreted as a sign of feminine subordination.
Does Gender Affect Leadership? The number of women who are reaching top positions in the management of an organization is very less, though nowadays there is some change in this fact and so many women are holding top leadership […]
Sex vs Gender Essay This essay seeks to distinguish the two concepts and show how biology and socialization have contributed to the formation of sexual behavior and gender identity in the modern Western society.
Representation of gender in media Stereotyping is not a new term in the media industry especially with regard to how men and women are represented. Nevertheless, representation of gender in media is a debatable issue that continues to affect the […]
Gender as a Social Structure In Madonna’s performance for instance, it is quite evident how the male and female performers relate on the stage especially on the use of space and what they perform.
The Relationship between Race and Gender as Delineated in the Loons, City Lovers, and Ravensong Maracle’s Ravensong is a story of who a number of Natives were treated by Whites in the late 1950s; it is not about some general facts and events, it is a lesson that some Natives […]
Fashion and Gender: Globalization, Nation and Ethnicity Today, fashion is changing drastically to compose fashion trends, which is very relevant in the contemporary society as it’s reflected in the new colorful and stylish designs.
Gender and Diversity in the Workplace The modern world of human resource management seems to have changed significantly and as policies and regulations change, the need to reconsider workplace gender equity and diversity has received considerable attention across organizations.
Gender stereotypes of superheroes The analysis is based on the number of male versus female characters, the physical characteristic of each individual character, the ability to solve a problem individually as either male or female and both males and […]
Gender Roles Inversion: The Madonna Phenomenon At the same time partial narrowing of the gender gap in the context of economic participation did not lead to the equality of men and women in the field of their occupations.
Rhetorical Analysis of Gender-Based Violence Against Women In the abstract, the author disapproves of the notion that GBV is steered by poverty and poor government programs to combat this violence.
Gender Inequality in Relation to the Military Service In his article, Soutik Biswas refers to the intention of India’s Supreme Court to influence the government and give women commanding roles in the army.
The Links Between Gender and Crime The present paper aims to examine the links between gender and crime through an analysis of a sexual assault case. Identification of crime patterns is a valuable tool to guide criminologists as it helps them […]
“A Doll’s House” by H. Ibsen: Do Desires Have a Gender? In the end, many of the characters’ desires are shaped by social norms that are imposed on them, and while some characters choose to go along with society’s expectations of them, others revolt and seek […]
Supporting Female Victims of Domestic Violence and Abuse: NGO Establishment The presence of such a model continues to transform lives and make it easier for more women to support and provide basic education to their children.
Structural Adjustment Programs and Gender One of the challenges comes from the truth that from the start the SAPs were not targeting gender explicitly; rather they were targeting specific economic variables and only unreservedly assumed that economic reforms, freeing economies […]
Sexism: Gender, Class and Power In the workplace, women often complain of the general assumption that men are more qualified and knowledgeable compared to women. In some societies, the fact that women are made to change their surname when they […]
Gender and School Subject Choice in the UK In this work, the discrepancies in secondary subject choices, in the UK, are analyzed. The information and data comparison on gender inequality in the British secondary education is derived from two major sources: subject selection […]
Sex and Gender: Why Sex Change Operations? Practices such as transgender operations often surprise people due to sensitivity of ethics, morality, and procedures that lead to realization of the processes that are involved.
Gender in the Book “Bodies that Matter” by Judith Butler In the view promoted by Butler, performativity is directly related to the concepts of gender, sex, sexuality, and materialization of the body.
Gender and Human Rights The concept of a Human of Rights introduced by Foucault in 1950s, and also referred to as humanity is traditionally defined as a “floating signifier” and is related directly to the idea of human rights.
Gender-Based Discrimination in the Workplace In order to give a good account of the effects of gender-based discrimination against women, this paper examines the space of women in the automotive engineering industry.
Expectation states theory and gender This is because of the status of men in the society. The roles of men and women are becoming more integrated and resulting in a shift in expectations on social roles of both genders.
Contemporary Issues in Management: Gender and Leadership Swan, Stead and Elliott contribute to the analysis of the role of learning in gender diversity and leadership by identifying the gap in leadership learning and outlining the role feminist approach can play in education.
Jacques Louis David’s Art with Respect to Question of Gender The most “sound” in the context of “femininity” and “masculinity” are the pictures The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates and The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Songs and The […]
Femicide in Mexico and the Problem of Gender Inequality Femicide remains one of the most devastating issues in Mexico, and it is vital to address the gender oppression and inequality that women face.
Gender Differences Across Cultures In Western cultures, the stress level of women is much higher than that of men and that of women in Eastern cultures.
Biology and Gender Roles in Society Thus, it may be more convenient for society to justify the imposition of certain gender roles on men and women using biology-related arguments, which, in reality, are more related to culture and social development.
Conan Doyle’s Gender Conception Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is one of the most influential books of the 19th century and continues to be popular today.
Gender Balance in the Workplace in the UAE This led to the foundation of the Gender Balance Council in the country in 2015, which, according to Goby, was one of the watersheds in the struggle for equality in the workplace between men and […]
Exploring Gender in Communication For instance, a female manager asking her male colleague to do a task can choose the following way of politely delivering her message: “Do you think you can finish the report by Wednesday?” If the […]
Creating a Culture of Gender Equality in the Workplace This proposal will consider the existing gender inequality within the field of architecture and propose several changes an architecture firm should undertake to create a culture of gender equality.
Gender and Communication Within the Workplace Existing literature shows that men are likely to interrupt others during conversations, like women who are always keen to listen to the problems of staff members.
Gender Diversity in the Workplace and Social Changes This is a research paper, seeking to understand and discuss the benefits of gender diversity at the workplace and how far the firefighting industry has come in appreciating the trend.
Patriarchy and Traditional Gender Norms There was a need for the females to be involved in economic activities that were been believed to be suitable only for the males.
Reading Short Stories and Gender Influences The theme of the stories themselves also influences the pleasure of reading a short story. Even some women dislike the fact that they are women writers and try to dissociate themselves from other writers, a […]
Sociology. Gender Norm Violations Gender norms violations can be identified as adoption of behavior patterns and actions atypical for a given sex and prescribed to an opposite gender Gender norms violations are perceived as such because at the level […]
Gender and the Musical Canon by Marcia Citron Gender and the Musical Canon is a timely and engaging read, and was one of the publications which at their time were a sign of profound and welcome change within the field of musicology.
Gender Equality: Plan to Address the Issue The vice president of administration and finance should use a powerful plan to address the issues affecting the institution. To begin with, I will use a powerful plan to address the issues affecting different female […]
Gender Roles and Family Systems in Hispanic Culture In the Hispanic culture, amarianismo’ and amachismo’ are the terms used to determine the various behavioral expectations among the family members.
Gender Discrimination and Shared Responsibility Therefore, it is of great importance to address the mentioned challenge, and one of the solutions lays in the education of women.
Gender Stereotypes in Disney Princesses The evolvement of the princess image in the films of the studio represents the developing position of strong independent women in the society, but the princess stereotypes can harm the mentality of children.
Gender-Scores Relation: T-Test Analysis Pratt and Cullen noted that the computation of the t-test statistic provides a measure of the equality of the hypothesized mean and the statistical mean, which is expressed as the standard deviation of the difference […]
Gender Issues in Eastern Religions Coontz discusses these issues from the context of economic status of the American women and their limited role in society at the time.
Gender Roles in South Korean Laws and Society At the same time, all custody is traditionally granted to husbands and fathers in a case of a divorce” though the anxiety about the high divorce rate and the nasty endings of relationships is more […]
Gender Stereotypes in “Million Dollar Baby” Movie In order to enter the world of boxing, Maggie, the main heroine of Million Dollars Baby, had to overcome the adversities connected with gender stereotypes.
Gender Inequality and Socio-Economic Development Gender inequality in the US determines who is to be in the kitchen and who is to sit in the White House.
Mass Media Impacts on Children Studies of Gender The media also foster the continuity of gendered attitudes in the society regarding behavior and gender roles. In particular, gender stereotypes and attitudes existing in society are transferred to children through the media.
Dr. Stacy Smith’ View on Women Gender Stereotypes Stacy Smith, the author is unfortunate that despite the fact that population of men and women is equal, the womenfolk, the society is not really to accept this equality in assigning roles, even when a […]
Relate Gender, Ethnicity and Identity The aspect of identity, gender, and ethnicity are closely related, and it can be difficult to draw a separation between the concepts.
Gender Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Women tend to center on the person, deeper insight into the context and personality of the speaker and the general situation. Their communication is more personal, and is directed to the emotional side of the […]
Children gender and toys The paper will look at the impacts certain stereotyped toys can have on the complexity of the children’s play, identify the way the behaviors influence the cognitive development of the child while making use of […]
Gender Stereotyping and Friendship: Women Relationships
Impact of Gender Difference on Leadership Styles
Gender Stratification in Education, Work, and Family
Gender and Religion: Women and Islam
Gender Roles by Margaret Mead
Gender in Management
Gender Roles in Society
Polygamy in America: Between Society, Law, and Gender
Gender Inequalities Explained by Sociological Theories
Gender Representation in Ed Sheeran’s “Shape of You” Song
Race, Class, and Gender in Kincaid’s The Autobiography of My Mother
Food Work in the Family and Gender Aspects of Food Choice
Critic of Masculine and Feminine Genders
Gender Myths and Stereotypes in the Modern World
Quotas in Improving Gender Diversity in Leadership
Gender and Body Image
Gender Equality and Development
Gender Discrimination in History and Nowadays
Gender in Film: “Penelope” by Mark Palansky
Gender Determination Procedure
Gender Propagation in Titanic Miniseries
Sport’s Gender Differences
Gender Discrimination in Public Administration
Gender Roles and Body Image in Disney Movies
Gender-Based Violence within Social Structures
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Islam
Gender and Sexuality: The Final Critical Summary
Gender Factors of Crime in Campus
Gender Relationship: Food and Culture
The Concept of “Doing Gender” in the Workplace
China’s Gender Roles in Mo Yan’s and Shen Fu’s Works
The Issue of Gender Inequality Reflection
This Changes Everything: Gender Disparity in Hollywood
The Theme of Gender in Virginia Woolf’s Novel “Orlando”
The Interconnection of the Body and Gender
Identity and Gender Politics in Woolf’s The Mark on the Wall
The Reasons of Polygamy and Its Impact on Gender Relations
The Impact of Gender on Communication
Gender Differences in Housekeeping in Estonia
Issues of Sex and Gender in Society Today: Equal Pay
Gender Roles in Brady’s and Theroux’s Works
Gender-Based Assessment of Cigarette Smoking Harm
Gender-Responsive Development and Related Events
Race and Gender Analysis: Key Differences
Gender Inequality in Mass Media
Gender Inequality in American Stories and Plays
Theories of Gender Course Sociology
Gender and Age of Californian Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
The Discussion of Concepts of Gender Equality
Gender Identity: The “Tough Guise 2” Documentary
Gender Inequality and Female Empowerment Promotion
The Binary Gender System: The Point of Gender Divide
Gender Role Expectations and Personal Beliefs
The Third Gender (Fafafines) in Samoa
Gender Equality in Children’s Perception
Gender Inequality in Interdisciplinary Lenses
Championing Gender Inclusivity: Christopher Bell & HeForShe
Organizational Management: Gender Confrontation
Gender Disparity in the Field of Radiological Technologies
The School Curriculum: Gender and Sexuality Themes
Test (Gender) Bias in Psychology
The Gender Conflict Theory and Martineau’s Approach to Social Analysis
Gender: Social vs. Biological Construction
Gender and Power: Affirmative Sexual Consent
Gender Inequality at Work in Developed Countries
Gender Inequality and Its Causes Analysis
“Situating the Self: Gender, Community, and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics”
Importance of Gender-Specific Treatment Programs for Adolescents
Gender-Based Conflicts in Relationships
Gender and Sexuality in Community Youth Work
Gender Identity Applied in Human Socialization
Women’s Gender Roles in American Literature
Gender and Leadership in Healthcare Administration
Gender Differences in Puritan Writing
Gender in Barbie Dolls: Examples and Images
Behavioral Conditioning vs. Gender Studies
Human Objectification as a Tool of Gender Inequality
Gender Identity: Intersex People and Their Place in Society
Gender-Related Perceptions of Information and Communication Technologies
Elimination of Gender Biasness in the Workplace
Aspects of Gender Roles and Identity
The Gender Revolution and Gender Identity
Environmental Ethics: Gender Equity and Education
Changing Gender Roles in Families Over Time
Culture and Gender in Communication
Discussion of Gender Discrimination in Modern Society
Crimes and Victimization: Gender Issues
Gender Roles, Expectations, and Discrimination
Gender Imbalance in High-Paying Positions
Gender Stereotypes Found in Media
Gender Roles in Social Constructionism
The Issue of Gender Inequality After Covid-19
Male Gender Expression in Middle School
Gender Expectations: Impact on Mental Health
Lesbian and Gay Parenthood: Gender and Language
Gender and Racial Differences Understanding in Childhood
Individual Choices and Harmful Systemic Impact of Gender
Rapidly Changing Female Gender as Social Construct
Gender Socialization and Its Impact
Children’s Views of Gender Roles
Sex and Gender: Binary and Non-Binary Perception
Race and Gender in Physical Education and Sports
The Construction of Gender Roles
The Role of Gender in Interaction via Social Media: Extended Outline
Women’s Challenges and Gender Expectations
The Relationship Between Gender and Delinquency
Gender Inequality in the Construction Field
Interrelation Between Household Income and Degree Attainment and Gender Wage Gap
Gender Equality as Target of Social Work
The Barriers That Gender Minorities Experience in the US
Reasons for Cohabiting: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships
A Family Nurse Practitioner and Adolescent Patients’ Gender
The Case of Victor Jailed on Counts of Violence: Race, Gender, Age
Dayak Views of Gender and Its Aspects
Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Discrimination
Homophobic Name-Calling and Gender Identity
Gender Roles in “Beowulf” Poem
Pop Culture and Race, Ethnicity, Sexual Morality, and Gender
Gender Identity Reflection: Child and Adolescent Development
Behavioral Problems in Males and Gender Theories
Gender Roles in “A Rose for Emily”: Quotation Analysis
Gender in U.S. Films: “In the Heat of the Night” and “Do the Right Thing”
American Movies: Racial and Gender Issues
Social Enterprises and Gender Inequality in Dubai
Aspects of Identity: Transgender Status, Gender Identity
How Gender Stereotyping Influences Female Participation in Stem
The Historical Evolution of Perceptions Towards Gender
How to Minimize Gender Disparities in Schools
Gender Stereotypes About Women Still Exist
Discussion of Gender in Modern World
Iowa Medicaid Program: Gender Diversity
Meanings and Messages About Gender and Race in “The Hate U Give” by Tillman Jr
Sociology of the Family: Gender Roles
Sex, Sexuality, Gender and Orientation
Beowulf Defeats Grendel: Relationships With Family, Women, and His Own Gender
Femininity and Masculinity: Understanding Gender Roles
Nobel Prize Quotas for the Gender Balance
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Concepts
Injustice Within Strict Gender Roles
Gender and Race as Social Facts
What Is Identity and Stereotypical Roles of Gender?
Gender Influences in Kindred by O. Butler
Race, Gender and Socially Constructed Rules
Gender Theory and the Division of Labor in Families
Media and Gender Stereotypes Against Females in Professional Roles Within the Criminal Justice
Families, Gender Relations and Social Change in Brazil
Disney Princesses as Factors of Gender Stereotypes
Gender and Racial Disparities in U.S. Corporations
Gender Content Analysis
Naomi Osaka’s Case of Gender Equality in Sports
Sex and Biology of Gender, From DNA to the Brain
Non-Governmental Organizations: Impact of Power Distance and Gender
Postfeminism, Gender and Organization
Gender Roles and Representation of Women in “Hamlet”
Incorporating a Gender Approach in the Hospitality Industry
Gender Roles in Voltaire’s Novel “Candide”
Gender Stereotypes in Modern Society
Gender Studies in 2015 Cosmopolitan Magazine
COVID-19: How Race, Gender and Marriage Contribute to Humanity
Global Media’s Portrayal of Race and Gender
The Role of Gender in the Perception of Barriers to E-Commerce in the UAE
The Influences of Age Gender and Community of World
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Gender Roles and How People Perceive Them
Gender Imbalance in Disney Princess Films
Gender Differences in Life Expectancy
Advertisement and Self-Image & Gender Identification
Gender Relationships in “Orange World” Stories by Karen Russell
Gender Inequalities in the Healthcare Sector
Gender Gap Issues: Case Study
Gender Gaps and Reentry Into Entrepreneurial Ecosystems After Business Failure
Gender in “The House on Mango Street”
Discrimination and Politics of Gender and Sexuality
Gender-Related Effects on the Veterans’ Welfare
Gender-Based Violence and Mass Murder
Gender Performance in Popular Media
Colonizers: Non-heterosexual and Non-binary Gender Among the Natives
Gender, Sexuality, and Religion
Discussion on Women and Gender Studies
Facebook: Reflection of Race- and Gender-Based Narrative
The Relationship Between Gender Inequality and Women’s Economic Independence
Income, Gender, and Educational Inequalities
Plotting Women: Gender and Representation in Mexico
Gender Equality: Definition, Challenges
Advocating for a Gender-Inclusive Society
U.K. Gender Reassignment and Sex Orientation
Gender Roles: From Prehistoric Era to Modern Society
Hegemonic Masculinity and Gender Variation in Suicide Rates
Non-Citizen Population Estimates by Age Group and Gender
Fast Food and Gender: Is There a Relation?
Gender, Diversity and the Law
Manifestations of Gender Discrimination in Insurance
Female Criminality and Gender Equality
How Gender Has Inhibited Growth in Nursing
Leadership, Culture, Gender Difference and Ethics
Majlis Al-Shura: The Impact of Empowerment on Gender Identity
Gender Crime Rates: The Role of Division of Labor
Workforce Changes Caused by Differences in the Age and Gender
Gender Issues in the Law and Order Arena
Gender is Merely a Cultural Construct
Factors Contributing to Gender Disparity in White Collar Crimes
Is There a Gender Bias in the USA Court System?
“PGD Gender Selection…” by David J. Amor
Gender Bias in Family Court
Detrimental Effects of Gender Influenced Crime and Interventions
“Race, Class, and Gender in the United States” by P. Rothenberg
Gender Perspectives in “The Eleventh Son” by Gu Long
Gender Gap’s Effect on Unemployment Rate
Gender Violence and Therapy for Its Victims
“The Nineteenth Amendment”: The Legislative Approaches Related to Gender Diversity
Gender as a Performance. Human Behavior Theory
Gender Disparity, Its Causes and Consequences
The Impact of Gender, Race, and Sexuality in Children’s Films
Race and Gender as Social Constructs
Feminist Analysis of Gender in American Television
Gender and the Problem of Discrimination
Gender, Class and Race in Household and Paid Work
Resistance: Definition of Sex and Gender
Approaches to Gender Role Development: Biological and Psychodynamic
Dehart-Davis’ “Gender Dimensions of Public Service Motivation”
How Woman’s Gender Identity Affects Her Career
Creating Social Norms: Gender Depiction in Media Sources
A Boy and His Gender Role: Explorations Outside the Boundaries of the Conventional Gender Role
Impact of Race, Age or Gender on Teamwork
Violence, Gender and Justice Review
Sexuality, Gender, or the Natural History of Sex
Gender Disparity in the It Sector and Digital Divide Between Men and Women
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Gender Issue in Büchner’s Woyzeck
Gender Problems, Equality and Perspectives: “Glass Ceiling” Trend
Kinship and Social Organization, Position of Gender and Construction of Identity in India
Gender Related Questions in the Jewish War Novel by Tova Reich
Societal and Gender Bias, Assumption and Different Interpretations
Gender and Racial Issues as Portrayed by P. Mcintosh and S. Farough
Gender Race and Sex Body in Relations to Politics and the Law
Gender Discrimination in the Workplace and Better Management Skills
Gender, Family, and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression
Effect of Same-Sex Marriage on the Legal Structure of Gender in All Marriages
The Shifting Gender Composition of Psychology: The Discipline
Women and Gender in Islam by Leila Ahmed
Race, Class and Gender. Racism on Practice
Private Clubs and Gender Equality
“The Woman Warrior” by Maxine Hong Kingston: Arguments About Prejudice, Gender, and Culture
Gender in Management Nowadays: The Disparity in the Numbers of Men and Women
Gender, Love and Sexuality: Healthy Marriage Formation
Gender-Schema and Social Cognitive Theory in Parenting Styles
Art and Gender Politics by Hesse and Hatoum
Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Workplace and Housing
The Concept of Postfeminism in Relation to Gender, Identity and Power
The Gender Entrapment for Black Women in Society
Gender Impact on Sports and Tourism
Contemporary Communication: Gender-, Culture-Based and Non-Verbal
Visual Culture. Gender and the Gaze
How Gender and Race Structure Poverty and Inequality Connected?
Race, Class and Gender in Los Angeles in the 20th Century
Gender Issue in Choosing and Hiring Candidates in the Healthcare Organization
Gender in Hawthorne’s “The Birth-Mark” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter”
Relevance of Gender to Global Justice: Gender, Sexuality, Nationality and Cultural Variations in Concepts of Justice
Ethics of Gender Identity Discrimination at Work
Gender Identity: Definitions, Factors, Comparison
Myths of Gender and Sexual Orientation
Culture’s Hand in Molding Gender Expectations
Gender Inequalities in Workplace: Sociological Approaches
Gender and Its Relation to Cognitive Processes
Gender-Related Specifics of Communication
Gender-Related Differences in Scores for Different Types of Cognitive Abilities
“Desperate Housewives”: The Television Comedy Drama’s Connection and the Gender Theories
Social Element in Gender Roles
Problem of Gender Stereotypes in Weightlifting
The Topic of Gender, Sex and Communication
How Gender Stereotypes Affect Performance in Female Weightlifting
Gender Relations in Spanish Society Since 1975
Race and Gender Representation in Art
Communication and Gender: Management Communications With Technology Tools
Social Perceptions and Gender Representation
Alcohol Consumption Factors Among College Students
Gender Differences by Television
Relationship beetween Religion, Culture and Gender
Class, Race, and Gender Relations Review
Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Criticisms of the Nineteenth-Century Gender Order
Gender Factor in the Modern Business in the US
Elimination of Gender Disparity in Education
Pierre et Gilles: Gender and Sexual Orientation
“Gender Politics” in Canada in the 21st Century
Gender Identity Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Criminal Justice: Race, Age, and Gender Factors
Gender Differences in Verbal Communication
Gender and Trade as a Reflection of the Socio-Economic Development of Modern Society
Gender Differences in Help-Seeking Behaviors of Students Who Approach Help Desks
Employment Relation: Workplace Gender Inequalities
Gender Issues in International Relations
International Gender Politics: Women in Global South
Gender Politics: Military Sexual Slavery
Women in Developing Countries: Globalization, Liberalization, and Gender Equality
The Ladies of Frankenstein: The Gender in Literature
Unique Qualities in the Gender Differences
Herdt’s Contribution to the Anthropology of Gender and Sexuality
Gender and Communication Relations Analysis
Gender Pay Gap as a Multifaceted Social Issue
Different Aspects of Gender Identity
Gender Equality Question: “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare
The Problem of Gender Discrimination
Management, Gender, and Race in the 21st Century
Issues Surrounding Gender Inequality in the Workplace
Gender Jihad: A Struggle Against the Exploitation of Islamic Women
Equality: The Use of TV to Develop Our Gender Roles
Women on Boards: Gender and Leadership Skills
Gender Barriers to Military Leadership
Gender Factor in Advertising Persuasion
Gender and Racial Pay Gap: Analysis and Comparison
Sexist Advertising and Gender-Oriented Visuals
Feminism and Support of Gender Equality
Public Policy Analysis on Gender Inequality in Education in South Sudan
Sexuality and Gender Issues: One and the Same?
Gender Differences in Coaching
Aliza Razell’s “Disappear”: Looking Through Gaze and Gender
Gender Equality in Sweden and America
Gender Studies: Combating Domestic Violence
Gender Identity: Modernity and the Witch Hunts
Gender Relations and Sexuality in Paintings
Gender Separation in Zayed University
Joanna Russ’s “When It Changed” as a Depiction of Gender Inequality in Society
Gender Inequality, Violence Against Women, and Fear in The Sopranos
Human Understandings of Gender and Sex
Gender Differences in Emotions and Sexuality
Gender Identities and Politics of Women’s Activism
Masculinity as a Gender Oppression and Inequality
Cystic Fibrosis: Genetics and Gender Factor
Conflict Management: Gender Pay Gap in Hollywood
Gender Role Attitudes and Expectations for Marriage
Gender Stereotypes and Human Emotions
Gender in George Eliot’s “The Mill on the Floss”
Digital Literacy: Gender and Socio-Economic Aspects
Gender Experience and Identity in the Social Context
Gender in Peace Corps Volunteers’ Work
Gender and Illness in Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Gender Stereotyping Rates in the USA
Race and Gender: “The Gang’s All Queer” by Vanessa Panfil
Human Sexuality: Gender and Biological Sex
Institutions and Gender Discrimination Issues
Student Engagement: Gender, Race, Ethnicity Factors
Gender Sensitivity in Disaster or Humanitarian Crises
Race & Gender Inequality and Economic Empowerment
Gender Inequality: “Caliban and the Witch” by Federici
Gender and Sexual Representations in America
Gender Balance in the UK Boardroom: Legal Research
Gender Differences in Social Behavior
Women and Gender Highlighted in Documentaries
Gender Discrimination on Birth Stage
Sociology Issues: Language, Culture and Gender
Car Insurance Charges and Gender and Age Factors
Death Causes and Gender Factor in Herkimer County
Gender Differences in Mental Disorder Prevalence
Gender Wage Differentials in Public and Private Sectors
Diversity Organizations and Gender Issues in the US
Genders and Leaders in the Educational Process
Gender Inequality Index 2013 in the Gulf Countries
Feminist Perspective: “The Gender Pay Gap Explained”
Gender-Based Principles of Economic
Gender Differences in James Bond Movies
Gender and Alcohol Consumption Influence on a Date
Gender Stereotypes: Interview with Dalal Al Rabah
Gender Differences in Messaging Application
Social and Gender Equality Ideals and Theories
Gender Disparity: Women in Jazz
Gender Objectives and Reality
Gender Roles in Brady’s “Why I Want a Wife” and Sacks’ “Stay-at-Home Dads”
Labor Division and Gender Disbalance in Business
Gender Balance in C. Scott’s and M. Mies’ Books
Gender Equality Issues in the Workplace Environment
Gender Inequality: Reginald Murphy College
Gender and Cultural Studies: Intimacy, Love and Friendship
Gender Division of Labor and Work Geography
Gender Issues and Sexuality: Social Perspective and Distinction
Gender Identity as a Product of Nature or Nurture
Family Unit and Gender Roles in Society and Market
Media Influences on Gender Identities: Consuming Kids
Gender Theory in the “Kumu Hina” Documentary
Race and Gender Privileges in Society
Gender Views on Global Warming in McCright’s Study
Sociological Gender and Sex in Morine Nicholas’ Study
Gender, Race and Political Empowerment: Canning Workers
The Juvenile Judicial System: Gender Biases
Gender Equality in the Laing O’Rourke Company
Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Concepts
Toxic Relationships and Gender Stereotypes
Pressing Issues in Femininity: Gender and Racism
Gender Inequality at the China’s Workplaces
Gender and Bullying Issues in Nursing
“Gender Erasure to Gender Difference in China” by Yang
Gender-Based Contrast of Work Income and Its Drivers
Gender Relationships and Behavior
Race, Gender, and Sexuality Issues in Sports
Feminism and Gender Studies in Science
Gender and Personality in Transformational Leadership Context
Gender and Sexuality in Ernst’s “The Hundred Headless Woman”
Gender in Politeness Development in Classroom Discourse
Hormone Therapy: Human Sexuality and Gender Issues
Male Nurses and Gender Equality in the Workplace
Race and Gender: “Moonlight” Film and “Boy, Snow, Bird” Book
Gender Inequality and Its Historical Origin
Leadership and Gender Ethics at Workplace
Gender and Culture in Zora Neale Hurston’s Studies
Gender Violence as a Painful Problem for Many Women
Gender, Size Discrimination and Fatphobia
Confronting Gender Stereotypes
Gender Roles and Social Classes in Wartime
Leadership and Gender Prejudice
Gender and Conflict in Prisons
Gender Biases in Eyewitness Testimony
Gender Dysphoria and Its Signs in Children
Sociology of Mental Health and Gender
Gender Studies: Engels, Marx and Gilman’ Views Comparison
Queer Theory in Early Childhood Gender Equity
Gender Inequality in Family Business
Gender Inequality in Europe, America, Asia, Africa
Gender Segregation in the Middle Eastern Schools
Erving Goffman’s Codes of Gender in Advertisement
Nomadic Society’s Gender Roles and Warrior Culture
Removing Gender-Based Labeling in Taiwan
Pink-Collar Criminal: Gender in White-Collar Crime
Women in the Workplace: Gender Inequality
Gender Violence in Language and Perception
Gender and Crime Correlation in Strain Theory
How Can Fashion Be Used to Identify Gender?
“Beside Oneself” by Judith Butler: Gender Roles
Gender and Leadership Issues in Education
Gender Role in Henrik Ibsen and Ernest Hemingway Works
Gender in Media Presentation and Public Opinion
Modern Girl from Historical and Gender Perspectives
Gender Equality and Its Development
Offending Patterns Between Genders
Gender in Atlas of Emotions by Giuliana Bruno
Gender-Neutral vs. Traditional Upbringing
Are Gender Roles Damaging Society?
Can Additional Training Help Close the ADHD Gender Gap?
What Are Gender Roles in a Family?
Did the First World War Represent an Irrevocable Crisis of Gender in the UK?
Does Gender Affect Color Preference?
Does Men’s Fashion Reflect Changes in Male Gender Roles?
Does Mulan Overthrow Oppressive Gender Norms?
What Is the Difference between Sex and Gender?
How Bullying Affects People Based on Gender or Race?
How Can We Stop Gender Inequality?
How Children Learn and Develop Gender Role Behaviour?
Why Preschools Are Part of the Social Construction of Gender?
Why the United States Must Promote Gender Equality?
What Are the Three Gender Roles?
Why Have Some Feminists Criticised the Idea of Gender Equality?
What Was Distinctive about Gender Roles in the Nineteenth Century?
What Does Gender Inequality Mean?
Why Are Homosexuals Not Bound by Typical Male/Female Gender Roles?
What Are Examples of Gender Issues?
What Are the Main Issues of Gender Equality?
What Are the Gender Issues in the Philippines?
What Are the Causes of Gender Inequality?
Why Does Gender Pay Inequality Persist?
Why Should the Music Video ‘Like a Boy’ Offer Such Contradictory Gender Representations?
What Animal Shelters Can Do to Reduce the Gender Gap in Volunteerism?
Why Gender Roles Weaken Women and Progress as a Whole?
How Do Parents Affect Gender Roles?
Gender Stereotypes Essay Titles
Cultural Identity Research Topics
Gender Discrimination Research Topics
Demography Paper Topics
Bullying Research Topics
Transgender Paper Topics
Workplace Discrimination Research Topics
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Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics – A List of Well-Researched Topics

Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On June 10, 2024

The concept of gender describes the differences in characteristics, behaviours, and responsibilities between males and females. Gender studies explore the complicated concerns that arise from the interaction of men and women.

It is essential that you thoroughly understand the subject before you begin writing your dissertation . You must choose an interesting topic for your thesis in order to get a decent grade. As you progress through your dissertation, an excellent topic will provide you with direction and help you jump-start the process.

Below is a list of excellent gender studies dissertation topics you can learn and research. We provide a wide range of topics for you to use as is or modify as you wish. Getting a great grade on your dissertation has never been simpler.

Gender Dissertation Topics Ideas & Examples

Are multicultural companies fostering racial unity and, as a result, gender disparities?
Will women’s empowerment result in oppositional gender discrimination?
A balanced examination of women’s freedom and participation in large corporations and competitive sports
How correct were our forefathers in changing the power imbalance toward patriarchy?
Examine the disadvantaged status of rural women and the tainted treatment of infertile women
Is racism or superstition more prevalent in Africa: the effect of gender discrimination?
The impact of children in homes with a purely patriarchal society
Explore the disparities in women’s perspectives in industrialised and developing nations
Examine the dynamics of female objectification in films throughout the world
The criminal syndicate’s inhumane treatment of women
Gender diversity’s role in creativity and scientific discovery
How can cities be made safer for women and girls?
The role of schools in teaching children gender-appropriate behaviours
Feminism in social interactions brings women and men together as groups
Why are females more vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation?
Examine the glass ceiling in management and the role of ideology in shaping sex relations
Obstacles to females’ access to decent education in UK nations
The effects of gender differences on the human brain
How can we teach boys and girls that they have the same rights as females?
Discuss gender-neutral management methods
Promotion of equal sporting opportunities for men and women
The real-life materialisation of the YouTube beauty community
Stress and eating pathology in transgender adolescents: a feminist scientific investigation
Gender discrimination’s implications and effects on the human brain
Identifying and examining patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes in family relationships
What factors make it difficult for girls in African and Asian nations to obtain a quality education?
Toy segregation and sex education: should boys and girls be treated differently?
What is feminism’s role in strengthening social relationships between men and women?
Plaintiffs’ role in restoring legal arguments for same-sex marriage
Understanding gender subjectivity in the lesbian culture somewhere over the rainbow nation
The lesbian and gay movement’s agitation and the countermovement’s response in the United Kingdom
Addressing the global decline in women’s political participation, both formally and informally
Stereotypical images of women’s effects on implied cognition
The social construction of multiple births in the 20th century
How the working woman deals with social binaries
Why should parents support the education of girls?
What aspects of sex discrimination exist?
What factors lead to workplace inequality?
What motivates discrimination against women in developing nations?
How do misconceptions about gender impact behaviour?
What functions do films play in challenging gender stereotypes?
Is there a way to end gender inequality through education?
Women’s childhood trauma as a result of nationalist subjectivity
Youth, gender, and citizenship in women’s colleges during World War I: “What can a woman do?”
What parental actions should be taken to achieve gender parity?
Absence of women in leadership positions
Telling the truth of refugee and immigrant women: witnessing memory
The experiences of males in traditionally feminine jobs
How the Work-life balance of men and women has changed after the feminist movement
A feminist viewpoint on women’s divorce counselling
A behaviour guide for feminist family therapists
The debate over black feminist theory
An analysis of the anti-violence campaign by black feminists
Sex segregation and emotional labour in women’s and men’s workplaces
Women and men are on par: Workplace discrimination, gender roles, and public policy
The ramifications for oneself of equating a slender feminine ideal with success in life
Influences of the media, as well as social and individual differences, on women’s body esteem
In the direction of a theory of women’s body image resilience
In college women, body image and appearance management practices
Review of body image and eating disorders in older persons
Premenstrual syndrome and our female criminal companions: a feminist problem
Why do women commit suicide at lower rates than men?
Men being harmed by women is a significant societal issue
Differences between men’s and women’s hourly wages
A comparison of the career growth of male and female managers
The Representation of Non-Binary Identities in Contemporary Cinema
Race and Gender in Online Hate Speech
The Rise of Men’s Rights Activism and its Impact on Gender Equality
Exploring the Gender Gap in Leadership Positions within Tech Companies
The Influence of Social Media on Body Image and Gender Norms
The Lived Experiences of Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sports
Parental Leave Policies and Their Impact on Gender Equality in the Workplace
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Perpetuating Gender Bias
The Impact of Austerity Measures on Women’s Social and Economic Security
The Link Between Gender and Educational Attainment in Developing Countries
Is Masculinity in Crisis? Redefining Masculinity in the 21st Century
The Global Fight for Reproductive Rights and Access to Abortion Services
The Future of Work and its Implications for Gender Equality
The Role of Gender in Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution Processes
The Impact of Gender on Access to Higher Education in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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How to Pick a Great Gender Dissertation Topic:

Thinking about what you want in a topic before looking at the list is crucial. Selecting a topic that interests you or piques your curiosity will make the research process easier. Check out the guidelines below on how to select and narrow a dissertation topic .

As you begin your brainstorming process, note all the options you can think of for your gender essay themes. To learn what will fascinate the audience the most, keep up with the most recent news and trends.

Even if certain subjects could be debatable, you can list them and study them afterward. Most importantly, pick a subject you are passionate about to make the process enjoyable. Out of the cases on the list, pick the one you believe is the most appropriate.

Focus on a certain subject area so you may proceed the right way. To make your dissertation engaging to the audience, it is important to be detailed and original with your topic. Do extensive study on the subject you plan to write about. To gather the most recent information about your subject, browse the internet, the newspaper, and books.
Once you have decided on a topic, frame it as a query. It will be simpler to conduct the necessary research if you define the issue as a question. Additionally, the topic will assist you in realising the solutions you want.

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Rapport: The Hidden Advantage That Women Managers Bring to Teams

Lack of communication between managers and their employees can hurt productivity and even undermine the customer experience. Female managers are more adept at building rapport among mixed-gender teams, which can improve an organization’s performance, says research by Jorge Tamayo.

18 Jun 2024

What Your Non-Binary Employees Need to Do Their Best Work

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Want to Make Diversity Stick? Break the Cycle of Sameness

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14 Sep 2023

Working Moms Are Mostly Thriving Again. Can We Finally Achieve Gender Parity?

The pandemic didn't destroy the workplace advancements moms had achieved. However, not all of the positive changes forced by the crisis and remote work have stuck, says research by Kathleen McGinn and Alexandra Feldberg.

26 Jul 2023

STEM Needs More Women. Recruiters Often Keep Them Out

Tech companies and programs turn to recruiters to find top-notch candidates, but gender bias can creep in long before women even apply, according to research by Jacqueline Ng Lane and colleagues. She highlights several tactics to make the process more equitable.

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Diversity and Inclusion at Mars Petcare: Translating Awareness into Action

In 2020, the Mars Petcare leadership team found themselves facing critically important inclusion and diversity issues. Unprecedented protests for racial justice in the U.S. and across the globe generated demand for substantive change, and Mars Petcare's 100,000 employees across six continents were ready for visible signs of progress. How should Mars’ leadership build on their existing diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts and effectively capitalize on the new energy for change? Harvard Business School associate professor Katherine Coffman is joined by Erica Coletta, Mars Petcare’s chief people officer, and Ibtehal Fathy, global inclusion and diversity officer at Mars Inc., to discuss the case, “Inclusion and Diversity at Mars Petcare.”

03 Mar 2023

When Showing Know-How Backfires for Women Managers

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31 Jan 2023

Addressing Racial Discrimination on Airbnb

For years, Airbnb gave hosts extensive discretion to accept or reject a guest after seeing little more than a name and a picture, believing that eliminating anonymity was the best way for the company to build trust. However, the apartment rental platform failed to track or account for the possibility that this could facilitate discrimination. After research published by Professor Michael Luca and others provided evidence that Black hosts received less in rent than hosts of other races and showed signs of discrimination against guests with African American sounding names, the company had to decide what to do. In the case, “Racial Discrimination on Airbnb,” Luca discusses his research and explores the implication for Airbnb and other platform companies. Should they change the design of the platform to reduce discrimination? And what’s the best way to measure the success of any changes?

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Confront Workplace Inequity in 2023: Dig Deep, Build Bridges, Take Collective Action

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How Will Gamers and Investors Respond to Microsoft’s Acquisition of Activision Blizzard?

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Too Nice to Lead? Unpacking the Gender Stereotype That Holds Women Back

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How Centuries of Restrictions on Women Shed Light on Today's Abortion Debate

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Marie Curie: A Case Study in Breaking Barriers

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18 Oct 2022

When Bias Creeps into AI, Managers Can Stop It by Asking the Right Questions

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Will Demand for Women Executives Finally Shrink the Gender Pay Gap?

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Career Advice for Minorities and Women: Sharing Your Identity Can Open Doors

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Representation Matters: Building Case Studies That Empower Women Leaders

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Gender Development Research in Sex Roles : Historical Trends and Future Directions

Kristina m. zosuls.

School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA

Cindy Faith Miller

School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Diane N. Ruble

Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Carol Lynn Martin

Richard a. fabes.

The late 1960s through the 1970s marked an important turning point in the field of gender research, including theory and research in gender development. The establishment of Sex Roles in 1975 as a forum for this research represented an important milestone in the field. In this article, we celebrate the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles and, in particular, its contributions to the field of research on children’s and adolescents’ gender development. We examine the trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles since its inception and use this analysis as a vehicle for exploring how the field has grown and evolved over the past few decades. We begin with a brief review of the history of this field of research since 1975. Then, we present a descriptive assessment of articles published on gender development in Sex Roles over time, and link this assessment to general trends that have occurred in the study of gender development over the past 35 years. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field of gender development. In particular, we highlight areas in which the journal could play a role in promoting more diversity in topics, methods, and ages employed in gender development research.

Introduction

Even before a child is born, processes of gender socialization begin as parents prepare for their child’s arrival: do the parents allow the ultrasound technologist to tell them the sex of their baby? Does knowing this information make a difference in how parents think about their unborn child? Once a child is born, parents remark, react to, and question the origins of their child’s behaviors—are they related to how they treat their child, or might they be related to their genes or personality? Developmental scientists are concerned with how and why behaviors emerge and change over time, and gender developmental scientists narrow their focus to the study of the origins of gendered behavior and gendered thinking. Gender development researchers, similar to other developmental researchers, focus on questions of change over time ( Ruble and Martin 1998 ). How early do children learn to identify themselves and others as males or females, and what are the consequences of learning to discriminate and label gender? At what point in development do girls and boys begin to diverge in their behaviors and interests, and why do these gender differences emerge? When do children develop a sense of male privileged status and when do they form negative attitudes about the other sex? These questions all concern basic processes underlying the origins and transmission of gender-role attitudes and structures, and are important to understanding broader issues related to the role of gender in shaping individuals, relationships, and social institutions.

These questions have also found their way into the journal Sex Roles. Since its first issue, the journal Sex Roles has published studies focused on children and adolescents. The presence of such articles in a journal more broadly devoted to the study of gender indicates a longstanding recognition of the importance of understanding the emergence and development of gender across development. Without having an understanding of developmental changes and of the patterns of change over time, scholars may only have a limited perspective on human behavior. Gender development researchers strive to fill these gaps in understanding.

In this article, we review both the broader history of research on gender development over the past few decades and more specifically address how this research has been represented in Sex Roles . In doing so, we celebrate the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles and, in particular, its contributions to the field of research on children’s and adolescents’ gender development. We believe that the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles provides a unique occasion to expand the mission and scope of the journal to more thoroughly incorporate ideas and research about gender development.

We examine the trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles since 1975 and use this as a vehicle for exploring how the field has grown and evolved, and to highlight gaps in knowledge and research. We first provide a brief review of the history of this field of research since the journal’s inception. Then, we present a descriptive assessment of articles published on gender development in Sex Roles over time, and link this assessment to general trends that have occurred in the study of gender development over the past 35 years. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for the field of gender development and hope to influence what we see in the next 35 years (or more) of research in Sex Roles .

Milestones in the Study of Gender Development

The late 1960s through the 1970s marked an important turning point in the field of gender research. For example, in 1978, the current editor of this journal and her co-authors published one of the first textbooks on the psychology of women and gender roles ( Frieze et al. 1978 ). At that time, these areas were just emerging and the textbook represented an early and important effort to survey and integrate the existing literature. A recurring theme throughout the text was the white male bias that characterized the existing research and its interpretation. Furthermore, it provided a thorough discussion of the complexities surrounding the relative contributions of biological and social factors in understanding the psychology of women. Since that time, the field of gender studies has evolved and research on the development of gender-related behaviors and processes has grown considerably. In this section, we briefly review the developments in this field over the past few decades, with a particular focus on innovations in theory and research on gender development. In this section, we provide some perspective on the broader context of research and theory in the field that coincided with the establishment of Sex Roles as a forum for gender research.

A pivotal moment in the field of the psychology of gender occurred with the publication of Maccoby’s (1966) edited book, The Development of Sex Differences . The book focused on theories of gender development and contained several chapters that remain to this day the foundations of research and theory on children’s gender development (chapters by Hamburg and Lunde on hormonal influences on gender differences in behavior, Mischel’s chapter on social learning theory of gender development, and Kohlberg’s chapter proposing his cognitive developmental theory of gender development). These theoretical contributions gave direction to the study of gender in children.

In 1972, Money and Ehrhardt’s book, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl , advanced a provocative theory about gender identity and gender differentiation that continues to spark debate. Based on research with intersex patients, this book advanced the idea that social factors were more important than biological factors in gender identity and gender roles and brought nature-nurture issues to the forefront. The authors also promoted the notion of “gender role” as a term referring to the socially defined, outward manifestations of gender, and “gender identity” as one’s personal experienced sense of gender.

Chronologically, another important contribution was Maccoby and Jacklin’s (1974) book, The Psychology of Sex Differences. This book presented an unparalleled synthesis of research findings on gender differences in development. It was especially innovative because it challenged the idea that there were numerous differences between the genders; instead, it argued for only a few well-established differences. This book was also important for highlighting that within-gender differences are often larger than those between the genders (a point still lost in many of the popularized beliefs held today; for example, see Sax 2006 ). Maccoby and Jacklin’s conclusions stimulated further investigations on gender differences and similarities. Furthermore, the authors challenged the notion that parents are the primary agents of children’s gender socialization. Instead, they promoted the idea that children play an important and proactive role in the adoption of gender-stereotyped behaviors, and introduced the term “self-socialization” to describe these child-directed processes. The idea that children’s choices of whom to imitate plays a key role in their gender development sparked a new generation of research and debate on social and cognitive processes involved in children’s gender socialization. Their ideas also added a new dimension to research in the field by turning attention to group-level peer processes.

The 1970s marked a turning point in terms of how scholars thought about the concepts of sex and gender. Unger’s (1979) influential paper, Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender , asserted that the use of the term gender “serves to reduce assumed parallels between biological and psychological sex or at least to make explicit any assumptions of such parallels” (p. 1,086). Her ideas led scholars to become more selective in their use of the terms sex and gender and to avoid framing research in ways that might hint at biological determinism ( Poulin 2007 ). Terminology issues have continued to be raised in the field: some researchers proposed other usages because of concern that separating “sex” and “gender” may presuppose knowledge of the origins of behaviors (e.g., Deaux 1993 ).

Also during the 1970s, scholars started to move away from unidimensional and relatively simplistic models about the origins and meaning of gender differences and began to challenge conceptualizations of masculinity and femininity as representing bi-polar opposites. Most notably, in a conceptual breakthrough with both theoretical and methodological ramifications, Constantinople (1973) and Bem (1974) argued that males and females possess both masculine and feminine qualities. This idea revolutionized the measurement of these characteristics. Bem (1974) also argued that having both masculine and feminine qualities—that is, being psychological androgynous—was optimal for psychological adjustment. Her research laid the groundwork for subsequent research on gender identity and framed much research over the following years ( Marecek et al. 2003 ).

These ideas about multidimensionality were further emphasized in Huston’s (1983) chapter in the Handbook of Child Psychology . Huston encouraged researchers to conduct empirical investigations of links between domains of gender typing rather than to infer their existence, as researchers had been doing (e.g., make assumptions about a child’s gender identity based on toy preferences). To provide a framework for organizing existing theoretical constructs and describing different content areas, Huston presented a matrix of gender typing. This matrix helped focus theoretical debates and organize literature in the field. The matrix also has provided directions for new research.

Another important advancement in gender research has been the development and incorporation of meta-analytic methods. Meta-analysis allows for the systematic quantitative assessment of patterns across the findings of multiple studies and has had considerable impact on the study and understanding of many aspects of the psychology of gender ( Hyde and Linn 1986 ). Although not an experimental method, the application of meta-analysis to the study of gender differences has once again highlighted the limited nature of differences between the genders and has illuminated the conditions under which gender differences are more or less likely to appear (e.g., Else-Quest et al. 2006 ; Hyde et al. 1990 ). Meta-analyses are themselves not without limitations; they are non-experimental and thus limited in ability to draw cause-effect conclusions and tend to focus on mean differences rather than distributions (see Knight et al. 1996 ). Nonetheless, they provide important insights into gender development and gender differences.

Current Theoretical Trends and Debates

The field of gender development has been dominated by a few prevailing theoretical perspectives that have driven progress and debate in the field. Some of these competing perspectives have given rise to concepts (and related terms), methods, and research studies that have shaped the literature, including the research found in the pages of Sex Roles . In this section, we describe these contrasting perspectives and debates; however, we refer the reader to other sources for detailed discussions of the individual theories that are beyond the scope of what we can do in this article (e.g., Ruble et al. 2006 ).

Because developmental researchers are interested in the origins of behaviors, it is not surprising, that issues of nature and nurture are theoretically important and that great attention and fervor surround biological versus socialization approaches to understanding gender development ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). Biological arguments have long been advanced to justify gender inequality ( Shields 1975 ) and are often interpreted as deterministic. As such, there is much at stake when biological theories are proposed and research findings are interpreted. Nonetheless, with advancements in research methods and theories addressing biological mechanisms, this field of inquiry has gained acceptance and visibility ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). Current biological approaches do not imply determinism and instead emphasize the ways in which biological and social factors interact to produce behavior. Some of the most active research in this area has been on girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic disease in which the fetus is exposed to elevated levels of androgens. Researchers have found that girls with CAH tend to be masculinized in some aspects of their preferences and behaviors (e.g., Berenbaum and Snyder 1995 ). Studies of prenatal exposure to normal variations in hormones such as testosterone ( Cohen-Bendahan et al. 2005 ), and cross-species comparisons ( Alexander and Hines 2002 ; Wallen 1996 ) have also become increasingly sophisticated and common.

Another debate that has received considerable attention in the field has concerned socialization and cognitive approaches to gender development. Although this debate can be traced back to Kohlberg’s and Mischel’s chapters in Maccoby’s 1966 book, more recent reviews of empirical evidence has re-stimulated this discussion (e.g., Bandura and Bussey 2004 ; Bussey and Bandura 1999 ; Martin et al. 2002 , 2004 ). Both approaches emphasize socialization versus biological processes and highlight the shaping of children’s behavior to match cultural gender role norms. However, the socialization and cognitive perspectives differ in the degree to which they emphasize the role of the social environment, especially reinforcement and modeling of adults and peers, relative to cognitive developmental processes, such as the emergence of children’s gender identity and knowledge of gender stereotypes. Despite the disagreements over relative contributions of socialization and cognitive processes, there are a number of similarities in these approaches, and both groups of theorists have conducted studies of cognitive and socialization factors. For instance, Bussey and Bandura (1999) describe some cognitive information-processing mechanisms, such as selective attention, forming cognitive representations, and forming plans of action, that mediate observational learning. Cognitive theorists describe the ways in which children interpret and respond to messages provided by socialization agents, such as peers ( Ruble et al. 2006 ).

These controversies have been important for driving new research. For example, researchers have increased efforts to understand early origins of gender differences and have done so by focusing research on younger ages, when gendered cognitions and behaviors first emerge (e.g., Zosuls et al. 2009 ). More research has also turned to focusing on links among various cognitive and socialization processes, thus leading to more complex models and studies of gender development (for example, see Tobin et al. 2010 ).

Gender Development Research in Sex Roles

There is no doubt that the historic changes described above have influenced the research that appears in our scholarly journals. To explore these trends, we turn our attention to the patterns of publication on gender development within Sex Roles since 1975. Our aim is to provide a descriptive medium for presenting trends in the field (and this journal, in particular) rather than to present an empirical piece with analyses that are an end in themselves. In taking this approach, we intend to characterize the issues, methods, and age groups that have received attention in the published research, and identify areas that need additional emphasis. Furthermore, we discuss why conducting developmental investigations is enriching to the field of gender studies, both theoretically and methodologically.

Identifying Patterns in Sex Roles Articles

To accomplish our goals, we reviewed all articles published in Sex Roles since 1975 (through 2009) and identified 660 abstracts of Sex Roles articles that specifically focused on children and child development (for further inclusion criteria, see Appendix A ). We then categorized these articles based on the age of the participants in the study (see Fig. 1 ), the principal type of methodology used in the study (see Fig. 2 ), and the content. Given the large number of articles we compiled and the descriptive purpose of our categorizations, our classifications were based on text provided in the abstracts. Because articles often investigated more than one content area or topic, categorizations were not mutually exclusive.

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Percentage of articles by decade including each age grouping

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Percentage of articles by decade using each type of methodology

Issues of Terminology

One of the most challenging aspects of classifying the articles was deciphering the meaning of some terms. In fact, this exercise served to highlight conceptual developments in the field and we felt a discussion of terminology was in itself a revealing way to illustrate important conceptual issues. As the area of gender development has evolved and expanded, the terminology used has similarly expanded and sometimes the meaning terms have changed over time. For example, although the terms “sex-typing,” “gender-typing,” or “gender stereotyping,” and “gender identity” have been the most frequently used terms in the field, the definitions and operationalizations of these terms have changed over time. To address this definitional issue, we briefly review these terms, how they have been used, and how we decided to code them in our analyses.

A recent model of children’s gender self-socialization, the Gender Self-Socialization Model (GSSM; Tobin et al. 2010 ) provides a useful framework for distinguishing among the various constructs studied by gender researchers. Tobin et al. point out that “sex-typing” and “gender-typing” are used in many different ways. They may refer to (a) the demonstration of knowledge or beliefs about attributes associated with gender categories (i.e., gender stereotyping), (b) thoughts and feelings about oneself in relation to being a girl or boy (i.e., gender identity), and (c) the enactment of gendered behavior. In accordance with Tobin et al. (2010) , when classifying articles, we took into account what measures authors used and classified studies as investigating Stereotyping, Gender Identity, or Gender Differences.

Studies investigating masculinity and femininity as proposed by Bem (1981) were classified under Gender Identity because this classification is consistent with the intent of the authors of these studies. However, a problem with Bem’s measurement and conceptualization of gender identity is that it is not assessed in terms of subjective thoughts, feelings, and knowledge about oneself as a member of a gender category, but rather is inferred from self-reports of the degree to which one possesses certain gender stereotyped attributes ( Tobin et al. 2010 ). Thus, we attempted to be sensitive to the multiple types of assessment methods used to investigate gender identity, such as those defined by Perry and his colleagues (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ) and adopted by other researchers over the past decade or so (e.g., Smith and Leaper 2006 ).

We also found that the term “gender stereotyping” was used without indication of whether gender stereotypes were assessed in terms of personal stereotype beliefs, knowledge of cultural stereotypes, stereotyped judgments, or the enactment of stereotype-consistent behaviors. Such distinctions are important. For example, a child’s personal beliefs related to gender stereotypes (e.g., believing that girls are good at math) might not always be consistent with her knowledge of cultural gender stereotypes (e.g., knowing the cultural stereotype that girls are not good at math; Signorella et al. 1993 ). Judgments, perceptions, and attributions might be closely linked with stereotype knowledge and beliefs, but are nonetheless distinct from them. Behaviors, such as engaging in stereotyped activities or demonstrating stereotyped interactions styles, might also be linked with more cognitive variables, such as stereotype knowledge, but are also distinct from them. As such, applying the general term “gender stereotyping” without explicit indication of whether gender stereotyped beliefs, knowledge, or behaviors are being measured can cause confusion and more importantly, conflate conceptually distinct constructs. In our classification, we included knowledge and beliefs in the category of stereotyping but included behaviors under Gender Differences.

Content of Gender Development Research in Sex Roles

In this section, we examine the content of articles in Sex Roles and how it relates to the field more broadly. We focus on the content both in terms of the methods used and the topics covered in the articles.

How Much Attention Has Sex Roles Paid to Gender Development Issues?

Since its inception, Sex Roles has published a substantial number of articles focused on child and adolescent participants, although such articles made up on average only about 20% of the journal’s total publications. The child-focused articles were least represented in the 2000s, comprising only 15% of the publications in Sex Roles , compared to between 20% and 23% in other decades. The changes over time are somewhat surprising when compared to the field (see Ruble and Martin 1998 ). This decline seen in Sex Roles might possibly be due to an increase in the number of developmental journals since the 1990s and greater receptiveness of other journals to articles focusing on gender development.

The publications in Sex Roles represented a wide range of developmental stages from infancy to adolescence. On average, Adolescence was clearly the most studied age group, followed by Middle Childhood (43% and 31% on average, respectively), and the least frequently studied stage was Infants/Toddlers, especially in the 2000s (see Fig. 1 ). The paucity of research in Infants/Toddlers in Sex Roles likely does not reflect a general trend in the field as sophisticated infant paradigm procedures have been recently developed, allowing researchers to gain better sense of infants’ and toddlers’ understanding of gender (e.g., Serbin et al. 2001 , 2002 ). In contrast to Infant/Toddler studies, there was a steady increase across decades in articles focusing on Adolescence (see Fig. 1 ). This change may be due to increased interest in adolescents’ gender development in general but it may also be that some of the specific topics, such as body image, have garnered more attention in recent years because of societal focus on health and problems with obesity.

What Have Been the Dominant Methods to Study Gender Development in Sex Roles ?

Although the studies in Sex Roles have used a wide range of methods, across all years the most frequently used method of study represented in Sex Roles was Survey methodology (66% on average). A number of articles also used Experimental (14% on average) and Observational (14% on average) methods; however, over time these methods were less represented (see Fig. 2 ). In addition, few articles used longitudinal or cross-sectional designs to make age comparisons and test developmental hypotheses. On average, 24% of studies involved cross-sectional or longitudinal designs, and these appeared to decrease across decades, with the 1970s and 1980s having the largest percentage and the 1990s and 2000s having a lower proportion of studies using such designs. Overall, the heavy reliance on non-experimental survey and interview methods and the lack of studies using longitudinal and cross-sectional designs may be problematic in that this tendency limits the goals and questions that can be the focus of study. For instance, debates surrounding the relative influence of biological, socialization, and cognitive factors in the emergence of gender stereotyped preferences and behaviors need to be addressed using methods that can test causal directions, including experimental methods and longitudinal designs. Furthermore, many topics that are important to theoretical development require the use of methods that may be time consuming, expensive, and complex, such as observation methods. The gender development field will need to focus more on these complicated methodologies to make further progress in answering these types of questions. Certainly, Sex Roles can be a leader in emphasizing these methods and in creating calls for special issues that focus on these methods.

Which Particular Issues of Gender Development Have Been Focused on in Sex Roles ?

In the following section, we use the latest version of the multidimensional matrix from the Handbook of Child Psychology ( Ruble et al. 2006 ) to organize the publication topics represented by gender development researchers in Sex Roles. We also use this endeavor to illustrate areas that have not been explored in any depth. This matrix addresses normative aspects of gender development and is organized around four gender-related constructs (e.g., concepts or beliefs) and six content areas (e.g., activities and interests) to create cells (identified with unique number and letter combinations) that contains specific research topics (e.g., gender constancy). Because this matrix has served as a precedent for organizing the literature and has also been modified and discussed over time in successive Handbook chapters ( Huston 1983 ; Ruble and Martin 1998 ; Ruble et al. 2006 ), it serves as a heuristic for describing trends. In Table 1 , we present a breakdown of the content areas and constructs, showing how many articles (and what percentage of the total number) fell into each cell of the matrix.

Classification of articles in the matrix of gender-typing ( Ruble et al. 2006 ): total number of articles (percentage of total articles)

Content area	Construct				Total
Content area	A. Concepts or beliefs	B. Identity or self-perception	C. Preferences	D. Behavioral enactment	Total
1. Biological/categorical sex	1A. 19 (3%)	1B. 4 (.6%)	1C. 4 (.6%)	1D. 0 (0%)	27 (4%)
2. Activities and interests	2A. 47 (7%)	2B. 13 (2%)	2C. 38 (6%)	2D. 40 (6%)	138 (21%)
3. Personal-social attributes	3A. 45 (7%)	3B. 75 (11%)	3C. 5 (.8%)	3D. 84 (13%)	209 (32%)
4. Gender-based social relationships	4A. 1 (.2%)	4B. 6 (.9%)	4C. 7 (1%)	4D. 10 (2%)	24 (4%)
5. Styles and symbols	5A. 3 (.5%)	5B. 23 (4%)	5C. 4 (.6%)	5D. 12 (2%)	42 (6%)
6. Values regarding gender	6A. 0 (0%)	6B. 5 (.8%)	6C. 39 (6%)	6D. 3 (.5%)	47 (7%)
Total	115 (17%)	126 (19%)	97 (15%)	149 (23%)	487 (74%)

Content areas and Constructs were from the latest version of the multidimensional matrix from the Handbook of Child Psychology ( Ruble et al. 2006 )

The articles in Sex Roles covered a wide range of broad content categories and constructs, although certain topics and constructs were consistently more dominant (see Table 1 ). Starting with content areas (the rows), by far more articles were written on two of the six content areas of the matrix—Activities and Interests (toys, occupations, etc.) and Personal-Social Attributes (roles, abilities, etc.)—than the other areas. Compared to the general patterns reported in the state-of-the-science review chapters on gender typing in the Handbook of Child Psychology , these two areas also received much attention from gender developmental scientists. However, there were notable differences between some of the less frequently appearing categories and trends in the broader field: Sex Roles published fewer studies on Gender-Based Social Relationships and on Biological/Categorical Sex when compared to the field in general. Given the strong socialization perspective of many readers of Sex Roles , it may not be that surprising that Sex Roles published few articles on Biological/Categorical Sex, but this topic has been very popular in the gender development literature because of its theoretical implications. Both Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory and gender schema approaches are based on ideas that understanding of basic gender knowledge facilitates and motivates learning about other aspects of gender (e.g., stereotypes) and engaging in gender-typed behaviors. Thus, three gender category topics that would fall under Biological/Categorical Sex (cell 1A) have received heavy research attention in developmental journals: understanding of gender identity, gender constancy (children’s understanding that gender is constant across time and situations), and infants’ abilities to discriminate gender (ability to distinguish males from females). On the other hand, research on Values Regarding Gender (attitudes, bias, discrimination, etc.) associated with gender has not been the focus of research attention by gender developmentalists, and this lack of attention has also been evident in Sex Roles . Given the feminist perspective on the importance of considering power and status, it may be somewhat surprising that so few child-focused articles appearing in Sex Roles have explored issues of gendered values.

An examination of constructs from the matrix (columns) shows that two of the four constructs—Identity/Self-Perception and Behavioral Enactment—were represented more often than others but the differences were relatively small. Concepts and Beliefs were well represented, but Preferences showed the lowest frequency of publication. These patterns are consistent with the amount of space devoted to these constructs in the Handbook of Child Psychology chapters, suggesting that the constructs of interest to gender developmental scientists have been mirrored in Sex Roles .

Also of interest are cells that were empty (e.g., concepts/belief about values; Cell 6A) or showed very low numbers of publications (concepts/beliefs about relationships; Cell 4A). When comparisons were made between the patterns of publication of gender development topics in Handbook of Child Psychology , the articles appearing in Sex Roles appeared to mirror the trends shown in the field more broadly with one major exception. Specifically, Sex Roles differed in the lack of publication of articles on topics related to identity/self perception associated with gender categories (Cell 1B). As described above, researchers have attended to this cell because of the implications for gender development more broadly, but this trend has not been demonstrated in Sex Roles .

Which Gender Development Topics Have Received Consistent Research Interest and Which Have Changed over Time?

In this section, we describe the findings using a more general classification strategy. That is, we classified articles based on major topic areas addressed in the literature on gender development. We identified topic areas using a bottom-up analysis of the articles in Sex Roles. Our topic areas are also consistent with the way in which topic areas are frequently grouped at conferences that cover gender development research, and thus reflects general research activity in the field. This approach allowed us to explore more fully and descriptively the interests of authors and editors of Sex Roles , which may diverge from the focus on topics represented in the developmental handbooks. We developed nine broad topic categories (see Table 2 ). The categories are discussed in terms of whether they have maintained consistent interest over time or have shown a change in research interest over time. We follow this review of the more prominent categories with a discussion of topics that have been relatively neglected across time and more specific content areas that deserve greater attention.

Topic categories by decade: total number of articles (percentage of articles)

Decade	Topic categories
Decade	Gender differences	Socialization	Stereotyping	Gender identity	Cross-cultural	Media	Individual differences/Adjustment	Intergroup processes	Biology
1970s	30 (61%)	15 (31%)	14 (29%)	7 (14%)	2 (4%)	2 (4%)	9 (18%)	2 (4%)	0 (0%)
1980s	103 (49%)	83 (40%)	59 (28%)	35 (17%)	21 (10%)	8 (4%)	23 (11%)	2 (1%)	0 (0%)
1990s	135 (63%)	71 (33%)	45 (21%)	33 (15%)	19 (9%)	21 (10%)	29 (14%)	2 (1%)	1 (.5%)
2000s	97(52%)	73 (39%)	38 (20%)	37 (20%)	32 (17%)	20 (11%)	62 (33%)	3 (2%)	0 (0%)

Percentages calculated as a proportion of the total number of child-focused articles in individual decades. The 1970s included the years 1975–1979 and the 2000s included the years 2000–2009

Topics that have Maintained Consistent Interest Over Time

A number of topic areas received consistent research attention across time. Here we describe them in order of their prominence.

Gender Differences

The most frequent category appearing across all years was Gender Differences (an article was coded into the Gender Differences category when the abstract mentioned a comparison between girls and boys in a specific area). On average, slightly over half of the articles published in Sex Roles examined differences between the genders, and this trend mirrored research in the field more broadly. It is noteworthy that there was a decrease in the number of these studies in Sex Roles from the 1990s to the 2000s (see Table 2 ), potentially showing a declining interest in this area of research. It is possible that Maccoby and Jacklin’s 1974 book on the psychology of gender differences initially spurred increased interest in this area that peaked in the 1990s, but that increasing criticisms pertaining to the methodology and conclusions drawn from gender differences research resulted in a decrease in studies focusing on such differences by the 2000s. Most notably, Hyde (2005) proposed the gender similarities hypothesis to counter the differences model that has been popular in science and the popular media. The gender similarities hypothesis proposes that males and females are similar on most psychological variables and that most differences are in the close to zero range when examining effect sizes. Further, Hyde (2007) has argued that more theoretical and research attention needs to focus on gender as a stimulus variable that influences how other people behave toward a person rather than as an individual difference variable. Thus, in recent years, researchers have been challenged to formulate more complex research goals and studies that directly address popular assumptions about the existence, origins, and stability (or malleability) of gender differences. It will be interesting to see if such challenges are addressed in future articles in Sex Roles .

Socialization

Over time, an average of about one-third of the articles in Sex Roles were focused on gender socialization (see Table 2 ), and almost half of these articles focused on socialization by parents. Socialization continues to be a popular topic of study in gender development ( Ruble et al. 2006 ). A range of parent factors were represented in these Sex Roles publications, from parents’ attitudes, expectations, and perceptions, to parents’ behaviors with their children, and how parental characteristics (e.g., maternal employment, gay/lesbian parents) affected children’s gender development. A fair number of studies also investigated adults more generally (e.g., adult networks in children’s lives, adults’ perceptions of children) and teachers as socialization agents, although these categories were more prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. The emphasis on gender socialization by parents and other adults is consistent with the popularity of socialization theories that emerged in the late 1960s ( Mischel 1966 , 1970 ) and revised in the 1970s and 1980s ( Bandura 1977 , 1986 ; Mischel 1979 ).

Studies focused on peer socialization were also prevalent in the journal, representing on average almost 20% of the socialization articles across the decades. Somewhat more articles on peer socialization were published in the 1970s and the 2000s, perhaps a result of Maccoby’s work in the 1970s on peer socialization and later, from renewed focus and theorizing about the role of peers, such as Judith Harris’ (1995) group socialization theory, and Maccoby’s later work on the consequences of gender segregation ( 1998 ). The peer socialization category also included studies that related to peer bullying and aggression, and there appeared to be more articles on this topic in the 2000s in Sex Roles and in the field more broadly, coinciding with the popularity of new theories concerning gender differences in styles of aggression (e.g., relational aggression vs. physical aggression, Crick and Grotpeter 1995 ).

Two other socialization topics were relatively frequent in the 2000s. First, several articles examined the role of social contexts, such as the family or school environment or specific factors in the broader sociocultural context. This apparent trend toward emphasizing context is consistent with the growth of contextual theories and cultural perspectives over time (for example, see Bronfenbrenner and Morris 2006 ; Magnusson and Stattin 2006 ). Second, some studies investigated the ways in which properties of objects could lead children to develop distinct styles of play (e.g., Karpoe and Olney 1983 ; Serbin et al. 1990 ). This type of research reveals how adults’ choices of children’s toys and children’s own choices can indirectly affect girls’ and boys’ development of different interaction styles and skills and more research identifying these features and their affects could and should be published in Sex Roles.

Stereotyping

The next largest category represented in Sex Roles was Stereotyping, with approximately 25% of the studies across decades addressing some aspect of children’s stereotyping (see Table 2 ). It should be noted that studies that only concerned adult stereotyping (e.g., parents’ stereotyped beliefs) were classified under Socialization rather than Stereotyping. As a result, this category was restricted to children’s stereotype-related cognitions and behaviors. Not surprisingly, most of these studies concerned the domains of activities/interests and personal-social attributes, similar to our findings reported above for gender differences. Studies commonly investigated the links between stereotype knowledge/beliefs and children’s interests/behaviors. Such studies are necessary for resolving theoretical controversies regarding the importance of cognitions in the development of early gendered behaviors, and these types of studies have been popular in the broader field of gender development as well as being represented in Sex Roles . For example, Bradbard and Endsley (1983) found that when novel objects were labeled as being for the other gender (i. e., stereotype knowledge), preschoolers explored the objects less frequently, asked fewer questions, and were more likely to forget object names than when the objects were labeled for their own gender or both genders. Although there were a number of experimental gender-labeling studies like this conducted in the 1970s and 1980s, there have been no recent studies published in this area in Sex Roles. Such studies continue to be published in other child development journals ( Martin et al. 1995 ). This decline in Sex Roles is unfortunate as there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding mediating mechanisms, age trends, and individual differences that are essential for theoretical development and intervention efforts ( Miller et al. 2006 ).

Children’s attitudes regarding egalitarian gender roles were also included within the Stereotyping category, and a considerable number of studies were published in this area, which were coded within the matrix cell for gender attitudes. These studies represent the longstanding interest and established measures concerning attitudes about egalitarian gender roles both within Sex Roles and the broader field of gender development. Moreover, these attitudes were often studied in relation to parent socialization (i.e., how parents’ gender role attitudes relate to children’s gender role attitudes) and as factors influencing gender differences (i.e., how children’s gender role attitudes relate to their behaviors and interests).

This category also encompassed a number of articles that focused on how children process and respond to gendered information in the environment. Many of these studies were designed to investigate the effects of stereotypes on children’s perceptions, including their memory/recall of stereotype consistent and inconsistent information, social judgments, and expectancies. These studies were therefore focused on exploring the cognitive processes underlying gender development.

Gender Identity

Gender Identity was also a consistently appearing topic category across the decades. The largest number of articles on this topic concerned self-perceptions of traits and abilities. Those studies typically involved children’s self-ratings of masculinity/femininity using scales such as Bem’s Sex Role Inventory ( Bem 1974 ) and Spence’s Personal Attributes Questionnaire ( Spence et al. 1975 ). As mentioned previously, however, the studies using these measures did not specifically assess children’s own thoughts, feelings, and knowledge regarding their membership in a gender category ( Tobin et al. 2010 ). Rather, children were asked to indicate the extent to which they believe that certain gender-typed attributes characterize them and the researcher uses this information to classify children along masculine/feminine dimensions. Historically, this has been the methodology used in the adult literature and, until recently, researchers interested in children have also used this approach. Currently, however, child researchers have tended to assess gender identity by directly asking children about their personal feelings regarding being male or female such as asking children the degree to which they feel that they are typical members of their gender group and the extent to which they are content with being a member of their gender group (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ). However, there may be developmental constraints in collecting such data as younger children may not be able to reflect upon their personal feelings regarding being male or female.

Another central focus of research and debate on gender identity development has been Kohlberg’s concept of gender constancy and gender schema views on the importance of basic gender understanding ( Martin and Halverson 1981 ; Martin et al. 2002 ). Indeed, the second largest number of articles on Gender Identity concerned gender awareness, labeling, and constancy. These aspects of early gender identity have received less research attention in Sex Roles than in the field more broadly (as described above). Only a small handful of studies addressed children’s affective sense of themselves as male or female or the wish to be male or female. Articles published in the 2000s were more likely than earlier studies to investigate multiple dimensions of identity (e.g., Carver et al. 2003 ), thus representing current thinking about gender identity as a complex, multifaceted construct.

Aside from studies growing out of classic theories of gender identity development, another somewhat frequent sub-category concerned body image. This topic became especially noticeable in the publications in the 1990s and 2000s, likely coinciding with increased attention to and alarm in the popular media surrounding the issue of eating disorders and obesity. Indeed, during the same two decades, eating disorder symptomology also appeared as a topic in Sex Roles .

Topics that Showed Changes Over Time

Although we did not observe any dramatic changes in coverage of the various topics across decades, some did evidence an increase in research attention over time. Here we discuss them in order of their general prominence in the journal.

Increased Cross-cultural Research

One of the more noticeable changes across decades was an increase in publications in Sex Roles categorized as Cross-Cultural in the 2000s (see Table 2 ). This pattern is not surprising given that the recent editorial policy of Sex Roles emphasizes internationalization and the importance of understanding cultural context ( Frieze and Dittrich 2008 ). This increase in cultural articles is also consistent with the increasing attention to cultural differences and representation in the psychological and developmental literatures more generally. Theories about cultural differences have been adapted to provide a framework for describing gender differences ( Cross and Madson 1997 ) and researchers have increasingly called for the need to extend the study of gender differences and gender development. Prior to 2000, most of the studies categorized as cross-cultural concerned racial/ethnic group differences or differences across countries. More recently, however, the bulk of studies in this category have focused on gender in one specific (typically non-white) cultural group. This change is consistent with trends in child development more broadly in investigating within-culture variability. Some studies also investigated differences related to socioeconomic status (SES) and demographic differences related to geography (typically urban versus rural populations).

We also noted that across time, abstracts were more likely to include information on the demographic characteristics of their samples, thus implicitly acknowledging potential limits to the generalizability of their findings and highlighting studies that were not conducted on the predominant US and/or white, middle-class samples. These studies that simply mentioned the demographic characteristics of their sample in the abstract (e.g., African American sample, middle- class sample) were not coded as cross-cultural unless they specifically focused on cultural issues such as similarities or differences between cultures. Thus our figures might somewhat underestimate the presence of culture as a theme in Sex Roles articles.

Increased Attention to Media

Articles in the Media category involved a number of types of media (i.e., books, TV programs/cartoons, commercials, films/video, computer/internet, music, etc.). Published articles concerning media or books were consistently present in the journal and appeared to increase in number in the 1990s and 2000s (see Table 2 ). The form of media most frequently represented involved books, and these most often dealt with the portrayals of females and males. However, in the last two decades, articles appeared that explored new media including the content of computer applications, the internet, and video games. A few other articles examined diverse content, including consumer product packaging (e.g., cereal boxes) and personalities in the media (e.g., celebrities).

On the whole, research in this category confirmed the idea that the books and media that children are exposed to present highly stereotyped portrayals of men and women, and women are often under-represented in stereotypically male roles (e.g., Purcell and Stewart 1990 ). Most studies in this category were content analyses and did not directly test implications, such as effects on various aspects of children’s gender identity (although body image was examined in a few studies) and stereotyping.

Increased Attention to Individual Differences and Adjustment

This broad and diverse category captured a somewhat surprisingly large percentage of articles, especially in the 2000s (See Table 2 ). The size of this category was partly due to the number of studies investigating topics related to psychological adjustment, including general measures of adjustment, such as self-esteem, as well as symptoms of psychopathology. These topics are of obvious relevance to gender development, but have been less frequently studied than core aspects of gender identity and gender-related beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors. Nonetheless, implications related to adjustment have been a driving force of research in gender development and have been important to theories of gender development. Indeed, a central concern of researchers dating back to Kagan (1964) and Bem (1974 , 1981) has been the implications of gender-typing and cross-gender-typing on adjustment. More recently, researchers have investigated adjustment outcomes in relation to multiple dimensions of gender identity (for a review, see Lurye et al. 2008 ). For instance, research by Perry and his colleagues has found that felt pressure to adhere to gender norms is associated with lower self-worth ( Egan and Perry 2001 ). Thus, current research on adjustment appears to be a focus on aspects of gender that lead to good or poor adjustment outcomes. This is an especially fruitful and important direction for future research, as it directly addresses the implications of various aspects of gender for children’s more general functioning.

Several other topics included in this category because of their relevance to adjustment were Gender Identity Disorder and eating disorders and body issues. The number of articles addressing Gender Identity Disorder was extremely small and only appeared in the 2000s. Given the controversies about the causes and consequences of extreme gender non-normative behavior (e.g., Hegarty 2009 ; Zucker et al. 2009 ), and its obvious relevance to theories of gender identity development, more research on this topic is certainly warranted. The studies in this category also reflect topics related to eating disorders, body satisfaction, and body size or Body Mass Index (BMI). These topics have received much attention in the public media and are of clear relevance to gender development.

Publications that focused on various dimensions of personality and individual differences were also coded into this category. One of the individual difference constructs that stood out was the measurement of “fear of success” in the 1970s and 1980s. This was perhaps the most dated concept we came across and its disappearance after the 1980s is indicative of social changes. Although there is little, if any, recent research on girls’ motivations to avoid success as an individual difference, girls might nonetheless avoid participation in certain male-dominated fields due to real and perceived obstacles to success in those fields. For example, the concept of stereotype threat has been frequently used to discuss barriers to girls’ success in fields such as math (e.g., Spencer et al. 1999 ). Thus, in a general sense, the “fear of success” topic is still with us, but its framing has changed to reflect the role of context and the more nuanced nature of barriers to girls’ participation and success in male stereotyped fields.

A number of articles included in this category also addressed topics more closely related to sexuality, sexual maturation, and male-female relationships, including sexual behaviors, dating, menarche, sexual orientation, and sexual harassment. These topics have not been very well integrated into the gender development literature and sexual identity in particular tends to be very specialized and focused on sexual minorities ( Diamond 2003 ). Furthermore, although sexual identity is later developing and obviously related to older age groups, awareness of sexual attraction and relationships emerge earlier, and is clearly relevant to children’s conceptions of gender roles. Thus, greater consideration of issues of sexual identity and sexual and romantic relationships would provide a more complete understanding of gender development.

Neglected Topics and Gaps in the Literature

Thus far, we have primarily focused on the topics and theories that have dominated the literature and been most visible in this journal. However, gaps in the literature were found and are important to consider as they help identify future directions for researchers.

There were gaps in the ages of children studied. Few studies in our content analysis of articles published in Sex Roles involved research on infants and toddlers. The lack of infant and toddler research may be due to in part to challenges associated with testing very young children. However, researchers now have access to a variety of methods available to them for observing and analyzing behavioral data, thus freeing researchers from having to rely on self-report and parent reported data on children, and expanding options for studying children who are too young to follow complex procedures or report on their own thoughts and behaviors. Given that children demonstrate a range of gender-typed behaviors, preferences, and knowledge by 2–3 years of age, if not earlier, it behooves investigators to expand efforts to better understand the earliest stages of gender development.

Gaps were also noted in the types of methods utilized in studies. Self-report measures were the most frequently used method of data collection. This reliance on self-report measures is likely because many of the issues and questions addressed in the articles could be assessed most easily and directly via these methods (and may explain the relative lack of focus on young children and infants/toddlers). These qualities are certainly strengths of direct self-reports. However, weaknesses and limitations also exist (as is the case with any method) and differences in methods may contribute to lack of coherence in findings. For example, Eisenberg and colleagues ( Eisenberg and Lennon 1983 ; Fabes and Eisenberg 1996 ) found that gender differences in empathy and sympathy varied with the method used to assess empathy-related responding. Specifically, their meta-analyses found large differences favoring girls for self-report measures of empathy/sympathy, especially questionnaire indices. No gender differences were found when the measure of empathy was either physiological or unobtrusive observations of nonverbal behavior. Eisenberg and Lennon (1983) suggested that the general pattern of results was due to differences among measures in the degree to which the intent of the measure was obvious and people could control their responses. Gender differences were greatest when demand characteristics were high (i.e., it was clear what was being assessed) and individuals had conscious control over their responses (i.e., self-report indices were used). In contrast, gender differences were virtually nonexistent when demand characteristics were subtle and study participants were unlikely to exercise much conscious control over their responding (i.e., physiological indices). Thus, when gender-related stereotypes are activated and people can easily control their responses, they may try to project a socially desirable image to others or to themselves. Such findings call for the greater use of multiple methods in research published in Sex Roles (and elsewhere) to ascertain whether this pattern exists in our research and certainly argues for less sole reliance on self-report methods.

There is some evidence that such a change is beginning to happen. For example, our analysis revealed a slight increase in studies employing time and labor intensive methods that allow for the discovery and analysis of the more subtle and complex aspects of behavior, such as the coding of transcriptions and videotaped and real-time observation, and qualitative methods. Such methods allow for a more micro-analytic examination of the dynamics of behavioral interactions but also take considerable time and effort to code, manage, and analyze. The investigation of changing patterns of behaviors in large-scale observational or longitudinal studies may require dynamical analyses that may be unfamiliar to many gender researchers ( Martin and Ruble 2010 ). Moreover, a fair amount of debate has surrounded the value and limitations of qualitative methods, though there is now growing consensus that empirical and qualitative methods each have advantages and disadvantages and can be used to complement each other (e.g., Oakley 1999 ).

There were also a number of gaps in the content of the articles. Overall, it seems that the emphasis in the gender development publications in Sex Roles has been on the development of different gender-linked abilities and traits, often in the areas of academic and career-related choices and skills. These aspects of gender development make up only a small portion of the Matrix of Gender-Typing ( Ruble et al. 2006 ) and this emphasis on a limited set of gender-related attributes suggests that many aspects of children’s gender-typing remain to be explored. Some of these aspects might be less salient or more difficult to measure (e.g., gestures, speech patterns), but nonetheless are integral aspects of gender identity. Further research is also needed to better understand the relations among the various cells in the matrix and how such relations might change across development.

Despite the prevalence of articles addressing socialization, our analysis of this category indicated that research in this area has been heavily slated toward investigating the role of parents. Less attention was focused on peers in the articles we reviewed in Sex Roles . Nonetheless, there has been greater focus on peers in the more recent literature. This research activity may have been facilitated by the recognition of peer influences earlier in development (e.g., Fabes et al. 2003b ), as well as by methodological advances that have allowed for the exploration of peer processes in greater depth and complexity ( Martin et al. 2005 ; Martin and Ruble 2010 ).

Despite the recent interest in this topic, the fact that little attention has been paid to peer relationships in children younger than adolescents may reflect a failure to recognize the importance of early peer relationships to young children’s gender development and adjustment. Given that much of young children’s peer-related interactions are highly structured by gender and that these gender segregated peer groups have important influences on short- and long-term adjustment ( Fabes et al. 2003a ; Martin and Fabes 2001 ), researchers who publish in Sex Roles (and elsewhere) need to be more attentive to the role that peers play in early gender development.

Furthermore, relatively little research has focused on the ways in which gender affects relationships and communication with peers and might impact same- and other-gender relationships across time into adulthood. In our analysis, studies that did involve relationship processes tended to focus on adolescents and addressed specific relationship contexts and issues, such as dating and sexual harassment. Few studies focused on assessing cognitions or beliefs about relationships. There is a need for theory to better understand the dynamics and development of male-female (and same-gender) relationships over time ( Zosuls et al. 2011 ). Such knowledge would help us to better understand children’s interpersonal dynamics in friendship, school, and home contexts and how to promote more positive relationships into adulthood.

Children’s social cognition, including their intergroup attitudes, plays an important role in peer relationships. Intergroup attitudes and behaviors have been of longstanding interest to gender researchers coming from a social psychological perspective (e.g., Bigler 1995 ; Powlishta 1995a , b ) and have been prominent in gender schema views ( Martin and Halverson 1981 ; Liben and Signorella 1980 ). However, with the exception of the measurement of children’s gender role attitudes, few studies investigated intergroup processes and gender differences in values regarding gender. The limited research on intergroup processes is surprising given that the study of children’s intergroup gender attitudes should have obvious connections to theories related to children’s behaviors, including gender segregation. One reason for the dearth of research directly measuring children’s intergroup gender attitudes might be that such bias is inferred from children’s greater liking for peers of their own gender. Whereas such evidence certainly indicates more positive attitudes about one’s own group, it does not constitute a direct measure of attitudes and is a poor gauge of the exact nature of children’s feelings about their own and the other gender group ( Martin and Ruble 2010 ; Zosuls et al. 2011 ). Once again, however, it could be the case that studies focused on Intergroup Processes appear in journals that more specifically address these topics (e.g., social psychology journals).

Although gender discrimination is a common topic of study in the adult psychological literature, research on children’s same-gender peer preferences, evaluations, and interactions are rarely framed in terms of discrimination. Furthermore, relatively little is known about how children may or may not perceive gender discrimination directed at others or themselves (for an exception, see Brown and Bigler 2004 , 2005 ). More studies investigating gender discrimination within and between gender groups would be valuable for better understanding the dynamics of girls’ and boys’ relationships and for designing strategies to prevent acts of gender-based discrimination among children.

Our analysis also suggested that even less is known about the impact on gender development of socialization messages children receive from features of the larger socio-cultural context, such as the media. Given how much media children are exposed to and the debates often surrounding children’s media content, more studies that directly test the effects of media on gender-related self-concepts, behaviors, and perceptions would be a valuable direction for future research. Furthermore, although a number of studies investigated features of media that children are exposed to, few examined whether children perceive media messages in the ways that they are presented and assumed to be processed by adults. In the majority of studies of socialization, investigators have often worked under the assumption that gender-related features of the environment are relatively passively encoded by children, rather than actively processed. Future research should aim to test these assumptions.

The Gender Identity and Adjustment and Individual Differences categories reflected growth and evolution in theories and topics addressed by the literature, but also suggested the need for further integration of these topics into core theories and research. Both categories featured a number of studies addressing the topic of body image; however, this aspect of identity is not usually included in models and measures related to various aspects of gender identity, such as gender typicality (e.g., Egan and Perry 2001 ). Rather, body image is generally discussed in terms of its relation to psychological adjustment (e.g., eating disorders). Nonetheless, body image has obvious relevance to children’s gender identity development and future research should aim to incorporate this idea more directly into theories and studies of gender identity. For example, body image might have relevance to children’s sense of gender typicality, with children who have bodies and body images that are closer to societal ideals for their gender feeling more typical for their gender.

Finally, the vast majority of studies addressed cognitive and socialization processes. Only one published study directly focused on biological ideas about gender development ( Rodgers et al. 1998 ). Studies focusing on biology may have been virtually nonexistent because such articles are more likely to be published in journals that are oriented to the biological sciences, and may be due to this journal’s greater emphasis on socialization and feminist perspectives. Indeed, the name of this journal— Sex Roles —emphasizes roles, which connotes socially learned and prescribed behaviors. Research studies investigating of biological factors, such as hormones, also tend to be complex and expensive and are conducted by a relatively small group of investigators interested in gender development (e.g., Alexander and Hines 2002 ; Berenbaum and Snyder 1995 ; Wallen 1996 ). Nonetheless, research involving a biological perspective has gained momentum in recent decades and would be a valuable addition to the body of research represented in Sex Roles.

Looking forward, as gender development researchers and contributors to Sex Roles , we should also consider what areas of research are most important to address given current inequalities, societal problems, and shifting cultural and demographic features of society and the endpoints we are interested in achieving for future generations of girls and boys. Social issues concerning educational practices and improving school outcomes have become gendered discussions (Does the gender gap in education now favor girls? Should single-sex education be encouraged or discouraged?), and these issues warrant the attention of researchers. Changes in media also provide new areas for research investigation. For instance, the ubiquity of and interest in social networking for adolescents suggests that researchers should consider how virtual, immediate, and potentially continuous social connections among adolescents influences personal and social dimensions of gender development. Biological and cultural changes suggest how the lines between adolescence and younger ages are becoming blurred. The earlier ages of puberty and increased sexualization of young girls are examples of topics that require additional research attention ( American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls 2007 ).

Summary and Conclusion

In this paper, our primary goal was to describe trends in research on gender development published in Sex Roles over the past few decades. Overall, the topics receiving the greatest emphasis—Gender Differences, Socialization, and Stereotyping, and to a somewhat lesser degree, Gender Identity—were relatively stable over time. The prevalence of articles documenting gender differences is logical given that gender differences—whether real or perceived, small or large in magnitude—was the starting point of interest for which the field came into existence and that many researchers are ultimately interested in explaining. Gender differences have long captured the public’s interest and have been used to justify myriad laws, policies, and practices in the public and private spheres. The emphasis on gender socialization and stereotyping is also consistent with the prominence of socialization theories beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the journal’s mission to provide a feminist perspective. The Gender Identity category was especially varied and rich; the studies in this category clearly reflected the broad influence of Bem’s measure, but also included work influenced by Kohlberg’s (1966) ideas about gender constancy, and newer multidimensional models of gender identity.

Gender development has progressed a long way from the initial study of gender differences, and has continued to move forward steadily. Leaders in the field have encouraged increasingly precise and clear terminology, more sophisticated methods and analytic techniques, and a greater diversity of topics of study. Assumptions made about one domain of gender development predicting all others have been questioned, and the multidimensionality of gender has been highlighted, as evidenced here in the many topics covered by researchers. Sex Roles has played an important role in the growth of the field by providing an outlet dedicated to disseminating research on the wide array of topics associated with gender development. In the next 35 years, our hope is that the journal will continue to play a leadership role in the field, and to promote more diversity in topics, methods, and ages employed in gender development research.

Acknowledgments

The paper was supported in part by a research grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD045816-01) awarded to the Carol Lynn Martin and Richard A. Fabes; a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development research grant (R01 HD04994) to Diane N. Ruble; and a National Science Foundation IRADS grant (0721383) Funds from the T. Denny Sanford Foundation also supported work on this paper. Funding also was provided by the School of Social Dynamics and the Challenged Child Project at Arizona State University.

To determine inclusion, we used several parameters. In addition to including studies that had children as direct participants, we also included studies that had children or child development as the targets of study (e.g., maternal reports about children, parents’ gender-typed discipline strategies). Second, we included studies that involved content analyses of children’s media (e.g., gender-typed behaviors displayed in children’s cartoons). Third, studies with a primary purpose of reporting the psychometric properties of a measure developed for and used with children were also included. We excluded studies that were based on a college student sample or that included participants 17 years and older if the primary purpose of the study did not concern adolescence. Moreover, we did not include retrospective studies, and we did not include non-empirical theoretical and review papers.

Contributor Information

Kristina M. Zosuls, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873701, Tempe, AZ 85287-3701, USA.

Cindy Faith Miller, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Diane N. Ruble, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

Carol Lynn Martin, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Richard A. Fabes, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

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A majority of latinas feel pressure to support their families or to succeed at work.

Many juggle cultural expectations and gender roles from both Latin America and the U.S., like doing housework and succeeding at work.

Few East Asian adults believe women have an obligation to society to have children

Two-thirds or more in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam say that women should decide for themselves whether to bear children.

Among parents with young adult children, some dads feel less connected to their kids than moms do

Majorities of both moms and dads with a young adult child age 18 to 34 say they’re as involved in their child’s day-to-day life as they’d like to be.

Many in East Asia say men and women make equally good leaders, despite few female heads of government

When Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen’s term ends in May, only one woman will serve as head of government anywhere in Asia, excluding the Pacific Islands.

Parents, Young Adult Children and the Transition to Adulthood

Most U.S. young adults are at least mostly financially independent and happy with their parents’ involvement in their lives. Parent-child relationships are mostly strong.

About 8 in 10 women in opposite-sex marriages say they took their husband’s last name

Younger women, women with a postgraduate degree and Democratic women are more likely to keep their last name after marriage.

Almost 1 in 5 stay-at-home parents in the U.S. are dads

In 2021, 18% of parents didn’t work for pay, which was unchanged from 2016, according to a new analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data.

Key facts about dads in the U.S.

For Father’s Day, here are six facts about the views and experiences shaping fatherhood in the United States today.

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For Mother’s Day, here’s a snapshot of what motherhood looks like in the U.S. today, drawn from government data and Pew Research Center surveys.

In a Growing Share of U.S. Marriages, Husbands and Wives Earn About the Same

Among married couples in the United States, women’s financial contributions have grown steadily over the last half century. Even when earnings are similar, husbands spend more time on paid work and leisure, while wives devote more time to caregiving and housework.

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Looking for evidence-based solutions to advance gender equity? There’s a GAP for that

The Gender Action Portal, based at the Women and Public Policy Program, aggregates and translates research on gender. In its first 10 years it has become an invaluable tool for policymakers, researchers, and more.

Behavioral economics consultant Raafi Alidina MPP 2016 was recently working with a client looking to increase the percentage of women in leadership at their company. They were open to a variety of approaches to accomplish the goal; they just wanted something with data to back it up.

What about gender-based quotas, they asked Alidina. Do quotas work?

To answer this question, he turned to the Gender Action Portal (GAP). The research aggregator and translation tool is a product of the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School. It features summaries of over 300 studies related to gender—including, as Alidina found, several studies on gender quotas.

He used two studies to inform his recommendation to the client—one, from India, showed success after gender-based quotas, while a second, from Norway, cautioned that “quota hires” weren’t taken seriously. Given the differing results, Alidina recommended a hybrid model based on findings from both studies, with quotas in some areas and targets in others.

“The Gender Action Portal gave me a way to start that conversation based on evidence,” Alidina said. “It’s my first go-to with anything around gender.”

He is not alone in this. GAP is regularly used to inform the work of researchers, policymakers, and journalists, as well as DEI practitioners like Alidina. It has been cited hundreds of times since launching in 2014, including in a study on gender-based violence in Mexico , in the book Invisible Women by author Caroline Criado-Perez, and in an op-ed by former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton .

Just as it reached its 10th year, GAP also hit another milestone: More than 1 million unique users have now visited the portal.

“As the audience continues to grow and the knowledge base of GAP studies expands as well, WAPPP is able to equip an increasing number of people and organizations with the insights they need to make change.”

Iris bohnet.

For GAP’s principal investigator, Iris Bohnet, the Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government and co-director of the Women and Public Policy Program, reaching 1 million users was “a powerful moment.”

“It has been gratifying to see the number of new users increase, year over year, since we launched the portal,” Bohnet said. “The thinking behind GAP was that it would be a tool to inform data-driven policy, practices, and procedures related to gender equity, and make the best available evidence accessible around the globe. I am delighted that so many people and organizations are benefitting from GAP.”

When Bohnet and her colleagues at WAPPP launched the Gender Action Portal, they envisioned a tool to connect policymakers, organizational leaders, and change-makers across sectors to rigorous research on gender equity, said WAPPP Director of Research and Programs Anisha Asundi.

“We wanted to take things a step further from identifying gender gaps and focus on what works to close these gaps,” said Asundi, who has worked on the portal since its inception. “Then people could use GAP to test and evaluate what might work in their own contexts.”

With support from donors including Abigail Disney, Pivotal Ventures, Lara Warner, and the Harvard Kennedy School Women’s Leadership Board, the Women and Public Policy Program was able to make this vision a reality.

As the team built out the research available through GAP, it kept a relatively narrow focus—research summarized had to examine how to close gender gaps and, whenever possible, it was experimental.

“The reason for the emphasis on experiments, often in the field, is that this research methodology is the gold standard for impact assessment,” Bohnet said. “With experimental research, you can see what works, what doesn’t, and what might have the potential to effect change.”

GAP started out with just a handful of studies, including by future Nobel Laureates Claudia Goldin and Esther Duflo, as well as Bohnet and WAPPP co-director Hannah Riley Bowles, the Roy E. Larsen Senior Lecturer in Public Policy and Management. From its inception, GAP’s workflow always included multiple rounds of revisions for each summary and a final review by the research paper’s original authors to ensure accuracy.

Ten years later, Asundi said she is still grateful to the first researchers who trusted them to represent their work on GAP. In its early days the tool was, fittingly, an experiment in and of itself.

Part of the reason the experiment became such a success was because GAP filled a need. For people like Alidina, who was an HKS student at the time, GAP became a go-to resource because of its value as an accessible, easy-to-use aggregator of research on gender. There had previously been nothing like it.

“I’d had the experience before of seeing that there’s a lot of gender research out there, but it’s not always easy to find, and it can be time-consuming to look through,” he explained.

When he graduated from the Kennedy School and joined the diversity-focused organizational consulting firm Included, Alidina kept right on using GAP.

Organizations like Included, recruitment software company Applied, DEI-certification analytics firm Edge Empower, gender consultancy Aequales, and educational art non-profit genEquality—all co-founded by HKS alums—are frequent GAP users. They operate in different areas but are all able to make use of research insights translated by GAP. For Applied, findings summarized on GAP might inform a new version of software that eliminates an element of hiring bias; while Included might share GAP summaries with a client ahead of an equity workshop—much less daunting pre-reading than journal articles.

In Alidina’s experience, the portal is the perfect bridge between academia and practice.

“Academic research can be very inaccessible,” he said. “The length and style of writing, for one; but the biggest barrier is, as a practitioner, I can’t read a research paper published in an academic journal even if I want to because my company doesn’t have journal access.”

Policymakers and advisors find GAP useful for similar reasons—they have neither the time nor the financial resources to search for and read through dense academic publications. For example, staff at U.N. Women, the United Nation’s entity dedicated to gender equality, might not have been able to easily find and cite a 2012 study on the significance of women’s leadership for young girls, but they found what they needed on GAP and were able to share their source.

DEI consultancies and policymaking groups like U.N. Women are the kind of user WAPPP expected, Asundi said, but some of the ways GAP has evolved over the years were less predictable.

“The audience has definitely grown,” she said. “Our first audience was policymakers, but we’ve also become a tool for making research more accessible to the general public.”

GAP has been used to advance gender equity in a variety of contexts—from the National Science Foundation looking to help educators teach inclusive and accurate science , to Kosovo’s national government and USAID developing a climate action plan with women in decision-making groups.

GAP citations have also shown up on the CVs of academics whose research is summarized on the portal, Asundi said. “Their priority is typically publishing in peer-reviewed journals, so they’ve been thankful that GAP can extend the reach of their research.”

She added that the portal has also become a popular source for journalists. Last year alone, GAP was cited in a breadth of news stories in coverage across the globe.

When India passed a law last September on parliamentary gender quotas, for instance,  Vox journalists  analyzing the law's potential impact used two GAP studies to give readers evidence-based context for the issue. Several months later, Hunstville, Alabama, reporter Sarah Zupko was covering an event on the gender pay gap at a local college , and turned to GAP to find credible information on an issue she said is frequently misunderstood.

“Solid research is the foundation of high-quality journalism,” Zupko said, “and the Gender Action Portal makes world-class research available to journalists and their readership.”

Making GAP open to all is “empowering,” she added. “It empowers journalists and readers to verify data, to understand research in its original context, and to continue their own exploration of crucial topics.”

Asundi said she continues to be pleasantly surprised by the places that GAP citations show up, but the portal has made an impact in other ways, as well.

Over the years, GAP has become such an established research aggregation and translation tool that it has inspired similar tools—including the Race, Research, and Policy Portal ( RRAPP ), which is also based at the Harvard Kennedy School.

Miriam Aschkenasy, program director for the Institutional Antiracism and Accountability Project that developed RRAPP, said the portal was conceived to be “like GAP, but focused on research and policy in the antiracism space.”

When Aschkenasy’s team received grant funding to launch RRAPP in 2020, “I had a roadmap,” she said. Asundi shared many policies and procedures with Aschkenasy that helped set them up for success. Four years later, RRAPP features 127 articles and has more than 57,000 pageviews.

“Working with Anisha to launch RRAPP was a perfect example of collaboration,” Aschkenasy said. “It made both these programs better and has helped us all better uplift very important, marginalized voices.”

GAP has focused more on intersectionality in recent years, making a public commitment to this in 2021 . This changed the way some work was presented and meant intentionally including more studies on the intersection of gender and race, gender and caste, gender and sexual orientation, and other dimensions of inequity.

From an ambitious experiment with a handful of research summaries, the Gender Action Portal has expanded to include 319 studies and counting, from 823 researchers in 47 countries.

“Seeing the way that our audience has grown over the last decade and the amount of people this has impacted has been really amazing,” Asundi said.

Bohnet agrees, adding that one of the most meaningful things about GAP’s continued growth is that its users are not passive—they’re not an audience in the traditional sense.

“Users are not just reading the content available to them on GAP; they’re sharing it and applying it,” Bohnet said. “It is intended to spur data-informed action. As the audience continues to grow and the knowledge base of GAP studies expands as well, WAPPP is able to equip an increasing number of people and organizations with the insights they need to make change.

“In the next 10 years, with the next million users, we’re excited to see all the ways this knowledge is applied.”

More from HKS

At harvard kennedy school, experts debated diversity policies, academic freedom and free speech, “a special moment in time”: q&a with harvard kennedy school gender and leadership experts iris bohnet and hannah riley bowles, parents play a role in leading boys and girls down different paths of study.

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How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

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Gender roles essay topics and titles may include: The history of gender roles and their shifts throughout the time. Male and female roles in society. Gender roles in literature and media. How a man and a woman is perceived in current society. The causes and outcomes of gender discrimination.
40 Ideas for Women Issues and Gender Research Paper Topics
The MeeToo movement is the prominent proof of the fact that women finally decided not to endure the gender discrimination. We collected a few tips to help you write a great research paper about women and gender. The first and, possibly important one is the usage of the checked facts. The gender topic is now widely speculated and sometimes ...
138 Research Questions about Gender Roles
Gender roles were a vital tenet, more so in the conformity era of the 1950s. For men, their roles as breadwinners dictated their responsibility. How Society Influences the Gender Roles. Society should reconsider some of the gender roles to close the gap and give people equal opportunities to thrive and explore.
112 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
In this article, we will provide 112 gender essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing and research. The impact of gender stereotypes on children's development. Gender inequality in the workplace. Gender representation in the media. The intersection of gender and race. Gender identity and sexual orientation.
Top 10 Gender Research Topics & Writing Ideas
Issues modern feminism faces. Sexual orientation and gender identity. Benefits of investing in girls' education. Patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes in family relationships. Toys and games of girls and boys. Roles of men and women in politics. Compare career opportunities for both sexes in the military.
Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a
Our paper offers a scoping review of a large portion of the research that has been published over the last 22 years, on gender equality and related issues, with a specific focus on business and economics studies. Combining innovative methods drawn from both network analysis and text mining, we provide a synthesis of 15,465 scientific articles.
Top 150 Gender Research Topics For An Excellent Paper
There are many controversial topics you can write about in your academic paper. For example, same-sex marriages, legalization of prostitution, sexuality, and many others. Legalization Of Prostitution. Same-sex Adoption Rights. Same-sex Marriage. Rethinking Gender And Therapy. Signs Of Sexuality. Gender-based Violence.
569 Gender Essay Topics & Research Topics on Gender
The paper discusses gender and society themes in "The Power of Categories", "How to Survive a Plague", "Intersexion" and "The Edge Of Gender". Gender, Social Structure and Division of Labor. In every community, there is a gender structure that provides bodies with inequality through the sex category.
Frontiers
The study of gender has become a major focus of research in psychology and in social psychology in particular. Among early contributors to this study, Eagly (1987) formulated social role theory to explain the behavior of women and men as well as the stereotypes, attitudes, and ideologies that are relevant to sex and gender. Enhanced by several extensions over the intervening years, this theory ...
Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women's Career Progressions from
Gender stereotyping is considered to be a significant issue obstructing the career progressions of women in management. The continuation of minimal representation and participation of women in top-level management positions (Elacqua, Beehr, Hansen, & Webster, 2009; World Economic Forum, 2017) forms the basis of this research.After critically reviewing the existing literature, it was noticed ...
Gender and Politics Research Paper Topics
Gender and Politics Research Paper Topics. The Role of Intersectionality in Women's Political Participation: An Analysis of Racial, Ethnic, and Class Differences in Political Mobilization. Women's Representation in Political Leadership: Examining the Glass Ceiling in Parliaments and Executive Offices.
Understanding gender roles in the workplace: a qualitative research study
This qualitative study explored female leaders' experiences with gender norms, implicit. bias and microaggressions that they have experienced over the course of their careers. Research questions explored what gender norms exist, how they show up behaviorally in. the workplace, and how gender norms, implicit bias and microaggressions impact.
622 Gender Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Ethics and Gender: Empowering Societies. The topic "Ethics and Gender" highlights the major challenges affecting many people in the society. The essay presents the best arguments in order to support the importance of this topic. Absolute Gender Equality in a Marriage.
(PDF) Gender Roles and Society
Gender roles are based on the different expecta-. tions that individuals, groups, and societies have of. individuals based on their sex and based on each. society's values and beli efs about ...
Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics
Amazing Gender Dissertation Topics - A List of Well-Researched Topics. Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On June 10, 2024. The concept of gender describes the differences in characteristics, behaviours, and responsibilities between males and females. Gender studies explore the complicated concerns that arise from the ...
Gendered stereotypes and norms: A systematic review of interventions
1. Introduction. Gender is a widely accepted social determinant of health [1, 2], as evidenced by the inclusion of Gender Equality as a standalone goal in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [].In light of this, momentum is building around the need to invest in gender-transformative programs and initiatives designed to challenge harmful power and gender imbalances, in line with ...
PDF CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO GENDER
Discourses of gender unfold not only in explicit talk about gender, but in talk about things (like burnt toast) that may be grafted on to gender. If enough people joke together continually about men's ineptness in the kitchen, women's role as cooks takes center stage, along with men's incompetence in the kitchen.
Gender: Articles, Research, & Case Studies on Gender- HBS Working Knowledge
Gender. New research on gender in the workplace from Harvard Business School faculty on issues including "leaning-in," gender inequity, the social and economic effects of maternal employment, and gender diversity's effect on corporate financial performance. Page 1 of 124 Results →. 25 Jun 2024.
A Global Perspective on Gender Roles and Identity
Among the social determinants that affect the health and well-being of young people throughout the world, gender is a pivotal influence, with both subtle and overt, immediate as well as longer term influences on adolescent development, resources and opportunities, and ultimately, adolescent and adult health. Most societies are profoundly gendered; these gender roles and expectations affect ...
Gender Development Research in Sex Roles: Historical Trends and Future
Sex Roles has played an important role in the growth of the field by providing an outlet dedicated to disseminating research on the wide array of topics associated with gender development. In the next 35 years, our hope is that the journal will continue to play a leadership role in the field, and to promote more diversity in topics, methods ...
Gender Roles
About 8 in 10 women in opposite-sex marriages say they took their husband's last name. Younger women, women with a postgraduate degree and Democratic women are more likely to keep their last name after marriage. short readsAug 3, 2023.
(PDF) Perceptions of gender roles: A case study
children 's perceptions of gender, one activity asked the. children to draw pictures of various job roles of positions. of authority. When considering the ndings sho wing. representations of ...
Looking for evidence-based solutions to advance gender equity? There's
The Gender Action Portal aggregates and translates research on gender. This product of the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School features summaries of over 300 studies related to gender—including several studies on gender quotas. In its first 10 years it has become an invaluable tool for policymakers, researchers, and more.
State of Research on Gender and Leadership
gender equality and scholarly research on the topic of gender in organizations are acknowledged, there still is a worrying and limited representation of works published on gender and feminist issues. While research and work on gender in relation to leader-ship has increased, it is still sparse. In the current paper,
How to cite ChatGPT
We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test, and we know our roles in a Turing test.And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we've spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT.