example of geography nea literature review

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What is a Literature Review?

The scholarly conversation.

A literature review provides an overview of previous research on a topic that critically evaluates, classifies, and compares what has already been published on a particular topic. It allows the author to synthesize and place into context the research and scholarly literature relevant to the topic. It helps map the different approaches to a given question and reveals patterns. It forms the foundation for the author’s subsequent research and justifies the significance of the new investigation.

A literature review can be a short introductory section of a research article or a report or policy paper that focuses on recent research. Or, in the case of dissertations, theses, and review articles, it can be an extensive review of all relevant research.

• The format is usually a bibliographic essay; sources are briefly cited within the body of the essay, with full bibliographic citations at the end.
• The introduction should define the topic and set the context for the literature review. It will include the author's perspective or point of view on the topic, how they have defined the scope of the topic (including what's not included), and how the review will be organized. It can point out overall trends, conflicts in methodology or conclusions, and gaps in the research.
• In the body of the review, the author should organize the research into major topics and subtopics. These groupings may be by subject, (e.g., globalization of clothing manufacturing), type of research (e.g., case studies), methodology (e.g., qualitative), genre, chronology, or other common characteristics. Within these groups, the author can then discuss the merits of each article and analyze and compare the importance of each article to similar ones.
• The conclusion will summarize the main findings, make clear how this review of the literature supports (or not) the research to follow, and may point the direction for further research.
• The list of references will include full citations for all of the items mentioned in the literature review.

Key Questions for a Literature Review

A literature review should try to answer questions such as

• Who are the key researchers on this topic?
• What has been the focus of the research efforts so far and what is the current status?
• How have certain studies built on prior studies? Where are the connections? Are there new interpretations of the research?
• Have there been any controversies or debate about the research? Is there consensus? Are there any contradictions?
• Which areas have been identified as needing further research? Have any pathways been suggested?
• How will your topic uniquely contribute to this body of knowledge?
• Which methodologies have researchers used and which appear to be the most productive?
• What sources of information or data were identified that might be useful to you?
• How does your particular topic fit into the larger context of what has already been done?
• How has the research that has already been done help frame your current investigation ?

Examples of Literature Reviews

Example of a literature review at the beginning of an article: Forbes, C. C., Blanchard, C. M., Mummery, W. K., & Courneya, K. S. (2015, March). Prevalence and correlates of strength exercise among breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors . Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(2), 118+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.sonoma.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&u=sonomacsu&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA422059606&asid=27e45873fddc413ac1bebbc129f7649c Example of a comprehensive review of the literature: Wilson, J. L. (2016). An exploration of bullying behaviours in nursing: a review of the literature.   British Journal Of Nursing ,  25 (6), 303-306. For additional examples, see:

Galvan, J., Galvan, M., & ProQuest. (2017). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences (Seventh ed.). [Electronic book]

Pan, M., & Lopez, M. (2008). Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Pub. [ Q180.55.E9 P36 2008]

Useful Links

• Write a Literature Review (UCSC)
• Literature Reviews (Purdue)
• Literature Reviews: overview (UNC)
• Review of Literature (UW-Madison)

Evidence Matrix for Literature Reviews

The  Evidence Matrix  can help you  organize your research  before writing your lit review.  Use it to  identify patterns  and commonalities in the articles you have found--similar methodologies ?  common  theoretical frameworks ? It helps you make sure that all your major concepts covered. It also helps you see how your research fits into the context  of the overall topic.

• Evidence Matrix Special thanks to Dr. Cindy Stearns, SSU Sociology Dept, for permission to use this Matrix as an example.
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A toolkit for the independent investigation 

A toolkit for the independent investigation.

This unit gives an overview of the independent investigation. It takes you through what the independent investigation (also known as the NEA) is, outlines how to plan your investigation, and gives practical support for each stage. Featuring content from Time for Geography on research methods .

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A Level Geography NEA: Everything you need to know

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What is the A Level Geography NEA?

How do you structure the geography nea, concluding remarks.

For Year 12 students, the last half term of the academic year is typically a time for reflection and taking stock of what they have learned so far. However, for geography students, this time is one of the busiest and most intense. The reason? The Geography NEA , which often kicks off after the external examination period in schools, demanding significant time and effort to complete.

NEA stands for non-examined assessment . It’s an important aspect of A Level Geography, allowing students to apply the theories they have learned and create a substantial enquiry project using both primary and secondary research. The Geography NEA is divided into manageable sections which will be assessed by your teachers at school or college.

The NEA provides an opportunity to do a deep dive into an aspect of geography that interests you the most. Your NEA must be linked to a taught aspect of the A Level Geography specification you are studying at your centre.

Each exam board provides a range of example titles and enquiries in their assessment specifications. Additionally, your centre will give you examples of projects completed by previous students. While these examples can serve as a guide, it’s important that you come up with your own enquiry question before starting your NEA.

Before starting your NEA enquiry, you will write a proposal that will be submitted to your supervisor (teacher). The proposal will include the following sections:

• Investigation title
• How the title links to the specification content
• Planned investigation hypothesis or question/sub-questions
• Investigation focus
• Planned methodology

Once you have completed your proposal form, your supervisor will review it. If the proposal is approved, you can begin your project. If it is not approved, your supervisor will provide feedback on what needs to be changed, and you will need to redraft the proposal form.

When it comes to the teacher assessment phase, each exam board has split the NEA into different sections. However, the general structure of the NEA written report is similar across the exam boards. Each completed Geography NEA should include:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology (including risk assessment and ethical considerations)
• Data presentation
• Data analysis

How do you write the NEA introduction?

The NEA introduction allows you to outline your enquiry to the reader and help them understand where and why you will be carrying out your investigation. This section should clearly state your hypotheses and key questions and provide a rationale for why you are asking these questions .

In your introduction, you should include the location details of your investigation. This gives you an early opportunity to use GIS (Geography Information Systems) by using a range of maps to demonstrate the study location.

What is the NEA literature review?

A literature review means reading geography books, websites, and journals for your NEA and referring to these sources in your report to demonstrate your understanding of geography concepts. Your fieldwork will help you determine if these ideas hold true in your chosen area. When conducting the literature review, you will need to use a range of materials that are academically sound and from reputable sources .

The research you conduct during the literature review should be referenced throughout your enquiry , including in your data analysis and conclusions. This will help you to either prove or disprove your hypotheses and key questions.

How do you write the NEA methodology?

The methodology is the part of the Geography NEA that outlines:

• what data you collected or are going to collect
• how you collected or are going to collect the data
• why you collected or are going to collect the data

The methodology can be written in either the past or future tense, depending on when you are writing it. If you have already completed your data collection, write it in the past tense. If you are going to complete it, write it in the future tense. I would suggest writing the methodology after completing your data collection . This approach will provide you with a greater understanding of the methods and the reasons for collecting that specific data.

The methodology should be written in a way that allows others to replicate your NEA in the future. It should include details such as:

• Name of method
• Description of method
• Type of data collected
• Sampling techniques used
• Justification of method – this is key to achieving the highest marks available
• Risk assessment

I recommend organising the methodology in a table with the above list as column titles. This will ensure that all key aspects are covered, giving you the best chance of achieving the highest marks.

How do you present and analyse data in the NEA?

Once you have collected your data, it’s time to present it. You can use a range of data presentation methods. Try to choose the most suitable ones to make your results easy to understand. To achieve the top marks in your Geography NEA, you need to use a wide variety of data presentation methods . I recommend looking at PMT’s guide to data presentation before you begin:

• AQA data presentation guide
• OCR data presentation guide
• Edexcel data presentation guide
• WJEC data presentation guide

This is another opportunity for you to utilise GIS . Using GIS allows you to incorporate a location element into your data presentation, which can help you achieve the highest marks in this section.

Once you have presented and transformed your raw data into a usable format, you can proceed with the analysis. Data analysis is a crucial part of your Geography NEA enquiry, as it will enable you to draw conclusions and ultimately answer your key questions and hypotheses .

If you have quantitative data, it’s important to carry out statistical tests to demonstrate the reliability of your data and conclusions. You can find examples and full walkthroughs in the PMT NEA guides to help you.

At this point, you should be ready to write about your results from your data presentation and critically analyse the data. When analysing your data, ensure that you connect it to your hypotheses or questions . Start by discussing what your data reveals about your subject, such as patterns or common opinions. In addition to overall trends, use specific numbers and quotes. You can also use this opportunity to manipulate some of the data. Thoroughly examine your data and don’t ignore any unusual points that might disprove your hypotheses.

During your analysis, you can comment on the accuracy of your data to strengthen your conclusions. For example, you could comment on the precision of your graphs to show that your data captures all trends. Additionally, you should discuss how well your data represents the study area , especially if multiple investigation sites were used. Explain the appearance of data patterns using geographical theories, and link this to your literature review . This will show that your understanding of geography has deepened through your investigation.

How do you write the NEA conclusion?

The conclusion of your Geography NEA is where you essentially answer your key questions using the data you have collected and the critical analysis you have conducted.

Start by answering each of your key questions individually, summarising the relevant analysis to directly match each question. Once you have answered the key questions, use these to address your overall hypotheses and ultimately summarise your entire enquiry, tying together the main findings and insights.

How do you write the NEA evaluation?

The final part of the NEA enquiry is the evaluation. This is generally poorly completed because it’s the final stage and candidates often run out of time and rush this section.

The evaluation is an opportunity for you to reflect on the process and comment on the reliability of your processes and results . You can discuss your methods and consider how you could improve them for more reliable results.

How long should the NEA be?

The guidance states that the A Level Geography NEA should be between 3000 and 4000 words . However, you will not be penalised if you go over this. I suggest that you do not go over the recommended word count significantly, as this will mean that you have not been writing concisely and may impact your ability to achieve the highest marks.

How many marks is the NEA worth?

The number of marks the NEA is worth varies depending on the specific exam board. For the precise mark allocation, check with your school or college.

Which section of the NEA is worth the most marks?

The data analysis section of the NEA is typically worth the most marks.

What are the grade boundaries for the NEA?

The NEA is worth 20% of your total grade for A Level Geography. Each year, the grade boundaries for the NEA vary because they are determined after all exam papers and NEAs have been assessed and analysed by the exam board.

When is the A Level Geography NEA deadline?

The deadline for the Geography NEA can vary depending on your school and exam board. Generally, the NEA is expected to be completed and submitted during the final term of Year 12 or early in Year 13, well before the final A Level exams in the summer. Starting early and managing your time effectively can help ensure you meet the deadline without any last-minute stress.

How do I get an A* in the A Level Geography NEA?

To succeed in your NEA, I would always recommend choosing a topic that genuinely interests you . This will help you stay engaged in the project, allowing you to write detailed and thorough responses and engage fully in the enquiry.

To achieve an A*, you need to consistently aim for the highest band in each element of the enquiry. I would suggest that all candidates familiarise themselves with the NEA mark scheme and use it as a guide for their writing. You also need to ensure you write succinctly and accurately throughout your project, as this will help you access the highest marks.

The NEA is a significant component of your overall A Level Geography grade, providing you with an opportunity to apply your theoretical knowledge in a practical context. The NEA demands careful planning, thorough research, and detailed analysis. By understanding the structure and requirements of each section, you can approach your Geography NEA methodically and confidently, and produce a thorough and insightful project. Good luck!

Looking for more help with A Level Geography? Check out our guide to mastering A Level Geography 20-mark essay questions !

Dave is a qualified teacher with 10 years of experience teaching GCSE and A Level Geography. He has worked as an assistant faculty leader for Humanities and a professional mentor for new and trainee teachers. He has also been involved with the supervision and guidance of NEAs. Dave currently works in higher education and trains geography teachers across the North West of England. He is also a tutor at PMT Education , with experience running highly successful geography courses .

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Geography NEA Lit Review

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• A student guid...

A student guide to the A Level independent investigation (Non-examined Assessment - NEA)

The following documents are available in the Downloads section below:

Download a copy of the guide below

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Before you start

i   – Independent Investigation - Student Planning Form        Independent Investigation - Student Planning Form (Word document) ii  – A Guide to Writing A Research Plan iii – A Guide to Effective Background Reading iv – A Guide to Referencing

Section 1 – Introduction

1a – A Guide to Hypotheses

Section 2 – Data collection

2a – A Guide to Different Types of Data

2b – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Quantitative Measuring

2c – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Surveys

2d – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Interviews

2e – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Questionnaires

2f – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Observations, Photographs and Field Sketches

2g – A Guide to Sampling Techniques

2h – A Guide to Recording Data in the Field

2i – A Guide to Avoiding Biased Data

Section 3 – Data presentation

3a – A Guide to Column Charts and Histograms

3b – A Guide to Pictograms

3c – A Guide to Pie Charts

3d – A Guide to Scatter and Line Graphs

3e – A Guide to Box and Whisker Graphs

3f – A Guide to Kite Diagrams

3g – A Guide to Triangular graphs

3h – A Guide to Rose and Radial Graphs

3i – A Guide to Isoline Maps

3j – A Guide to Choropleth Maps

3k – A Guide to Pictorial Data Presentation

3l – A Guide to Presenting Qualitative Data

Section 4 – Data analysis

4a – A Guide to Measures of Central Tendency

4b – A Guide to Measuring Proportions

4c – A Guide to Measures of Dispersion

4d – A Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis

4e – A Guide to Spearman’s Rank

4f – A Guide to Chi-Squared Testing

4g – A Guide to Simpson’s Diversity Index

4h – A Guide to Pearson’s Product Moment

4i – A Guide to Nearest Neighbour Analysis

4j – A Guide to Mann-Whitney U Test

4k – A Guide to Qualitative Data Analysis

Section 5 – Conclusions

Section 6 – Evaluation

Section 7 – Final checks 

Posters – A guide to reading your research landscape

A copy of FAQs from the awarding bodies

View a video from the Royal Met Soc - MetLink - Weather Fieldwork for your A Level Geography Independent Investigation

File name Files

Full Guide: Guide to the NEA

Student Planning Form - Word

Student Planning Form - PDF

A Guide to Writing A Research Plan

A Guide to Effective Background Reading

A Guide to Referencing

1a – A Guide to Hypotheses

2a – A Guide to Different Types of Data

2b – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Quantitative Measuring

2c – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Surveys

2d – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Interviews

2e – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Questionnaires

2f – A Guide to Data Collection Techniques – Observations, Photographs and Field Sketches

2g – A Guide to Sampling Techniques

2h – A Guide to Recording Data in the Field

2i – A Guide to Avoiding Biased Data

3a – A Guide to Column Charts and Histograms

3b – A Guide to Pictograms

3c – A Guide to Pie Charts

3d – A Guide to Scatter and Line Graphs

3e – A Guide to Box and Whisker Graphs

3f – A Guide to Kite Diagrams

3g – A Guide to Triangular graphs

3h – A Guide to Rose and Radial Graphs

3i – A Guide to Isoline Maps

3j – A Guide to Choropleth Maps

3k – A Guide to Pictorial Data Presentation

3l – A Guide to Presenting Qualitative Data

4a – A Guide to Measures of Central Tendency

4b – A Guide to Measuring Proportions

4c – A Guide to Measures of Dispersion

4d – A Guide to Cost-Benefit Analysis

4e – A Guide to Spearman’s Rank

4f – A Guide to Chi-Squared Testing

4g – A Guide to Simpson’s Diversity Index

4h – A Guide to Pearson’s Product Moment

4i – A Guide to Nearest Neighbour Analysis

4j – A Guide to Mann-Whitney U Test

4k – A Guide to Qualitative Data Analysis

Section 7 – Final checks

Posters – A guide to reading your research landscape

Poster – RMetS weather and climate

FAQs from the awarding bodies

A Guide to Collecting Weather Data

BSG geomorphology projects for students

NEA word limit letter

Ethical Data resources

Doug Specht and colleagues from the University of Westminster have produced resources to provide some extra guidance and support around ethics and data use for the NEA

This project was funded by the Nuffield Foundation, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation

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ImagesLitReviews

Help for those preparing a literature review.

The following resources give tips on how to prepare a review of the literature -- an important step in a research project because it helps clarify what's already known about a topic. For additional help, please contact us.

• Literature Reviews Descriptive overview of the process of writing a literature review. A light, breezy style makes it easy to read while covering the topic in-depth. Writing Center, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Write a Literature Review A concise overview of a literature review's components and purpose; Univ. Libraries, Univ. of Southern California, Santa Cruz

Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students

(9:38) Addresses the function and utility of reviews of the scholarly literature as well as the process of preparing a literature review. North Carolina State Univ. Libraries

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