how to ask chatgpt to write a literature review

How To Use ChatGPT To Write A Literature Review: Prompts & References

In the rapidly evolving world of academic research, the integration of AI tools like ChatGPT has transformed the traditional approach to literature reviews . As a researcher, you should also leverage on this tool to make your research work easier.

In this post, explore how ChatGPT can enhance the literature review process. We’ll explore how specific prompts can effectively guide this advanced AI model to generate insightful content, while ensuring accuracy, relevance, and academic integrity in their scholarly work.

How to Use ChatGPT for Writing a Literature Review

Understanding ChatGPT’s Limitations

While it can efficiently generate content, streamline the research process, and provide a comprehensive understanding of relevant literature, its capabilities are not without constraints. Here are some for you to consider:

Dependence On Pre-Existing Datasets

Since ChatGPT is a language model trained on available data, it may not include the most recent research papers or cutting-edge findings in a specific field. This gap can lead to a lack of current state-of-research insights, particularly crucial in fields like technology and science where advancements happen rapidly.

May Lack Depth And Context

ChatGPT, while able to produce summaries and synthesize information, might not fully grasp the nuanced arguments or complex theories specific to a research topic. This limitation necessitates that researchers critically evaluate and supplement AI-generated text with thorough analysis and insights from recent systematic reviews and primary sources.

Risk Of Plagiarism

Although ChatGPT can generate human-like text, it’s vital to ensure that the content for your literature review is original and properly cited. Relying solely on ChatGPT to write a literature review defeats the purpose of engaging deeply with the material and developing a personal understanding of the literature.

Not A Total Replacement of A Researcher

While ChatGPT can assist non-native English speakers in crafting clear and concise academic writing, it’s not a replacement for the human ability to contextualize and interpret research findings. Researchers must guide the AI model with specific prompts and leverage it as a tool rather than a substitute for comprehensive analysis.

By keeping these limitations in mind, ChatGPT can be a valuable aid in the literature review process, but it should be used judiciously and in conjunction with traditional research methods.

Defining Research Objective

When starting on writing a literature review, the initial step involves using ChatGPT to define your research question or hypothesis.

The AI model’s ability to respond with a summary of the current state of research in your field can provide a comprehensive understanding, especially for systematic reviews or research papers.

For example, by inputting a prompt related to your research topic, ChatGPT can generate human-like text, summarizing prior research and highlighting relevant literature.

One insider tip for effectively using ChatGPT in the literature review process is to leverage its natural language processing capabilities to identify relevant keywords.

These keywords are crucial for non-native English speakers or those new to a research field, as they streamline the search for pertinent academic writing. Additionally, ChatGPT can guide you in understanding the context of your research topic, offering insights that are often challenging to find.

Using AI language models like ChatGPT for generating content for your literature review is efficient and effective, saving valuable time. However, it’s vital to critically evaluate the generated text to ensure it aligns with your research objectives and to avoid plagiarism.

ChatGPT’s ability to synthesize large amounts of information can aid in developing a clear and concise outline, but remember, it’s a guide, not a replacement for human analysis.

Despite these limitations, ChatGPT provides a unique advantage in conducting literature reviews. It can automate mundane tasks, allowing researchers to focus on analysis and critical thinking.

Identifying Keywords and Search Terms

Using ChatGPT to identify relevant keywords related to your research topic can significantly streamline your workflow.

For instance, when you input a summary of your research question into ChatGPT, the AI model can generate a list of pertinent keywords.

These keywords are not just randomly selected; they are based on the vast amounts of information in ChatGPT’s dataset, making them highly relevant and often inclusive of terms that are current in your research field.

An insider tip for leveraging ChatGPT effectively is to guide the AI with clear and concise prompts.

For example, asking ChatGPT to: “summarize key themes in [specific field] research papers from the last five years” can yield a list of keywords and phrases that are not only relevant but also reflective of the current state of research.

This approach is particularly beneficial for conducting systematic reviews or for non-native English speakers who might be unfamiliar with specific academic jargon.

While ChatGPT can provide a comprehensive understanding of relevant literature and help automate the identification of keywords, it’s important to critically evaluate the generated content.

Researchers should use ChatGPT as a tool to augment their research process, not as a replacement for human insight.

It’s crucial to mind the limitations of the AI model and ensure that the keywords identified align with the research topic and objectives.

Creating an Initial Literature Review Outline

The key to using ChatGPT effectively in crafting an initial outline lies in its ability to generate content based on specific prompts.

For instance, a researcher working on organic photovoltaic devices can input a prompt into ChatGPT, such as “Help me create a structure for a literature review on organic photovoltaic devices.”

The AI model, using its comprehensive understanding of the research topic, can then produce a preliminary structure, including sections like:

• Introduction
• Advances in materials and technology, performance, and efficiency.

This generated outline serves as a valuable starting point. It helps in organizing thoughts and determining the key areas that the literature review should cover. I

mportantly, researchers can refine and expand this initial outline as they delve deeper into their topic, ensuring it aligns with their specific research question and the current state of research.

However, while ChatGPT can streamline the review process and save valuable time in creating an initial outline, researchers should not solely rely on it.

The content generated by ChatGPT must be critically evaluated and supplemented with in-depth research. This involves:

• Reading systematic reviews
• Reading research papers, and
• Summarizing relevant literature to ensure the review is comprehensive and up-to-date.

Get ChatGPT To Help You During Research, Using The Right Prompts

The key to effectively using ChatGPT in this process lies in crafting the right prompts, guiding the AI to generate relevant and useful content. 

When initiating a literature review, the prompt should aim for a broad understanding of the research topic. For instance, asking ChatGPT to:

• “Give a brief overview of research done on [topic]”
• “What are some of the recent findings on the [topic] in research?” or 
• “Summarize the historical development of [topic] in academia”

Helps in capturing the general landscape of the field. These prompts assist in identifying key theories, methodologies, and authors within the research area. As the review progresses, more specific prompts are necessary to delve deeper into individual studies. Queries like:

• “Summarize the main arguments and findings of [specific paper]” or
• “What are the strengths and weaknesses of [specific paper]?”

enable ChatGPT to provide detailed insights into particular research papers, aiding in understanding their contribution to the broader field. Comparative prompts are also crucial in synthesizing information across multiple works. Asking ChatGPT to:

• “Compare and contrast the methodologies of [paper 1] and [paper 2]” or
• “How do the findings of [paper 1] and [paper 2] agree or disagree?”

helps in discerning the nuances and disparities in the literature. In the final stages of the literature review, prompts should focus on summarizing findings and identifying emerging trends or gaps. For example:

• “What trends or patterns have emerged from the literature on [topic]?” or
• “What future research directions are suggested by the literature on [topic]?”

We will share more on these ChatGPT prompts in the later part of this post, read on.

Reviewing ChatGPT’s Responses

When using ChatGPT to write a literature review, it’s crucial to critically evaluate its responses.

Firstly, researchers should cross-reference the information provided by ChatGPT with actual research papers.

This step ensures the accuracy of the data and helps in identifying any discrepancies or outdated information, given that ChatGPT’s dataset may not include the most recent studies.

Another essential aspect is assessing the coherence and depth of the AI-generated text. ChatGPT can summarize and synthesize information efficiently, but it might not capture the nuances of complex theories or research arguments.

Researchers should ensure that the content aligns with their research question and systematically reviews the topic comprehensively. This is where a researcher’s value comes in.

Additionally, verifying the originality of the content is vital to avoid plagiarism. While ChatGPT can generate human-like text, researchers must ensure that the AI-generated content is used as a guide rather than a verbatim source. 

Proper citations and references are essential to maintain the integrity of the literature review. Avoid torpedoing your own research by committing plagiarism.

Ensuring Coherence and Flow

One of the challenges when using such advanced AI language models is ensuring the coherence and flow of the final document. This aspect is crucial as it determines the readability and academic rigor of the literature review.

ChatGPT can generate vast amounts of content on a wide range of topics, responding efficiently to prompts and synthesizing information from its extensive dataset.

However, the content generated by ChatGPT, while informative, might not always align seamlessly with the specific research question or maintain a consistent narrative flow.

To tackle this, researchers need to take an active role in guiding ChatGPT and subsequently refining its output.

A practical approach is to use ChatGPT as a starting point, leveraging its ability to quickly provide summaries, synthesize relevant literature, and identify key references and keywords related to the research topic. For example, prompts like:

• “Summarize the current research on [topic]” or
• “Identify key debates in [topic]”

Can yield valuable initial insights.

Once this foundational information is obtained, the crucial task is to carefully review and edit the AI-generated content.

This involves connecting the dots between different sections, ensuring that each part contributes meaningfully to addressing the research question, and refining the language to maintain academic standards.

It’s also essential to check for and avoid plagiarism, ensuring that all sources are correctly cited.

In addition, considering the vast amounts of information ChatGPT can access, it’s vital to verify the accuracy and relevance of the content.

Researchers should cross-reference AI-generated summaries with actual research papers, especially the most recent ones, as ChatGPT’s dataset may not include the latest studies.

Editing and Proofreading

Now that your literature review is mostly written out, now focus on the editing and proofreading. The content generated by ChatGPT needs to be meticulously reviewed and edited. Here are the steps:

• Verifying the accuracy of the information. Researchers must cross-check the AI-generated content against actual research papers and systematic reviews. This ensures that the latest studies are accurately represented.
• Improve coherence and flow. Researchers should restructure sentences, ensure logical progression of ideas, and maintain a consistent academic tone throughout the document.
• Checking for plagiarism. Despite ChatGPT’s ability to generate human-like text, researchers must ensure that all sources are correctly cited and that the review does not inadvertently replicate existing material.
• Check Grammar and Spelling: Editing should encompass grammar checks, vocabulary refinement, and ensuring that the language used is appropriate for an academic audience.
• Update Citation: Review citation, or reference list to ensure everything is cited correctly, and the citation list is written out to your required standard, be it MLA, Chicago, or APA.

What ChatGPT Prompts To Use When Writing A Literature Review?

There are many ways to use ChatGPT to write literature review, usually by using the right prompts. Here’s how specific types of prompts can be effectively employed, with multiple examples for each category:

• “Provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research on [topic].”
• “Summarize the current understanding and key findings in the field of [topic].”
• “Detail the dominant theoretical frameworks currently used in [topic].”
• “Describe the evolution of theoretical approaches in [topic] over the past decade.”
• “Identify and discuss the major debates or controversies in [topic].”
• “What are the conflicting viewpoints or schools of thought in [topic]?”
• “List the leading researchers in [topic] and summarize their key contributions.”
• “Who are the emerging authors in [topic], and what unique perspectives do they offer?”
• “Explain the most common research methodologies used in studies about [topic].”
• “How have the methodologies in [topic] research evolved recently?”
• “Trace the historical development and major milestones in [topic].”
• “Provide a timeline of the key discoveries and shifts in understanding in [topic].”
• “What significant paradigm shifts have occurred in [topic] in the last twenty years?”
• “How has the focus of research in [topic] changed over time?”
• “Analyze the methodology and conclusions of [specific paper].”
• “Discuss the impact and reception of [specific paper] in the field of [topic].”
• “Compare the results and methodologies of [paper 1] and [paper 2] in [topic].”
• “How do [paper 1] and [paper 2] differ in their approach to [topic]?”
• “Based on current literature, what are the suggested future research directions in [topic]?”
• “Identify gaps in the literature of [topic] that could be explored in future studies.”

By using these types of prompts, researchers can guide ChatGPT to produce content that is not only relevant to their literature review but also rich in detail and scope.

Wrapping Up: Use Other AI Tools Too, Not Just ChatGPT

In conclusion, while ChatGPT serves as a powerful ally in the literature review process, it’s important to recognize it as one of many AI tools available to researchers as well. Diversifying your AI toolkit can enhance the depth and breadth of your review, offering varied perspectives and methodologies.

As AI continues to evolve, embracing a range of these tools can lead to more comprehensive, nuanced, and innovative academic writing, expanding the horizons of research and scholarly exploration beyond what we currently envision.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Step-by-Step Guide: How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Literature Review With Prompts

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Use ChatGPT for Writing a Literature Review

Writing a literature review can be a challenging task for researchers and students alike. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the existing body of research on a particular topic. However, with the advent of advanced language models like ChatGPT, the process has become more accessible and efficient.

In this step-by-step guide, ilovephd will explore how you can leverage ChatGPT to write a compelling literature review that is both informative.

A Step-by-Step Guide: How to Use ChatGPT for Writing a Literature Review

Step 1: Defining Your Research Objective Before diving into the literature review process, it is crucial to define your research objective.

Clearly articulate the topic, research question, or hypothesis you aim to address through your literature review. This step will help you maintain focus and guide your search for relevant sources.

Step 2: Identifying Keywords and Search Terms To effectively use ChatGPT to assist in your literature review, you need to identify relevant keywords and search terms related to your research topic.

These keywords will help you narrow down your search and gather pertinent information. Consider using tools like Google Keyword Planner or other keyword research tools to discover commonly used terms in your field.

Step 3: Familiarizing Yourself with ChatGPT Before engaging with ChatGPT, it is essential to understand its capabilities and limitations. Familiarize yourself with the prompts and commands that work best with the model.

Keep in mind that ChatGPT is an AI language model trained on a vast amount of data, so it can provide valuable insights and suggestions, but it’s important to critically evaluate and validate the information it generates.

Step 4: Generating an Initial Literature Review Outline Start by creating an outline for your literature review. Outline the main sections, such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

Within each section, jot down the key points or subtopics you want to cover. This will help you organize your thoughts and structure your review effectively.

Step 5: Engaging with ChatGPT for Research Assistance Once you have your outline ready, engage with ChatGPT for research assistance.

Begin by providing a clear and concise prompt that specifies the topic, context, and any specific questions you have. For example, “What are the current trends in [your research topic]?” or “Can you provide an overview of the main theories on [your research question]?”

Step 6: Reviewing and Selecting Generated Content ChatGPT will generate a response based on your prompt. Carefully review the content generated, considering its relevance, accuracy, and coherence.

Extract key points, relevant references, and insightful arguments from the response and incorporate them into your literature review. Be sure to cite and attribute the sources appropriately.

Step 7: Ensuring Coherence and Flow While ChatGPT can provide valuable content, it’s important to ensure the coherence and flow of your literature review.

Use your critical thinking skills to connect the generated content with your research objective and existing knowledge. Rearrange, rephrase, and expand upon the generated text to ensure it aligns with the structure and purpose of your review.

Step 8: Editing and Proofreading Once you have incorporated the generated content into your literature review, thoroughly edit and proofread the document.

Check for grammatical errors, consistency in referencing, and overall clarity. This step is crucial to ensure your literature review is polished and professional.

ChatGPT prompts to Write a Literature Review

Prompts you can use when engaging with ChatGPT for research assistance in writing a literature review:

• “Can you provide an overview of the main theories and concepts related to [your research topic]?”
• “What are the current trends and developments in [your research field]?”
• “Can you suggest some key studies or research papers on [specific aspect of your research topic]?”
• “What are the main methodologies used in conducting research on [your research topic]?”
• “Can you provide a critical analysis of the existing literature on [your research question]?”
• “Are there any gaps or areas of controversy in the literature on [your research topic] that need further exploration?”
• “What are the key findings and conclusions from the most recent studies on [your research topic]?”
• “Can you suggest some reputable journals or publications explore for relevant literature in [your research field]?”
• “What are the different perspectives or schools of thought in the literature on [your research topic]?”
• “Can you provide a summary of the historical background and evolution of research on [your research topic]?”

Remember to provide clear and specific instructions in your prompts to guide ChatGPT in generating relevant and accurate content for your literature review.

Using ChatGPT to write a literature review can greatly facilitate the research process. By following a step-by-step approach, researchers can effectively leverage ChatGPT’s capabilities to gather insights, generate content, and enhance the quality of their literature review. However, it is important to approach the generated content critically, validate it with reliable sources, and ensure coherence within the review.

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Resources on Lit Reviews & AI

• How to Use ChatGPT to Accelerate Literature Review I’d like to show you how I use ChatGPT to speed up my literature review process. The topic I am exploring is heterogeneity(diversity) learning. I started with the keyword “Info-GAIL” as I read about it when using GAIL in the past.
• ChatGPT Simple Literature Review Template The evolution of library services in the digital age has seen a significant shift towards automation and artificial intelligence applications, with OpenAI's ChatGPT being one of the most popular tools. This literature review explores the trends in the application of ChatGPT in library settings, focusing on user engagement and support services from 2015 to 2023.
• ChatGPT as a Tool for Library Research – Some Notes and Suggestions I see ChatGPT and its alternatives as having partial value as tools for library searching. You can use them without any training, but they will perform better when you know some details about them.

9 Ways To Use ChatGPT To Write A Literature Review (WITHOUT Plagiarism) Video

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How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Literature Review With Prompts

Dr. Somasundaram R | https://www.ilovephd.com/ | Copyright © 2019-2023 – iLovePhD | May 19, 2023

Writing a literature review can be a challenging task for researchers and students alike. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the existing body of research on a particular topic. However, with the advent of advanced language models like ChatGPT, the process has become more accessible and efficient.

Discover how to effectively utilize ChatGPT as a research assistant to write a comprehensive and SEO-friendly literature review. Follow our step-by-step guide to leverage this powerful tool, optimize your review for search engines, and contribute to the scholarly conversation in your field.

A Step-by-Step Guide: How to Use ChatGPT for Writing a Literature Review

Step 1: Defining Your Research Objective Before diving into the literature review process, it is crucial to define your research objective.

Clearly articulate the topic, research question, or hypothesis you aim to address through your literature review. This step will help you maintain focus and guide your search for relevant sources.

Step 2: Identifying Keywords and Search Terms To effectively use ChatGPT to assist in your literature review, you need to identify relevant keywords and search terms related to your research topic.

These keywords will help you narrow down your search and gather pertinent information. Consider using tools like Google Keyword Planner or other keyword research tools to discover commonly used terms in your field.

Step 3: Familiarizing Yourself with ChatGPT Before engaging with ChatGPT, it is essential to understand its capabilities and limitations. Familiarize yourself with the prompts and commands that work best with the model.

Keep in mind that ChatGPT is an AI language model trained on a vast amount of data, so it can provide valuable insights and suggestions, but it’s important to critically evaluate and validate the information it generates.

Step 4: Generating an Initial Literature Review Outline Start by creating an outline for your literature review. Outline the main sections, such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

Within each section, jot down the key points or subtopics you want to cover. This will help you organize your thoughts and structure your review effectively.

Step 5: Engaging with ChatGPT for Research Assistance Once you have your outline ready, engage with ChatGPT for research assistance.

Begin by providing a clear and concise prompt that specifies the topic, context, and any specific questions you have. For example, “What are the current trends in [your research topic]?” or “Can you provide an overview of the main theories on [your research question]?”

Step 6: Reviewing and Selecting Generated Content ChatGPT will generate a response based on your prompt. Carefully review the content generated, considering its relevance, accuracy, and coherence.

Extract key points, relevant references, and insightful arguments from the response and incorporate them into your literature review. Be sure to cite and attribute the sources appropriately.

Step 7: Ensuring Coherence and Flow While ChatGPT can provide valuable content, it’s important to ensure the coherence and flow of your literature review.

Use your critical thinking skills to connect the generated content with your research objective and existing knowledge. Rearrange, rephrase, and expand upon the generated text to ensure it aligns with the structure and purpose of your review.

Step 8: Editing and Proofreading Once you have incorporated the generated content into your literature review, thoroughly edit and proofread the document.

Check for grammatical errors, consistency in referencing, and overall clarity. This step is crucial to ensure your literature review is polished and professional.

ChatGPT prompts to Write a Literature Review

Prompts you can use when engaging with ChatGPT for research assistance in writing a literature review:

“Can you provide an overview of the main theories and concepts related to [your research topic]?”

“What are the current trends and developments in [your research field]?”

“Can you suggest some key studies or research papers on [specific aspect of your research topic]?”

“What are the main methodologies used in conducting research on [your research topic]?”

“Can you provide a critical analysis of the existing literature on [your research question]?”

“Are there any gaps or areas of controversy in the literature on [your research topic] that need further exploration?”

“What are the key findings and conclusions from the most recent studies on [your research topic]?”

“Can you suggest some reputable journals or publications explore for relevant literature in [your research field]?”

“What are the different perspectives or schools of thought in the literature on [your research topic]?”

“Can you provide a summary of the historical background and evolution of research on [your research topic]?”

Remember to provide clear and specific instructions in your prompts to guide ChatGPT in generating relevant and accurate content for your literature review.

Using ChatGPT to write a literature review can greatly facilitate the research process. By following a step-by-step approach, researchers can effectively leverage ChatGPT’s capabilities to gather insights, generate content, and enhance the quality of their literature review. However, it is important to approach the generated content critically, validate it with reliable sources, and ensure coherence within the review.

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How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Literature Review With Prompts

Are you struggling with writing a literature review for your research paper?

Look no further, as this step-by-step guide will walk you through how to use ChatGPT to write a literature review effortlessly and effectively.

Leveraging ChatGPT for Conducting Meta-Analysis in Research

12 ChatGPT Prompts for Text Analysis

Defining Research Objectives Using ChatGPT

For example, by inputting a prompt related to your research topic, ChatGPT can generate text that reviews prior research and highlights pertinent literature.

Although ChatGPT can assist in synthesizing extensive information and developing a clear outline, it should be used as a supplementary tool rather than a substitute for thorough human analysis.

Identifying Relevant Keywords and Search Terms

For example, by providing a summary of your research question to ChatGPT, the AI can generate a list of relevant keywords.

This method is particularly advantageous for systematic reviews or for those unfamiliar with specific academic terminology.

Developing an Initial Literature Review Outline

To effectively use ChatGPT in creating an initial literature review outline, leverage its capability to generate content based on specific prompts.

This initial outline provides a useful framework for organizing your review and identifying key areas to address. Researchers can further refine and expand this outline as they progress with their research to ensure it aligns with their specific research questions and current research developments.

Step 1: Familiarize Yourself with ChatGPT

To get started, visit the official website of ChatGPT at chat.openai.com

Step 2: Understanding Prompts

Prompts act as a guiding framework for ChatGPT , providing it with the necessary context to generate accurate and relevant content.

Step 3: Crafting an Effective Prompt

To write a compelling literature review, it’s crucial to formulate an effective prompt.

Example: Prompt # 1

Let’s consider an example of a prompt for a literature review on “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare”:

Example: Prompt # 2

10 ChatGPT Prompts for Job Applications

Step 4: Interacting with ChatGPT

Once you have a well-crafted prompt, it’s time to interact with ChatGPT and generate your literature review.

Output provided by the ChatGPT

Literature Review

Definition of Variables:

Hypothesis 1 (H1): Stress has a positive influence on digital hoarding. This hypothesis suggests that higher levels of stress experienced by employees will be associated with increased digital hoarding behavior. Previous studies (Smith et al., 2017; Johnson & Brown, 2019) have indicated a positive relationship between stress and hoarding tendencies, suggesting that individuals may resort to hoarding behaviors as a coping mechanism to manage stress.

Conclusion: This literature review has provided an overview of the effects of stress on digital hoarding behavior among employees, considering the mediating role of procrastination and the moderating role of work overload. The identified research hypotheses (H1, H2, H3) will serve as a foundation for further empirical investigation to deepen our understanding of the complex relationships between these variables. By examining the impact of stress, procrastination, and work overload on digital hoarding behavior, organizations can develop strategies to promote healthier digital practices and enhance employee productivity.

Roberts, L. D., & Zomer, A. C. (2016). The procrastination–information systems quality link: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 167-176.

Step 5: Refining and Polishing

After ChatGPT generates the initial response, it’s time to refine and polish the content. Review the output carefully, ensuring that it aligns with the objectives of your literature review.

Note: The literature review that you would get is plagiarism-free. This is another benefit of using chatgpt to write literature review.

How to Use ChatGPT to Write Code: A Software Developer’s Guide

Step 6: Iterative Process

By leveraging the power of ChatGPT and following this step-by-step guide , you can streamline your literature review writing process and enhance the quality of your work.

Other articles

Please read through some of our other articles with examples and explanations if you’d like to learn more.

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Literature Reviews

• Getting Started
• Choosing a Type of Review
• Developing a Research Question
• Searching the Literature
• Searching Tips
• ChatGPT [beta]
• ChatGPT Resources
• Documenting your Search
• Using Citation Managers
• Concept Mapping
• Writing the Review
• Further Resources

UM's Report on GenerativeAI

The initial report from the U-M Generative Artificial Intelligence Advisory (GAIA) Committee.

—User-friendly Interface that allows faculty, staff and students to engage in chat-based queries and benefit from the expertise of GENAI technology

— U-M GPT, enhances, teaching learning research in collaboration, providing a valuable and equitable resource for the entire university community

— designed to be accessible, including for use with screen readers

— provides access to GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 with no charge

https://chat.openai.com

• The knowledge cutoff for the ChatGPT 3.5 is September 2021 and it has no access to the Internet. Academic users may consider alternatives such as  Semantic Scholar,  Elicit,  Consensus  or other AI-powered tools for doing  real-time  literature reviews.
• Input/ Output length  - ChatGPT-3.5 allows a maximum token limit of 4096 tokens. According to ChatGPT " On average, a token in English is roughly equivalent to 4 bytes or characters. English words are typically around 5 characters long. This means that, very roughly, you could fit around 800 to 1000 English words within 4096 tokens." 
• Notes : (1) According to ChatGPT, the generated responses are non-deterministic by default. So if you run the searches again and get slightly or very different results than the ones listed on this guide, it's likely due to this factor. (2) While ChatGPT or Bing Chat searches offer conversational interaction, they might not be a substitute for the rigor and reliability of traditional academic database searches.  

KEYWORD GENERATION

Write a literature review abstract based on the following keywords: Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Employment Trends, Skill Development, Future Workforce

Infant death Neonatal mortality  (referring specifically to deaths within the first 28 days of life) Perinatal mortality  (referring to deaths occurring during the period from 22 completed weeks of gestation to 7 completed days after birth) Early childhood mortality  (referring to deaths occurring within the first five years of life) Child mortality  (referring to deaths occurring before the age of 18) [Press the  Regenerate  button to get more.]

• Example -   RELATED WORDS What are the related words of infant mortality?

Neonatal mortality, Post-neonatal mortality, Stillbirths, Low birth weight, Malnutrition, Infectious diseases, Vaccination, Maternal health,  Access to healthcare, Poverty, Social inequality, Sanitation, Hygiene, Water quality, Childbirth complications, Congenital abnormalities, Birth defects, Maternal age, Under-five mortality, Child mortality, Perinatal mortality, Preterm birth, Low birth weight, Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Maternal mortality, Postnatal care, Malnutrition, Immunization, Access to healthcare, Clean water and sanitation, Congenital anomalies, Infant health disparities, Infant mortality rate (IMR), Infant survival.  

(("Infant Death"[Mesh] OR "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome"[Mesh] OR "Infant Mortality"[Mesh] OR "Perinatal Mortality"[Mesh] OR "Neonatal Mortality"[Mesh] OR "Fetal Mortality"[Mesh] OR "Infant Death" OR "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" OR "Infant Mortality" OR "Perinatal Mortality" OR "Neonatal Mortality" OR "Fetal Mortality") AND ("Risk Factors"[Mesh] OR "Etiology"[Mesh] OR "Prevention and Control"[Mesh] OR "Interventions"[Mesh] OR "Public Health"[Mesh] OR "Health Disparities"[Mesh] OR "Healthcare Disparities"[Mesh] OR "Poverty"[Mesh] OR "Malnutrition"[Mesh] OR "Infection"[Mesh] OR "Congenital Abnormalities"[Mesh] OR "Prematurity"[Mesh] OR "Low Birth Weight"[Mesh] OR "Maternal Education"[Mesh] OR "Maternal Health"[Mesh] OR "Risk Factors" OR "Etiology" OR "Prevention and Control" OR "Interventions" OR "Public Health" OR "Health Disparities" OR "Healthcare Disparities" OR "Poverty" OR "Malnutrition" OR "Infection" OR "Congenital Abnormalities" OR "Prematurity" OR "Low Birth Weight" OR "Maternal Education" OR "Maternal Health"))

Comments and Suggestions: #1 -This search string may not work on all database platforms. For example,  Medline (OVID)  may not be able to run it,  Medline  &  CINAHL (EBSCO)  can run it without any problems while   PubMed  will run it but it will indicate which MeSH terms are not indexed. See PubMed's search  History and Details  under  Advanced . #2 -This is just one possible search string and you may need to adjust it based on your specific research questions and the databases you are using. #3 - It might be easier if you break the task into 3 parts: ask the chatbot give you the synonyms > ask it to give you the thesauri terms > and ask it to combine them.

RESEARCH QUESTION

Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Increased risk of premature birth Increased risk of low birth weight Increased risk of respiratory problems in newborns Increased risk of respiratory problems in infants exposed to secondhand smoke Increased risk of developing asthma and other respiratory illnesses later in life for infants exposed to secondhand smoke Please generate a literature review that addresses the research question: 'What are the effects of social media on the mental health of adolescents? [Author's note : If you ask for the specific studies, ChatGPT may generate   non-existent references or false knowledge. To find out   why Large Language Models   hallucinate, check out this WiKi article:  Hallucination (artificial intelligence)   and this blog post -   A Gentle Introduction to Hallucinations in Large Language Models  by Adrian Tam ]

DATABASE RECOMMENDATIONS  

Heath Science  -  Which databases to use to find articles on the EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SMOKING ON INFANT DEATH? PubMed:  This is a database of biomedical literature from the National Library of Medicine. It includes articles from medical journals and other sources on a wide range of health-related topics. Embase:  This is a database of biomedical literature that covers more international and pharmaceutical content than PubMed. It includes articles from medical journals and other sources on a wide range of health-related topics. Cochrane Library : This is a collection of databases that provides systematic reviews and meta-analyses of healthcare interventions, including interventions related to maternal smoking and infant death. Scopus:  This is a multidisciplinary database that covers research from a wide range of fields, including health sciences. It includes articles from scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. Web of Science:  This is a database that covers research from a wide range of fields, including health sciences. It includes articles from scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. CINAHL:  This is a database of nursing and allied health literature, including articles on maternal smoking and infant death. [Note: The response above was copied and pasted directly from ChatGPT. No editing was added.] Education  --  I am doing a  meta-analysis  on k-12 STEM education. What databases should I use? ERIC : This is a database of education research and information, including articles from journals, reports, and conference papers. It is a commonly used database for educational research. Education Source : This is a comprehensive database of education research and information, including articles from journals, books, and conference papers. Web of Science:  This is a multidisciplinary database that covers research from a wide range of fields, including education. It includes articles from scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. Scopus:  This is another multidisciplinary database that covers research from a wide range of fields, including education. It includes articles from scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. PsycINFO:  This is a database of psychology research, including articles from journals, books, and dissertations. It can be useful for research on STEM education that includes psychological factors. Cochrane Library : This is a collection of databases that provides systematic reviews and meta-analyses of healthcare interventions including interventions related to education.

Example:   ACT-AS-AN-EXPERT PROMPT Here's an alternative way to consolidate all the questions into a single consultation by using this popular Act-As-An-Expert prompt, aka, system message prompt:  I am going to conduct a systematic review on games and mathematics related to K-12 education  I want you to act as a systematic review expert. I will ask you some questions related to my research topic and you advise me on how to do it. 

GREY LITERATURE  

Please show me all the resources that offer grey literature for conducting research in the field of education     ERIC (Education Resources Information Center): https://eric.ed.gov/     OpenGrey: http://www.opengrey.eu/     British Education Index: https://www.ebscohost.com/academic/british-education-index     WorldCat: https://www.worldcat.org/     ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global: https://www.proquest.com/products-services/pqdtglobal.html     EThOS (Electronic Theses Online Service): https://ethos.bl.uk/     Institutional Repositories of universities and academic institutions (search for specific institution repositories)     American Educational Research Association (AERA): https://www.aera.net/     National Education Association (NEA): https://www.nea.org/     Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD): http://www.ascd.org/     RAND Corporation: https://www.rand.org/     National Center for Education Research (NCER): https://ies.ed.gov/ncer/     National Center for Education Statistics (NCES): https://nces.ed.gov/     European Educational Research Association (EERA): https://www.eera-ecer.de/     UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP): http://www.iiep.unesco.org/     Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): https://www.oecd.org/education/     Education Development Center (EDC): https://www.edc.org/     National Institute for Educational Policy Research (NIER) - Japan: https://www.nier.go.jp/     Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER): https://www.acer.org/     Canadian Education Association (CEA): https://www.cea-ace.ca/ My topic is about stem education. Which grey literature databases should I use?    STEM Education Research Centre (SERC) Grey Literature Database    National STEM Education Research Repository (NSERR)    National Science Digital Library (NSDL)    STEM Education Resource Center (SERC) GrayLit Network    STEM Education Grey Literature Library

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How to use ChatGPT to do research for papers, presentations, studies, and more

ChatGPT is often thought of as a tool that will replace human work on tasks such as writing papers for students or professionals. But ChatGPT can also be used to support human work, and research is an excellent example. 

Whether you're working on a research paper for school or doing market research for your job, initiating the research process and finding the correct sources can be challenging and time-consuming. 

Also:  5 handy AI tools for school that students, teachers, and parents can use, too

ChatGPT and other AI chatbots can help by curtailing the amount of time spent finding sources, allowing you to jump more quickly to the actual reading and research portion of your work.

Picking the right chatbot 

Before we get started, it's important to understand the limitations of using ChatGPT . Because ChatGPT is not connected to the internet, it will not be able to give you access to information or resources after 2021, and it will also not be able to provide you with a direct link to the source of the information. 

Also :  The best AI chatbots: ChatGPT and other noteworthy alternatives

Being able to ask a chatbot to provide you with links for the topic you are interested in is very valuable. If you'd like to do that, I recommend using a chatbot connected to the internet, such as Bing Chat , Claude , ChatGPT Plus , or Perplexity . 

This how-to guide will use ChatGPT as an example of how prompts can be used, but the principles are the same for whichever chatbot you choose.

1. Brainstorm

When you're assigned research papers, the general topic area is generally assigned, but you'll be required to identify the exact topic you want to pick for your paper or research. ChatGPT can help with the brainstorming process by suggesting ideas or even tweaking your own. 

Also:  How ChatGPT (and other AI chatbots) can help you write an essay

For this sample research paper, I will use the general topic of "Monumental technological inventions that caused pivotal changes in history." If I didn't have a specific idea to write about, I would tell ChatGPT the general theme of the assignment with as much detail as possible and ask it for some proposals. 

My prompt: I have to write a research paper on "Monumental technological inventions that caused pivotal changes in history." It needs to be ten pages long and source five different primary sources. Can you help me think of a specific topic? 

As seen by the screenshot (below), ChatGPT produced 10 viable topics, including "The Printing Press and the Spread of Knowledge", "The Internet and the Digital Age", "The Telegraph and the Communication Revolution", and more. 

Also:  How to use the new Bing (and how it's different from ChatGPT)

You can then follow up with ChatGPT to ask for further information. You can even tweak these topics with an angle you like more, and continue the feedback loop until you have a topic you are settled on. 

2. Generate an outline

Once you have selected a topic, you can ask ChatGPT to generate an outline, including as much detail for your assignment as possible. For this example, I used the first topic that ChatGPT suggested in the previous step.

My prompt: Can you give me an outline for a research paper that is ten pages long and needs to use five primary sources on this topic, "The Printing Press and the Spread of Knowledge"? 

ChatGPT generated a 13-point outline that carefully described the areas I should touch on in my paper, as seen in the photo (above). You can then use this outline to structure your paper and use the points to find sources, using ChatGPT as delineated below. 

3. Tell ChatGPT your topic and ask for sources

Now that you have a topic and outline established, you can ask ChatGPT about the topic of your project and ask it to deliver sources for you.

My prompt: Can you give me sources for a ten-page long paper on this topic, "The Printing Press and the Spread of Knowledge"?

ChatGPT outputs a list of five primary and five secondary sources that you can include in your paper. Remember, because ChatGPT can't give you internet links, you will need to seek out the specific resources on your own, whether that's Googling or visiting your school library. 

Also:  How to use Stable Diffusion AI to create amazing images

When I asked Bing Chat the same question, it provided sources with clickable links that you can use to access the material you need quicker. For that reason, I would use Bing Chat for this step. 

4. Describe a specific idea and ask for sources

Instead of describing the whole topic, you can also use a chatbot to find sources for a specific aspect of your paper.

Also:  How (and why) to subscribe to ChatGPT Plus

For example, I asked ChatGPT for sources for a specific bullet in the paper outline that it generated above. 

My prompt: Can you give me sources for the social and intellectual climate of when the printing press was generated?

As in the prior example, ChatGPT generated five primary and five secondary resources for the topic. 

Using this feature for smaller chunks of your essay is a good alternative because it gives you more options on sources and provides tailored insight that you can use to carefully craft your piece. 

5. Ask for examples of a specific incident

I use this prompt a lot in my workflow because I can sometimes remember that something specific happened, but can't pinpoint what it was or when it happened. 

This tool can also be used when you need to find a specific example to support your topic. 

Also:  How to use ChatGPT to write an essay

In both cases, you can ask ChatGPT to help you identify a specific event or time period, and incorporate those details in your article. 

In our essay example, if I wanted to include a rebuttal and delineate a time when implementing technology had negative impacts, but couldn't think of an incident on my own, I could ask ChatGPT to help me identify one.

My prompt: What was a time in history when implementing technology backfired on society and had negative impacts?

Within seconds, ChatGPT generated 10 examples of incidents that I could weave into the research as a rebuttal. 

6. Generate citations

Creating a page of the works you cited, although valuable and necessary for integrity, is a pain. Now, you can ask ChatGPT to generate citations for you by simply dropping the link or the title of the work, and asking it to create a citation in the style of your paper. 

Also:  How to make ChatGPT provide sources and citations

I asked ChatGPT to generate a citation for this article for ZDNET. As seen by the photo (above), the tool asked me to include the access date and the style for the citation, and then quickly generated a complete citation for the piece.

ChatGPT generated: 

Great, here's the MLA citation for the web link "How to Use ChatGPT to Write an Essay" from ZDNET, accessed on September 15: "How to Use ChatGPT to Write an Essay." ZDNET, https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-use-chatgpt-to-write-an-essay/. Accessed 15 Sept. 2023.

If you used something other than a website as a source, such as a book or textbook, you can still ask ChatGPT to provide a citation. The only difference is that you might have to input some information manually. 

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Using AI tools

How to Write a Paper with ChatGPT | Tips & Examples

Published on August 17, 2023 by Koen Driessen . Revised on November 16, 2023.

A good research paper demonstrates your academic writing skills and knowledge of your chosen topic.

Your research paper should be based on in-depth independent research. However, generative AI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used throughout the research process to:

• Brainstorm research questions
• Develop a methodology
• Create an outline
• Find sources
• Summarize and paraphrase text
• Provide feedback

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Table of contents

Brainstorming research questions, developing a methodology, creating an outline, finding sources, summarizing or paraphrasing text, receiving feedback, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions.

You can use ChatGPT to help formulate research questions , brainstorm potential thesis statements , or narrow down a broad subject area to a specific topic that interests you.

However, make sure that the outputs make sense and meet the requirements of your assignment. You can adapt these outputs manually, or use further prompts to ensure they meet your needs. For more information, see our tips for creating effective ChatGPT prompts .

• Generate three possible research questions for a research paper on the following topic: “The role of virtual reality in enhancing training and skill development in various industries.”
• “What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods across different industries?”
• “How does the level of immersion in virtual reality training impact knowledge retention and skill transfer in fields such as medicine, aviation, and manufacturing?”
• “What are the key factors that influence the successful integration and adoption of virtual reality technology for training purposes in diverse industries, and what challenges hinder its widespread implementation?”

Check for common mistakes

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Your paper should clearly indicate the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research.

You can use ChatGPT to help decide what kind of research you will conduct (e.g., qualitative or quantitative ), how you will analyze the data, and how you will mitigate potential research bias .

Bear in mind that you should be able to rationalize your chosen methodology . For example, you should ensure that it is either a standard methodology in the field or can be justified.

• Suggest three quantitative research methods appropriate to the following question: “What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?”
• Experimental Study: Conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) where healthcare professionals are randomly assigned to either a virtual reality-based training group or a traditional training group. Both groups would receive training in specific healthcare tasks, and their cognitive and skill development outcomes would be measured and compared. Performance metrics, such as accuracy, speed, and efficiency, could be quantitatively assessed to determine the benefits of virtual reality-based training over traditional methods.
• Survey Research: Design a comprehensive survey targeting healthcare professionals who have undergone both virtual reality-based training and traditional training. The survey could include Likert-scale questions and structured response options to gauge their perceived cognitive and skill development benefits from each training method. Additionally, open-ended questions could be included to gather qualitative insights on specific strengths and weaknesses of each training approach.
• Task Performance Analysis: Implement a task-based assessment that simulates real-life healthcare scenarios, where participants are evaluated on their ability to handle critical situations. Participants would go through both virtual reality-based training and traditional training before being assessed in the simulated scenarios. Their performance in the assessment could be objectively measured using predefined criteria, allowing for a quantitative comparison of skill development between the two training methods.

A clear outline can help structure your paper, organize your arguments effectively, and make your research more efficient.

You can use generative AI tools like ChatGPT to formulate a potential outline to help guide your research. You can be as specific as you like, giving an overview of your research objectives , main arguments, and any evidence you intend to include in your paper.

However, ChatGPT outputs sometimes contain factual inaccuracies. It’s important to check the headings and subheadings suggested in the output and adapt them to meet your needs.

• Create an outline for an academic research paper with the following research question:“What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?”The paper will be about 10 pages long.

A. Theoretical basis for cognitive and skill development in training

B. Application of cognitive theories to virtual reality-based training

C. The role of immersive learning environments in skill acquisition

D. Conceptual framework for the study

IV. Research Methodology

A. Research design and approach (e.g., quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention)

B. Selection of participants and sample size calculation

C. Description of the virtual reality-based training and traditional training programs

D. Instruments and measures for assessing cognitive and skill development

E. Data collection procedures and ethical considerations

V. Data Analysis

A. Overview of statistical methods used for data analysis

B. Treatment of data and data cleaning

C. Quantitative analysis of cognitive and skill development outcomes

D. Presentation of findings with charts and tables

VI. Results

A. Presentation of the results of the cognitive and skill development assessments

B. Comparison of outcomes between virtual reality-based training and traditional training

C. Statistical significance and effect size analysis

D. Interpretation of the results and implications

VII. Discussion

A. Interpretation of findings in the context of the research question

B. Comparison of results with existing literature

C. Explanation of how virtual reality-based training impacts cognitive processes and skill development

D. Limitations of the study and areas for future research

VIII. Practical Implications

A. Practical applications of virtual reality-based training in healthcare settings

B. Recommendations for integrating virtual reality training in healthcare education

C. Benefits of virtual reality for continuous professional development in healthcare

IX. Conclusion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Reiteration of the research question and hypothesis

C. Contributions of the study to the field of healthcare training

D. Concluding remarks

X. References

You can use ChatGPT to help find sources relevant to your research. However, it’s important to be aware of the limitations of ChatGPT (for example, it occasionally cites nonexistent sources).

Instead of asking ChatGPT for specific source recommendations, try asking it for recommendations on the types of sources relevant to your research topic. You can also use it to generate a list of relevant keywords to use in your literature search.

• What types of sources could I use to write a research paper on the following research question?“What are the cognitive and skill development benefits of virtual reality-based training compared to traditional training methods in the field of healthcare?”
• Academic Journals: Peer-reviewed journals are valuable sources of scholarly research. Look for articles in medical education, cognitive psychology, virtual reality applications in healthcare, and technology-enhanced learning.
• Research Studies: Seek out published research studies that specifically investigate the impact of virtual reality-based training on cognitive and skill development in healthcare professionals.
• Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: These studies provide comprehensive overviews of existing research on a specific topic, making them a valuable source for summarizing and analyzing the overall evidence.
• Books and Book Chapters: Academic books and book chapters authored by experts in the fields of medical education, virtual reality, cognitive science, or instructional design can provide in-depth insights and theoretical foundations.
• Conference Proceedings: Proceedings from relevant conferences and symposiums may present the latest findings and advancements in virtual reality-based training and healthcare education.
• Educational Institution Websites: Universities and medical schools often publish research papers, case studies, and whitepapers related to medical education and virtual reality training.
• Industry Reports: Reports and whitepapers from healthcare organizations or technology companies exploring the benefits of virtual reality-based training in the healthcare sector.
• Government and Non-profit Organizations: Look for reports and publications from government agencies and non-profit organizations that focus on medical education and healthcare training.
• Online Databases: Utilize academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect to search for peer-reviewed research articles and conference papers.
• Expert Interviews: If possible, conduct interviews with experts in medical education, cognitive science, and virtual reality to gain valuable insights and perspectives.
• Surveys and Polls: Refer to reputable surveys and polls related to virtual reality-based training in the healthcare industry for additional statistical data.

You can use ChatGPT to paraphrase or summarize text. This can help you to condense sources to their most important points and explore new ways of expressing your ideas.

Alternatively you can use the more specialized tools featured on Scribbr’s AI writing resources page (including Scribbr’s free text summarizer  and  Scribbr’s free paraphrasing tool ) which are designed specifically for these purposes and will give a smoother user experience.

• Provide a short summary of the following text:“One of the most profound applications of VR in healthcare is its use in surgical training. Traditionally, surgical training has relied on a combination of didactic lectures, observation of procedures, and hands-on experience in the operating room. However, these methods may not provide the ideal environment for novices to develop the necessary dexterity and spatial understanding essential for complex surgeries. VR overcomes these limitations by offering immersive, true-to-life simulations that allow surgeons to navigate through intricate anatomical structures, practice incisions, and learn to manage unexpected challenges that may arise during surgeries. This hands-on experience in a risk-free environment not only enhances technical skills but also builds confidence and reduces the learning curve for new surgical techniques.”
• Virtual Reality (VR) has a profound impact on healthcare, particularly in surgical training, as it provides immersive simulations that help surgeons develop dexterity, spatial understanding, and confidence for complex surgeries in a risk-free environment, ultimately enhancing their technical skills and reducing the learning curve.

When you’ve finished writing your research paper, you can use ChatGPT to receive feedback. You can be as specific as you like, selecting particular aspects the output should focus on (e.g., tone, clarity of structure, appropriateness of evidence to support your arguments).

You can also use ChatGPT to check grammar, spelling, and punctuation. However, it’s not designed for this purpose and occasionally misses errors. We recommend using a more specialized tool like Scribbr’s free grammar checker . Or, for more comprehensive feedback, Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

• Feedback the above text with regard to appropriateness of evidence and coherence of structure.
• The research paper demonstrates a well-structured and coherent presentation of the cognitive and skill development benefits of VR-based surgical training. The introduction effectively sets the context and rationale, while the literature review incorporates relevant historical and empirical evidence. The theoretical framework strengthens the foundation for the analysis.The methodology section could provide more details on the research design and study selection criteria. However, the sections on cognitive and skill development benefits present compelling evidence, supported by appropriate sub-sections.The exploration of improved patient outcomes lacks concrete examples but effectively outlines potential benefits. The section on challenges and future directions raises relevant points, but suggestions for solutions could enhance practicality.Overall, the paper combines theoretical, empirical, and practical evidence, offering a well-rounded approach. It establishes the significance of VR-based surgical training and concludes with a concise summary of key findings.

If you want more tips on using AI tools , understanding plagiarism , and citing sources , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations, examples, and formats.

• Citing ChatGPT
• Best grammar checker
• Best paraphrasing tool
• ChatGPT in your studies
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Best plagiarism checker

Citing sources

• Citation styles
• In-text citation
• Citation examples
• Annotated bibliography

Yes, you can use ChatGPT to summarize text . This can help you understand complex information more easily, summarize the central argument of your own paper, or clarify your research question.

You can also use Scribbr’s free text summarizer , which is designed specifically for this purpose.

Yes, you can use ChatGPT to paraphrase text to help you express your ideas more clearly, explore different ways of phrasing your arguments, and avoid repetition.

However, it’s not specifically designed for this purpose. We recommend using a specialized tool like Scribbr’s free paraphrasing tool , which will provide a smoother user experience.

No, it’s not a good idea to do so in general—first, because it’s normally considered plagiarism or academic dishonesty to represent someone else’s work as your own (even if that “someone” is an AI language model). Even if you cite ChatGPT , you’ll still be penalized unless this is specifically allowed by your university . Institutions may use AI detectors to enforce these rules.

Second, ChatGPT can recombine existing texts, but it cannot really generate new knowledge. And it lacks specialist knowledge of academic topics. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain original research results, and the text produced may contain factual errors.

However, you can usually still use ChatGPT for assignments in other ways, as a source of inspiration and feedback.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Driessen, K. (2023, November 16). How to Write a Paper with ChatGPT | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ai-tools/chatgpt-research-paper/

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Using ChatGPT to conduct a literature review

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• 1 Department of Humanities, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Prague, Czech Republic.
• PMID: 36879536
• DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2023.2185514

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• Universal skepticism of ChatGPT: a review of early literature on chat generative pre-trained transformer. Watters C, Lemanski MK. Watters C, et al. Front Big Data. 2023 Aug 23;6:1224976. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1224976. eCollection 2023. Front Big Data. 2023. PMID: 37680954 Free PMC article. Review.
• Revolutionizing Healthcare with ChatGPT: An Early Exploration of an AI Language Model's Impact on Medicine at Large and its Role in Pediatric Surgery. Xiao D, Meyers P, Upperman JS, Robinson JR. Xiao D, et al. J Pediatr Surg. 2023 Dec;58(12):2410-2415. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.07.008. Epub 2023 Jul 20. J Pediatr Surg. 2023. PMID: 37544801 Review.
• The Expanding Role of ChatGPT (Chat-Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) in Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review of Literature and Conceptual Framework. Roman A, Al-Sharif L, Al Gharyani M. Roman A, et al. Cureus. 2023 Aug 15;15(8):e43502. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43502. eCollection 2023 Aug. Cureus. 2023. PMID: 37719492 Free PMC article. Review.
• A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis of ChatGPT in the Medical Literature: Concise Review. Gödde D, Nöhl S, Wolf C, Rupert Y, Rimkus L, Ehlers J, Breuckmann F, Sellmann T. Gödde D, et al. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Nov 16;25:e49368. doi: 10.2196/49368. J Med Internet Res. 2023. PMID: 37865883 Free PMC article. Review.
• Using ChatGPT in Medical Research: Current Status and Future Directions. Ruksakulpiwat S, Kumar A, Ajibade A. Ruksakulpiwat S, et al. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2023 May 30;16:1513-1520. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S413470. eCollection 2023. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2023. PMID: 37274428 Free PMC article. Review.
• Impact of Large Language Models on Medical Education and Teaching Adaptations. Zhui L, Yhap N, Liping L, Zhengjie W, Zhonghao X, Xiaoshu Y, Hong C, Xuexiu L, Wei R. Zhui L, et al. JMIR Med Inform. 2024 Jul 25;12:e55933. doi: 10.2196/55933. JMIR Med Inform. 2024. PMID: 39087590 Free PMC article.
• The Application of ChatGPT in Medicine: A Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Wu J, Ma Y, Wang J, Xiao M. Wu J, et al. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024 Apr 18;17:1681-1692. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S463128. eCollection 2024. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024. PMID: 38650670 Free PMC article. Review.
• A Retrospective Comparison of Medication Recommendations Between a Cardiologist and ChatGPT-4 for Hypertension Patients in a Rural Clinic. Al Tibi G, Alexander M, Miller S, Chronos N. Al Tibi G, et al. Cureus. 2024 Mar 8;16(3):e55789. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55789. eCollection 2024 Mar. Cureus. 2024. PMID: 38586651 Free PMC article.
• ChatGPT in anesthesiology practice - A friend or a foe. Gupta B, Ahluwalia P, Gupta A, Mahaseth R. Gupta B, et al. Saudi J Anaesth. 2024 Jan-Mar;18(1):150-153. doi: 10.4103/sja.sja_336_23. Epub 2024 Jan 2. Saudi J Anaesth. 2024. PMID: 38313711 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
• New evidence-based practice: Artificial intelligence as a barrier breaker. Ferreira RM. Ferreira RM. World J Methodol. 2023 Dec 20;13(5):384-389. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.384. eCollection 2023 Dec 20. World J Methodol. 2023. PMID: 38229944 Free PMC article.

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AI-Based Literature Review Tools

• How to Craft Prompts
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• AI and Plagiarism
• ChatGPT & Higher Education
• Author Profile

Prompting Is the New Programming

Table of Contents ___________________________________________ - What is a prompt - What is Prompt Engineering - Notes about ChatGPT3.5 and Bing Chat - Examples of Prompts for Academic Research - How to Write Prompts for Image Generation ___________________________________________

A prompt is a set of instructions used to ask a language model to perform a task. Tasks can take many forms including text generation, image creation, translation, summarizing, writing and so on. A prompt might consist of a few words, a single sentence or even extended paragraphs. Prompt Engineering involves crafting instructional prompts for AI in order to produce the most useful outcomes. It usually comprises two primary elements: the system prompt, which establishes the static context through role specification, and the dynamic context , which provides additional context tailored to a specific task. System Prompt: Static Context -- is the initial context given to a language model. It frames the overall topic and the goal of the task. It serves as the starting point. It usually explains the roles of both AI and the User in the task. With a given role the AI model knows whether it should act as a knowledgeable assistant or any other specific character.

User : I am a college student preparing for a debate on artificial intelligence's impacts on employment. Please provide a step-by-step guide to help me get started.     AI : Certainly. ...              Or try this one: User: I am preparing a college debate on AI's impacts on job market. My argument is that AI will lead to job loss. Please provide an outline down to second-level headings .   AI: Certainly. ...  

Query: Specification   -- is the prompt that further guides the AI's response by providing specific queries or additional context, scope and boundaries or other details related to the initial system prompt. They can refine or redirect the focus of the conversation.

User : Please find some academic papers on the various ways that AI is affecting the job market. Compile a list of primary opposing viewpoints: AI leads to job reduction, and AI has the potential to generate new employment opportunities.

AI: Of course! . ......

Example: Illustration -- Providing example inputs can help the model understand the desired patterns or formats for its responses. Example inputs may include the use of examples, demonstrations of the expected behavior, a set of relevant keywords or descriptors, the abstract of an interested article, a reference text and so on.

User : I found this paper very helpful. Reference: AI Impact On The Labor Force at Https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.xxxx. Please find a few more studies like this one.

AI: Sure. ......

Outcome: Output Indicator -- Provide any specific expectations or parameters for the response such as the depth of analysis, level of detail, number of words in the output or other requirements.

User : Assist me to finalize the gathered data. Divide them into four parts: Opening Statement, Supporting Arguments, Possible Counterarguments, and Conclusion restating our main points and emphasizing why our team's stance is more convincing.

AI: Absolutely!. ......

Testing, Fine Tuning and Effectiveness

The process of prompt creation often involves lots of testing and refining of prompts, and the effectiveness of prompt techniques may differ depending on the particular task, language model, plugins / extensions/ sources employed and the user's prompt engineering experience.

______________________________________________________________________________________ Facts about ChatGPT

• Word limits of ChatGPT3.5. Maximum input and output length is 4096 tokens, roughly 800 words. See the Glossary page of this guide. Important, if you receive truncated responses or not meaningful replies, it might be due to token constraints.
• When crafting a prompt, use plain English and be specific about what you want the tool to do.
• Providing background information , context, or examples can be helpful.
• Divide a complex concept into smaller prompts.
• Ask ChatGPT to ACT AS AN EXPERT to explain a complex concept step by step.
• See the zero-shot, one-shot and few-shot prompting technique s and examples at the bottom of this guide.
• If you want to change to a totally unrelated topic, click on NEW CHAT . But if you do want to keep the previous conversations together in one chat, you could use a prompt like " Ignore the previous conversations. Let me ask you a new question...."
• Use Bing Cha t if current contents are required. ChatGPT 3.5 is not connected to the real-time contents in the Internet.
• In July 2023, ChatGPT 3.5 rolled out a new capability: Custom Instruction . This allows users to change settings to tailor ChatGPT's replies according to their preference, be it formal or informal tone, desired response length, or maintaining neutrality as per their choice and so on. https://openai.com/blog/custom-instructions-for-chatgpt .
• See the Plugins / Extensions page for how to perform a combined search using Google , Google Scholar and ChatGPT . In this search, ChatGPT prompt crafting is not needed. Just do a keyword search in Google and let the Chrome extensions do the rest.

______________________________________________________________________________________  

Typical Categories of Prompts Utilized in Generative AI Tools ACTION PROMPTS  - To perform a specific task

• Can you write / explain / summarize / provide / analyze  / compose / re-write  /translate ...
• Give me a table summarizing some of the key differences between Web of Science and Scopus.
• Rephrase this sentence: .....  / Expand the idea based on the following descriptors .....

WH PROMPTS - (what, when, where, who, which, whose, why, how...)

• What are the leading causes /factors / impacts / definitions / benefits of /challenges, barriers, issues with /.....
• What would be a good image to use for my talk about plagiarism?
• How to search / cite / code / convert (the data into a table) ...

PROMPTS TO SET A SPECIFIC CONTEXT - Generating responses to specific situations or hypothetical scenarios.

• Summarize the plot of ... in one short paragraph.
• Create a list of five ChatGPT features that can be used to promote ...
• I will have a debate about the use of standardized testing in schools. Can you help me find some arguments in favor of this practice, as well as some counterarguments?
• I am doing a literature review on the use of AI in education: "We aim to explore the existing body of research on the use of AI in education. From adaptive learning platforms to AI-powered tutoring systems. Our review seeks to examine the effectiveness of AI-driven educational interventions, identifying challenges, and uncovering the implications for educators and learners alike."  [Note: this context specifies the topic, the scope, the types of technologies and outlines the research areas.]

IMAGE GENERATION

• Create some images of college students in science labs . See one example .
• Launch Microsoft Edge > Bing > Chat > then enter your prompts.
• How to credit this image? See Bing's recommendations: " The images I generate are original creations and do not require citation. However, if you would like to give credit, you can simply mention that the image was generated by Bing."

PROMPTS THAT POSE MULTIPLE QUERIES

Can you tell me about the current state of genetic engineering research? What are some recent breakthroughs, and what ethical considerations have been raised in relation to these advancements?

ACT-AS-AN-EXPERT PROMPT          - Specify a role for ChatGPT to take a question. This is also known as system message prompting.

• EXAMPLE - I am going to conduct a systematic review on games and mathematics related to K-12 education. I want you to act as a systematic review expert . I will ask you some questions and you advise me on how to do each in detail. [ Note: You may ask one question at a time.]

My first question is "which databases should I use?"  My second question is "what are the relevant subject terms, descriptors and key words?" My third question is "how to do data extraction?" ............ Please note that the above prompts are merely for illustrative purposes. Actual questions may contain more specific instructions. As an example, for the first question , Could you provide guidance on how to identify relevant publications? Specifically, can you furnish a list of the primary databases and grey literature sources related to my topic? See other act-as-an-expert examples on Awesome ChatGPT Prompts at https://github.com/f/awesome-chatgpt-prompts

STYLE PROMPTS - Experimenting with different writing styles or tones.

• Generate a persuasive argument in an authoritative tone , convincing readers to ...
• Write a social media post in a humorous style about...

PROMPT THAT INCORPORATES A QUOTATION

Use quotation marks "...." or  ">" symbol to indicate a direct quote. You could also use colon mark (:) or hyphen mark (-) for a short quotation.

RELATIONSHIP PROMPTS

• Fish oil and depression...
• Other words like correlation, comparison, pros & cons, differentiate, differences, similarities, vs, the effects of A on B...

DIVIDING A COMPLEX CONCEPT INTO SUBSET PROMPTS

Rather than asking for the complete History of the American Civil War, you could consider creating separate paragraph prompts for different aspects such as the causes of the war, the timeline, the battles and casualties, the ending and resolution, and so on.

FINDING SIMILAR ARTICLES OR PAGES

Find similar articles like this one - [then paste in the abstract ] Note - Use Bing chat to find papers since real-time web contents are required.

SUMMARIZE / SYNTHESIZE + REFERENCE TEXT

• Use Bing chat for this task.
• Use a basic prompt like " Please summarize . ..." or add a REFERENCE TEXT that provides the necessary information about what you want it to focus or how the summary or resolution should look like. The reference could be a quote, an excerpt, a partial sentence, a conversation, an abstract, a code snippet and so on.
• Formula: Specify a role > assign a task > provide a reference text.

You are an expert researcher, given the following article, please discuss its key findings. Reference: How Large Language Models are Transforming Machine-Paraphrased Plagiarism at https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03568

You are a programmer troubleshooting code issues. Given the following code snippet, provide a solution for fixing its code errors. Reference: [Enter the codes] . Please read this article and summarize it f or me - "Who Should I Trust: AI or Myself? Leveraging Human and AI Correctness Likelihood to Promote Appropriate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision-Making" and then find 5 similar studies and please also summarize each for me.

See more examples under Bing Chat on the main page.

PRELOADED PROMPTS

Certain tools may already include preloaded prompts. For instance, the Chrome ChatGPT Sidebar extension presents the following prompt options for users to select such as Summarize, Grammar, Explain, { } Explain Codes, Rewrite, and Translate. You could also add your own prompts on the template provided.

ZERO SHOT, ONE SHOT & FEW SHOTS PROMPTING

• Zero-shot  or direct prompting refers to quick prompting or think about it as performing a task with just a task description but not providing any examples or scenarios to guide the outputs. Some of the common zero-shot tasks include translation, summarization, paraphrasing and so on. Prompt: Generate a comprehensive overview of sustainable energy technologies, including their various types, benefits, and applications. Discuss their significance in addressing climate change and achieving energy sustainability goals. Explore key advancements, challenges, and potential future developments in the field.  
• One-shot prompting in literature review refers to providing a single example or scenarios to generate a literature review. The example guides the model in understanding the context and purpose of the task. Prompt: Please compare and contrast the methodologies and purposes of systematic reviews and scoping reviews in the field of education, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations.  
• Few-shot prompting in literature review involves providing a few examples or scenarios to generate a literature review. Prompt: Compare and contrast the methodologies and purposes of systematic reviews and scoping reviews in the field of education, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Provide examples of each type of review and include studies of each type published within the last five years. Notes: One-shot prompting doesn't need to rely solely on examples. It can take the form of queries , such as "Please generate a literature review that addresses the research question: 'What are the effects of social media on the mental health of adolescents?'" Alternatively, it can be scope-based , like "Please provide a literature review on the influence of climate change on biodiversity in tropical rain forests, with a focus on studies published from 2010 to 2020." Different from the other two types, Zero-shot prompting is not limited to any particular context, enabling researchers to explore a wide range of topics and research areas.  

HOW TO WRITE PROMPTS FOR IMAGE GENERATION          

• Designer powered by Dall.E3 MS Edge browser > Go to Bing AI first, ask for its image creator, and then use Designer powered by Dall.E3 directly. It is free. Another option, go to https://www.bing.com/images/create > register and use it. It's free.  
• Be specific and descriptive. For inspiration, you can hover over the sample images displayed on the Copilot/Designer page to see the prompts associated with each image. For example, " silhouette of a cowboy riding into the sunset, c4d, dreamy and optimistic, vibrant sky " < Image Creator (bing.com)>. This could be a quick way to learn.  
• The formula suggested by Bing Designer in its FAQ page is "adjective, locations, even artistic styles such as digital art or photo realistic."  

     Web Guides and Articles:

• GPT Best Practice - Six strategies for Getting better results https:// platform.openai.com /docs/guides/gpt-best-practices/six-strategies-for-getting-better-results
• https://github.com/f/awesome-chatgpt-prompts
• DALLE3 Prompt Tips and Tricks Thread https://community.openai.com/t/dalle3-prompt-tips-and-tricks-thread/498040
• A jargon-free explanation of how AI large language models work https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/07/a-jargon-free-explanation-of-how-ai-large-language-models-work/
• << Previous: Dialogues: Insightful Facts
• Next: Plugins / Extensions for AI-powered Searches >>
• Last Updated: Aug 9, 2024 4:24 PM
• URL: https://tamu.libguides.com/c.php?g=1289555

How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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Literature Search

How To Use ChatGPT To Summarize Paper With 4 Methods

Discover 4 effective methods to use ChatGPT to summarize paper content efficiently.

Aug 6, 2024

The sheer volume of online academic papers can make literature searches daunting. It's easy to become overwhelmed by the deluge of information and need help finding relevant sources for your research. Consider if you had a tool to help you easily navigate this vast academic tapestry. ChatGPT summarizes papers and offers precisely that solution to your literature search woes, helping you efficiently summarize papers and uncover valuable study material with the power of AI. Otio's AI research and writing partner is the solution to streamline your research process, making your academic journey smoother and more efficient. With ChatGPT summarize paper, you can confidently start your research, equipped with a powerful tool to distill complex papers into concise summaries. Say goodbye to endless hours spent sifting through articles and hello to a more productive and enjoyable research experience.

Table Of Contents

Can chatgpt summarize a paper, can chatgpt read a pdf and summarize it, limitations of chatgpt for summarizing, 14 best chatgpt prompts for summarizing, 8 best chatgpt alternatives to summarize paper, supercharge your researching ability with otio — try otio for free today.

Yes, you can use ChatGPT to summarize a paper efficiently. AI chatbots like ChatGPT can make summarizing long articles, research papers, and books a more straightforward job. If you're tasked with writing a summary for school or work about a body of written text and you're pinched for time, ChatGPT can help you understand the necessary components.

ChatGPT can summarize PDF files using its PDF summarization feature, available in ChatGPT Plus. 

To get started, follow these steps:

Sign Up for ChatGPT Plus

Before enjoying the PDF summarization feature, you must be a ChatGPT Plus subscriber. Here's how to upgrade your account:

Sign up for a ChatGPT account if you haven't already.

Once logged in, navigate to the left sidebar and click "Upgrade to Plus."

Select the ChatGPT Plus subscription plan for just $20 per month and provide your payment details.

Now that you're a ChatGPT Plus subscriber, you're ready to harness the power of ChatGPT PDF summarization.

Access GPT-4 in ChatGPT

With your ChatGPT Plus subscription, you can access GPT-4, which allows you to work smoothly with PDF files. Head to ChatGPT and look for "GPT-4" at the top of the screen. Hover over it and select “Default“ from the dropdown.

Upload the PDF file by dragging and Drop.

With GPT-4 at your disposal, uploading the PDF file you want to summarize is time. Click and drag your PDF document into the ChatGPT interface. The document will be uploaded for processing.

Ask ChatGPT to Summarize the PDF

Once your PDF file is uploaded, you can instruct ChatGPT to summarize the document. Simply ask a question or provide a command like, "Please summarize the PDF," or you can be more specific with your request, such as "Summarize the key findings in the PDF."

You can also ask questions related to the content of your PDF documents. ChatGPT will provide you with concise and relevant summaries and insights based on the information within the PDF document.

Let Otio be your AI research and writing partner — try Otio for free today!

Related Reading

• Systematic Review Vs Meta Analysis • Impact Evaluation • How To Critique A Research Article • How To Synthesize Sources • Annotation Techniques • Skimming And Scanning • Types Of Literature Reviews • Literature Review Table • Literature Review Matrix • How To Increase Reading Speed And Comprehension • How To Read Research Papers • How To Summarize A Research Paper • Literature Gap

1. Use Otio

Otio is an advance in the world of content overload. Otio is pivotal for literature aficionados, researchers, and students grappling with information from various sources. With Otio, researchers benefit from a centralized AI-native workspace, simplifying their workflow. This all-in-one platform assists in:

1. Collecting

Otio allows users to gather data from various sources, including bookmarks, tweets, books, YouTube videos, etc.

2. Extracting Key Takeaways

Advanced AI-generated notes and source-grounded Q&A chat help users quickly identify and retain crucial information.

3. Creating

Otio streamlines the conversion of collected data into draft outputs, facilitating a smoother transition from the reading list to the first draft. 

Otio’s AI-generated notes on various materials, such as YouTube videos, PDFs, and articles, enable users to engage in insightful discussions about individual links or entire knowledge repositories. 

2. Paste The URL

This method allows users to navigate through ChatGPT to read a paper quickly. The process involves obtaining an article for summarization and initiating the request with the ChatGPT engine by adding the necessary instructions. The process is summarized as follows:

Find an article to summarize.

Log in to OpenAI.

Copy and paste the URL of the desired article.

Add "Summarize the article linked below" to the query.

Click Send.

3. Copy Paste The Content

For those who do not possess the URL for a particular paper, utilizing ChatGPT to read a paper is streamlined by copying and pasting the content directly into the OpenAI prompt . The steps are as follows:

Log into OpenAI.

Copy the content from the paper.

Paste the content into the prompt box in ChatGPT.

Add "Summarize this content for me" after pasting the content and click Send.

4. Convert Into Text Format

If you are faced with a PDF paper that you cannot directly copy-paste, fear not! Tools such as PDF2Go.com can convert the paper into a text format. The subsequent steps make it easier to navigate through the paper:

Visit PDF2Go.com.

Select the PDF to Word convertor option.

Upload the PDF.

Download the Word document.

Copy the content from the Word document and paste it into ChatGPT, or directly upload it for ChatGPT to summarize.

ChatGPT, the chatbot developed by OpenAI, is a powerful tool that leverages GPT language models to generate responses and summaries. However, like any technology, ChatGPT has limitations, especially when summarizing articles. Let's explore some common limitations of ChatGPT that can impact the accuracy and reliability of its summaries. 

Inaccurate Answers

One of ChatGPT's primary limitations is its potential to produce less-than-accurate answers. While the chatbot is excellent at generating responses, it may only sometimes provide completely accurate information. This limitation underscores the importance of fact-checking the content produced by ChatGPT, mainly when using the summary for professional or research purposes.

Hallucination

Experts often note that ChatGPT may "hallucinate" while generating responses. The AI model could fabricate incorrect information but present it confidently. This phenomenon can lead to misleading or inaccurate summaries, further emphasizing the need for human verification and critical assessment of the data provided by ChatGPT.

Lack of Critical-Thinking Skills

Another area where ChatGPT falls short is in its lack of critical-thinking skills. Since the chatbot relies on algorithms to generate responses, it may overlook essential details or nuances in the source material. This limitation highlights the importance of reading the original article thoroughly to ensure that no critical information is missed in the ChatGPT summary.

Overall, while ChatGPT is a valuable tool for generating summaries and responses, it is crucial to be aware of its limitations to ensure the accuracy and quality of the information provided. Fact-checking, critical analysis, and human oversight remain essential when using ChatGPT to summarize articles .

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1. Summarize the Main Points of the Passage/Text/Article

ChatGPT is a powerful tool that can summarize the main points of a passage, text, or article. It can extract the key arguments and present them concisely. 

2. Provide a Brief Summary of the Key Arguments Presented in the Text

By prompting ChatGPT to summarize the key arguments in a text, you can get a quick overview of the main points without delving too deeply into the details.

3. Can You Summarize the Main Points of This Article in a Concise Manner?

This direct prompt can help you quickly get a concise overview of an article's key points without reading through the entire text.

4. Summarize this Text in 3 Bullet Points

Asking ChatGPT to summarize a text in 3 bullet points can help distill complex information into easily digestible points for quick reference.

5. Create a Summary of this Article within 2 to 3 Sentences

This prompt is ideal for a succinct summary of an article, particularly when you need a quick snapshot of the key takeaways.

6. TLDR This

The classic "too long; didn't read" prompt can help ChatGPT condense a text into a few sentences or less, providing a summary.

7. Craft a Summary That Is Detailed, Thorough, In-Depth, and Complex While Maintaining Clarity and Conciseness

For more detailed and complex content, this prompt can help bring out nuanced points while keeping the summary clear and concise.

8. Generate a Concise Summary of [Specify Which Content], and Highlight Key Insights About [Specify Focus] from the Text

This prompt can be customized to focus on specific content and insights, ensuring the summary is targeted and relevant.

9. Summarize the Key Data Points from This Analytics Report of [Specify What the Report Is About], Focusing on [Specify the Focus Areas] in X Words

This prompt can help highlight the main data points and insights for reports or data-heavy content, making it easier to digest the information.

10. Summarize the Findings from Our A/B Testing Experiments, Focusing on [Specify the Focus Areas]

This prompt can be tailored to extract the key findings from A/B testing experiments, highlighting what worked and what didn't in a concise summary.

11. Summarize the Key Takeaways from Our Latest Marketing Campaign on [Specify the Theme of the Campaign], Emphasizing the Impact on Brand Awareness and Audience Engagement

For marketing summaries, this prompt can help pull out the key takeaways from a campaign, focusing on the impact on brand awareness and audience engagement.

12. Generate an X-Word Summary of the Most Effective Content Marketing Strategies for Brands in [Specify Industry], Focusing on Formats and Topics That Resonate with Our Target Audience [Specify Target Audience]

For content marketing strategy analysis, this prompt can help summarize the most effective strategies for a specific industry and target audience.

13. Summarize the Key Findings from This Survey on [Specify the Theme of the Survey and Its Objective] in X Words

This prompt is helpful for survey reports, distilling the main findings into a concise summary for easy understanding.

14. Create an X-Word Summary of Our Competitor’s Marketing Strategies as You See in These Content Samples, Highlighting Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities

This prompt can simplify comparative analysis, allowing for a concise summary of competitor marketing strategies.

Otio: Your AI Research And Writing Partner

Today, knowledge workers, researchers, and students need help with content overload and are left to deal with it using fragmented, complex, and manual tooling. Too many settle for stitching together complicated bookmarking, read-it-later, and note-taking apps to get through their workflows. 

Now that anyone can create content with a button, this problem will only worsen. Otio solves this problem by providing researchers with one AI-native workspace. It helps them: 

1. Collect a wide range of data sources, from bookmarks, tweets, and extensive books to YouTube videos. 

2. extract key takeaways with detailed ai-generated notes and source-grounded q&a chat. , 3. create draft outputs using the sources you’ve collected. .

Otio helps you to go from the reading list to the first draft faster. Along with this, Otio also enables you to write research papers/essays faster. Here are our top features that researchers love: AI-generated notes on all bookmarks (YouTube videos, PDFs, articles, etc.), Otio enables you to chat with individual links or entire knowledge bases, just like you chat with ChatGPT and AI-assisted writing. 

Otio is designed to help knowledge workers, researchers, and students struggling with content overload by providing a single AI-native workspace to streamline their workflow. This tool enables users to collect data from various sources, extract critical takeaways using AI-generated notes and source-grounded Q&A chat, and create draft outputs using their collected sources. 

Otio also helps users write research papers and essays more efficiently. Key features include AI-generated notes on all bookmarks, the ability to chat with individual links or entire knowledge bases, and AI-assisted writing. Users can try Otio for free and experience its benefits firsthand.

One-stop AI-native workspace for researchers

Helps to collect, extract, and create content faster

AI-generated notes, chat capabilities, and AI-assisted writing

Simplifies the research and writing process

2. ChatSonic

ChatSonic by Writesonic is an alternative to ChatGPT that offers advanced features like Google search integration, up-to-date factual content, voice commands, and image generation. Unlike ChatGPT, ChatSonic is integrated with Google, enabling it to provide the latest results on any search topic available on the internet. This advanced AI chatbot can assist with real-time data, image searches, and voice commands, making it a valuable tool for research and content creation. While ChatSonic has several advantages, including image generation and Google search data, it also has some limitations, such as pricing and limited access to the latest language models.

Google search integration for up-to-date content

Advanced AI chatbot features like voice commands and image generation

Easy access and user-friendly interface

Ideal for users already using Writesonic

Pricing may be a limitation for some users

Limited access to the latest language models

Useless features like templates and chat personalities

Gemini is an AI tool similar to ChatGPT that helps users brainstorm ideas, craft scripts, and generate content across various formats. Integrated with Google's search capabilities, Gemini provides accurate and informative content, making it a valuable resource for research and knowledge. The tool's multimodal capabilities allow it to process text, images, and other formats, expanding its applications across different industries. 

Gemini also demonstrates reasoning and problem-solving skills, potentially improving its capabilities through ongoing research and development. Users within the Google ecosystem can seamlessly integrate Gemini with other Google tools and services, streamlining their workflow.

Informative and accurate content generation

Multimodal capabilities across text, images, and other formats

Potential for continuous improvement and enhanced capabilities

Seamless integration with Google tools and services

Limited public access may restrict adoption and testing

Risk of inaccurate information

Inherited biases and creative limitations

4. Jasper AI

Jasper.ai is an AI writing tool that generates marketing copy for various purposes like blog posts, product descriptions, company bios, ad copy, and social media captions. With hundreds of templates, Jasper.ai simplifies content creation for marketers of all levels. The tool's ability to generate high-quality content quickly and efficiently is beneficial for companies looking to scale up their content production. Jasper.ai has several advantages, including natural-sounding content generation, limitations like lack of personality and voice, the potential need for heavy editing, and struggles with niche topics.

Quick content generation within seconds

Natural-sounding, well-written, and accurate output

Sparks new ideas and angles for content creation

Affordable pricing for small businesses

Lack of personality and voice in content

May require heavy editing for specific content types

Struggles with niche topics and lacks fact-checking capabilities

5. Jenni AI

Jenni AI is an AI-powered writing tool that assists students in generating ideas, optimizing their writing, and improving SEO. This tool provides personalized writing assistance, offers prompts, generates drafts, and aligns with chosen style guides to jumpstart the writing process. 

It also includes paraphrasing and rewriting support with an in-built plagiarism checker, allowing users to transform content quickly. While Jenni AI has numerous advantages, including personalized writing assistance and research integration, it also has limitations like reduced speed of content creation and limited content types and tone suggestions.

Personalized line-by-line writing assistance

Writing prompts and initial draft generation capabilities

Paraphrasing and rewriting support with plagiarism checker

Built-in research engine for content creation

Reduced speed of content creation

Limited content types and tone suggestions

Risk of meaning changes in paraphrasing

Limited translation support for non-native English speakers

6. Microsoft Bing AI

Microsoft Bing AI is an AI-powered search functionality incorporating GPT-4 technology to deliver timely and relevant search results. This virtual assistant can understand complex prompts, provide advanced search features, access real-time information, and offer rich media search options. Integrated with the Microsoft ecosystem, Bing AI enhances user workflows, leverages natural language processing and conversational search capabilities, and prioritizes user privacy and security. Despite its advantages, Bing AI may need help with its lower popularity than Google and potential variability in search accuracy and feature lag.

Tight integration with Microsoft products

Advanced search features and contextual understanding

Up-to-date information and real-time data access

Robust search options for various media types

Less popular than Google

Perception and familiarity challenges

Potential variability in search accuracy

Feature lag compared to competitors

7. DialoGPT

DialoGPT is an AI model tailored for human-like conversations and can engage in natural dialogues on diverse topics. This large-scale transformer model retains context over multiple conversational turns, handles various topics and conversational styles, and can be fine-tuned for specific applications or industries. 

DialoGPT users can integrate it into chatbots, customer service solutions, and virtual assistants to enhance user interactions. While DialoGPT has numerous advantages, such as contextual awareness and training on diverse data, it also faces challenges like response quality variability and maintaining coherence during more prolonged or complex conversations.

Context maintenance over multiple conversation turns

Trained on a large dataset of conversations

Customizable for specific applications or industries

Integration potential with various applications

Response quality variability

Context limitation in longer or complex conversations

Lack of real-world knowledge and potential biases

Inaccuracies in responses

8. Google's Bard AI

Google's Bard AI is an experimental conversational AI service built on the LaMDA technology, offering an AI-powered search and response functionality. This AI chatbot can answer user queries, access the latest information, and assist with tasks like restaurant reservations and flight bookings. Integrated with Google services, Bard AI benefits from Google's vast data resources to generate informative and contextually relevant answers. While Bard AI has several advantages, like integration with Google's ecosystem and rich contextual knowledge, it also faces challenges such as dependence on Google's data, privacy concerns, and response variability.

Integration with Google services and data resources

Rich contextual knowledge and informative responses

Natural solid language generation capabilities

Continuous updates and improvements through Google's ecosystem

Dependence on Google's data and potential biases

Privacy concerns regarding user data handling

Response variability and accuracy challenges

Limited personalization capabilities

Otio is an advanced tool designed to assist knowledge workers, researchers, and students in managing content overload and streamlining workflows. In today's digital age, the influx of information can be overwhelming, making it challenging to stay organized and productive. Otio solves this problem by providing a single AI-native workspace for researchers to collect, extract critical takeaways, and create draft outputs seamlessly.

Collect Data from Various Sources

One of the standout features of Otio is its ability to collect data from a wide range of sources, including bookmarks, tweets, extensive books, YouTube videos, and more. This comprehensive approach ensures that researchers have all the necessary information at their fingertips without the hassle of jumping between multiple applications.

AI-Generated Notes and Source-Grounded Q&A Chat

Otio leverages AI technology to generate detailed notes on all bookmarks, making it easier for users to quickly revisit critical points of interest. Additionally, the platform offers source-grounded Q&A chat functionality, enabling researchers to delve deeper into their sources and extract valuable insights effortlessly.

AI-Assisted Writing

Writing research papers and essays can be time-consuming, but Otio aims to streamline this task by providing AI-assisted writing capabilities. Users can seamlessly transition from their reading lists to crafting their first drafts, saving time and enhancing productivity in the writing process.

Transforming the Research and Writing Process

Otio's innovative features , like AI-generated notes, Q&A chat, and AI-assisted writing, revolutionize how researchers approach their work. By consolidating various tools into one powerful platform, Otio offers a holistic solution to the challenges posed by content overload. Researchers can now access a comprehensive workspace that simplifies data collection, note-taking, and writing, making the entire research process more efficient and enjoyable. 

Let Otio be your AI research and writing partner , and experience a new era of productivity and efficiency in your scholarly pursuits.

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I Tried AI to Summarize a Book, and the Plagiarism Protection Was on Point

Got a huge TBR pile? You may've thought of saving time by having AI summarize a book. But plagiarism safeguards — though necessary — create some wrinkles.

I have a goal to read one book a month. On my weekends, I cozy up on the couch with my coffee, and my phone in another room. The point of this ritual is to create space in my schedule that's unbound by time and to-dos — but as my reading list grows, I find myself trying to get through more pages and more books. 

I wanted to see if I could use artificial intelligence to summarize the main concepts, lessons and wisdom of a book I knew I wouldn't get to for months, or even years. Keep the beautiful prose for the physical page, but use AI to summarize non-fiction business books, for example. 

I picked Deep Work by Cal Newport to test run on ChatGPT . After using various AI tools, I thought ChatGPT, one of the best-known text prompt chat tools, would do the job best. I also have the $20 a month paid membership, so I wanted to make the most of it. 

But the mission wasn't very successful — partly because of plagiarism protections built in to the tools (and rightly so), and partly because it took a whole lot of prompt engineering and independent research to get anything worth using.

Ponder on the parameters  

The very first thing I learned was that ChatGPT doesn't have access to full manuscripts — to  avoid plagiarism  and respect intellectual property rights — and just summarizes from existing information online.

If I've learned anything about AI , it's that the preprompt thinking is just as important as the first prompt. I didn't just want a huge summary of the book. I wanted to learn Newport's big ideas, arguments, strategies and frameworks regarding deep work, so I could apply it in my work. 

So, I started the chat with some expectation-setting. 

• First, ask ChatGPT if it has access to the whole book. 
• Tell ChatGPT that I want deep insights, not a superficial summary. 
• Ask for suggestions on how to apply the key strategies to my freelance business. 
• See if it can pull from reviews and reader commentary for more surprising and actionable takeaways.

Prompt 1: "Do you have access to Cal Newport's book, Deep Work?" 

Not ideal, but I had an idea. I found a 6-hour audiobook YouTube clip, so I asked if it could use that to summarize the book for me. 

But no such luck. It told me to watch the video — another plagiarism protection. Watch a video for six hours? That's hardly time saving.

There are over 32,000 reviews of the book on Amazon, so I thought maybe there's enough commentary on the book to come up with an in-depth summary. So I started over from this angle. 

Next prompt: "I haven't read Cal Newport's book, Deep Work. Highlight the key ideas, concepts, strategies and frameworks, so I can apply to my business as if I've read it. I don't just want a summary of the book." 

ChatGPT had a hard time interpreting "comprehensive," spitting out a ton of suggestions. It also started to give advice without asking me about my line of work, like "educate your team on the importance of deep work and provide training on time management and focus techniques" and "allocate dedicated blocks of time for deep work on your calendar." It also gave generic suggestions like "focus on tasks that provide the most value and minimize time spent on low-value activities."

All pretty vanilla advice, if you ask me. Time to apply the pressure, one question at a time.

I still wasn't getting any breakthrough insights, so I kept pushing. 

OK, ChatGPT, off to the Swiss countryside I go. 

I wish. 

I asked for an example of deep work in 2024, and we started to get somewhere. I liked one suggestion, about batching shallow work.

While I do this instinctively, it was a helpful reminder to batch tasks and watch context switching. 

Getting Google involved to keep ChatGPT on track

At this point, I was using ChatGPT to ask random questions, like if there's a limit on deep work hours. 

It said 4 hours max of deep work per day. 

I remember a concept I like called the manager-maker schedule, which details the two main schedule types. As a writer, I'm on the maker schedule, meaning blocks of uninterrupted time are critical. 

I had to do a quick Google search of the key lessons in the book so that I knew what insights to prod ChatGPT for. Apparently "productive meditation" was an important takeaway, so I asked for more details about that. 

Finally, a new concept. Deep work isn't just head down at desk time. 

This strategy was the unlock — looking on Google for nuggets in summaries, then going back to ChatGPT to expand. When directed, it was great. 

I scanned a second summary and found another concept that sounded interesting: keeping a compelling scoreboard. ChatGPT helped unpack the concept.

The TL;DR? 

If you want to use ChatGPT to learn about a book, you'll have to spend at least 30 minutes browsing reader summaries yourself and use the most interesting ideas to frame your prompts. This inevitably takes a chunk of your potential deep work time. You can't just ask the AI tool to do it for you. 

Once you get on the right track that way, you might discover one concept that changes your productivity or perspective — but ChatGPT still isn't as good as just reading the book yourself. 

You also have to consider that since ChatGPT doesn't have access to the actual book, and only summaries and reviews that are available online, you may not even be getting accurate key points. 

And whether using an AI summary defeats the purpose of a book about deep work is still up for debate.

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Retrieve, Summarize, and Verify: How Will ChatGPT Affect Information Seeking from the Medical Literature?

ChatGPT, a general purpose chatbot developed by OpenAI, has been widely reported to have the potential to revolutionize how people interact with information online. 1 Like other large language models (LLMs), ChatGPT has been trained on a large text corpus to predict probable words from the surrounding context. ChatGPT, however, has received substantial popular attention for generating human-like conversational responses, and new developments are occurring rapidly. The initial release in November 2022 used the model generative pretrained transformers (GPT)-3.5, and a version based on GPT-4.0 was released in March 2023. Recent work has discussed applications of ChatGPT for medical education and clinical decision support. 2 – 4 However, health care professionals should be aware of the drawbacks and limitations—and potential capabilities—of using ChatGPT and similar LLMs to interact with medical knowledge.

A significant issue with ChatGPT is its tendency to generate confident-sounding but fabricated responses, commonly known as “hallucination.” Although it can generate plausible-sounding text, ChatGPT does not consult any source of truth. 1 Occasional incorrect or biased responses are, therefore, inevitable, and ChatGPT cannot faithfully cite sources to allow their evidence to be verified. For example, we prompted GPT-3.5–based ChatGPT to list possible mechanisms of AKI in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with references. ChatGPT produced a list of plausible mechanisms, each of which has been investigated in the literature (Figure ​ (Figure1A) 1 A) but supported its claims with fabricated titles and irrelevant PubMed identifiers. ChatGPT using the GPT-4 model acknowledges that it cannot produce references and refuses to cite articles in the answer (Figure ​ (Figure1C)—a 1 C)—a significant improvement—but leaves the difficult task of verification to the user. Consulting ChatGPT directly for medical information carries a significant risk of drawing incorrect conclusions, particularly for patients.

Seeking information related to COVID-19 from ChatGPT. (A) ChatGPT-3.5 fabricates the references for its claims. (B) When prompted with the title and abstract of relevant articles, ChatGPT-3.5 can summarize the aspects requested, including some valid in-line references. However, many details are inaccurate: Related mechanisms are not correctly grouped, contradicting evidence is not mentioned, some citations are missing, and a listed mechanism is not specific. Note that the complete response mentioned only three of five articles. (C) ChatGPT-4 acknowledges its drawback and refuses to cite source articles in the response, which makes the verification more difficult. (D) ChatGPT-4 with the web browsing plug-in summarizes information from the search engine, but it only finds two relevant articles and fails to systematically answer the question. Responses were collected from GPT-3.5–based ChatGPT on March 14, 2023, and GPT-4–based ChatGPT on May 15, 2023.

However, LLMs such as ChatGPT may be better suited for text summarization than directly answering medical questions. Pilot studies have shown that LLMs can be effective at clinical reasoning, reading comprehension, and generating fluent summaries with high fidelity. 5 – 7 Augmenting LLMs such as ChatGPT with a traditional literature search engine may therefore help address hallucination and enable the system to provide the user with comprehensive high-level summaries. For example, the new Bing provides ChatGPT-like interactive agents to help users create effective queries, identify relevant results, and summarize their content. In addition, ChatGPT recently introduced a plug-in that allows the model to search the web when generating responses (currently in limited beta test). Incorporating such features into medical literature search has the potential to streamline gathering and synthesizing evidence from the literature, improving patient care.

Unfortunately, summaries generated by current LLMs such as ChatGPT also contain inaccuracies, 8 in addition to practical issues such as limitations on the length of input text. To illustrate these problems, we prompted ChatGPT (model 3.5) to identify possible mechanisms of AKI in patients with COVID-19, using five manually chosen articles on the pathophysiology of AKI in COVID-19. Although ChatGPT’s summary (Figure ​ (Figure1B) 1 B) generally reflects the mechanisms of AKI discussed by the articles, the response lists symptoms from only three of the five input studies and misses some important mechanisms mentioned repeatedly, such as hypoxia. Moreover, some citations are missing, contradicting evidence is not mentioned, similar mechanisms are not correctly grouped, and one of the mechanisms listed is less specific than the source. We also prompted ChatGPT (model 4), with the web browsing plug-in, to answer the same question (Figure ​ (Figure1D). 1 D). In this case, ChatGPT provides summaries with relevant citations. However, the response is based on only two articles, without synthesizing the evidence, and thus fails to answer the question systematically. Generally speaking, retrieval-augmented LLMs reduces users' control over sources, leading to results that may not align with the user's criteria for the best information ( e.g ., most up-to-date). Summaries generated by LLMs can miss important ideas discussed by the input sources or contain assertions unsupported by the input sources. Because imprecise or incomplete information can lead to incorrect clinical decisions and patient harm, content generated by current LLMs, including ChatGPT, must be verified for accuracy and completeness before use. Further research on the faithfulness of LLM-generated summaries and automatic verification tools is also warranted to realize the full potential of LLMs to streamline evidence gathering and synthesis from the medical literature.

Despite these limitations, the remarkable progress in AI and the rapid advancements in LLMs may have profound implications for medicine, from assisting medical education, 2 to accelerating literature screening for systematic reviews, 7 , 9 and supporting physicians in various clinical settings as generalist medical AI, 4 among other possibilities. In addition to augmenting LLMs with retrieval results from a search engine, LLMs can also be taught to use biomedical domain-specific tools, such as the Web APIs of specialized databases, to provide improved access to biomedical information. 10

In summary, although ChatGPT is not currently suitable for use as a literature search engine on its own, we envision that the proposed retrieve, summarize, and verify paradigm could greatly benefit biomedical information seeking. This approach leverages the impressive capability of LLMs to generate high-level summaries while minimizing the risk of directly using false or fabricated information by combining LLMs and search engines. It is important to note that although LLM technology is progressing rapidly, it has not yet matured enough for clinical use. Therefore, users must retain full responsibility for verifying the accuracy and reliability of its output.

Disclosures

All authors have nothing to disclose.

This work was supported by the NIH Intramural Research Program, National Library of Medicine.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the NIH Intramural Research Program, National Library of Medicine.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Qiao Jin, Zhiyong Lu.

Investigation: Qiao Jin, Robert Leaman.

Supervision: Zhiyong Lu.

Writing – original draft: Qiao Jin.

Writing – review & editing: Qiao Jin, Robert Leaman.

ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing

Did you know that ChatGPT is a powerful tool for academic writing? While it can be a valuable resource, let’s make one thing clear: we’re not talking about using the chatbot to complete assignments for you. Instead, you can use AI at various stages of the writing process, from brainstorming ideas to refining and editing your work.

You’ll find effective ChatGPT prompts for research papers, proposals, case studies, and more in this article.

• 🔝 10 Most Useful Prompts
• 🔎 Prompts for Research Paper
• 📝 Prompts for Proposal
• 📊 Prompts for Case Study
• 🔬 Prompts for Scientific Writing
• ✍️ Prompts for Report Writing
• 🤖 How to Write ChatGPT Prompts

🔗 References

🔝 10 most useful chatgpt prompts for academic writing.

Effective prompts can help you release the full potential of ChatGPT for academic writing. Here are some prompts that will help you handle the most frequent academic tasks, like choosing a topic or summarizing texts:

• Suggest 10 research topics in the field of [subject].
• Generate 10 academic research questions about [topic].
• Create an outline for a research paper about [topic].
• Provide examples of thesis statements on [topic].
• Summarize this article’s main points: [text of the article].
• Simplify this text to make it easier to understand: [text].
• Rewrite this paragraph in academic language: [paragraph].
• Correct grammar and spelling mistakes in this paragraph: [text].
• Provide 5 arguments for/against the following claim: [claim].
• Improve the coherence and clarity of my paper: [text].

🔎 ChatGPT Prompts for Research Paper Writing

A research paper is a common type of academic writing that involves gathering information on the topic and presenting unique findings. No doubt, writing a research paper takes some time and effort. However, ChatGPT can become your helpful assistant.

Choosing a Research Topic & Question

The first step of writing a research paper is to choose a topic and formulate a research question. Making your topic original, manageable, clear, and impactful is important. Since there are a lot of aspects to consider, you can ask ChatGPT to generate the most suitable topic ideas or to provide feedback on the topics you brainstormed yourself.

Here are some prompt examples for research topics and questions:

If you don’t want to bother with ChatGPT prompts, try our free research question maker to create a compelling research question in a few clicks!

Finding Information & Sources

Instead of spending hours browsing the Internet or wandering around your school library, you can use ChatGPT to find information for your research . Ask the chatbot to recommend online sources dedicated to your research topic, and it will provide you with a list of relevant websites, journals, and databases. You can even ask ChatGPT to give you a list of specific references to use. However, note that sometimes ChatGPT suggests outdated or non-existent sources, so always double-check.

Have a look at these prompts that can help find literature for your research:

Organizing Ideas

If you need help organizing ideas for your research paper, ChatGPT is a great solution. You ask the chatbot to create an outline for an entire writing or to structure a separate part, such as an introduction or literature review. Moreover, you can use ChatGPT to generate transition phrases and sentences to ensure coherence and a smooth paper flow.

Do you want to know more prompts for organizing your ideas? Check out our examples!

Revising and Proofreading

After working many days on your research paper, you may lose freshness of vision. To get detailed feedback on your writing, you can ask ChatGPT to check it for mistakes and identify what can be improved. One useful tip is to specify what the chatbot should focus on, such as spelling, punctuation, grammar, or academic language.

Check out these proofreading prompt examples:

📝 ChatGPT Prompts for Proposal Writing

Proposal writing is common among researchers, business professionals, and students. This paper aims to persuade the target audience to approve or support the proposed project or research. Writing a persuasive proposal can be time-consuming, so why not use ChatGPT as a help?

Brainstorming Innovative Project Ideas

ChatGPT can help you overcome writer’s block and suggest topics for your proposal writing. For example, you can identify a problem and ask the chatbot to come up with several solutions. Moreover, you can use AI to identify a research gap in the scientific literature on the topic of your interest.

Here are more prompts for brainstorming proposal ideas:

Structuring Your Proposal

Every successful proposal starts with an effective plan. If you haven’t written a proposal before, you can use ChatGPT to write a detailed outline for an entire paper or organize specific parts, such as literature review, timing, or budget.

For more inspiration, consider these prompt ideas:

Strengthening Your Argument

Proposal writing aims to convince the target audience to support your project. If you need ideas on how to make your paper more persuasive, try out ChatGPT. For example, you may ask the bot to highlight the importance of your paper for society or science or write a passage that presents you as a trustworthy expert.

Check out some prompts for strengthening your proposal :

Meeting Proposal Guidelines

Sometimes, the requirements we get from our school or professor are unclear or simply overwhelming. To ensure you meet all the guidelines, you may share the requirements with ChatGPT and let the bot check the proposal for you.

Here are some prompts you can use:

📊 ChatGPT Prompts for Case Study Writing

Usually, students are asked to analyze case studies to demonstrate their theoretical knowledge and apply it in practice. However, some professors give students a task to create their own case studies to test their creativity and critical thinking. Whether you’re a teacher or a student, the following ChatGPT prompts will be helpful when writing a case study.

Identifying a Case Study Subject

Choosing a case study topic can be a daunting task. It usually requires the writer to read about current events, consult academic journals, or talk to experts. Luckily, ChatGPT can make the topic selection much easier and ensure your case study is engaging and relevant.

These are some prompts you can use when choosing a case study subject:

Gathering and Analyzing Data

The most time-consuming step when writing a case study is gathering data. You need to analyze databases, industry websites, and previous case studies. Moreover, you might conduct an interview to make your case study more insightful. If you want to optimize your time when gathering data for your paper, you should try ChatGPT.

Here are some helpful prompts for collecting and analyzing information:

Structuring and Writing

You might be surprised to learn how many opportunities ChatGPT offers when structuring your case study. For example, you can ask the bot to write a detailed outline. What is more, ChatGPT can suggest engaging hooks for your introduction and provide recommendations on presenting your data.

Check out some prompt examples:

Other Helpful Prompts

What else can ChatGPT do to help you write an outstanding case study? For example, you may ask the chatbot to provide case study examples on your topic for some inspiration. Moreover, you can ask the bot to list the most common case study writing mistakes you should avoid.

Here are some bonus prompts you should try:

We also recommend you use our free case study answer generator if you need help analyzing a case study.

🔬 ChatGPT Prompts for Scientific Writing

As you might already know, scientific writing is characterized by precision and clarity. All scientific articles follow a specific structure: abstract, introduction, literature review , methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The following section will discuss how ChatGPT can assist you with each of these parts.

Prompts for Title, Abstract, & Keywords

The title, abstract, and keywords form a first impression of your article. ChatGPT can assist with these parts by generating engaging titles based on the research content and summarizing key points into a clear abstract. You may also ask the chatbot to suggest relevant keywords that will improve the online visibility of your article.

Creating a concise and accurate abstract for your research paper is even easier with our free AI abstract generator !

Prompts for Introduction

A scientific article’s introduction should include background information on the topic, research gap, your research question, hypothesis, methodology overview, and significance of the article. You can ask ChatGPT to create an introduction outline to avoid getting lost in all these elements.

For you, we prepared some effective prompts:

You can also use our free research introduction maker to write a compelling opening section for your paper!

ChatGPT Prompts for Literature Review

A literature review is a critical component that provides an overview of other studies on the topic. Writing a well-structured literature review may take a lot of time and effort, but ChatGPT can help make this process more productive. For example, the chatbot can list relevant literature, summarize long sources , and identify key themes.

Here are some prompt ideas:

We also suggest you try our free key points generator to save time reading through a vast amount of literature.

Prompts for Methodology

The methodology section explains how your research was carried out and lets readers decide if your approach is trustworthy. To save time while writing this section, you can use ChatGPT to find the most suitable research tools or generate descriptions of methods.

Try out these useful prompts:

Prompts for Results & Discussion

In the results section of a scientific article, you should clearly and concisely present your key findings. As for the discussion section, it should interpret your results and link them to current knowledge on the topic. ChatGPT can help you analyze your data, suggest possible explanations of the results, and connect your findings to the existing literature.

Here are more prompt ideas for the results section:

ChatGPT Prompts for Conclusion

The main purpose of the conclusion in a scientific article is to present the implications of your research and highlight the significance of your paper. ChatGPT can be a great assistant in summarizing and paraphrasing the key findings and generating ideas on future research directions.

These are helpful prompts you can use for a conclusion:

You can also use our free conclusion generator to write an effective closing section for your article.

✍️ ChatGPT Prompts for Report Writing

The purpose of report writing is to present information on a particular topic. Reports allow students to demonstrate their understanding of a subject and their analytical skills. If you need help writing a report, try the following ChatGPT prompts.

Writing Executive Summary

Usually, report writing starts with an executive summary , which provides an overview of the main findings of a report. You may ask the bot to generate an engaging opening sentence or summarize your key points.

Here are more prompts you can use for an executive summary:

Designing Surveys and Interviews

When writing a report, you might need to collect some primary data. It is the type of information you gather with the help of surveys, questionnaires, or interviews. You may ask ChatGPT to generate a questionnaire on a particular topic or a set of questions for an interview.

Check out these prompts for designing interviews and surveys:

Creating Visual Aids

You should consider adding some visuals to make your report more engaging and easier to understand. Unfortunately, the free version of ChatGPT can only generate tables for you, while ChatGPT Plus can also create schemes and graphs. However, you can still ask the free bot for recommendations, such as what pictures to choose or colors to use for your infographics.

Check out some prompt ideas:

Generating Recommendations

Recommendations are practical steps or suggestions presented in the conclusion. ChatGPT can help ensure your recommendations are innovative, actionable, and realistic. You may simply ask the chatbot to generate recommendations based on your findings or provide feedback on your ideas.

These are the prompts you should try for the recommendations part:

Tailoring Language and Tone

To maximize the impact of your report, you should adjust the language and tone of your paper to the audience. Always remember your readers’ level of expertise and readiness to support your ideas.

Here are some prompts that will help tailor the tone and language of your report:

🤖 How to Write ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing

The ChatGPT prompts we’ve explored can undoubtedly empower you to craft impactful academic papers. However, if you want even more tailored responses from the bot, you should learn how to make effective prompts yourself.

Be Specific

To get the best results using ChatGPT, clearly define the task, include only relevant details, and avoid ambiguity.

Compare these prompt examples:

❌ Bad prompt

✅ Good prompt

Ask ChatGPT to Act as If…

To make ChatGPT generate more relevant responses, you may start your prompts with “Act as if…” The bot can play the role of anyone whose perspective you want to consider: a professor, a psychotherapist, an experienced manager, a high school student, and so on. A small prompt example: “Act as if you’re a strict English teacher and say if my poetry analysis is detailed enough.”

Specify Your Output Format

Don’t forget to specify the format of the content you expect to receive from ChatGPT. The bot can generate summaries, stories, dialogues, ordered and unordered lists, tables, and even code. After describing your task, you may add to the prompt, “Present this in the form of…”

Use “Do” and “Don’t”

Don’t expect AI to read your mind. Instead, tell ChatGPT directly what you want and don’t want in your response. Here is how you can add dos and don’ts in your prompt: “Suggest 10 controversial essay topics. Include original and creative topics, but don’t include topics about abortion, euthanasia, gun control, and capital punishment.”

Use Examples

If you have an example of a sentence or a paragraph you want ChatGPT’s output to resemble, add it to your prompt. This is a simple solution to improving the quality of the results. For instance, you can structure your prompt as follows: “Generate an introduction for an essay about climate change. Use this introduction as an example [introduction example].”

Consider the Tone and Audience

Let ChatGPT know about your audience and the tone you’d like to set. For example, a prompt “I plan to deliver an oral presentation on [topic]. Give me ideas for a speech that is [tone] and is appropriate for [the audience]” is way more effective than a simple “Give me speech topic ideas on [topic].”

Work Together with AI

Imagine that ChatGPT is your teammate, and you’re working on your academic writing together. To improve AI outputs, give your feedback, for example, on what you liked and what can be improved. Finally, remember that you can always ask the chatbot for advice on improving your prompts or even generating them for you.

One more tip: whenever you integrate the content produced by ChatGPT into your writing, don’t forget to check it for AI to ensure your paper keeps its human touch. Our free Chat GPT essay detector will help you with this!

In conclusion, unraveling the power of ChatGPT for academic writing can be a game-changer, but only if you use AI ethically and craft clear, effective prompts. If you like our ideas, check out other articles about using ChatGPT for educational purposes:

• How to Get ChatGPT to Write an Essay
• How to Use AI for Literature Review Writing
• ## Best AI Tools for Students
• How to Not Get Caught Using ChatGPT
• ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing | GitHub
• How to Write Persuasive Proposals With ChatGPT | Make Use Of
• Can ChatGPT Be Used as a Proofreader? | Make Use Of
• We Used ChatGPT to Generate Citations | Indiana Daily Student
• Should I Use ChatGPT to Write My Essays? | Harvard Summer School
• How to Make ChatGPT Provide Sources and Citations | ZDNET
• How to Use ChatGPT to Make Charts and Tables | ZDNET
• How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Literature Review with Prompts | Florida International University
• How to Write Better ChatGPT Prompts in 5 Steps | ZDNET
• Prompt Literacy in Academics | University of Michigan
• Getting Started with Prompts for Text-based Generative AI Tools | Harvard University
• ChatGPT in Academic Writing: Maximizing Its Benefits and Minimizing the Risks | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
• 12 Best ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing Assistance in 2024 | Geeksforgeeks
• ChatGPT & AI Literacy Toolbox: Images, Writing, & Prompts | Florida International University
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How to Use ChatGPT to Write Better Performance Reviews: An Expert‘s Guide

The annual performance review is a key moment for both managers and employees – a chance to reflect on achievements, identify growth opportunities, and align on goals for the future. But let‘s face it: writing reviews can be time-consuming, awkward, and even dreaded.

What if there was a way to make the process faster, easier and more valuable for everyone involved? Enter ChatGPT – the AI language model that is transforming how we approach writing and knowledge work.

As an expert in ChatGPT and its applications in business, I‘ve seen firsthand how this tool can help leaders save time, generate new insights, and communicate more effectively. In this comprehensive guide, I‘ll walk you through how to leverage ChatGPT to upgrade your performance review writing process.

Why the Performance Review Matters

Before we dive into the nuts and bolts of using ChatGPT, let‘s zoom out and remember why the performance review is so critical in the first place. A well-crafted review can:

• Boost employee engagement and productivity
• Drive individual and team performance
• Identify top talent for succession planning
• Inform fair and equitable compensation decisions
• Provide legal documentation to support HR actions

Research shows that companies with regular, meaningful performance conversations outperform their peers. According to a recent Gallup survey , employees who feel their performance metrics are fair are 2.3x more likely to be engaged at work.

Yet only 14% of employees strongly agree their performance reviews inspire them to improve. Common pitfalls include generic, outdated, or irrelevant feedback, lack of specifics, manager bias, and misalignment with day-to-day work. It‘s no wonder many employees and managers alike see reviews as a check-the-box chore.

That‘s where AI can help. ChatGPT offers a powerful way to generate tailored, actionable content for performance reviews – without the hours of manual writing and editing.

What is ChatGPT?

ChatGPT is a natural language model developed by OpenAI . Using deep learning and neural networks, it has been trained on a massive amount of online data to understand and generate human-like text.

Users can interact with ChatGPT by providing prompts or questions, and the model will output relevant responses drawing from its training data. Its knowledge spans a wide range of topics, and it can engage in dialogue, answer questions, and assist with tasks like writing and analysis.

Some key features of ChatGPT include:

• Generating coherent, contextual responses
• Understanding and building on previous conversation history
• Adapting tone and style based on user preferences
• Handling open-ended and complex prompts
• Continuously learning and expanding its knowledge base

Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has been applied to use cases ranging from customer support to coding to creative writing. And now, savvy managers are discovering its potential for streamlining performance reviews.

A Step-by-Step Guide to Generating Performance Review Content

So what does it actually look like to collaborate with ChatGPT on writing a performance review? Here‘s a step-by-step breakdown:

Step 1: Gather Relevant Information

Before starting a new chat with ChatGPT, take some time to collect data points on the employee‘s goals, achievements, strengths, and areas for development. These might include:

• Job description and core responsibilities
• Performance goals and metrics
• Work samples or deliverables
• Feedback from peers, direct reports or customers
• Notes from 1:1 meetings and check-ins
• Employee self-assessment
• Previous performance reviews

Having specific examples will help you give ChatGPT the right context and get more relevant outputs. You don‘t need to have a formal document – even a few bullet points can help guide the conversation.

Step 2: Set Up the Conversation

Log into ChatGPT using your preferred interface, such as the OpenAI Playground , a third-party tool like Chata.ai , or an integrated HR platform.

Start a new chat and provide some initial background on the purpose of the conversation, such as:

"Hi ChatGPT, I‘m working on writing a performance review for a direct report. I‘d like your help generating some content and ideas to include. Let me know if you need any other context as we go!"

Step 3: Generate a Draft Review

Now you‘re ready to start co-creating the performance review with ChatGPT. Here‘s an example prompt to get started:

"Let‘s begin drafting the overall performance summary for [Employee Name], a [job title] who has been in their role for [length of time]. Based on our previous discussions, some key points to highlight are: [1-2 sentence summary of performance]. Please generate 2-3 paragraphs synthesizing this information, including specific examples. The tone should be objective and constructive."

ChatGPT will then generate a draft summary for you to review and build on. For example:

"Over the past year, [Employee Name] has consistently demonstrated strong performance in their role as [job title]. They have excelled in [key responsibility], as evidenced by [specific example]. [Employee Name] also successfully [achievement], which had a measurable impact on [business outcome].

One area where [Employee Name] has room for growth is [development area]. In the coming months, I recommend focusing on [specific action] to help strengthen this skill. With continued coaching and development, I am confident [Employee Name] will be able to take their performance to the next level.

Overall, [Employee Name] is a valued member of the team who brings [key strength] to their work every day. With their [additional strength], I expect they will continue to be a key contributor to [department/company] goals. I look forward to seeing their continued growth and success."

You can then ask ChatGPT to modify or expand on certain parts of the summary, such as:

• "Can you add a sentence about [Employee Name]‘s collaboration with cross-functional stakeholders?"
• "Please include a statistic or KPI related to [project]."
• "I‘d like to mention their strong performance in [specific area]. What would be a good way to phrase that?"

Continue iterating until you have a solid working draft. Remember, the goal at this stage is not perfection, but rather gathering raw material that you can shape further.

Step 4: Drill Down into Specifics

With the overall summary in place, you can now use ChatGPT to go deeper into specific aspects of the employee‘s performance. Some examples:

• "What are 2-3 key strengths that [Employee Name] demonstrates in their work? Provide a brief justification for each."

Areas for Development:

• "Based on our discussion of [Employee Name]‘s challenges with [skill/behavior], what recommendations would you suggest for their development in this area? Include 1-2 specific action steps."

Goal-Setting:

• "[Employee Name] has expressed interest in developing their skills in [area] to support their long-term career goals. What would be an appropriate SMART goal to include in their review related to this?"

Impact & Results:

• "One of [Employee Name]‘s key achievements this quarter was [project/deliverable]. Please describe the impact of this work and how it aligns with our team/department/company goals."

You can also ask ChatGPT to help wordsmith tricky feedback or sensitive situations:

• "I need to give some constructive feedback about [issue], but want to phrase it in a way that feels supportive vs. critical. Can you suggest a few ways to address this diplomatically?"

As you work through each section of the review, remember to fact-check and customize ChatGPT‘s suggestions to fit the employee‘s unique context and your authentic voice.

Step 5: Polish & Refine

Once you have a complete working draft, take a step back and review the document as a whole. Some questions to consider:

• Does the review paint a well-rounded picture of the employee‘s performance?
• Is the feedback specific, actionable, and backed up with examples?
• Are there any inconsistencies or redundancies to streamline?
• Does the language sound like your natural communication style?

Ask ChatGPT to help reorganize, cut or elaborate as needed. For example:

• "The sections on [X] and [Y] feel a bit repetitive. Can you help me merge them into a single, concise paragraph?"
• "I‘d like to add a couple sentences on [Employee Name]‘s potential and readiness for advancement. What would you suggest including there?"
• "This section feels a bit lengthy. Can you help edit it down to 3-4 key points?"

Remember, you can also request that ChatGPT adjust the tone, formality or perspective of the writing to match your preferences. For example:

• "I‘d like the review to sound a bit more conversational and empathetic. Can you suggest some changes to make it feel more personable?"
• "Please rewrite this paragraph from the first-person point of view, as if I am speaking directly to [Employee Name]."

Aim to strike a balance between leveraging ChatGPT‘s suggestions and maintaining your unique perspective as the employee‘s manager.

Step 6: Finalize & Share

Finally, review the completed draft to catch any remaining errors or awkward phrasing. Give the review a final polish, then share it with the employee and schedule time to discuss it together live.

Treat the review as a starting point for a two-way dialogue about the employee‘s experience, goals and growth opportunities. Invite them to share their reactions and ideas as well. The most effective performance conversations are ongoing and reciprocal – not a one-time, top-down evaluation.

By leveraging ChatGPT throughout this process, you can arrive at the discussion with a thoughtful, structured document and free up more time and energy to focus on the human side of the conversation.

Tips for Effective & Ethical AI-Assisted Performance Reviews

As you incorporate ChatGPT into your performance review process, keep these best practices and ethical considerations in mind:

• Provide specific, job-relevant examples to guide ChatGPT‘s outputs
• Use ChatGPT to spark ideas and outline key points – not to replace your own analysis and insights
• Carefully review and refine the generated content to sound like your authentic voice
• Fact-check any claims or examples suggested by ChatGPT to ensure accuracy
• Frame feedback in an objective, constructive way with actionable next steps
• Incorporate the employee‘s self-assessment and seek their input and reactions
• Commit to ongoing coaching and development beyond just the formal review cycle

Don‘t:

• Ask ChatGPT to generate performance reviews without a human in the loop
• Copy-paste ChatGPT‘s outputs without customizing them for the individual employee
• Rely on ChatGPT to make judgments about sensitive personnel issues like compensation or promotions
• Disclose confidential information about other employees in your prompts
• Share outputs verbatim that contain errors or problematic language
• Replace performance review conversations with AI-generated reports
• Over-promise on the capabilities of ChatGPT or present it as infallible

When used responsibly, ChatGPT can be a powerful tool to help managers communicate more effectively and consistently. But it‘s not a substitute for the human judgment, empathy and contextual knowledge needed to truly evaluate and develop people.

Comparing ChatGPT to Other AI Writing Assistants

While ChatGPT is one of the most powerful and flexible AI language models available today, it‘s not the only option for leaders looking to streamline their writing. Other popular AI writing assistants include:

Grammarly : Primarily focused on grammar, spelling and clarity suggestions. Useful for proofreading and polishing, but less capable of generating net new content.

Writer : Adapts to a company‘s specific brand voice and style guide. Helpful for ensuring consistent tone and terminology across different authors.

Textio : Analyzes language for gender bias, inclusivity and tone. Valuable for writing equitable, unbiased performance reviews.

Peppertype.ai : Offers templates and workflows tailored for various writing use cases. Can streamline the review process with built-in best practices.

Compared to these tools, ChatGPT stands out for its ability to engage in freeform dialogue, understand complex prompts, and generate original content across a wide range of subjects. It also continues to learn and evolve with each interaction.

However, ChatGPT‘s flexibility means that outputs can vary significantly based on how the prompts are phrased. It may require more experimentation and iteration to get the desired results compared to tools with more narrowly defined use cases.

Ultimately, the best AI writing assistant for a given scenario depends on the specific needs and goals of the user. Managers should evaluate different options to determine which will be most efficient and impactful for their performance review process.

Future Applications & Impact

Performance reviews are just one area where ChatGPT and similar technologies could transform how we manage and develop talent. As language models continue to advance, we can expect to see AI increasingly integrated across the employee lifecycle, such as:

• Generating personalized learning and development plans based on skill gaps and career goals
• Analyzing employee engagement survey responses and suggesting actionable insights
• Identifying patterns and themes across performance data to inform workforce planning
• Providing on-demand coaching and feedback to supplement manager check-ins
• Streamlining goal-setting and tracking processes with intelligent templates and reminders

However, realizing the full potential of AI in HR will require more than just adopting new tools. Organizations must also:

• Clearly communicate the role and limitations of AI in performance management processes
• Provide training and support for managers to use AI effectively and ethically
• Establish governance frameworks to ensure consistent, unbiased application of AI
• Monitor AI systems for accuracy, fairness and alignment with company values
• Foster an environment of psychological safety and trust for candid feedback and growth
• Emphasize the importance of human connection and contextual understanding

When leveraged thoughtfully, AI has the power to make performance management more data-driven, equitable and growth-oriented. But it must be balanced with human judgment, empathy and care.

Conclusion & Key Takeaways

In today‘s fast-paced, rapidly evolving workplace, effective performance management is more critical than ever for driving individual and organizational success. ChatGPT offers a valuable tool for managers looking to provide more frequent, specific and actionable feedback – without getting bogged down in hours of manual review writing.

By following the steps and best practices outlined in this guide, you can harness the power of ChatGPT to:

• Streamline and standardize the review writing process
• Ensure feedback is objective, job-relevant and action-oriented
• Generate new ideas and insights to fuel employee growth
• Communicate more clearly, consistently and efficiently

Just remember: ChatGPT is not a replacement for your own expertise and judgment as a manager. It‘s a thought partner to help you articulate and amplify your perspective.

The true value of the performance review lies not in the document itself, but in the human conversations and connections it enables. With AI in your toolkit, you can create more space for what matters most: supporting your people to do their best work and grow in their careers.

Now it‘s your turn – I encourage you to experiment with ChatGPT in your own performance review process and discover how it can help you become a more confident, impactful leader.

If you found this guide helpful, please consider sharing it with a colleague or on social media. Have additional questions or insights to share? Leave a comment below – I‘d love to hear your perspective!

I am Paul Christiano, a fervent explorer at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and their broader implications for society. Renowned as a leading figure in AI safety research, my passion lies in ensuring that the exponential powers of AI are harnessed for the greater good. Throughout my career, I've grappled with the challenges of aligning machine learning systems with human ethics and values. My work is driven by a belief that as AI becomes an even more integral part of our world, it's imperative to build systems that are transparent, trustworthy, and beneficial. I'm honored to be a part of the global effort to guide AI towards a future that prioritizes safety and the betterment of humanity.

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