biography of jose rizal essay

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• My Hero - Biography of Jose Rizal
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José Rizal (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila) was a patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.

The son of a prosperous landowner, Rizal was educated in Manila and at the University of Madrid . A brilliant medical student, he soon committed himself to the reform of Spanish rule in his home country , though he never advocated Philippine independence. Most of his writing was done in Europe, where he resided between 1882 and 1892.

In 1887 Rizal published his first novel , Noli me tangere ( The Social Cancer ), a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines . A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed ), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long history before the coming of the Spaniards. He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement , contributing numerous articles to its newspaper, La Solidaridad , published in Barcelona . Rizal’s political program included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.

Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina , in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao . He remained in exile for the next four years. In 1896 the Katipunan , a Filipino nationalist secret society , revolted against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing squad in Manila. His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain. On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “ Último adiós” (“Last Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.

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• The Life And Legacy Of...

The Life and Legacy of José Rizal: National Hero of the Philippines

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for possessing intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal will always be remembered for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the country.

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Humble beginnings

José Protasio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in the town of Calamba in the province of Laguna. He had nine sisters and one brother. At the early age of three, the future political leader had already learned the English alphabet. And, by the age of five, José could already read and write.

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now referred to as Ateneo De Manila University ), he dropped the last three names in his full name, after his brother’s advice – hence, being known as José Protasio Rizal. His performance in school was outstanding – winning various poetry contests, impressing his professors with his familiarity of Castilian and other foreign languages, and crafting literary essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of pre-colonial Philippine societies.

A man with multiple professions

While he originally obtained a land surveyor and assessor’s degree in Ateneo, Rizal also took up a preparatory course on law at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). But when he learned that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine school in UST and later on specialized in ophthalmology. In May 1882, he decided to travel to Madrid in Spain , and earned his Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Apart from being known as an expert in the field of medicine, a poet, and an essayist, Rizal exhibited other amazing talents. He knew how to paint, sketch, and make sculptures. Because he lived in Europe for about 10 years, he also became a polyglot – conversant in 22 languages. Aside from poetry and creative writing, Rizal had varying degrees of expertise in architecture, sociology, anthropology, fencing, martial arts, and economics to name a few.

His novels awakened Philippine nationalism

Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful and progressive manner. For him, “the pen was mightier than the sword.” And through his writings, he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of government officials as well as the Spanish friars.

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While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays, poems, allegories, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of his writings, both in his essays and editorials, centered on individual rights and freedom, specifically for the Filipino people . As part of his reforms, he even called for the inclusion of the Philippines to become a province of Spain.

But, among his best works , two novels stood out from the rest – Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo ( The Reign of the Greed).

In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish colonial rule in the country and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the time. And because he wrote about the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards in the country, the authorities banned Filipinos from reading the controversial books. Yet they were not able to ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their eyes opened to the truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the hands of the friars. These two novels by Rizal, now considered his literary masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s unfateful days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization called the La Liga Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms through legal means. Now Rizal was considered even more of a threat by the Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and essays), which ultimately led to his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao .

This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for reform. While in Dapitan, Rizal built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught farming and worked on agricultural projects such as using abaca to make ropes.

In 1896, Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco, after volunteering to travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow fever victims. But at that time, the Katipunan had a full-blown revolution and Rizal was accused of being associated with the secret militant society. On his way to Cuba, he was arrested in Barcelona and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the court martial. Rizal was charged with sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion – and therefore, sentenced to death by firing squad.

Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled Mi último adiós or My Last Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on the morning of December 30, 1896, in what was then called Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon hearing the command to shoot him, he faced the squad and uttered in his final breath: “ Consummatum est” (It is finished). According to historical accounts , only one bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and hero.

His legacy lives on

After his death, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. And with the assistance of the United States , the Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at General Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage, and patriotism are greatly remembered and recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels are continuously being analyzed by students and professionals.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take a subject which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal Day – December 30 each year – to commemorate his life and works. Filipinos look back at how his founding of La Liga Filipina and his two novels had an effect on the early beginnings of the Philippine Revolution. The people also recognize his advocacy to achieve liberty through peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not only within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is named after him. The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are also dedicated to the late hero.

Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal University), and a province named after him. Three species have also been named after Rizal – the Draco rizali (a small lizard, known as a flying dragon), Apogania rizali (a very rare kind of beetle with five horns) and the Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what he did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial park for him – now referred to as Rizal Park, found in Manila . There lies a monument which contains a standing bronze sculpture of Rizal, an obelisk, and a stone base said to contain his remains. The monument stands near the place where he fell during his execution in Luneta.

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José P. Rizal (full name: José Prota [1] Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda ) (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino polymath , nationalist and the most prominent advocate for reforms in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is considered the Philippines' national hero and the anniversary of Rizal's death is commemorated as a Philippine holiday called Rizal Day. Rizal's 1896 military trial and execution made him a martyr of the Philippine Revolution.

The seventh of eleven children born to a wealthy family in the town of Calamba, Laguna (province), Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree sobresaliente. He enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas and then traveled alone to Madrid , Spain, where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg.

• 2 Education
• 4 Exile in Dapitan
• 5 Last days
• 6 Execution
• 7.1 'Retraction' controversy
• 7.2 "Mi último adiós"
• 7.3 Josephine Bracken
• 8 Criticism
• 11 References
• 12 External links

He was known as a hero, author, and an eye doctor. As a political figure, Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo . He was a proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. The general consensus among Rizal scholars, however, attributed his martyred death as the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution.

José Rizal's parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandra II (1818-1898) and Teodora Morales Alonso Realonda y Quintos (1827-1911), [2] were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (1850-1913), Paciano (1851-1930), Narcisa (1852-1939), Olympia (1855-1887), Lucia (1857-1919), Maria (1859-1945), José Protasio (1861-1896), Concepcion (1862-1865), Josefa (1865-1945), Trinidad (1868-1951) and Soledad (1870-1929).

Rizal was a sixth-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co (Chinese: 柯仪南 ; pinyin : Ke Yinan ), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-seventeenth century. [2] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname "Mercado" ("market") to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. In 1849, Governor-General Narciso Claveria ordered all Filipino families to choose new surnames from a list of Spanish family names. José's father Francisco adopted the surname "Rizal" (originally Ricial , "the green of young growth" or "green fields"). [2] However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname "Mercado."

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, José dropped the last three names that make up his full name, at the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal." Of this, Rizal wrote: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" [3] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with Filipino priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, José and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities. At age 8 (in 1869) he wrote his first poem Sa aking mga Kabata and had for its theme the love of one's native language. [4] Despite the name change, Jose, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El Filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he wrote to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name." [3] José became the focal point by which the family became known, at least from the point of view of colonial authorities.

Aside from indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). They gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, the father of Teodora. Austin Craig mentions Lakandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor.

Rizal first studied under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna. He was sent to Manila and enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters where he studied Philosophy and Letters. Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine , specializing in ophthalmology at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery but did not complete the program, claiming discrimination by the Spanish Dominican friars against the Filipino students. [4]

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Europe, to Madrid in May 1882 to study medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. In Berlin he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famous pathologist, Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the anthropological society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg," which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned Prof. Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented opthalmoscope (invented by the famous Professor Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: “I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends.” He lived in a Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhemsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of “Noli Me Tangere”

Rizal's multi-facetedness was described by his German friend, who was an ornithologist and anthropologist, Dr. Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous." [5] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and subjects. [6] [7] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor , painter , educator, farmer , historian , playwright, and journalist . Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in architecture , cartography , economics, ethnology , anthropology , sociology , dramatics, martial arts, fencing , and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason , joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in Spain, selecting Dimasalang as his symbolic name within the Craft. [8]

José Rizal's most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These writings angered both the Spaniards and the hispanicized Filipinos due to their insulting symbolism . They are highly critical of Spanish friars and the atrocities committed in the name of the Church. Rizal's first critic was Ferdinand Blumentritt, a Sudetan-German professor and historian whose first reaction was of misgiving. Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith . This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface of El Filibusterismo after he had translated Noli me Tangere into German. Noli was published in Berlin (1887) and Fili in Ghent (1891) with funds borrowed largely from Rizal's friends. As Blumentritt had warned, these led to Rizal's prosecution as the inciter of revolution and eventually, to a military trial and execution. The intended consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays , allegories, poems , and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. The core of his writings centered on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines were battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"–corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda: In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states:

Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and transitory. [9]

• That the Philippines be a province of Spain
• Representation in the Cortes
• Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars—Augustinians, Dominicans , and Franciscans—in parishes and remote sitios
• Freedom of assembly and speech
• Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms even though they were openly endorsed by Spanish intellectuals such as Morayta, Unamuno , Margall and others.

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor . At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novels .

Exile in Dapitan

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga. There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture . Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial.

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Father Sanchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Father Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal expresses an ecumenical spirit more common today. [10]

We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra! …I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written…. No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork.' [9]

As a gift to his mother on her birth anniversary he wrote the other of his poems of maturity, "Mi Retiro," with a description of a calm night overlaid with a million stars. The poem, with its concept of a spontaneous creation and speaking of God as Plus Supra , is considered his accommodation of evolution.

...the breeze idly cools, the firmament glows, the waves tell in sighs to the docile wind timeless stories beneath the shroud of night. Say that they tell of the world, the first dawn of the sun, the first kiss that his bosom inflamed, when thousands of beings surged out of nothing, and peopled the depths, and to the heights mounted, to wherever his fecund kiss was implanted. [11]

His best friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout. [9] Despite the fact that he condemned the uprising, all the members of the Katipunan made him honorary president and used his name as a war-cry. From the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, this was enough to demonstrate his complicity in it.

Near the end of his exile he met and courted the stepdaughter of a patient, an Irishwoman named Josephine Bracken. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to the religion of his youth and was not known to be clearly against revolution. He nonetheless considered Josephine to be his wife and the only person mentioned in the poem, Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy... [12]

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising and leading to the first proclamation of a democratic republic in Asia. To dissociate himself, Rizal volunteered and was given leave by the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Blanco later was to present his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.

Before he left Dapitan, he issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.

Rizal was arrested en route, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan and was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition , and conspiracy. During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death . Governor General Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars had intercalated Polavieja in his stead, sealing Rizal's fate.

In 1896 while Rizal was in prison in Fort Santiago, his brother Paciano was tortured by Spaniards trying to extract evidence of Jose's complicity in the revolution. Two officers took turns applying pins under Paciano's fingernails; with his hands bound behind him and raised several feet, he was dropped repeatedly until he lost consciousness.

His poem, undated and believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove and later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. Within hearing of the Spanish guards he reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it," referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes," in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August, 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. [6]

In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896." [9]

In his final letter, to the Sudeten-German professor Ferdinand Blumentritt - Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion... [9] He had to reassure him that he had not turned revolutionary as he once considered being, and that he shared his ideals to the very end. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When Blumentritt received it he broke down and wept.

According to tradition, moments before his execution by a firing squad of Filipino native infantry , backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish surgeon general requested to take Rizal's pulse; it was normal. Aware of this, the Spanish sergeant in charge of the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising '¡vivas!' with the partisan crowd. His last words were that of Jesus Christ: " consummatum est — it is done." [13] [7] Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day. Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard," "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish than those wretched men—forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what they did—those wretched men, who over his still warm body hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!' [14]

He was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with civil guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there being ever no ground burials there, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ."

A national monument

A monument, with his remains, now stands near the place where he fell, designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the famed William Tell sculpture. Interestingly, Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886. [15] The statue carries the inscription:

I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him. [9]

'Retraction' controversy

That his burial was not on holy ground led to issues raised on the veracity of accounts of his 'retraction,' which the Church ever since has been vigorously defending. Many continue to believe that Rizal neither married his sweetheart Josephine Bracken in Roman Catholic rites hours before his execution nor ever retracted those parts of his writings that were anti-Roman Catholic. [16] [17]

Those who deny the retraction point out to a revealing clue tucked in 'Adiós', I go where there are no slaves, no hangmen or oppressors, where faith does not kill... [18] Whether this stanza was his final comment on the Catholic Church is a subject of dispute. In most of his writings Rizal maintained that the men of the cloth were the real rulers and the real government. Much of the Church's case rests on claims of a signed retraction, a copy of which could not be produced and shown to the Rizal family despite their repeated requests. The retraction controversy was documented in a film Bayaning Third World by Mike de Leon.

"Mi último adiós"

The poem is more aptly titled, "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Country"). By virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words come from the first line of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under 'Mi último pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus, when the Jesuit Father Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he had written. His account was to elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adiós."

Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?" The American government, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not grant full autonomy until 1946—1950 years after Rizal's death.

Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud, and helped operate a reloading jig for Mauser cartridges at the arsenal at Imus. The short-lived arsenal under the Revolutionary General Pantaleon Garcia had been reloading spent cartridges again and again and the reloading jig was in continuous use, but Imus was under threat of recapture that the operation had to move, with Josephine, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite. She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily, returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Philippine firm of Tabacalera. She died in Hong Kong in 1902, a pauper's death, buried in an unknown grave, and never knew how a line of verse had rendered her immortal. [19]

She bore a stillborn child with Rizal, who was buried in Dapitan, Mindanao. The child's birth is portrayed in the Marilou Diaz-Abaya film "Rizal."

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen. Years after his return to Spain, while visiting Giron in Cataluña , circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that to Polavieja was due the loss of the Philippines to Spain.

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic, have served to keep him a living issue. Rizal has remained a controversial figure. In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camelias.' The writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La Dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account in Viola's letter whether it was more than a one-night event and if it was more of a business transaction than an amorous affair. [20]

Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet," said of him, "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair." [21] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, "Pure and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable." [22] In the same tenor, Rizal condemned the uprising when Bonifacio asked for his support. Bonifacio, in turn, openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. Bonifacio denounced him, at the same time, he mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Ft. Santiago [7] Rizal believed that an armed struggle for independence was premature and ill-conceived. Here Rizal is speaking through Father Florentino:

…our liberty will (not) be secured at the sword's point… we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn. [22]

Rizal never held a gun or sword in the battlefield to fight for freedom. This fact leads some to question his ranking as the nation's premier hero, with a few who believe in the beatification of Bonifacio in his stead. In his defense, the historian, Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the sword of Bonifacio produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement. [23]

Rizal was a polyglot conversant in at least ten languages. [6] He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin , Greek , German, Portuguese, Italian, English, Dutch and Japanese. Rizal also made translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, and Sanskrit . He translated the poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun. [7]

Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he copied word for word from the British Museum and had published, called attention to an antiquated book, a testimony to the well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression,' and the Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement, the demoralization—'the indio should not be separated from his carabao', the endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracy —all these factors, according to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio "on a level with the beast." [24]

He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo . [25] These are social commentaries on the Philippines that formed the nucleus of literature that inspired dissent among peaceful reformists and spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries against 333 years of Spanish rule.

Rizal's advocacy of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than by violent revolution makes him Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of political reforms. Forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi and contemporary of Tagore and Sun Yat Sen , all four created a new climate of thought throughout Asia, leading to the attrition of colonialism and the emergence of new Asiatic nations by the end of World War II . Rizal's appearance on the scene came at a time when European colonial power had been growing and spreading, mostly motivated by trade, some for the purpose of bringing Western forms of government and education to peoples regarded as backward. Coinciding with the appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed. He stated in his essay, "The Philippines: A Century Hence":

The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be generated. [26]

Such sentiment was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a forerunner in the cause of freedom . Jawaharlal Nehru , in his prison letters to his daughter Indira , acknowledged Rizal's significant contributions in the Asian freedom movement. These leaders regarded these contributions as keystones and acknowledged Rizal's role in the movement as foundation layer.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of Spain's early relations with his people. [24] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's atrocities giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

His biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building. [13] According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking. [27]

Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy. [28]

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker, while in Wilhemsfeld, a smaller version of the Rizal Park with his bronze statue stands and the street where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer’s house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhemsfeld, stands.

The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal, and Act 346 authorizing a government subscription for the erection of a national monument in Rizal's honor. Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature that would include in all high school and college curricula a course in the study of his life, works and writings. The wide acceptance of Rizal is partly evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor. Monuments in his honor were erected in Toronto Canada, Madrid , Spain,> Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, Jinjiang, Fujian , China, Chicago , Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey, San Diego , [29] and Seattle , U.S.A., Reforma Avenue in Mexico City, Mexico, La Molina in Lima, Peru and many poetic titles were bestowed on him: "Pride of the Malay Race," "the First Filipino," "Greatest Man of the Brown Race," among others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a sublimation of Christ .

On June 19, 2008, a prominent bronze bust relief of Rizal, dubbed "the great Malayan," was unveiled by the President of Singapore Mr S.R. Nathan and the Philippine Department of Education Secretary Jesli Lapus at the Asian Civilisations Museum Green. The historic occasion was witnessed by Philippine Ambassador to Singapore Belen Fule-Anota, Chairman Ambeth Ocampo of the National Historical Institute, Singapore Ambassador-At-Large Prof. Tommy Koh and Mr Michael Koh, Chief Executive Officer of the National Heritage Board Singapore. Also present were members of the diplomatic corps, Singapore government officials and members of the Filipino community in Singapore. The two-sided marker bears a picture of a painting of Rizal by Fabian de la Rosa on one side. The other side was a bronze relief of Rizal by Philippine national artist Guillermo Tolentino, fabricated by Peter de Guzman. This artwork serves to mark the visits (1882, 1887, 1891,1896) of Rizal to Singapore

Peruvians on November 22, 2008 erected a monument in the Rizal Park at La Molina district, Lima , Peru , to honor Rizal. A bronze bust, designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, is mounted atop a pedestal base where 4 inaugural plaque markers with the inscription on one marker: “Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Héroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political, Escritor, Linguistica y Poeta, 1861-1896.”

• ↑ Prota, not Protacio. Prota is a version of San Protasio (Saint Protasius/Protase). The name Protasio was used later on his school registration.
• ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cielito G. Reyno, National Rizal’s Paternal Lineage National Historical Commission of the Phillipines , September 18, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vicente Rafael, Foreignness and Vengeance: On Rizal's "El Filibusterismo" UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies (2002). Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ 4.0 4.1 Teofilo H. Montemayor, Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ The Many-Sided Personality joserizal.ph . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot (Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (original 1913), ISBN 1419130587 ).
• ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila: Community Publishers, 1936).
• ↑ Fred Lamar Pearson, Jr., Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Teodoro Kalaw (ed.), Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal, (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930-1938).
• ↑ Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996, ISBN 9715501230 ).
• ↑ Mi Retiro , stanzas 7 and 8.
• ↑ Mi Ultimo Adios , stanza 14.
• ↑ 13.0 13.1 Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (London: Oxford University Press, 1968).
• ↑ Wenceslao Emilio Retana, Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal (Nabu Press, 2010 (original 1907), ISBN 978-1149130803 ).
• ↑ Rizal in Berlin, Germany Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ Jesus Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal (Manila: 1956).
• ↑ Ricardo Roque Pascual, Jose Rizal Beyond the Grave (Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962).
• ↑ Mi Ultimo Adiós , stanza 13.
• ↑ Ambeth Ocampo, Rizal without the Overcoat (Manila: Anvil Publishing Co., 2008, ISBN 9789712700439 ).
• ↑ Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" The Centenary of the Rizal Monument . Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jose Rizal, El Filibusterismo, translated by Soledad Lacson-Locsin (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007, ISBN 0824831322 ).
• ↑ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall, 1949), 367.
• ↑ 24.0 24.1 José Rizal, The Indolence of the Filipino (Hard Press, 2006, ISBN 1406928593 ).
• ↑ His signature book Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial rebellion. Noli me Tangere, translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996, ISBN 9715691889 ).
• ↑ José Rizal, Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años Project Gutenberg Retrieved December 9, 2023.
• ↑ Benedict Anderson, Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the anti colonial imagination (London: Verso Publication, 2005, ISBN 1844670376 ).
• ↑ Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Obituary for Dr. Jose Rizal in 1897 . Retrieved December 9, 2023.(in English)
• ↑ Michael C. Burgess, Dr. Rizal's story is a lesson to us all byronik.com . Retrieved December 9, 2023.

References ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Anderson, Benedict. Under Three Flags: anarchism and the anti colonial imagination. London: Verso Publication, 2005. ISBN 1844670376
• Bonoan, Raul J., S.J. The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence: The hitherto unpublished letters of Jose Rizal and portions of Fr. Pablo Pastells's fourth letter and translation of … background and theological critique. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994/1996. ISBN 9715501230
• Cavanna, Jesus. Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal. Manila, 1983.
• Coates, Austin. Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr . London: Oxford University Press, 1968. ASIN B0006CY030
• Craig, Austin. Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot . Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (original 1913). ISBN 1419130587
• Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum: 1977.
• Kalaw, Teodoro (ed.). Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930-1938.
• Laubach, Frank. Rizal: Man and Martyr. Manila: Community Publishers, 1936.
• Medina, Elizabeth. Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a Revolution. Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia, 1998. ISBN 9567483094
• Ocampo, Ambeth R. Meaning and History: The Rizal Lectures. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2001. ISBN 9789712711503
• Ocampo, Ambeth R. Calendar of Rizaliana in the vault of the National Library. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1993. ISBN 9789712702945
• Ocampo, Ambeth R. Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 1992. ISBN 9789712702747
• Ocampo, Ambeth R. Rizal without the overcoat. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9789712700439
• Palma, Raphael. Pride of the Malay Race. New York: Prentice Hall, 1949. reprinted in 1966 as The pride of the Malay Race: A Biography of JoseÌ Rizal.
• Quirino, Carlos. The Great Malayan. Makati City: Tahanan Books, 1997. ISBN 9716300859
• Retana, Wenceslao Emilio. Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal . Nabu Press, 2010 (original 1907). ISBN 978-1149130803
• Rizal, Jose. El Filibusterismo: Subversion: A Sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Soledad Lacson-Locsin, translator. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. ISBN 0824831322 . in English.
• Rizal, Jose. The Indolence of the Filipino. Hard Press, 2006. ISBN 1406928593 . in English
• Rizal, Jose. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not). Soledad Locsin, translator. Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996. ISBN 9715691889
• Rizal, Jose. The Social Cancer. reprint. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1419182838
• Roque Pascual, Ricardo. Jose Rizal Beyond the Grave: A vindication of the martyr of Bagumbayan. (1935) Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962. (in English)
• Roque Pascual, Ricardo. The philosophy of Rizal. Manila: P.B. Ayuda, 1st edition. 1962. (in English)
• Zaide, Gregorio F. Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore, 2003. ISBN 9710805207

External links

All links retrieved December 8, 2023.

• Works by José Rizal . Project Gutenberg
• Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal by Fred Lamar Pearson, Jr.
• Caiñgat Cayo! original image scans of the pamphlet written in 1889.
• Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the Internet
• José Mercado Rizal Catholic Encyclopedia .

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Novels and other writing, program of reforms, exile and courtship, trial and execution.

• Ph.D., History, Boston University
• J.D., University of Washington School of Law
• B.A., History, Western Washington University

José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.

Fast Facts: José Rizal

• Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
• Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
• Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
• Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
• Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
• Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
• Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.

Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.

Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.

Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.

Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."

In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .

Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.

José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.

Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.

• de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
• Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
• Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
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Jose Rizal Biography

Birthday: June 19 , 1861 ( Gemini )

Born In: Calamba, Laguna

Hailed as the greatest national hero of the Philippines, Jose Rizal was a man of strong convictions who sacrificed his life for the nationalist cause. During his time Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule and Rizal advocated for peaceful reforms in his home country. Rizal was not just a nationalist, he was a multifaceted personality who was a qualified doctor, writer, and an artist who could draw, paint, sculpt and carve. He was a prolific writer and poet who through his eloquent writings inspired the nationalists for peaceful reforms as well as armed conflicts where the need arose. Born into a family which valued education, he was encouraged to study well and gain knowledge about a variety of subjects. Even as a youngster he was known to harbor thoughts of political freedom and individual rights which were considered radical by the authorities who frowned upon him. A well traveled man, he became involved in the Propaganda Movement where he joined other Filipinos who wanted reforms. He also wrote about the dark aspects of Spanish rule in a book which was banned in Philippines. Even though he was a supporter of peaceful reforms, he was exiled from his home country, and later on convicted of sedition and sentenced to death. The execution of this young nationalist fuelled the Filipinos’ desire for independence further.

Recommended For You

Also Known As: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Died At Age: 35

Spouse/Ex-: Josephine Bracken

father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado de Alejandro

mother: Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda de Quintos

siblings: Concepción, José Protasio, Josefa, Lucia, Maria, Narcisa, Paciano Rizal, Saturina, Soledad, Trinidad

children: Francísco Rizal y Bracken

Born Country: Philippines

Revolutionaries Filipino Men

Died on: December 30 , 1896

place of death: Bagumbayan, Manila[

Cause of Death: Execution

Founder/Co-Founder: La Liga Filipina

education: University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Ateneo de Manila University, University of Paris, Complutense University of Madrid, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, University of Santo Tomas

awards: - FAMAS Awards for Best Story category for Gerardo de León's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere

You wanted to know

Why is jose rizal considered a national hero in the philippines.

Jose Rizal is considered a national hero in the Philippines because of his significant role in the country's fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule. He was a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution and used his writings to inspire and mobilize Filipinos to stand up against oppressive colonial forces.

What were Jose Rizal's major contributions to Philippine society and history?

Jose Rizal made major contributions to Philippine society and history through his literary works, which exposed the injustices and abuses of the Spanish colonial government. His novels, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," sparked nationalistic sentiments and paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.

How did Jose Rizal's ideas and writings influence the Philippine Revolution?

Jose Rizal's ideas and writings greatly influenced the Philippine Revolution by awakening the national consciousness of Filipinos and inspiring them to fight for their rights and freedom. His works challenged the status quo and encouraged Filipinos to resist colonial oppression and work towards independence.

What was Jose Rizal's stance on education and reform in the Philippines?

Jose Rizal advocated for education and reform in the Philippines as a means to uplift the country and its people. He believed that education was key to national progress and emphasized the importance of critical thinking, civic responsibility, and cultural pride in shaping a better future for the nation.

How did Jose Rizal's martyrdom impact the course of Philippine history?

Jose Rizal's martyrdom, through his execution by the Spanish authorities, further fueled the flames of revolution in the Philippines. His death served as a rallying cry for Filipinos to continue the fight for independence and galvanized the movement towards nationhood and self-determination.

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Jose Rizal was a talented artist and was skilled in sculpting, painting, and sketching. He even used his artistic abilities to create political cartoons that criticized the Spanish colonial government.

Rizal was a polyglot, proficient in several languages, including Spanish, English, French, German, and Chinese. This linguistic talent allowed him to communicate with people from various backgrounds and cultures.

Rizal was an advocate for women's rights and believed in gender equality. He supported women's education and empowerment, and his writings reflected his progressive views on gender roles in society.

Rizal was an accomplished fencer and marksman. He excelled in these sports and even won various fencing competitions during his time in Europe.

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Biography of José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, known as José Rizal, lived from 1861 to 1896. He was a Filipino nationalist and writer who is now often regarded as the national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, by trade, he was a key advocate for Filipino freedom from Spain. At only 35, he was executed by the Spanish government for the crime of rebellion after the breakout of the Philippine Revolution, which was partially inspired by his works.

Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Philippines and was one of eleven children. He came from a wealthy family of diverse origins, with Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and indigenous Filipino heritage. Rizal initially planned to study law, but decided to study ophthalmology after learning that his mother was going blind. Without his parents’ knowledge, he traveled to Europe during his college years, where he wrote the novel Noli Me Tángere . In 1887, he returned to the Philippines, but he was targeted by the police there and returned to Europe, writing El Filibusterismo , the novel’s sequel, which was released in 1891. The next year, he returned to the Philippines again, convinced he needed to be in the country to truly effect change. Though he supported nonviolent action, he was exiled to another island in the Philippines. In 1896, Rizal was convicted of treason, despite having no ties to more violent groups, and executed on December 30. His killing created further opposition to Spanish rule in the Philippines.

Despite his short life, Rizal is one of the most famous Filipinos of all time. Early experiences witnessing his mother and Filipino priests being unfairly accused of crimes, as well as the discrimination he faced in school, convinced him of the need for change in the Philippines. Undeterred by the backlash to his politically charged books, Rizal continued to advocate for change throughout his life. His novels were highly influential in raising consciousness in the country. Andres Bonifacio, the leader of a revolutionary group in the Philippines, used Rizal’s novels as a foundation for the revolution and even shouted Rizal’s name as a battlecry. Although Rizal advocated for peaceful change, being associated with more militant groups led to his arrest and execution. Rizal’s life and work continues to have a powerful legacy. In 1956, the Filipino government passed a law requiring his novels, Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo to be taught in all schools across the country.

Study Guides on Works by José Rizal

El filibusterismo josé rizal.

El Filibusterismo was the second novel written by Filipino writer and nationalist José Rizal. He published the book in 1891 as the sequel to his first novel, Noli Me Tangere or The Social Cancer. El Filibusterismo , known in English as The Reign of...

• Study Guide

Noli Me Tangere José Rizal

Noli Me Tángere , known in English as Touch Me Not (a literal translation of the Latin title) or The Social Cancer , is often considered the greatest novel of the Philippines, along with its sequel, El filibusterismo . It was originally written in...

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The Life of Jose Rizal

Jose Rizal , widely regarded as the Philippine national hero , led a remarkable life that left an indelible mark on the nation’s history. Born on June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna, Rizal grew up to become a patriot, physician, and man of letters. His unwavering commitment to advocating for reform under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and his belief in the integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, made him a significant figure in the Philippine nationalist movement.

Rizal’s literary works, particularly his novels “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” exposed the injustices and corruption inflicted upon the Filipino people by the Spanish authorities. These influential writings became important tools in the Philippine reform movement, sparking national consciousness and galvanizing the fight for social and political change.

• Jose Rizal is widely regarded as the Philippine national hero .
• He dedicated his life to advocating for reform under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
• Rizal’s novels “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo” exposed the injustices of Spanish rule and were influential in the Philippine reform movement.
• He founded Liga Filipina, a nonviolent reform society, with the goal of uniting Filipinos in their fight for change.
• Rizal’s martyrdom inspired the Filipino people to strive for independence from Spain.

Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, Jose Rizal grew up in a middle-class family and exhibited exceptional academic prowess from a young age. His intelligence and thirst for knowledge led him to excel in his studies, eventually earning him degrees in several disciplines. Rizal’s achievements in education were a testament to his dedication and commitment to intellectual growth.

Rizal’s educational journey began at Ateneo Municipal in Manila, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with honors. He went on to pursue a degree in Medicine at the University of Santo Tomas, where he again demonstrated his brilliance and graduated with distinction. Rizal’s commitment to education was not limited to his own pursuits but extended to his desire to uplift his fellow Filipinos as well.

As an advocate for educational reforms, Rizal believed that education was crucial in liberating the minds of his compatriots and empowering them to fight for their rights. He recognized the power of knowledge in fostering unity and awakening a sense of national identity among the Filipino people. Rizal’s vision for education went beyond academic excellence; he championed the importance of instilling moral values, cultivating critical thinking, and promoting a sense of civic duty.

Rizal’s education played a pivotal role in shaping his worldview and fueling his passion for reform. It equipped him with the knowledge and skills necessary to articulate his ideas effectively and challenge the oppressive Spanish colonial regime. Through his writings, speeches, and activism, Rizal became a voice for the voiceless, a beacon of hope for a nation yearning for change.

The impact of Rizal’s achievements and educational pursuits cannot be overstated. His intellectual prowess and dedication to education continue to inspire generations of Filipinos to strive for excellence and fight for justice. Rizal’s legacy serves as a reminder that education is not merely a means to personal success but also a powerful tool for social transformation.


Rizal’s Advocacy for Reforms

Rizal devoted his life to fighting for social and political changes in the Philippines and played a crucial role in advancing the cause of Philippine nationalism. As a patriot, physician, and man of letters, he became a prominent figure in the Philippine nationalist movement during the late 19th century. Rizal firmly believed in the integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, seeing it as a means to bring about meaningful reforms and improvements for his fellow countrymen.

Through his writings and speeches, Rizal exposed the injustices and corruption under Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. His novels, “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” became powerful tools in the Philippine reform movement. These works depicted the harsh realities of Filipino society, the abuses of the ruling class, and the struggles faced by the ordinary people. Rizal’s writings resonated with the Filipino population and fuelled their desire for change.

Realizing the need for collective action, Rizal founded Liga Filipina, a nonviolent reform society aimed at uniting Filipinos in their fight for social and political reforms. Unfortunately, Liga Filipina was short-lived as Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan, where he continued to contribute to society through educational initiatives, scientific research, and community development.

Despite his nonviolent approach to advocating for change, Rizal’s ideas and influence posed a threat to the Spanish colonial regime. Accused of sedition, he was tried and publicly executed in 1896. Rizal’s martyrdom ignited a flame within the Filipino people, spurring them to intensify their struggle for independence from Spain.

Rizal’s devotion to the Philippines and his unwavering commitment to social and political change left an indelible impact on Philippine society. His life and works continue to serve as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice, freedom, and national pride. Rizal’s legacy inspires Filipinos, transcending time and reminding them of the importance of fighting for the betterment of their country and their people.

Through his powerful and thought-provoking novels, Rizal aimed to awaken the Filipinos’ consciousness and ignite a sense of national identity among his compatriots. His writings, particularly his novels “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” exposed the injustices and corruption that plagued Spanish rule in the Philippines. Rizal’s literary works became crucial tools in the Philippine reform movement, as they shed light on the oppressive nature of colonial rule and the plight of the Filipino people.

“Noli me Tangere,” which translates to “Touch Me Not,” delved into the social issues faced by the Filipino people under Spanish colonization. Rizal masterfully depicted the struggles of the Filipinos through the experiences of his protagonist, Crisostomo Ibarra. The novel highlighted the abuses of the Spanish friars and shed light on the indifferent and exploitative nature of colonial officials.

Similarly, “El filibusterismo,” which translates to “The Reign of Greed,” continued the narrative of social injustices and political corruption in the Philippines. Rizal further exposed the ill effects of Spanish colonization through his portrayal of the protagonist, Simoun, and his quest for revenge against the oppressive system.

Rizal’s novels were not only works of fiction but also served as a call to action for the Filipino people. His writings inspired a sense of national consciousness and a desire for change. Through his eloquent prose, Rizal successfully captured the imagination of his readers and encouraged them to question the status quo, paving the way for the awakening of the Filipino national identity.

The Formation of Liga Filipina

Rizal’s vision of a united Philippines motivated him to establish Liga Filipina, an organization that aimed to bring together Filipinos from all walks of life in the pursuit of national aspirations. Founded on July 3, 1892, Liga Filipina advocated for peaceful reforms under Spanish rule, seeking to unify and empower the Filipino people in their struggle for social and political change.

The formation of Liga Filipina marked a significant milestone in Rizal’s contributions to Philippine society. The organization aimed to promote civic consciousness, education, and cooperative efforts among Filipinos, fostering a sense of solidarity and collective action. Liga Filipina sought to address the grievances of the Filipino people and promote social justice, advocating for equal rights, land reforms, and the abolition of oppressive Spanish policies.

However, Liga Filipina’s existence was short-lived. Rizal’s involvement with the organization drew suspicion from Spanish authorities, leading to his arrest and subsequent deportation to Dapitan. Despite the dissolution of Liga Filipina, Rizal’s ideals and the principles it championed continued to influence the Philippine nationalist movement.

Rizal believed in the power of peaceful resistance and the importance of unity among Filipinos. He once said, “The youth is the hope of the motherland.” Through Liga Filipina, he sought to empower the youth and all Filipinos to actively participate in creating a more just and progressive society.

Rizal’s formation of Liga Filipina remains a testament to his dedication and commitment to the betterment of the Philippines. His efforts to unite the Filipino people and advocate for social and political reforms continue to inspire generations, serving as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for justice, equality, and national pride.

Rizal’s Exile in Dapitan

Following his arrest and deportation to Dapitan in 1892, Rizal transformed his place of exile into a haven of learning and progress. Despite being confined to this remote town, he continued to contribute to society through various initiatives, leaving a lasting impact on the local community.

Rizal’s time in Dapitan was marked by his unwavering commitment to education. He established a school, providing free education to children and adults alike. Rizal firmly believed in the transformative power of education and saw it as a vital tool in shaping a better future for his fellow Filipinos. Through his teachings, Rizal sought to instill not only knowledge but also patriotism and a sense of civic duty in his students.

Rizal’s zeal for knowledge extended beyond the classroom. He conducted scientific research, particularly in the fields of botany and agriculture, contributing valuable insights to the scientific community. Additionally, he engaged in community development projects, implementing innovative methods to improve the living conditions of the people in Dapitan. His efforts in irrigation and public health significantly benefited the local population.

Rizal’s exile in Dapitan exemplified his resilience and determination to continue fighting for his beliefs, even in the face of adversity. His unwavering dedication to education, scientific research, and community development left an indelible mark on the town and its inhabitants. Rizal’s time in Dapitan serves as a testament to his unwavering commitment to the betterment of his fellow Filipinos and the pursuit of knowledge.

As Rizal’s exile unfolded in Dapitan, he not only embraced his circumstances but transformed them into a period of profound growth and progress. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Filipinos, reminding them of the importance of education, community service, and the unyielding pursuit of justice.

Rizal’s Trial and Execution

Despite having no direct involvement with the Katipunan, Rizal’s trial and subsequent execution in 1896 became a pivotal moment in Philippine history, igniting the flames of revolution. Rizal’s martyrdom inspired the Filipino people to strive for independence from Spain.

Rizal’s trial took place in Manila, where he was accused of sedition and conspiracy for his writings and involvement in the reform movement. The trial served as a platform for Rizal to defend his ideals and beliefs, eloquently questioning the unjust practices of the Spanish colonial government.

On the morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal faced his execution at Bagumbayan, now known as Rizal Park. Remaining calm and composed, he met his fate with courage, cementing his status as a national hero. His last words, “Consummatum est,” resounded with profound meaning, signifying the culmination of his mission and sacrifice for the Philippines.

Rizal’s trial and execution solidified his place in Philippine history as a symbol of resistance and the relentless pursuit of freedom. His sacrifice awakened the spirit of nationalism and unity among the Filipino people, and his ideals continue to shape the nation’s identity today.

The impact of Rizal’s life and works extended far beyond his time. His writings, particularly “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” served as catalysts for the revolution and inspired generations of Filipino intellectuals, activists, and revolutionaries. His philosophy, emphasizing the critical role of education, peaceful resistance, and love for country, continues to guide the Filipino people in their quest for social justice and national pride.

Rizal’s legacy transcends borders, resonating globally through his international connections and interactions with intellectual circles around the world. He remains an icon of bravery and resilience, reminding us that one individual’s dedication and sacrifice can spark a revolution and change the course of history.

Rizal’s Legacy

Rizal’s martyrdom awakened a sense of patriotism among the Filipino people and fueled the desire for independence from Spanish colonial rule. His life and works continue to leave an indelible mark on Philippine society, shaping its culture, national identity, and intellectual discourse.

One of Rizal’s most enduring legacies is his advocacy for social and political reform. Through his writings, speeches, and actions, he sought to expose the injustices and corruption under Spanish rule, inspiring a generation of Filipinos to fight for their rights and freedom. His novels, “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” became powerful instruments of social criticism and awakened the collective consciousness of the Filipino people.

Rizal’s commitment to peaceful resistance and his belief in the power of education as a catalyst for change continue to resonate today. He founded the Liga Filipina, a nonviolent reform society aiming to unite Filipinos in their struggle for social and political transformation. Rizal’s vision of a united and enlightened Philippines shaped the course of the country’s history and laid the foundation for future generations of activists, intellectuals, and revolutionaries.

As an intellectual giant, Rizal’s influence extended beyond his homeland. He forged international connections, engaging with prominent figures and intellectual circles across the globe. His ideas on nationalism, education, and peaceful resistance continue to inspire not only Filipinos but also individuals fighting for justice and equality worldwide.

Rizal’s legacy is a testament to the power of one individual’s passion and unwavering dedication to fighting for justice and freedom. His life and works serve as a constant reminder that the struggle for a better society transcends time and remains an ongoing pursuit for future generations.

Rizal’s Philosophy and Ideals

Rizal’s philosophy emphasized the importance of education, critical thinking, and peaceful means to achieve social and political reforms. He firmly believed that education was the key to national progress and advocated for the establishment of schools that would foster intellectual growth and cultivate a sense of national identity among Filipinos. Rizal understood the power of knowledge in challenging oppressive systems and sought to empower his fellow countrymen through education.

One of Rizal’s famous quotes encapsulates his belief in the transformative power of education: “The youth is the hope of the motherland.” He recognized that by nurturing the minds of the youth through education, they could become agents of change and lead the country towards a better future. Rizal’s commitment to education extended beyond the classroom, as he also valued self-education and encouraged Filipinos to seek knowledge and cultivate critical thinking skills.

Rizal’s philosophy also emphasized the pursuit of peaceful means to achieve social and political reforms. He believed in engaging in intellectual discourse, writing influential treatises, and advocating for reforms within the existing system. Rizal was a proponent of nonviolent resistance and sought to effect change through peaceful means rather than resorting to armed conflict. His approach to activism served as a model for future generations of Filipino revolutionaries who would continue the fight for independence.

Rizal’s philosophy and ideals continue to inspire Filipino intellectuals, activists, and revolutionaries to this day. His commitment to education and critical thinking laid the foundation for a vibrant intellectual tradition in the Philippines, with generations of scholars following in his footsteps. Rizal’s ideas on nationalism, social equity, and peaceful resistance resonate with those who strive for a just and progressive society.

His writings, particularly “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” remain timeless reminders of the struggles and aspirations of the Filipino people. Rizal’s courage in exposing the injustices of Spanish colonial rule through his novels has inspired countless individuals to voice their own grievances and fight for their rights. His martyrdom, while tragic, serves as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made in the pursuit of freedom and independence.

Rizal’s Influence on Filipino Intellectuals

Rizal’s ideas and writings inspired countless Filipino intellectuals to continue the fight for independence and to advocate for social progress. His profound impact on the intellectual landscape of the Philippines cannot be overstated. Through his novels, essays, and speeches, Rizal exposed the injustices of Spanish rule and ignited a fire in the hearts and minds of his fellow countrymen.

One of Rizal’s most influential works, “Noli me Tangere,” served as a wake-up call for Filipinos, shedding light on the social and political issues that plagued society during that time. The novel exposed the corruption of the Spanish colonial administration and the oppression suffered by the Filipino people. Rizal’s captivating storytelling and powerful characterizations touched the hearts of readers and sparked a powerful awakening.

Rizal’s impact extended beyond his writings. He championed the importance of education and the pursuit of knowledge as a means to empower the Filipino people. His advocacy for reform, both through his literary works and through the establishment of Liga Filipina, inspired a new generation of thinkers and leaders who would carry on his legacy.

Rizal’s ideas continue to shape the intellectual discourse in the Philippines today. His call for social justice, national pride, and the pursuit of knowledge reverberates through generations, inspiring Filipinos to fight for a better future. His legacy lives on in the hearts and minds of those who strive to uphold the ideals he so passionately espoused.

Rizal’s literary masterpieces not only exposed the injustices of Spanish colonial rule but also laid the foundation for a national literature that reflected the Filipino experience. His novels, “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” served as powerful tools in the fight for social change and served as a rallying cry for the Philippine reform movement. Through his writings, Rizal showcased the struggles of the Filipino people under Spanish oppression, shining a light on the corruption, discrimination, and abuse they faced.

Rizal’s novels were groundbreaking in their portrayal of Filipino characters and their exploration of themes such as patriotism, identity, and the quest for justice. By presenting fully developed Filipino characters, Rizal challenged the prevailing notion of Filipino inferiority and showed that Filipinos were capable of intellectual and emotional depth. His works resonated with readers, inspiring them to question the status quo and imagine a better future for their country.

“Awake, O my countrymen! It is time to rise! We have seen the morn, and it is for us to behold the day that will come,” Rizal wrote in “El filibusterismo.”

Rizal’s impact on Philippine literature extends beyond his novels. His essays, poems, and articles also contributed to the development of a national literary consciousness. He used the power of words to ignite a sense of national pride and to challenge the prevailing narratives imposed by the Spanish colonizers.

In conclusion, Rizal’s literary contributions were instrumental in shaping Philippine literature and fostering a sense of national identity. His writings continue to be celebrated and studied, serving as a reminder of the power of literature to effect social change and inspire generations of Filipino writers and readers.

Rizal’s commitment to improving the lives of his fellow Filipinos extended beyond his advocacy for political reforms, as he actively contributed to various philanthropic endeavors. Recognizing the pressing need for accessible healthcare, Rizal established clinics and dispensaries in impoverished communities, providing medical assistance and promoting preventive healthcare practices. His dedication to public health was driven by his belief that every Filipino deserved the right to a healthy life.

Education was another area in which Rizal sought to make a difference. He believed that education was the key to empowering the Filipino people and nurturing their sense of national pride. As such, he supported the establishment of schools and educational programs, particularly in rural areas where access to education was limited. Rizal firmly believed that a well-educated populace would be better equipped to fight for their rights and contribute to the progress of the nation.

In addition to his contributions in healthcare and education, Rizal also championed various social welfare initiatives. He supported the establishment of orphanages and homes for the elderly, recognizing the importance of providing care and support to the most vulnerable members of society. Rizal’s philanthropic efforts aimed to uplift the marginalized and create a more equitable society for all Filipinos.

Rizal’s philanthropic endeavors were rooted in his unwavering commitment to improving the lives of his fellow Filipinos. His vision of a just and compassionate society continues to inspire generations, reminding us of the importance of giving back and striving for the betterment of our communities.

Rizal’s travels and interactions with notable individuals abroad helped broaden his perspectives and allowed him to foster international support for the Philippine cause. During his time in Europe, Rizal engaged with influential figures such as Ferdinand Blumentritt, a renowned Austrian ethnologist and scholar. Their friendship and intellectual exchange provided Rizal with valuable insights into European politics, social reforms, and the struggle for national identity.

Blumentritt played a significant role in promoting Rizal’s works and ideas, translating his writings into various European languages and sharing them with a wider audience. This helped create awareness and sympathy for the plight of the Filipino people under Spanish colonial rule. Rizal’s correspondence with Blumentritt, spanning several years, remains an important testament to their alliance in the fight for justice and freedom.

Aside from Blumentritt, Rizal also established connections with other prominent individuals, including members of the Propaganda Movement, a group of Filipino expatriates advocating for reform. He attended meetings and gatherings with intellectuals such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Antonio Luna, among others. Their discussions focused on organizing and strategizing for the cause, as well as raising awareness and garnering support from influential circles in Europe.

“I believe in God and in the power of the intellect, but not in the armed might of the people, especially against Spain, for the latter is a power which has governed us for centuries and knows us better than we know ourselves.” – Jose Rizal

Rizal’s unwavering commitment to his country and his ideals continues to resonate with Filipinos, motivating them to work towards a better future. His life and works serve as a beacon of hope and a reminder of the ongoing struggle for social justice and national pride. Rizal’s legacy, deeply rooted in his love for his country and his people, has left an indelible mark on Philippine society.

His profound impact on Philippine literature is undeniable. Through his novels, “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” Rizal exposed the injustices and corruption under Spanish rule, sparking a sense of national awakening among his countrymen. His writings challenged the status quo and ignited a passion for change, inspiring future generations of Filipino intellectuals, activists, and revolutionaries.

Rizal’s philanthropic endeavors further exemplify his enduring influence. He recognized the importance of education and social welfare in nation-building and worked tirelessly to improve the lives of his fellow Filipinos. His support for healthcare, educational initiatives, and community development projects continues to benefit countless individuals and communities.

Furthermore, Rizal’s international connections and interactions with prominent figures and intellectual circles had a significant impact on the global stage. His ideas and ideals traveled beyond the borders of the Philippines, resonating with individuals who shared his vision of equality and freedom. Rizal’s international influence showcases the universal appeal of his principles and the relevance of his message in the fight against oppression and injustice.

In conclusion, Jose Rizal’s enduring inspiration lies in his unwavering commitment to his country, his ideals, and his relentless pursuit of reform and independence. His life and works continue to inspire Filipinos, providing a constant reminder of the ongoing struggle for social justice, national pride, and a better future for all.

Jose Rizal’s unwavering dedication to his country and his vision for a free and independent Philippines has solidified his position as an enduring national hero and an influential figure in Philippine history. Through his life and works, Rizal fought against the injustices and corruption of Spanish colonial rule, advocating for much-needed reforms and empowering his fellow countrymen to strive for change. His novels, “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo,” served as powerful tools in exposing the evils of Spanish rule and inspiring the Philippine reform movement.

Rizal’s commitment to peaceful resistance and nonviolent means of achieving social and political change was evident in the establishment of Liga Filipina, a society aimed at uniting Filipinos in their fight for a better future. Even during his exile in Dapitan, Rizal continued to contribute to society through his educational initiatives, scientific research, and community development.

Tragically, Rizal’s unwavering dedication to the cause of Philippine independence ultimately led to his arrest, trial, and execution. Despite having no direct affiliation with the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, Rizal’s martyrdom became a rallying cry for the Filipino people, inspiring them to persevere in their struggle for freedom. His sacrifice continues to serve as a reminder of the ongoing quest for social justice and national pride.

José Rizal’s legacy extends far beyond his martyrdom. His philosophical beliefs and ideals, centered around nationalism, education, and peaceful resistance, continue to resonate with Filipinos today. He has had a profound impact on Philippine literature, shaping the country’s literary landscape and inspiring generations of Filipino intellectuals, activists, and revolutionaries. Additionally, Rizal’s philanthropic endeavors, international connections, and enduring inspiration ensure that his influence reaches far and wide, both within the Philippines and on the global stage.

Q: Who is Jose Rizal?

A: Jose Rizal is a Philippine icon and national hero who played a crucial role in the country’s independence movement.

Q: What are some of Jose Rizal’s accomplishments?

A: Rizal was a patriot, physician, and man of letters. He authored influential novels, exposed the evils of Spanish rule, founded a nonviolent-reform society, and contributed to society through education and community development.

Q: What were Rizal’s writings about?

A: Rizal’s novels “Noli me Tangere” and “El filibusterismo” exposed the injustices and corruption under Spanish rule in the Philippines.

Q: What was Liga Filipina?

A: Liga Filipina was a nonviolent reform society founded by Rizal with the goal of uniting Filipinos in their fight for social and political change.

Q: What happened to Rizal after the formation of Liga Filipina?

A: Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, where he continued to contribute to society through educational initiatives, scientific research, and community development.

Q: How did Rizal’s life end?

A: Rizal was arrested and tried for sedition, despite having no connections to the Filipino nationalist secret society Katipunan. He was publicly executed in 1896.

Q: What is Rizal’s legacy?

A: Rizal’s life and works have had a profound impact on Philippine society, culture, and national identity. His martyrdom inspired the Filipino people to strive for independence from Spain.

Q: What were some of Rizal’s philosophical beliefs and ideals?

A: Rizal believed in nationalism, education, and peaceful resistance as means to promote social justice and national identity.

Q: How did Rizal influence future generations of Filipinos?

A: Rizal’s profound influence can be seen in the inspiration he provided to intellectuals, activists, and revolutionaries who followed in his footsteps.

Q: What was Rizal’s impact on Philippine literature?

A: Rizal made significant contributions to Philippine literature and played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s literary landscape.

Q: What were some of Rizal’s philanthropic endeavors?

A: Rizal supported healthcare, education, and social welfare initiatives, demonstrating his commitment to improving the lives of his fellow Filipinos.

Q: Did Rizal have international connections?

A: Rizal had international connections and made an impact on the global stage through his interactions with prominent figures and intellectual circles.

Q: Why does Rizal’s life continue to inspire Filipinos today?

A: Rizal’s life and ideals serve as a constant reminder of the ongoing struggle for social justice and national pride, making him an enduring source of inspiration for Filipinos.

Source Links

• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-Rizal
• https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6867/6867-h/6867-h.htm
• https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ahz9295.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext

Home / Essay Samples / Life / Biography / Explanation of Why Jose Rizal is Our National Hero

Explanation of Why Jose Rizal is Our National Hero

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