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Kaliningrad: Impregnable Fortress or “Russian Alamo”?

The Baltic Sea port city of Kaliningrad, the seat of a sovereign exclave of the Russian Federation between Lithuania and Poland, in the Russian oblast (administrative region) bearing its name, has been a fortress since its founding as Konigsberg in 1255. The Soviet Union’s Red Army captured it from the Germans in April 1945 in one of the last combat operations in East Prussia. After the war, Konigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in honor of the head of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Kalinin. As part of the August 1945 Potsdam Agreement, the city retained its fortress-like character as the leading edge of the USSR’s Baltic Military District and forward base of the Soviet Union’s Baltic Fleet from 1952 onward. The Soviet frigate Storozhevoy that mutinied and made a failed attempt to escape to Sweden in November 1975, and the Soviet S-363 submarine that famously grounded off the Swedish naval port of Karlskrona in 1981 in the “Whiskey on the Rocks” incident were both in the Baltic Fleet.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 left Kaliningrad as a Russian island in what increasingly became a NATO sea of new alliance members that included Poland and Lithuania, and a Baltic Sea that went from being a Cold War contested body of water to a NATO lake in just a decade. As a result of initial NATO encroachment in the 1990s and accelerating under the rule of Russian President Vladimir Putin, Kaliningrad has regained its status as a fortress on the Baltic Sea, now armed with cruise missiles, surface-to-air-missile (SAM) batteries, the future submarines of the Baltic Fleet, and nuclear weapons. What then is Kaliningrad? A great Russian anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) fortress threatening safe transit of the Baltic Sea and the vulnerable Baltic States, or a lone outpost surrounded by adversaries—as was the Alamo in 1836, before the Texas revolutionaries within it were overrun?

  Kaliningrad’s Modern Ramparts

From the 1990s through early 2016, Kaliningrad’s military forces were relatively weak but got a significant boost by 2021 with heavy and diverse armaments—missiles, warships, armored vehicles, and troops. The latter consisted of the 11th Army Corps, whose composite ground force units had a nominal strength of 12,000 to 18,000 troops , including T-72 tanks, BTK armored personnel carriers, mobile rocket launchers, and artillery. In addition, the heavily mechanized 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade resided in the Kaliningrad oblast, equipped with BTR armored personnel carriers, with at least one battalion capable of air assault. The aircraft in the oblast included four squadrons equipped with a mix of Su-30SM, Su-24, and Su-27 aircraft that were supported by a robust air and missile defense, including four battalions of the S-400 SAM system.

In 2022, the Baltic Fleet contained 52 surface warships, including four of the new, cruise missile-armed Steregushchiy-class corvettes, one Kilo-class submarine, and numerous support vessels. Two of the fleet’s Buyan-class corvettes mount the Kaliber land-attack cruise missile.

The land-based missile arming of Kaliningrad was extensive and included dozens of nuclear-capable Iskander (SS-26) ballistic missiles (with a range of over 300 miles ) and the antiship Bastion-P missile system, featuring Oniks P-800 missiles (with a range of 75–210 nautical miles). A map from a 2021 Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) report on the force posture of Russia’s Western Military District shows the depth of Russia’s militarization of the oblast.

Ukraine War Losses Don’t Affect the Baltics

As with other elements of the Russian armed forces, the Russia-Ukraine war has taken a toll on forces originally based in Kaliningrad, as Russia has mobilized units from other regions to offset losses sustained in its invasion. Some US sources have reported that the 11th Army Corps was moved to Ukraine in spring 2022 and suffered heavy losses in combat near the city of Kharkiv in August and September. One battalion of the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade has been reported as deployed to Ukraine as well.

Despite the loss of these ground forces, the air, naval, and missile armament of Kaliningrad remains mostly intact. In February 2023, Dutch F-35s intercepted Russian combat aircraft from Kaliningrad near Poland and escorted them out of Polish air space. In April 2023, German and UK Typhoon fighters intercepted Russian combat aircraft over the Baltic s . Russia’s Baltic Fleet also remains active with exercises late last year . Russia’s 2022 Maritime Doctrine suggests that the Russia will continue to press the boundaries of gray-zone warfare, which would certainly include the Baltic region. The Russian submarine force, arguably the most well-resourced and competent arm of the Russian Navy, remains unaffected by the Russia-Ukraine war, and while the Baltic Fleet now possesses one operational Kilo-class submarine, it could ultimately field upwards of six Lada-class advanced subs if their construction continues.

Kaliningrad in the Context of a Larger NATO in the Baltics

While its land-based component may be reduced significantly in numbers , Kaliningrad retains formidable armaments with which to threaten NATO resupply of the Baltic States—and now Finland—as alliance members. Until it develops a larger submarine force, much of the Russian threat resides within air and missile components of Kaliningrad’s armament. Research on that threat, in particular from the Yet Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI) suggests that Russian ground-based radars and aircraft are essential to Russian surface-to-surface-missile command of the eastern Baltic region. Destruction of any of those parts of the Russian Federation’s Baltic reconnaissance strike complex could seriously reduce the range and effectiveness of Russian missile forces.

Despite this vulnerability to Russian missiles, NATO members Poland and Lithuania—whose territories separate Kaliningrad from Russian ally Belarus only by the 100-kilometer “Suwalki Gap”—remain vigilant against potential Russian aggression. Lithuania still refers to the Kaliningrad oblast as the “biggest threat in the region,” and Poland remains concerned about Russian artillery and missile attacks emanating from the Kaliningrad oblast against NATO nations. Poland recently moved a US-made HIMARS rocket battery near the Kaliningrad border, demonstrating continued concern for potential Russian aggression. Poland also continues to upgrade its ground forces with new mechanized units that could threaten Kaliningrad in return. NATO has long believed that Kaliningrad has been a deployment location for Russian nuclear weapons . Their continued presence further aggravates the security situation in the Baltic region.

Lynchpin or Liability?

Kaliningrad will remain of value to Russia as it is the only year-round, ice-free port of the Baltic Fleet. The weakened Russian ground-force presence in the oblast adds a degree of risk to any Russian operation in the region and reduces the local ground-based threat to Poland and Lithuania. While Russian troops might not threaten the "Suwalki Gap,” Russian aircraft, missiles, and warships based in the Kaliningrad oblast could still obstruct NATO resupply efforts. Kaliningrad, however well-armed, is still surrounded by NATO territory much as West Berlin was encircled by Soviet forces during the Cold War. Yet the specter of Russia’s use of nuclear weapons in defense of Kaliningrad may impede any major Western efforts against Russia’s Kaliningrad oblast. No doubt, NATO will continue to watch Kaliningrad and devise methods to limit its impact on the wider Baltic region.

Steve Wills is a Research Scientist with CNA’s Strategy and Policy Analysis Program. . As a Navy historian, his research interests include the history of U.S. Navy strategy development over the Cold War and immediate post-Cold War eras, and the post-World War II Navy surface fleet.

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Act (XIX) of 1997 and Recognised by U.G.C.) was passed on the 20th August 1997 in favour of opening a University for imparting Distance Education. Netaji Subhas Open University was established by bifurcated Netaji Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) and in terms of the Act of West Bengal State Legislative Assembly and is housed in Historic building of Sri Sarat Chandra Bose, elder brother of Netaji. The University started functioning with effect from July 1998 Semester, only with the Bachelor's Degree Programme in Arts & Commerce to provide an opportunity of higher education in the vernacular medium to various disadvantaged groups of aspiring learners. It is the tenth Open University of the country and the ninth State Open University. --> --> --> --> --> --> --> | | --> --> --> --> --> --> of Post Graduate Diploma in Public Relations & Advertising (PGDPR&AD), Paper-II, January 2020 Batch. Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... of PG Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication (PGDJMC), Paper-II (Reporting and Post Reporting), January 2020 Batch. Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... of PG Diploma in Public Relations & Advertising (PGDPR&AD), Paper 1 (Principles to Communication), July 2019-2020 Batch. Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... of PG Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication (PGDJMC), Paper-I (Mass Communication), July 2019-2020 Batch. Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... of Post Graduate Diploma in Public Relations & Advertising (PGDPR&AD), January 2020 (Academic Year 2019-2020). Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... of PG Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication (PGDJMC), January 2020 (Academic Year 2019-2020). Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata...... for Post Graduate Diploma in English Language Teaching (PGDELT), Paper-II, Session January 2020. Women's Christian College, Kolkata...... for Post Graduate Diploma in English Language Teaching (PGDELT), Paper-I, Session January 2020. Women's Christian College, Kolkata...... --> --> --> Examination Notices --> | --> --> Admission/Renewal/Merit List | | | | | | | | | | | | --> | | | | | | | | | for PGGR Counselling, Session January 2024. Notice of NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline: Bengali, Code: PHDBG (Acadmic Session 2022-2023). Notice of NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Zoology (Subject Code: PHDZO). for Admission to PG Zoology, PG Geography and PG Environmental Science, Session January 2024. | --> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --> | | --> | | | --> --> --> | | | | | --> ) / ) / ) --> --> --> Recruitments --> --> | of the walk in interview for the engagement of two full time dedicated superannuated faculties (contractual) in Economics. --> --> --> --> --> --> --> | | | | | | --> Tenders XXXXXXXX --> News and Events --> --> | | | | | | | | | | --> | | Tenders -->   Introduction to NSOU   Success Story   Coordinator Speaks   Coordinator Speaks Netaji Subhas Open University is the premier State Open University in India. The year 1997 was the birth centenary year of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The Chief Minister of West Bengal made an announcement at a State function that an Open University would be set up soon and dedicated to Netaji's hallowed memory. The Higher Education Minister, Govt. of West Bengal spearheaded the idea after his visit to the Open University in U.K. Under his instruction was set up a ten-member steering committee headed by late Dr. Bhaskar Ray Chowdhury, former Vice-Chancellor of Kolkata University. Following this, a State Act (W.B. Act (XIX) of 1997 and Recognised by U.G.C.) was passed on the 20th August 1997 in favour of opening a University for imparting Distance Education. Netaji Subhas Open University was established.... Information Cell Right to Information Act Anti-Ragging BCW Cell Right to Public Service Act Students' Grievance Redressal Mechanism List of Empanelled Printers --> Women Harassment Prevention Cell --> Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) Equal Opportunity Cell (EOC) Other Relevant Sites International Partnership with COL Research Advisory Committee (RAC) Admission Notices › Results › Previous Years Question Papers › Examination Notices › Prospectus/Information Brochure › News & Events › Assignments › Examination › Admission Information › Learner's Workshop › Gyan Vani Programmes  |   |  Powered by: --> Copyright © 2014-2023, Netaji Subhas Open University. All rights reserved. Find us on:   --> ATTENTION!! NSOU - Important Links/Notices will remain suspended. Sessions will continue from at this LSC according to routines circulated by the respective Departments. --> Examination / Assignment / Results Admission / Renewal / Merit List Others --> --> --> --> --> | | --> --> --> Notification for PH.D. Admission (Document Verification) of Academic Year: 2023-2024; Session: January 2024. Admission to Undergraduate Degree Programme, Academic Year (AY) 2024-25 (2nd Phase) | Admission to the 12 weeks Online Special Lecture Programme (SLP) on General Studies for aspirants of UPSC-IAS, WBCS and Competitive Exams (3rd Cycle). | Ph.D. Programmes of Academic Year 2023-2024 (Session: January 2024). | | | | Online UG/BDP Renewal, 2024. | Pre Admission Counseling for UG Admission, AY 2024-25. | | --> Admission to the 12 weeks Online SLP on General Studies for Competitive Examinations (3rd Cycle). | Notification for UG Admission (2024-25) Date Extension. Ph.D. Registration Fee Submission, Academic Year 2021-2022 (2nd Phase). | Admission to Short-Term Courses (Duration: 6 months) for the July 2024 Session (2nd Cycle). | | Admission to Short Term Course on "News Writing Course (Sangbad Rachanar Pathsala), 4th Cycle". / | | Admission to Undergraduate Degree Programme, Academic Year (AY) 2024-25. / / Admission to MOOC-Foundation of Heutagogy (2nd cycle) and Goods and Service Tax (6th cycle) under the Centre for Lifelong Learning. | Admission to Short Term Course on "Data Analysis using R", organized by CPSK under the aegis of School of Sciences, NSOU. | --> Admission to MOOC-Prospects of Tourism. | Corrigendum Notice relating to Registration to Ph.D. for the academic session 2021-2022. --> Admission to Short Term Course on "Data Analysis using R". | | --> Ph.D. Registration Fee submission, Academic Year 2021-2022. | --> Notification for UG/BDP Renewal, 2023 (2nd Phase). --> Admission Notification for Short-Term Training Programme (July 2024 Session). | Admission to Blended Vocational Education and Training (VET) Programme under the School of Vocational Studies (July 2024 Session). | --> Admission to MOOC-ICT for Educators (2nd Cycle). --> List of Selected Candidates and General Notification for Ph.D. Programme in English Language Teaching, Academic Year 2022-23 (4th Phase). Application Proforma for Exemption of Course Work (Ph.D.). --> Admission to Short Term Course on "Data Analysis using R". | | --> NSOU-RET Part-II in ELT (Viva-Voce Examination), Discipline: ELT, Code: PHDEL, Academic Year 2022-23. --> List of Selected Candidates and General Notification for Ph.D. Programme in Chemistry, Zoology, Physics, Sociology and Bengali, Academic Year 2022-23 (3rd Phase). --> Application Proforma for Exemption of Course Work (Ph.D.). --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Physics (Sub. Code: PHDPH) (Academic Year 2022-2023). --> Admission to MOOC-ICT for Educators (2nd Cycle). --> List of Selected Candidates and General Notification for Ph.D. Programme in Commerce and Education, Academic Year 2022-23 (2nd Phase). --> Notification for Mop Up Counselling Cum Spot Admission of MBA Programme, Session January 2024. --> NSOU-RET Part-II in Bengali (Viva-Voce Examination), Discipline: Bengali, Code: PHDBG. | --> Provisional 3rd Merit List (LIST-II) of PGES for NON-NSOU Candidates of OBC-A Category, January 2024. Provisional 3rd Merit List (LIST-I) of PGGR for NON-NSOU Candidates of of SC,ST and OBC-B Categories, January 2024. General Instruction for 3rd Round of Counseling and Spot Admission for PG Environmental Science (PGES), Geography (PGGR) and Zoology (PGZO), Session January 2024. Notification for 2nd Counselling Cum Spot Admission of MBA Programme, Session January 2024. --> Selection and Payment of Course Work Fee for Ph.D. Programme, AY 2022-2023. | --> List of Selected Candidates and General Notification for Ph.D. Programme in Commerce, Management, Library & Information Science, History and Education, Academic Year 2022-23. Application Proforma for Exemption of Course Work. --> Notification for Counselling cum Spot Admission of MBA Programme, Session January 2024. --> Notice of NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline: Bengali, Code: PHDBG (Acadmic Session 2022-2023). --> Notice of NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Zoology (Subject Code: PHDZO). for Admission to PG Zoology, PG Geography and PG Environmental Science, Session January 2024. Notification for Selection Test of MBA Programme, Session January 2024. --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Sociology (Acadmic Session 2022-2023). --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Bengali (Acadmic Session 2022-2023). | --> Certificate Course in Communicative Bengali for Professionals for RCBKI - Batch-1. | --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Education (Acadmic Session 2022-2023). --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Zoology (Subject Code: PHDZO). Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- History. --> Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Physics (PHDPH). Notice regarding NSOU-RET, Part-II (Viva-Voce), Discipline- Chemistry (PHDCH). --> Admission to Post Graduate Programme (2nd Phase) for academic year 2023-24. | | Admission to BLIS and Advance Diploma Programme (2nd Phase) for academic year 2023-24. | --> Notification for Admission Date Extension of PG, BLIS and Advance Diploma Progrmme, 2023-24. --> Admission to Short Term Course on "Introduction to Reading Detective Fiction". | | | | --> regarding Precautions to be taken by the students before enrolling in Programmes offered under Open & Distance Learning (ODL) and/or Online Learning (OL) mode. of UGC-DEB regarding precautions to be taken by the applicants before getting Admission in any ODL Programme. --> --> Centre for Internal Quality Assurance (CIQA) of the University is preparing a database for the students of NSOU who successfully completed UGC-NET/GATE/ SET/UGC-CSIR-NET and other equivalent examination. The data base may be used for NAAC/ UGC/ AISHE etc. --> of the UG/PG admission portal. The Link will remain available for the learners of current session till the admission starts for next/new session. The hard copy of the certificate will be available at the respective study centres. If there is any error in candidate's name etc. in the provisional certificate, s/he may contact the study centre.  |  Warning for all concerned --> / 033 4066 3220 Warning for all concerned 308 IMAGES NSOU UG & BDP Assignment 2023 NSOU BDP BOTANY ASSIGNMENT SOLVE 2023 nsou bdp & ug online assignment 2023 || Nsou online assignment NSOU SBG-2 Assignment Answer 2023: bdp 3rd year assignment answer SBG-2 : NSOU SBG-3 Nsou Bdp ESO-8 Assignment question answer 2023 ।। nsou eso-8 assignment NSOU UG/BDP Online Assignment & Final Exam 2023 Update COMMENTS NSOU Link 16.08.2024: Notice for submission of Examination Form for BDP & UGDP (CBCS) TEE, Dec-23 & June-24. 16.08.2024: Schedule for PGBG PCP Programme, Paper-IV, January 2024 Batch at Bankura Christian College. 15.08.2024: Notice for Ph.D. Course Work on "Quantitative and Computational Method" for Ph.D. students (enrolled in 2022-23 session) at ... NSOU Netaji Subhas Open University Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Netaji Subhas Open University. Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Assignment Submission Slip for BDP/UGDP Term End Examination December-2022 and June-2023. Netaji Subhas Open University : Examination Portal netaji subhas open university : examination portal. 1. bdp term-end examination (theory) december-2023 & june-2024 and term-end examination (practical) december-2024 & june-2025 2. undergraduate degree programme (under cbcs) term-end examination (theory) december-2023 (sem-i, iii & v) & june-2023 (sem-ii, iv & vi) and term-end examination ... NSOU 2023 BDP & UG Assignment Submission Step By Step Full Process NSOU 2023 BDP & UG Assignment Submission Step By Step Full Processসমস্ত UG এবং BDP- এর ছাত্রছাত্রীরা খুবই ... Netaji Subhas Open University Netaji Subhas Open University. Click On "Candidate" For EXAM. FORM Submission For UG (CBCS) TERM-END EXAM (PRACTICAL), DECEMBER-2023 From 22.09.2023 at 2pm. NSOU UG,BDP & PG Assignment Submission Process Step by Step 2023 |How Netaji Subhas Open University UG & BDP 1st,2nd & 3rd Year Assignment Submission Date Published Very Soon & PG 1st & 2nd Year Later. So, Today I Complete Teac... Welcome to Netaji Subhas Open University Welcome to Netaji Subhas Open University. BLIS TEE June-2021/Dec-2021 B.Ed. TEE June-2021 and Dec-2021. PG Admit Card BDP/UGDP (CBCS) Admit Card BDP Marksheet/Progress Report. ICT initiatives of NSOU Online Learning - ICT initiatives of MHRD and UGC Keeping the Doors of Learning Open COVID-19: COL Initiative NSOU-MOOCs NSOU WebTV. PDF BDP Prospectue with Education 24.08.2023 (1) Netaji Subhas Open University (NSOU) is the only State Open University (SOU) in West Bengal that offers the Under Graduate (UG) Degree Programme through the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) system. NSOU is also one of the largest of such SOU's in ... 30-22/2023 (DEB-II) dated 16.06.2023 and recommendation sheet dated 31.07.2023. NSOU Assignment Submission Rules || UG & BDP Assignment 2023 NSOU Assignment Submission Rules || UG & BDP Assignment 2023 || nsouWelcome to NETAJI COACHING CENTRE Our official phone number 8597611584 ... Nsou Assignment 2023 #8479091027 #nsou #netaji_open_universityHEG SUGGESTION - https://mminstitution.com/2023/06/08/nsou-ug-english-heg-cc-02-suggestion-2023/.....HHI SUGGEST... Kaliningrad: An imperial gem and a thorn in everyone's side Having occupied the region, the Red Army stayed. At the 1945 Potsdam Conference, the Allies carved up East Prussia, leaving Königsberg and much of its surrounding territory under Moscow's control.In 1946, Königsberg became Kaliningrad, renamed after the Bolshevik revolutionary Mikhail Kalinin.The city would go on to become a Soviet military outpost with access to the Baltic Sea, a ... NSOU Netaji Subhas Open University Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Netaji Subhas Open University. Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Progress Report Card For BDP/CBCS Term-End Examination Dec-2022 & June-2023. Kaliningrad: Russia fury as Poland body recommends renaming exclave The Kremlin has reacted furiously after a Polish government body advised using a different name for Russia's exclave of Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea coast. The Polish committee said the city and ... Kaliningrad: Impregnable Fortress or "Russian Alamo"? The Baltic Sea port city of Kaliningrad, the seat of a sovereign exclave of the Russian Federation between Lithuania and Poland, in the Russian oblast (administrative region) bearing its name, has been a fortress since its founding as Konigsberg in 1255. The Soviet Union's Red Army captured it from the Germans in April 1945 in one of the last ... NSOU নতুন পদ্ধতিতে Login ||Assignment 2023 || UG 1st 2nd & BDP #nsouugexamformfillup#netajiopenuniversityformfillup#nsouugexamformfullupfees#nsouuhstepbystepformfillup#nsouugformfillupproblem#nsouformfillupmoneyfefund#ns... NSOU Assignment Submission Slip for BDP/UGDP Term End Examination December-2021 and June 2022. ... Admit Card. Netaji Subhas Open University Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Assignment Submission Slip for BDP/UGDP Term End Examination December-2021 and June 2022. Assignment Submission Slip. Enrolment No: * * × Admit Card ... Netaji Subhas Open University A colloquium on "Rabindranath in films: A few words about 'Charulata' and 'Komal Gandhara'". Event Date: 28.08.2024 Detail: 5th National Social Work Week 2024 on "School Social Work: Opportunities & Challenges". NSOU Ragging is a criminal offence and the culprits will attract punitive action as mentioned in UGC Regulations. Link 21.08.2024: Notification for PH.D. Admission (Document Verification) of Academic Year: 2023-2024; Session: January 2024. 21.08.2024: 5th National Social Work Week 2024 on "School Social Work: Opportunities & Challenges". 21.08.2024: Online Lecture Series on "NEP 2020: Guide to a ... NSOU Ragging is a criminal offence and the culprits will attract punitive action as mentioned in UGC Regulations. Link 19.08.2024: A colloquium on "Rabindranath in films: A few words about 'Charulata' and 'Komal Gandhara'". 16.08.2024: Notice for submission of Examination Form for BDP & UGDP (CBCS) TEE, Dec-23 & June-24. 16.08.2024: Schedule for PGBG PCP Programme, Paper-IV, January 2024 Batch at ... NSOU Netaji Subhas Open University Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Netaji Subhas Open University. Examination Form Submission & Admit Printing Portal. Admit Card For BDP & UGDP (CBCS) Term-End Examination (Theory) Dec-2022 & June-2023. New Enrolment Netaji Subhas Open University. Examination Form Submission Portal. UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAMME (UNDER CBCS) TERM-END EXAMINATION (PRACTICAL), DECEMBER-2023 (SEM-I) The Candidate is requested to ensure that he/she has already submitted the due renewal fees before filling-up this examination form. Be it noted that without ensuring renewal, his ... Welcome to Netaji Subhas Open University Netaji Subhas Open University is the premier State Open University in India. The year 1997 was the birth centenary year of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The Chief Minister of West Bengal made an announcement at a State function that an Open University would be set up soon and dedicated to Netaji's hallowed memory. essay homework paper phd project resume review speech thesis