dependent variable in oobleck experiment

Oobleck Science Fair Project

Oobleck is a fascinating substance that makes an exceptional choice for a science fair project, especially when you consider that there are so many recipe variations to explore. In this science fair project we test a number of ingredients and recipes to see which one makes the best oobleck, and you will be surprised by our results!

What you will discover in this article!

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We love a good science fair project. It makes a great learning experience where we can dive deep and explore some fascinating scientific principles. Oobleck is one of our favourite things to study at the moment.

We have already done two really fun science investigations using oobleck:

1 – We created a colour changing oobleck recipe .

2 – we created a glow in the dark oobleck recipe with two types of glow ..

This time we decided to go back to basics and examine our oobleck recipe. Our goal is to see what other ingredients will work in the creation of non-Newtonian fluid and judge the properties of each one to see if any one ingredient is superior and would result in the perfect oobleck recipe.

To do this, we needed to apply the Scientific Method .

For this investigation we have two variables, the liquid and the solid. We decided to keep our liquid the same and use water (with food colouring so we can keep track of which oobleck was made with which ingredient) for each batch. We already explored making oobleck recipes with liquid other than plain water in our previous two investigations.

The variable we are changing (and studying in this project) is the solid. Our plan was to start with the same 2:1 ratio recipe and alter as needed to create a non-Newtonian Fluid (if possible). Then we would explore and test each batch to see how the properties of each one varied.

But before we dive into the experiment, first we need to understand the science of Oobleck, also known as magic mud, goop, oobleck slime, and of course to our science minded folks, a non-Newtonian Fluid.

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Understanding newton’s law of viscosity.

Isaac Newton had a number of theories around fluid dynamics. With oobleck we have a non-Newtonian fluid because it doesn’t follow Newton’s Law of Viscosity which states: the shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the negative value of the velocity gradient between the two layers.

Well, I’m sure that makes everything as clear as our magic mud.

So let’s dig into this science a bit and see if we can make some sense of it. This is important stuff if you are presenting a science fair project!

The behaviour of a fluid while flowing is affected by two key properties of the fluid: density and viscosity.

Density is the mass of an object divided by it’s volume. It is the reason ice floats in your drink, ice is less dense than your drink. Or why oil floats on water. Again oil is less dense than water. Lighter fluids will float on heavier fluids. We tested this in our Lollipop Layers experiment .

Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance level when flowing. Think of how water flows compared to molasses. Molasses has much higher viscosity. A simple experiment to demonstrate viscosity is to compare how clean water flows compared to water filled with dirt (aka mud). Mud has much higher viscosity than clean water.

So when we are looking at Newton’s Law of Viscosity we are discussing how fluids react due to the friction created between the molecules when flowing. If there is a lot of friction, it is a thicker liquid and has a higher viscosity.

So Newtonian fluids follow this law of viscosity and flow predictably.

Then there is our beloved Oobleck, a non-Newtonian fluid, that breaks all the rules Sir Isaac Newton so carefully crafted and proposed.

States of Matter – Is Oobleck A Solid or A Liquid? 

If you have ever played with oobleck you know it doesn’t behave the way you would expect at all. When you apply force to oobleck it becomes a solid. You can actually walk on it, or mold it like play dough, as long as you keep the force up. In fact it becomes so solid and hard that I actually broke a finger nail on oobleck while doing this investigation!

But then something a little magical happens. As soon as you release the force and pressure, it turns into a flowing liquid. If you are walking on it and stop, you will sink. If you are squishing it like play dough and relax your hand, it will flow through your fingers.

This phenomenon is called “shear thickening” and it occurs in materials made up of microscopic solid particles suspended in a fluid. Oobleck therefore is a suspension. The solid molecules are not dissolving in the liquid, they are simply suspended. When you make oobleck you will see it quickly separates. The suspended molecules settle to the bottom and the liquid rises to the top of the container. Want to know more about the study of shear thickening? Check out this article.

Pro Tip! If you have kids that need some finger strengthening exercises, give them a batch of oobleck with some items hidden in it . It will give them a great finger workout! It is also a great way to work on “gentle” fingers, because the harder you push, the more solid oobleck becomes. Gentle fingers and pressure are the key to working your way through Oobleck. 

How Did Oobleck Get Its Name?

Although this non-Newtonian Fluid goes by many names, including magic mud, goo, goop, or the most common name is Oobleck or Oobleck Slime. Some people spell it oblec or ooblek but the correct spelling is actually oobleck. But where did the term “oobleck” come from? In fact it was created by none other than Dr. Seuss.

Back in 1949 there was a book called Bartholomew and the Oobleck . It is a story about a king who was bored with the weather and asked his team of magicians to create something new to entertain him. The result was this gloopy, sloppy, sticky substance that rained down from the sky on the unsuspecting villagers. A substance that had a lot of properties in common with our beloved non-Newtonian Fluid. It may not have been intentional, but it is a fantastic story of how this magical substance got it’s name.

So now we know a bit about the history of Oobleck and how Oobleck works, it’s time for some science!

Oobleck Scientific Method

Our goal with this study was to explore different recipe variations for oobleck to see what works and if there was a difference in the resulting oobleck. And we were really surprised by the results! Our hypothesis was that Baby Powder and Potato starch would make oobleck, we were not sure if the other ones would work, but we predicted if one “flour” worked, they all would and that there would be little difference in the properties of the resulting ooblecks.

We kept our procedure quite simple, we made a LOT of oobleck and played with a LOT of oobleck.

For this investigation we have two variables, the liquid and the solid. We decided to keep our liquid the same and use water (with food colouring) for each batch. This makes it our controlled variable. We used food colouring so we didn’t get confused about what ingredient each oobleck was made with.

Our independent variable, or the one we are changing, is the solid. Our plan was to start with the same 2:1 ratio recipe (2 cups solid, 1 cup water) and alter as needed to create a non-Newtonian Fluid (if possible). Then we would explore and test each batch to see how the properties of each one varied.

Our outcomes would be measured based on a successful non-Newtonian Fluid result (solid under pressure, liquid without pressure). We would also do some observations to see if there is any variations in the properties of the oobleck when made with different solids.

The solids we tested were:

Cornstarch Baby Powder (corn starch base, not talc) Flour (baking) Baking Soda Arrowroot Flour (starch) Tapioca Flour (starch) Potato Starch

Oobleck Recipe Ingredient Testing Results

Check out our video comparing all the different recipes that created oobleck!

This is the standard recipe ingredient for oobleck that we have always used in the past. It was used as our basic recipe to which all other recipes were compared. You can get more details on our cornstarch oobleck here .

Baby Powder

Click here for a look at our Baby Powder Oobleck in detail. We discovered that baby powder made an oobleck very similar to our regular corn starch. There are two types of baby powder – one uses talc and one uses corn starch. Talc is not used as often now due to some health issues discovered with it. If you try this experiment, check to see if your baby powder is a corn starch base. If it is, it will make oobleck comparable to our regular oobleck recipe. This one just smells like a baby bum.

For this test we used regular baking flour made from wheat. And it didn’t work. There was no non-Newtonian action at all. I am actually surprised at this (due to our other results) and had to go do more research to understand this result. More on this in a moment in our conclusion and results.

Baking Soda

Using baking soda to make oobleck in the place of corn starch did not work. It simply became a paste. However, if you want to use baking soda in a fascinating oobleck experiment, check out our colour changing oobleck .

Or we have another fun colour changing Oobleck experiment using thermochromatic pigments here . This project will really heat up your Oobleck investigations!

Arrowroot Flour

Click here for a look at our Arrowroot Flour Oobleck in detail. Arrowroot flour is also known as Arrowroot Starch. This was an interesting result. I was able to make non-Newtonian fluid, but it required different ratios. I had to really decrease the water. For 2 1/4 cups of arrowroot flour, I added only 2/3 cup of water to create our arrowroot flour oobleck recipe. The resulting oobleck had some slightly different properties from our regular oobleck too. It REALLY responded to pressure. Which means it became clumpy and hard very easily. Even when “flowing” when we released the pressure, it would form clumps and lumps as it fell. Far more than our cornstarch oobleck recipe.

Tapioca Flour

Click here for a look at our Tapioca Flour Oobleck in detail. Again, Tapioca Flour is also known as Tapioca Starch. It had similar results to Arrowroot. Once again we had to change our ratios and create a different recipe. We used 2 1/4 cups of Arrowroot Flour and 1 cup of water. Tapicoca Flour Oobleck also had some interesting properties. It became very hard when solid. I actually broke a nail while trying to scoop some up. It almost feels dry and crumbly when under pressure and solid, but when the pressure was released it still flowed.

Potato Starch

Click here for a look at our Potato Starch Oobleck in detail. This time we were able to successfully make oobleck from potato starch using our standard ratio – 2 cups of potato starch to 1 cup of water. It made a wonderful oobleck, but there was a striking difference. Potato starch oobleck is incredibly silky and smooth. It lacks the sticky, goopiness of the other recipes. It is very luxurious to play with, and honestly very hard to stop playing with. The texture is simply incredible.

Our Oobleck Recipe Investigation Conclusion

When it comes to making oobleck there are actually many recipe ingredient options. We did have one result that surprised me though. My initial research showed that wheat flour has similar properties to cornstarch, arrowroot flour, tapioca flour and potato starch. So our hypothesis was that flour would give a similar result to our other “flours.” But it didn’t. It simply formed a paste.

However, after seeing our results I did more research (it may be similar from a cooking perspective but obviously from a science perspective there are differences!) and I believe marketing and branding/naming may be where things got confusing here. Grain flour is milled and starch is part of flour, but through other processes you can extract pure starch. Pure starch interacts with water differently (hence our non-Newtonian fluid) than flour. So although our bags were labelled as Arrowroot flour and Tapioca Flour, I believe they are truly pure starches.

How To Make Oobleck Without Cornstarch

So based on our study, if you want to make oobleck without cornstarch you have a few viable ingredient options for your oobleck recipe. You can use Baby Powder (the type with a corn starch base), Tapioca Flour (Starch), Arrowroot Flour (Starch) or Potato Starch.

What Is The Best Oobleck Recipe? 

Without a single doubt, nothing came close to the potato starch oobleck recipe . The texture is silky luxury, yet it still has the fascinating non-Newtonian Fluid properties we love in Oobleck. The combination just begs to be played with, creating an irresistible substance everyone will just want to get their fingers into.

Is Oobleck Toxic? Can you eat it?

Oobleck is absolutely not toxic. In all of the recipes we tested, we used ingredients from the pantry (with the exception of baby powder), and as such is taste safe and technically you could eat it, but why would you want to? I really don’t know. But if your little one is playing and licks their fingers, you don’t have to worry.

Tips For Using, Storing and Disposing of Oobleck

Just a reminder that Oobleck is a suspension, which means the molecules will separate form the liquid as it sits and fall to the bottom of the container (with the liquid floating on top). You can just mix it up again before playing.

If you want to save your oobleck for a day or so, make sure it is kept in an airtight container.

Similar to slime and other hands on sensory items, I don’t recommend keeping these for long periods of time. Especially if you have multiple kids playing with it. These mediums are great breeding grounds for bacteria and other nasties. So make it, play with it, and toss it. Then simply make a new batch next time you want to play. Safety always comes first and I prefer to err on the side of caution when it comes to these inexpensive sensory experiences. Especially when they are so quick and easy to make.

As water evaporates from the solution it will dry out and eventually return to powder form. This is actually really good information to know to help with clean up! Simply let it dry out and sweep it up.

Or if you want to play with your oobleck again, simply add water.

When disposing of oobleck, scrape it into the garbage. Do not wash it all down the drain. You will end up with a big plumbing bill. The bits that do go down the drain, make sure they are flushed with lots of water.

Remember, oobleck is non-toxic and taste safe. However I really don’t think it would taste very good!

Oobleck Learning Centre

Oobleck learning centers can be an amazing classroom project! We developed a fun How to Make Oobleck Break Out Box project inspired by this Oobleck Science Fair investigation. It will have your students working in pairs or small groups, using their critical thinking skills and exploring the properties of Oobleck. Worksheets are included in this fun sensory science project for your next science experiment or science center activity.

Happy ooblecking!

MORE SCIENCE FAIR PROJECTS AND IDEAS

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Oobleck’s weird behavior is now predictable

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It’s a phenomenon many preschoolers know well: When you mix cornstarch and water, weird things happen. Swish it gently in a bowl, and the mixture sloshes around like a liquid. Squeeze it, and it starts to feel like paste. Roll it between your hands, and it solidifies into a rubbery ball. Try to hold that ball in the palm of your hand, and it will dribble away as a liquid.

Most of us who have played with this stuff know it as “oobleck,” named after a sticky green goo in Dr. Seuss’ “Bartholomew and the Oobleck.” Scientists, on the other hand, refer to cornstarch and water as a “non-Newtonian fluid” — a material that appears thicker or thinner depending on how it is physically manipulated.

Now MIT engineers have developed a mathematical model that predicts oobleck’s weird behavior. Using their model, the researchers accurately simulated how oobleck turns from a liquid to a solid and back again, under various conditions.

Aside from predicting what the stuff might do in the hands of toddlers, the new model can be useful in predicting how oobleck and other solutions of ultrafine particles might behave for military and industrial applications. Could an oobleck-like substance fill highway potholes and temporarily harden as a car drives over it? Or perhaps the slurry could pad the lining of bulletproof vests, morphing briefly into an added shield against sudden impacts. With the team’s new oobleck model, designers and engineers can start to explore such possibilities.

“It’s a simple material to make — you go to the grocery store, buy cornstarch, then turn on your faucet,” says Ken Kamrin, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. “But it turns out the rules that govern how this material flows are very nuanced.”

Kamrin, along with graduate student Aaron Baumgarten, have published their results today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .

A clumpy model

Kamrin’s primary work focuses on characterizing the flow of granular material such as sand. Over the years, he’s developed a mathematical model that accurately predicts the flow of dry grains under a number of different conditions and environments. When Baumgarten joined the group, the researchers started work on a model to describe how saturated wet sand moves. It was around this time that Kamrin and Baumgarten saw a scientific talk on oobleck.

“We’d seen this talk, and we had a lengthy debate over what is oobleck, and how is it different from wet sand,” Kamrin says. “After some vigorous back and forth with Aaron, he decided to see if we could turn this wet sand model into one for oobleck.”

Granular material in oobleck is much finer than sand: A single particle of cornstarch is about 1 to 10 microns wide and about one-hundredth the size of a grain of sand. Kamrin says particles at such a small scale experience effects that larger particles such as sand do not. For instance, because cornstarch particles are so small, they can be influenced by temperature, and by electric charges that build up between particles, causing them to slightly repel against each other.

“As long as you squish slowly, the grains will repel, keeping a layer of fluid between them, and just slide past each other, like a fluid,” Kamrin says. “But if you do anything too fast, you’ll overcome that little repulsion, the particles will touch, there will be friction, and it’ll act as a solid.”

This repulsion happening at the small scale brings out a key difference between large and ultrafine grain mixtures at the lab scale: The viscosity, or consistency of wet sand at a given packing density remains the same, whether you stir it gently or slam a fist into it. In contrast, oobleck has a low, liquid-like viscosity when slowly stirred. But if its surface is punched, a rapidly growing zone of the slurry adjacent to the contact point becomes more viscous, causing oobleck’s surface to bounce back and resist the impact, like a solid trampoline.

They found that stress was the main factor in determining whether a material was more or less viscous. For instance, the faster and more forcefully oobleck is disturbed, the “clumpier” it is — that is, the more the underlying particles make frictional, as opposed to lubricated, contact. If it is slowly and gently deformed, oobleck is less viscous, with particles that are more evenly distributed and that repel against each other, like a liquid.

The team looked to model the effect of repulsion of fine particles, with the idea that perhaps a new “clumpiness variable” could be added to their model of wet sand to make an accurate model of oobleck. In their model, they included mathematical terms to describe how this variable would grow and shrink under a certain stress or force.

“Now we have a robust way of modeling how clumpy any chunk of the material in the body will be as you deform it in an arbitrary way,” Baumgarten says.

Wheels spinning

The researchers incorporated this new variable into their more general model for wet sand, and looked to see whether it would predict oobleck’s behavior. They used their model to simulate previous experiments by others, including a simple setup of oobleck being squeezed and sheared between two plates, and a set of experiments in which a small projectile is shot into a tank of oobleck at different speeds.

In all scenarios, the simulations matched the experimental data and reproduced the motion of the oobleck, replicating the regions where it morphed from liquid to solid, and back again.

To see how their model could predict oobleck’s behavior in more complex conditions, the team simulated a pronged wheel driving at different speeds over a deep bed of the slurry. They found the faster the wheel spun, the more the mixture formed what Baumgarten calls a “solidification front” in the oobleck, that momentarily supports the wheel so that it can roll across without sinking.

Kamrin and Baumgarten say the new model can be used to explore how various ultrafine-particle solutions such as oobleck behave when put to use as, for instance, fillings for potholes, or bulletproof vests. They say the model could also help to identify ways to redirect slurries through systems such as industrial plants.

“With industrial waste products, you could get fine particle suspensions that don’t flow the way you expect, and you have to move them from this vat to that vat, and there may be best practices that people don’t know yet, because there’s no model for it,” Kamrin says. “Maybe now there is.”

This research was supported, in part, by the Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation.

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• Department of Mechanical Engineering

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In the News

Oobleck’s weird behavior is now predictable

It’s a phenomenon many preschoolers know well: When you mix cornstarch and water, weird things happen. Swish it gently in a bowl, and the mixture sloshes around like a liquid. Squeeze it, and it starts to feel like paste. Roll it between your hands, and it solidifies into a rubbery ball. Try to hold that ball in the palm of your hand, and it will dribble away as a liquid.

Most of us who have played with this stuff know it as “oobleck,” named after a sticky green goo in Dr. Seuss’ “Bartholomew and the Oobleck.” Scientists, on the other hand, refer to cornstarch and water as a “non-Newtonian fluid” — a material that appears thicker or thinner depending on how it is physically manipulated.

Now MIT engineers have developed a mathematical model that predicts oobleck’s weird behavior. Using their model, the researchers accurately simulated how oobleck turns from a liquid to a solid and back again, under various conditions.

Aside from predicting what the stuff might do in the hands of toddlers, the new model can be useful in predicting how oobleck and other solutions of ultrafine particles might behave for military and industrial applications. Could an oobleck-like substance fill highway potholes and temporarily harden as a car drives over it? Or perhaps the slurry could pad the lining of bulletproof vests, morphing briefly into an added shield against sudden impacts. With the team’s new oobleck model, designers and engineers can start to explore such possibilities.

“It’s a simple material to make — you go to the grocery store, buy cornstarch, then turn on your faucet,” says Ken Kamrin, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. “But it turns out the rules that govern how this material flows are very nuanced.”

Kamrin, along with graduate student Aaron Baumgarten, have published their results today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .

A clumpy model

Kamrin’s primary work focuses on characterizing the flow of granular material such as sand. Over the years, he’s developed a mathematical model that accurately predicts the flow of dry grains under a number of different conditions and environments. When Baumgarten joined the group, the researchers started work on a model to describe how saturated wet sand moves. It was around this time that Kamrin and Baumgarten saw a scientific talk on oobleck.

“We’d seen this talk, and we had a lengthy debate over what is oobleck, and how is it different from wet sand,” Kamrin says. “After some vigorous back and forth with Aaron, he decided to see if we could turn this wet sand model into one for oobleck.”

Granular material in oobleck is much finer than sand: A single particle of cornstarch is about 1 to 10 microns wide and about one-hundredth the size of a grain of sand. Kamrin says particles at such a small scale experience effects that larger particles such as sand do not. For instance, because cornstarch particles are so small, they can be influenced by temperature, and by electric charges that build up between particles, causing them to slightly repel against each other.

“As long as you squish slowly, the grains will repel, keeping a layer of fluid between them, and just slide past each other, like a fluid,” Kamrin says. “But if you do anything too fast, you’ll overcome that little repulsion, the particles will touch, there will be friction, and it’ll act as a solid.”

This repulsion happening at the small scale brings out a key difference between large and ultrafine grain mixtures at the lab scale: The viscosity, or consistency of wet sand at a given packing density remains the same, whether you stir it gently or slam a fist into it. In contrast, oobleck has a low, liquid-like viscosity when slowly stirred. But if its surface is punched, a rapidly growing zone of the slurry adjacent to the contact point becomes more viscous, causing oobleck’s surface to bounce back and resist the impact, like a solid trampoline.

They found that stress was the main factor in determining whether a material was more or less viscous. For instance, the faster and more forcefully oobleck is disturbed, the “clumpier” it is — that is, the more the underlying particles make frictional, as opposed to lubricated, contact. If it is slowly and gently deformed, oobleck is less viscous, with particles that are more evenly distributed and that repel against each other, like a liquid.

The team looked to model the effect of repulsion of fine particles, with the idea that perhaps a new “clumpiness variable” could be added to their model of wet sand to make an accurate model of oobleck. In their model, they included mathematical terms to describe how this variable would grow and shrink under a certain stress or force.

“Now we have a robust way of modeling how clumpy any chunk of the material in the body will be as you deform it in an arbitrary way,” Baumgarten says.

Wheels spinning

The researchers incorporated this new variable into their more general model for wet sand, and looked to see whether it would predict oobleck’s behavior. They used their model to simulate previous experiments by others, including a simple setup of oobleck being squeezed and sheared between two plates, and a set of experiments in which a small projectile is shot into a tank of oobleck at different speeds.

In all scenarios, the simulations matched the experimental data and reproduced the motion of the oobleck, replicating the regions where it morphed from liquid to solid, and back again.

To see how their model could predict oobleck’s behavior in more complex conditions, the team simulated a pronged wheel driving at different speeds over a deep bed of the slurry. They found the faster the wheel spun, the more the mixture formed what Baumgarten calls a “solidification front” in the oobleck, that momentarily supports the wheel so that it can roll across without sinking.

Kamrin and Baumgarten say the new model can be used to explore how various ultrafine-particle solutions such as oobleck behave when put to use as, for instance, fillings for potholes, or bulletproof vests. They say the model could also help to identify ways to redirect slurries through systems such as industrial plants.

“With industrial waste products, you could get fine particle suspensions that don’t flow the way you expect, and you have to move them from this vat to that vat, and there may be best practices that people don’t know yet, because there’s no model for it,” Kamrin says. “Maybe now there is.”

This research was supported, in part, by the Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation.

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May 2, 2011

It's a Solid... It's a Liquid... It's Oobleck!

Bring Science Home: Activity 1

By Katherine Harmon

Getty Images

Key concepts Liquids and solids Viscosity Pressure From National Science Education Standards : Properties of objects and materials

Introduction Why is it so hard to get out of quicksand? Is it a solid? Is it a liquid? Can it be both? In this activity, you will make a substance that is similar to quicksand—but much more fun. Play around with it and find out how it acts differently from a normal liquid and a normal solid. Other, more familiar substances change states (from solids to liquids to gases) when we change the temperature, such as freezing water into ice or boiling it away into steam. But this simple mixture shows how changes in pressure, instead of temperature, can change the properties of some materials. Background Applying pressure to the mixture increases its viscosity (thickness). A quick tap on the surface of Oobleck will make it feel hard, because it forces the cornstarch particles together. But dip your hand slowly into the mix, and see what happens—your fingers slide in as easily as through water. Moving slowly gives the cornstarch particles time to move out of the way. Oobleck and other pressure-dependent substances (such as Silly Putty and quicksand) are not liquids such as water or oil. They are known as non-Newtonian fluids. This substance's funny name comes from a Dr. Seuss book called Bartholomew and the Oobleck .

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Materials •    1 cup of water •    1 to 2 cups of cornstarch •    Mixing bowl •    Food coloring (optional) Preparation •    Pour one cup of cornstarch into the mixing bowl, and dip your hands into it. Can you feel how smooth the powder is? It's made up of super-fine particles. •    Now pour the water in, mixing slowly as you go. Keep adding more water until the mixture becomes thick (and hardens when you tap on it). Add more cornstarch if it gets too runny, and more water if it becomes too thick. •    Add a few drops of food coloring if desired. (If you want to turn your Oobleck another hue, it’s easier to add the coloring to the water before you mix it with the cornstarch.) •    Oobleck is non-toxic, but please use caution when doing any science activity. Be careful not to get it in your eyes, and wash your hands after handling the Oobleck. Procedure •    Roll up your sleeves and prepare to get messy! Drop your hands quickly into the Oobleck, then slowly lower your hands into it. Notice the difference! •    Hold a handful in your open palm— what happens? •    Try squeezing it in your fist or rolling it between your hands— how does it behave differently? •    Move your fingers through the mixture slowly, then try moving them faster. •    What else can you do to test the mixture's properties? •    Extra: If you have a large plastic bin or tub, you can make a big batch of Oobleck. Multiply the quantity of each ingredient by 10 or more and mix it up. Take off your shoes and socks and try standing in the Oobleck! Can you walk across it without sinking in? Let you feet sink down and then try wiggling your toes. What happens?

Read on for observations, results and more resources.

Observations and results What is happening when you squeeze the Oobleck? What is happening when you release the pressure? Does the Oobleck remind you of anything else? The Oobleck mixture isn't your typical liquid—or solid. The cornstarch-and-water mixture creates a fluid that acts more like quicksand than water: applying force (squeezing or tapping it) causes it to become thicker. If you were trapped in a tub of Oobleck, what would be the best way to escape? Share your Oobleck observations and results! Leave a comment below or share your photos and feedback on Scientific American 's Facebook page . Cleanup Wash hands with water. Add plenty of extra water to the mixture before pouring it down the drain. Wipe up any dried cornstarch with a dry cloth before cleaning up any remaining residue with a damp sponge. More to explore " What is Jell-O? " from Scientific American " Ask the Experts: What Is Quicksand? " from Scientific American " States of Matter " overview from Idaho Public Television's Dialogue for Kids Slime and Goo activities from the American Chemical Society's Science for Kids Oobleck, Slime & Dancing Spaghetti: Twenty terrific at-home science experiments inspired by favorite children's books by Jennifer Williams, ages 4–8 The Everything Kids' Easy Science Experiments Book: Explore the world of science through quick and easy experiments! By J. Elizabeth Mills, ages 9–12 Up next… The Magic of Gravity What you'll need •    Coin •    Bottle, jar or canister with a small top opening (larger—but not too much bigger—than the coin) •    3- by-5-inch note card or other sturdy piece of paper •    Scissors •    Tape •    Pen or pencil •    Water (optional)

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Dr. seuss oobleck experiment: is it solid or liquid or both.

How to make the perfect Oobleck. Simple and fun for young kids and young adults. Oobleck is a non-Newtonian fluid, which is what makes it so fun and interesting!

• Time Required!: 10-20 minutes
• Print this Project

Not only is this a fun and messy experiment, it’s also a great way to learn about science! The kids will love it because they can get their hands dirty and be amazed at the characteristics of the Oobleck. Teachers and parents will love it because the kids will want to learn about the Oobleck and it’s a great gateway to getting your kids interested in science!

Project Steps

Gather all of your necessary parts: cornstarch, 1.5 cups of water, large plastic tub, and wooden stirrers (if needed).

The first step will be to pour the entire container of cornstarch into the large plastic container. Make sure that it is evenly dispersed throughout the container.

If you are using this project as a learning experience, be sure to take the time to instruct your audience to feel the texture of the cornstarch. Describe how fine the grains of the cornstarch are and how different it feels from any other powder substance. Then get the audience to predict what will happen once the water is added.

Once the cornstarch is evenly dispersed into the large container start to slowly add water while mixing with your fingers or with your stirrer. (If you want to add food coloring to the mixture add it to the water before pouring into the cornstarch.)

This is the trickiest part of the project. There is no perfect measurement for the amount of water. What worked best for me is 1/2 cup of water per 1 cup of cornstarch.

Keep feeling the consistency of the mixture while adding water. If you happen to add too much water don’t be afraid to pour some out. This ends up being a kind of trial-and-error step.

You know you’re getting the right measurements when you start noticing that it is not acting like your everyday liquid. The best test is to slowly scoop up a big handful of the “liquid” and start rolling it around in your hand. When you stop moving your hands and it starts to “melt” back into a liquid you know, then, that you have made Oobleck!

This is the fun part! Notice that if you hit the liquid, it has a hard consistency, as if it were solid. Start exploring all of this atypical liquid’s properties and all of the fun things you can do with it!

If your audience wants to take their concoction home with them, this would be where the plastic bags come into action. The Oobleck will slowly pour into the baggies and will keep for a day or so (as long as it does not dry or settle out).

Clean-up is fairly easy! If it is on any clothes it will brush right off. Wash your hands with warm water. Wipe down Oobleck-covered surfaces with a wet rag and it comes right up. DO NOT dump the leftovers down the drain! It will clog your drain up. Dump in trash can or outside.

The goo that you have just made is considered to be a non-Newtonian liquid. Sir Isaac Newton, who was one of the greatest scientists that ever lived, stated that liquids flow at predictable rates. Oobleck is just the opposite! For instance, if you have water, which is a Newtonian liquid, in a water pistol and you push the trigger slowly the water doesn't reach a very long distance. It you apply 2 times more pressure to the trigger, the water should go twice as far!

Oobleck is just the opposite. When you apply more force the goo turns "solid". It acts like this because it is a suspension, meaning the cornstarch is not dissolved. If the concoction sat for long enough the cornstarch would settle to the bottom of the container.

Hope you enjoyed the experiment as much as my classmates and I did!

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Activity Length

Matter states of matter, activity type, discrepant event (investigatable).

While playing with Oobleck students should identify that normally solids have a definite shape whereas a fluid can change shapes because it flows .

Oobleck doesn't quite follow the rules, this suspension only behaves as a fluid some of the time. For this reason oobleck is known as a non-Newtonian Fluid. If you apply a force to it by smacking or squeezing it this fluid will become a solid.

A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid.

The explanation for the strange behaviour of Oobleck lies in the shape of cornstarch particles, which are long and thin. When cornstarch mixes with water, the starch does not dissolve, but remains in suspension. Move the mixture slowly, and the particles slide past each other. Move it quickly, and the particles tangle with each other so that the mixture hardens.

Using a material that doesn't behave according to the 'rules' is a great way to get students to explore what they already know about the difference between solids and fluids.

Investigate the properties of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Describe the properties of a solid and a liquid.

Per Pair or Group: cornstarch water tub mallet food colouring (optional)

Key Questions

• What do fluids and solids do, what determines their shape, and can they be compressed?
• How is Oobleck like a fluid?
• How is Oobleck like a solid?
• Dump 3 or 4 boxes of cornstarch into a shallow container.
• Add about a litre of water, slowly, and mix thoroughly. At just the right consistency, a handful of fluid will dribble out of your hand and solidify if you squeeze it. It will flow again soon after being released.
• Let students play with the Oobleck — punch it or hit it with a mallet, it doesn’t splash. Slowly sink your hand into it and try to pull your hand out quickly.

Teacher tip: For coloured Oobleck, add food colouring to the water before you mix it with the cornstarch.

• Can you think of any fluids that flow better when pressure is applied? What advantages does this type of liquid have? (Latex paint and ketchup are non-Newtonian fluids of the opposite variety to oobleck. Paint will flow off a brush onto a wall but won't easily drip or run. Ketchup won't pour out of containers unless smacked, squeezed or shaken).
• Oobleck is a non-Newtonian fluids of the opposite variety ketchup, and in a bottle it should behave opposite to ketchup- it will flow out easily when inverted but won't flow when you smack, squeeze or shake it. Give it a go!
• Try to paint with oobleck, it will be difficult to smear and will then run away.

Other Resources

Crash Course Kids | Non-Newtonian Fluids

Ellen| Oobleck Taken to Extremes  

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Oozing oobleck

Most substances behave in unsurprising ways that depend on whether they are solids, liquids or gases. This activity shows how to create a substance called oobleck, which can behave like both a solid and a liquid, depending on how hard you hit it.

Printable downloads

 follow these steps….

Oobleck can make a great deal of mess, although once it has dried it can easily be swept or vacuumed up. You may want to wear an apron. If cornflour does get onto your clothes, it will wash out with no problems.

Think and talk about…

• What do you think is happening?
• Does oobleck behave like a solid, liquid or both?
• Why do you think oobleck acts like this?
• Can you think of anything else that behaves like oobleck?
• If you had a pool full of oobleck, do you think you could run across it?

Investigate…

• What happens if you let your fingers gently run through the oobleck?
• Apply a force to the oobleck, such as tapping or slapping it. What effect does it have?
• If you let your hand sink into the oobleck, can you pull it out quickly?
• How hard is it to remove objects from the bottom of the bowl?

Did you know?

The name ‘oobleck’ comes from a Dr Seuss book called Bartholomew and the Oobleck .

What’s the science?

Cornflour consists of billions of tiny irregularly shaped particles of starch. When water is added, the liquid flows around each starch grain and acts like a lubricant, making the mixture runny as the particles slip over each other. When a sudden large force is applied, the starch particles tangle, and the mixture hardens. However, these effects are only temporary. As soon as the force is removed, the water surrounds each of the particles again and the mixture becomes runny once more.

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Independent and Dependent Variables Examples

The independent and dependent variables are key to any scientific experiment, but how do you tell them apart? Here are the definitions of independent and dependent variables, examples of each type, and tips for telling them apart and graphing them.

Independent Variable

The independent variable is the factor the researcher changes or controls in an experiment. It is called independent because it does not depend on any other variable. The independent variable may be called the “controlled variable” because it is the one that is changed or controlled. This is different from the “ control variable ,” which is variable that is held constant so it won’t influence the outcome of the experiment.

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is the factor that changes in response to the independent variable. It is the variable that you measure in an experiment. The dependent variable may be called the “responding variable.”

Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables

Here are several examples of independent and dependent variables in experiments:

• In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the independent variable is the length of time spent sleeping while the dependent variable is the test score.
• You want to know which brand of fertilizer is best for your plants. The brand of fertilizer is the independent variable. The health of the plants (height, amount and size of flowers and fruit, color) is the dependent variable.
• You want to compare brands of paper towels, to see which holds the most liquid. The independent variable is the brand of paper towel. The dependent variable is the volume of liquid absorbed by the paper towel.
• You suspect the amount of television a person watches is related to their age. Age is the independent variable. How many minutes or hours of television a person watches is the dependent variable.
• You think rising sea temperatures might affect the amount of algae in the water. The water temperature is the independent variable. The mass of algae is the dependent variable.
• In an experiment to determine how far people can see into the infrared part of the spectrum, the wavelength of light is the independent variable and whether the light is observed is the dependent variable.
• If you want to know whether caffeine affects your appetite, the presence/absence or amount of caffeine is the independent variable. Appetite is the dependent variable.
• You want to know which brand of microwave popcorn pops the best. The brand of popcorn is the independent variable. The number of popped kernels is the dependent variable. Of course, you could also measure the number of unpopped kernels instead.
• You want to determine whether a chemical is essential for rat nutrition, so you design an experiment. The presence/absence of the chemical is the independent variable. The health of the rat (whether it lives and reproduces) is the dependent variable. A follow-up experiment might determine how much of the chemical is needed. Here, the amount of chemical is the independent variable and the rat health is the dependent variable.

How to Tell the Independent and Dependent Variable Apart

If you’re having trouble identifying the independent and dependent variable, here are a few ways to tell them apart. First, remember the dependent variable depends on the independent variable. It helps to write out the variables as an if-then or cause-and-effect sentence that shows the independent variable causes an effect on the dependent variable. If you mix up the variables, the sentence won’t make sense. Example : The amount of eat (independent variable) affects how much you weigh (dependent variable).

This makes sense, but if you write the sentence the other way, you can tell it’s incorrect: Example : How much you weigh affects how much you eat. (Well, it could make sense, but you can see it’s an entirely different experiment.) If-then statements also work: Example : If you change the color of light (independent variable), then it affects plant growth (dependent variable). Switching the variables makes no sense: Example : If plant growth rate changes, then it affects the color of light. Sometimes you don’t control either variable, like when you gather data to see if there is a relationship between two factors. This can make identifying the variables a bit trickier, but establishing a logical cause and effect relationship helps: Example : If you increase age (independent variable), then average salary increases (dependent variable). If you switch them, the statement doesn’t make sense: Example : If you increase salary, then age increases.

How to Graph Independent and Dependent Variables

Plot or graph independent and dependent variables using the standard method. The independent variable is the x-axis, while the dependent variable is the y-axis. Remember the acronym DRY MIX to keep the variables straight: D = Dependent variable R = Responding variable/ Y = Graph on the y-axis or vertical axis M = Manipulated variable I = Independent variable X = Graph on the x-axis or horizontal axis

• Babbie, Earl R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research (12th ed.) Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-495-59841-0.
• di Francia, G. Toraldo (1981). The Investigation of the Physical World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29925-1.
• Gauch, Hugh G. Jr. (2003). Scientific Method in Practice . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01708-4.
• Popper, Karl R. (2003). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28594-1.

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• Independent vs. Dependent Variables | Definition & Examples

Independent vs. Dependent Variables | Definition & Examples

Published on February 3, 2022 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on June 22, 2023.

In research, variables are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as height, age, temperature, or test scores.

Researchers often manipulate or measure independent and dependent variables in studies to test cause-and-effect relationships.

• The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study.
• The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.

Your independent variable is the temperature of the room. You vary the room temperature by making it cooler for half the participants, and warmer for the other half.

Table of contents

What is an independent variable, types of independent variables, what is a dependent variable, identifying independent vs. dependent variables, independent and dependent variables in research, visualizing independent and dependent variables, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about independent and dependent variables.

An independent variable is the variable you manipulate or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. It’s called “independent” because it’s not influenced by any other variables in the study.

Independent variables are also called:

• Explanatory variables (they explain an event or outcome)
• Predictor variables (they can be used to predict the value of a dependent variable)
• Right-hand-side variables (they appear on the right-hand side of a regression equation).

These terms are especially used in statistics , where you estimate the extent to which an independent variable change can explain or predict changes in the dependent variable.

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There are two main types of independent variables.

• Experimental independent variables can be directly manipulated by researchers.
• Subject variables cannot be manipulated by researchers, but they can be used to group research subjects categorically.

Experimental variables

In experiments, you manipulate independent variables directly to see how they affect your dependent variable. The independent variable is usually applied at different levels to see how the outcomes differ.

You can apply just two levels in order to find out if an independent variable has an effect at all.

You can also apply multiple levels to find out how the independent variable affects the dependent variable.

You have three independent variable levels, and each group gets a different level of treatment.

You randomly assign your patients to one of the three groups:

• A low-dose experimental group
• A high-dose experimental group
• A placebo group (to research a possible placebo effect )

A true experiment requires you to randomly assign different levels of an independent variable to your participants.

Random assignment helps you control participant characteristics, so that they don’t affect your experimental results. This helps you to have confidence that your dependent variable results come solely from the independent variable manipulation.

Subject variables

Subject variables are characteristics that vary across participants, and they can’t be manipulated by researchers. For example, gender identity, ethnicity, race, income, and education are all important subject variables that social researchers treat as independent variables.

It’s not possible to randomly assign these to participants, since these are characteristics of already existing groups. Instead, you can create a research design where you compare the outcomes of groups of participants with characteristics. This is a quasi-experimental design because there’s no random assignment. Note that any research methods that use non-random assignment are at risk for research biases like selection bias and sampling bias .

Your independent variable is a subject variable, namely the gender identity of the participants. You have three groups: men, women and other.

Your dependent variable is the brain activity response to hearing infant cries. You record brain activity with fMRI scans when participants hear infant cries without their awareness.

A dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation. It’s the outcome you’re interested in measuring, and it “depends” on your independent variable.

In statistics , dependent variables are also called:

• Response variables (they respond to a change in another variable)
• Outcome variables (they represent the outcome you want to measure)
• Left-hand-side variables (they appear on the left-hand side of a regression equation)

The dependent variable is what you record after you’ve manipulated the independent variable. You use this measurement data to check whether and to what extent your independent variable influences the dependent variable by conducting statistical analyses.

Based on your findings, you can estimate the degree to which your independent variable variation drives changes in your dependent variable. You can also predict how much your dependent variable will change as a result of variation in the independent variable.

Distinguishing between independent and dependent variables can be tricky when designing a complex study or reading an academic research paper .

A dependent variable from one study can be the independent variable in another study, so it’s important to pay attention to research design .

Here are some tips for identifying each variable type.

Recognizing independent variables

Use this list of questions to check whether you’re dealing with an independent variable:

• Is the variable manipulated, controlled, or used as a subject grouping method by the researcher?
• Does this variable come before the other variable in time?
• Is the researcher trying to understand whether or how this variable affects another variable?

Recognizing dependent variables

Check whether you’re dealing with a dependent variable:

• Is this variable measured as an outcome of the study?
• Is this variable dependent on another variable in the study?
• Does this variable get measured only after other variables are altered?

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Independent and dependent variables are generally used in experimental and quasi-experimental research.

Here are some examples of research questions and corresponding independent and dependent variables.

For experimental data, you analyze your results by generating descriptive statistics and visualizing your findings. Then, you select an appropriate statistical test to test your hypothesis .

The type of test is determined by:

• your variable types
• level of measurement
• number of independent variable levels.

You’ll often use t tests or ANOVAs to analyze your data and answer your research questions.

In quantitative research , it’s good practice to use charts or graphs to visualize the results of studies. Generally, the independent variable goes on the x -axis (horizontal) and the dependent variable on the y -axis (vertical).

The type of visualization you use depends on the variable types in your research questions:

• A bar chart is ideal when you have a categorical independent variable.
• A scatter plot or line graph is best when your independent and dependent variables are both quantitative.

To inspect your data, you place your independent variable of treatment level on the x -axis and the dependent variable of blood pressure on the y -axis.

You plot bars for each treatment group before and after the treatment to show the difference in blood pressure.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

An independent variable is the variable you manipulate, control, or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. It’s called “independent” because it’s not influenced by any other variables in the study.

A dependent variable is what changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation in experiments . It’s what you’re interested in measuring, and it “depends” on your independent variable.

In statistics, dependent variables are also called:

Determining cause and effect is one of the most important parts of scientific research. It’s essential to know which is the cause – the independent variable – and which is the effect – the dependent variable.

You want to find out how blood sugar levels are affected by drinking diet soda and regular soda, so you conduct an experiment .

• The type of soda – diet or regular – is the independent variable .
• The level of blood sugar that you measure is the dependent variable – it changes depending on the type of soda.

No. The value of a dependent variable depends on an independent variable, so a variable cannot be both independent and dependent at the same time. It must be either the cause or the effect, not both!

Yes, but including more than one of either type requires multiple research questions .

For example, if you are interested in the effect of a diet on health, you can use multiple measures of health: blood sugar, blood pressure, weight, pulse, and many more. Each of these is its own dependent variable with its own research question.

You could also choose to look at the effect of exercise levels as well as diet, or even the additional effect of the two combined. Each of these is a separate independent variable .

To ensure the internal validity of an experiment , you should only change one independent variable at a time.

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5 Brilliant Ways To Experiment With Oobleck

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Making an experiment with oobleck is very easy and a lot of fun for kids (and adults too!). The name oobleck comes from a Dr. Seuss story and is used commonly nowadays to name a non-newtonian fluid made from cornstarch and water. A non-newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not behave according to Newton’s law of viscosity. In other words, it has a different resistance to flow. It is sensitive to pressure and will change from solid to liquid depending on how much pressure we put on it. Because it is so easy to make at home, and it behaves so differently from other things we know, it creates the perfect environment for sneaking in some STEM learning. 

In our house, we love to add color to anything. So when we decided to make some oobleck the other day, we got out our food coloring and added it to the mix. The result was fascinating! Because of the special properties of the mixture the colors created beautiful curves and spirals before mixing. In this post, you will learn how to create rainbow art and more brilliant ways to experiment with oobleck. You will also find out how you can engage with your kids so that they can learn from this experiment. 

Oobleck Recipe

All you need to make oobleck is cornstarch, water, and food coloring. We made it in a large oven tray so that we could spread it out before adding color. This way you will get the beautiful effects I was talking about earlier. You will usually need around twice the amount of cornstarch than water (2 cups of cornstarch to 1 cup of water). These would be the steps to follow:

• In a large oven tray add 1 cup of water 
• Start adding cornstarch until you reach the desired effect (oobleck should feel hard when you try to make it into a ball but as soon as you stop it will flow through your fingers)
• Once you achieve the right consistency let it settle and start experimenting

5 Brilliant ways to experiment with oobleck for STEM learning

Making Oobleck in itself is already an awesome and fun experiment. However,  the experiment doesn’t have to end there! If we want learning to stick, we have to go beyond the initial experiment and allow our children to do some discovery on their own. Here are some suggestions for keeping them engaged and curious about the experiment:

• Add drops of color and make some rainbow art. This was our favorite part! Yes… adults enjoy this too!
• Play with loose parts. We used colorful tops and our kid made towers using the oobleck as glue!! Just collect some objects and leave them around the experiment area and see what your kids come up with
• Use kitchen utensils and observe how different this mixture is to manipulate compared to water
• Create droplets outside of the tray. We did this outside on our waterproof tablecloth we use for experiments so we didn’t mind the mess. We let some drops fall out of the tray and observed what happened when they dried out. We compared bigger drops and smaller drops and then we added them back to the tray for more fun effects
• Make a ramp and let the oobleck flow down. We just put a block under our tablecloth, no fancy ramp needed for this but feel free to make one too. We talked about rivers and lakes with this and how different liquids flow

Check out how our rainbow art turned out in this video:

Experiment with Oobleck observations and conversations

If you are doing this with preschool-aged children it is great to just talk and make observations while you do the experiment. By talking with your kids you are helping them build vocabulary so that they can understand the world better. When we make observations, we help them reflect on what is happening and connect ideas. So here are some suggestions when making the oobleck:

• Add cornstarch gradually and observe the changes: is it getting harder? 
• Try to make little balls with your hands: what happens? As soon as you stop trying to roll the oobleck into a ball it will flow across your hand
• What happens if you poke the oobleck fast? What happens if you just gently put your finger on it? When poking fast the oobleck should behave more like playdough being poked and when going slow it will behave more like pancake batter

For older elementary school kids you can add complexity to your conversation by talking about the following concepts and asking questions:

• Liquid/solid: when does it behave like a liquid/solid? 
• Viscosity: how does this mixture flow compared to water? You can use a ramp to compare
• Pressure/force: when we apply pressure what happens? Does the amount of pressure change the consistency?
• Color mixing: what happens when we add drops of color? Why do you think it doesn’t mix directly?

We always suggest to wonder out loud with your kids instead of asking question after question. For example, “if I apply pressure I wonder what will happen?” or “what do you think will happen when we add color?”. It is always more fun to discover together than to be drilled.

Follow-up activity: Comparisons

Once you’ve explored oobleck, make something else. We mixed plain wheat flour with water to see how different the results were. It’s good for kids to have something to compare and as a bonus the entertainment lasted even longer!

This is definitely something you can repeat many times and it is always fun. And each time you do it you might find some cool way to play and experiment with oobleck. So make sure to always have cornstarch and food coloring available. 

Happy STEM learning!

Check out other brilliant activities for young kids:

• Simple Science Project For Kids: Float or Sink
• Math For Toddlers: Easy Sensory Bath Time Activity
• Fun Color Experiment For Toddlers Who Love A Good Mess
• STEM Activity: Build a Pyramid and Learn about Shapes

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• For Teachers
• Everyday Activities
• Experiments

Can something be both a solid and a liquid?

When is a liquid not always a liquid and a solid not always a solid?

When it’s "Oobleck"! Explore Non-Newtonian fluids - solutions that change their state of matter under pressure! It’s easy to make and super fun to play with. Try it!

Watch the video on YouTube: https://youtu.be/3TNBncRwgog

You Will Need

1 cup of water

1 to 2 cups of cornstarch

Mixing bowl

Food coloring (optional)

Materials & Directions PDF

• Ask student to create a testable question (a hypothesis). Example: Will objects sink or float in the oobleck?
• Put 1 cup of water in a bowl and gradually add the cornstarch to it.
• Mix and blend very well. If it is too liquidy, add more corn starch by spoonfuls. (The consistency should be somewhere between a liquid and a solid--you should be able to grab a clump using pressure to keep it “solid”, but when you open your hand it should “melt” back out like a liquid.)
• If desired, mix in a few of drops of food coloring.
• Play! Experiment to see when it feels most solid (hint: try punching or pounding it) and when it feels most liquid (hint: try slowly sinking an open hand into it).
• Bonus: Use a large plastic bin or tub to make a big batch of Oobleck. Multiply the quantity of each ingredient by 10 or more and mix it up.
• Important Cleanup Information: Pour the oobleck into a zip-top storage bag and throw it away in the garbage. Pouring it down the drain, even with lots of extra water, can clog pipes.

**Note: Oobleck is non-toxic, but use caution when doing any science activity. Be careful not to get it in your eyes, and wash your hands after handling the Oobleck.

Discovery Questions

Beginning the experiment, during the experiment, after the experiment, how it works.

It’s all about viscosity, or the liquid’s resistance to flow (internal friction), or its thickness. Most fluids are Newtonian (named after Isaac Newton), and will remain at the same viscosity (or rate of flow, or thickness). For example, water has the same resistance/viscosity when standing in a pool as when swimming. It won’t change its internal friction or become thicker when you try to move through it.

Science rocks! Share with your friends!

15 Independent and Dependent Variable Examples

Dave Cornell (PhD)

Dr. Cornell has worked in education for more than 20 years. His work has involved designing teacher certification for Trinity College in London and in-service training for state governments in the United States. He has trained kindergarten teachers in 8 countries and helped businessmen and women open baby centers and kindergartens in 3 countries.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Chris Drew (PhD)

This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU.

An independent variable (IV) is what is manipulated in a scientific experiment to determine its effect on the dependent variable (DV).

By varying the level of the independent variable and observing associated changes in the dependent variable, a researcher can conclude whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable or not.

This can provide very valuable information when studying just about any subject.

Because the researcher controls the level of the independent variable, it can be determined if the independent variable has a causal effect on the dependent variable.

The term causation is vitally important. Scientists want to know what causes changes in the dependent variable. The only way to do that is to manipulate the independent variable and observe any changes in the dependent variable.

Definition of Independent and Dependent Variables

The independent variable and dependent variable are used in a very specific type of scientific study called the experiment .

Although there are many variations of the experiment, generally speaking, it involves either the presence or absence of the independent variable and the observation of what happens to the dependent variable.

The research participants are randomly assigned to either receive the independent variable (called the treatment condition), or not receive the independent variable (called the control condition).

Other variations of an experiment might include having multiple levels of the independent variable.

If the independent variable affects the dependent variable, then it should be possible to observe changes in the dependent variable based on the presence or absence of the independent variable.  

Of course, there are a lot of issues to consider when conducting an experiment, but these are the basic principles.

These concepts should not be confused with predictor and outcome variables .

Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables

1. gatorade and improved athletic performance.

A sports medicine researcher has been hired by Gatorade to test the effects of its sports drink on athletic performance. The company wants to claim that when an athlete drinks Gatorade, their performance will improve.

If they can back up that claim with hard scientific data, that would be great for sales.

So, the researcher goes to a nearby university and randomly selects both male and female athletes from several sports: track and field, volleyball, basketball, and football. Each athlete will run on a treadmill for one hour while their heart rate is tracked.

All of the athletes are given the exact same amount of liquid to consume 30-minutes before and during their run. Half are given Gatorade, and the other half are given water, but no one knows what they are given because both liquids have been colored.

In this example, the independent variable is Gatorade, and the dependent variable is heart rate.  

2. Chemotherapy and Cancer

A hospital is investigating the effectiveness of a new type of chemotherapy on cancer. The researchers identified 120 patients with relatively similar types of cancerous tumors in both size and stage of progression.

The patients are randomly assigned to one of three groups: one group receives no chemotherapy, one group receives a low dose of chemotherapy, and one group receives a high dose of chemotherapy.

Each group receives chemotherapy treatment three times a week for two months, except for the no-treatment group. At the end of two months, the doctors measure the size of each patient’s tumor.

In this study, despite the ethical issues (remember this is just a hypothetical example), the independent variable is chemotherapy, and the dependent variable is tumor size.

3. Interior Design Color and Eating Rate

A well-known fast-food corporation wants to know if the color of the interior of their restaurants will affect how fast people eat. Of course, they would prefer that consumers enter and exit quickly to increase sales volume and profit.

So, they rent space in a large shopping mall and create three different simulated restaurant interiors of different colors. One room is painted mostly white with red trim and seats; one room is painted mostly white with blue trim and seats; and one room is painted mostly white with off-white trim and seats.

Next, they randomly select shoppers on Saturdays and Sundays to eat for free in one of the three rooms. Each shopper is given a box of the same food and drink items and sent to one of the rooms. The researchers record how much time elapses from the moment they enter the room to the moment they leave.

The independent variable is the color of the room, and the dependent variable is the amount of time spent in the room eating.

4. Hair Color and Attraction

A large multinational cosmetics company wants to know if the color of a woman’s hair affects the level of perceived attractiveness in males. So, they use Photoshop to manipulate the same image of a female by altering the color of her hair: blonde, brunette, red, and brown.

Next, they randomly select university males to enter their testing facilities. Each participant sits in front of a computer screen and responds to questions on a survey. At the end of the survey, the screen shows one of the photos of the female.

At the same time, software on the computer that utilizes the computer’s camera is measuring each male’s pupil dilation. The researchers believe that larger dilation indicates greater perceived attractiveness.

The independent variable is hair color, and the dependent variable is pupil dilation.

5. Mozart and Math

After many claims that listening to Mozart will make you smarter, a group of education specialists decides to put it to the test. So, first, they go to a nearby school in a middle-class neighborhood.

During the first three months of the academic year, they randomly select some 5th-grade classrooms to listen to Mozart during their lessons and exams. Other 5 th grade classrooms will not listen to any music during their lessons and exams.

The researchers then compare the scores of the exams between the two groups of classrooms.

Although there are a lot of obvious limitations to this hypothetical, it is the first step.

The independent variable is Mozart, and the dependent variable is exam scores.

6. Essential Oils and Sleep

A company that specializes in essential oils wants to examine the effects of lavender on sleep quality. They hire a sleep research lab to conduct the study. The researchers at the lab have their usual test volunteers sleep in individual rooms every night for one week.

The conditions of each room are all exactly the same, except that half of the rooms have lavender released into the rooms and half do not. While the study participants are sleeping, their heart rates and amount of time spent in deep sleep are recorded with high-tech equipment.

At the end of the study, the researchers compare the total amount of time spent in deep sleep of the lavender-room participants with the no lavender-room participants.

The independent variable in this sleep study is lavender, and the dependent variable is the total amount of time spent in deep sleep.

7. Teaching Style and Learning

A group of teachers is interested in which teaching method will work best for developing critical thinking skills.

So, they train a group of teachers in three different teaching styles : teacher-centered, where the teacher tells the students all about critical thinking; student-centered, where the students practice critical thinking and receive teacher feedback; and AI-assisted teaching, where the teacher uses a special software program to teach critical thinking.

At the end of three months, all the students take the same test that assesses critical thinking skills. The teachers then compare the scores of each of the three groups of students.

The independent variable is the teaching method, and the dependent variable is performance on the critical thinking test.

8. Concrete Mix and Bridge Strength

A chemicals company has developed three different versions of their concrete mix. Each version contains a different blend of specially developed chemicals. The company wants to know which version is the strongest.

So, they create three bridge molds that are identical in every way. They fill each mold with one of the different concrete mixtures. Next, they test the strength of each bridge by placing progressively more weight on its center until the bridge collapses.

In this study, the independent variable is the concrete mixture, and the dependent variable is the amount of weight at collapse.

9. Recipe and Consumer Preferences

People in the pizza business know that the crust is key. Many companies, large and small, will keep their recipe a top secret. Before rolling out a new type of crust, the company decides to conduct some research on consumer preferences.

The company has prepared three versions of their crust that vary in crunchiness, they are: a little crunchy, very crunchy, and super crunchy. They already have a pool of consumers that fit their customer profile and they often use them for testing.

Each participant sits in a booth and takes a bite of one version of the crust. They then indicate how much they liked it by pressing one of 5 buttons: didn’t like at all, liked, somewhat liked, liked very much, loved it.

The independent variable is the level of crust crunchiness, and the dependent variable is how much it was liked.

10. Protein Supplements and Muscle Mass

A large food company is considering entering the health and nutrition sector. Their R&D food scientists have developed a protein supplement that is designed to help build muscle mass for people that work out regularly.

The company approaches several gyms near its headquarters. They enlist the cooperation of over 120 gym rats that work out 5 days a week. Their muscle mass is measured, and only those with a lower level are selected for the study, leaving a total of 80 study participants.

They randomly assign half of the participants to take the recommended dosage of their supplement every day for three months after each workout. The other half takes the same amount of something that looks the same but actually does nothing to the body.

At the end of three months, the muscle mass of all participants is measured.

The independent variable is the supplement, and the dependent variable is muscle mass.  

11. Air Bags and Skull Fractures

In the early days of airbags , automobile companies conducted a great deal of testing. At first, many people in the industry didn’t think airbags would be effective at all. Fortunately, there was a way to test this theory objectively.

In a representative example: Several crash cars were outfitted with an airbag, and an equal number were not. All crash cars were of the same make, year, and model. Then the crash experts rammed each car into a crash wall at the same speed. Sensors on the crash dummy skulls allowed for a scientific analysis of how much damage a human skull would incur.

The amount of skull damage of dummies in cars with airbags was then compared with those without airbags.

The independent variable was the airbag and the dependent variable was the amount of skull damage.

12. Vitamins and Health

Some people take vitamins every day. A group of health scientists decides to conduct a study to determine if taking vitamins improves health.

They randomly select 1,000 people that are relatively similar in terms of their physical health. The key word here is “similar.”

Because the scientists have an unlimited budget (and because this is a hypothetical example, all of the participants have the same meals delivered to their homes (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), every day for one year.

In addition, the scientists randomly assign half of the participants to take a set of vitamins, supplied by the researchers every day for 1 year. The other half do not take the vitamins.

At the end of one year, the health of all participants is assessed, using blood pressure and cholesterol level as the key measurements.

In this highly unrealistic study, the independent variable is vitamins, and the dependent variable is health, as measured by blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

13. Meditation and Stress

Does practicing meditation reduce stress? If you have ever wondered if this is true or not, then you are in luck because there is a way to know one way or the other.

All we have to do is find 90 people that are similar in age, stress levels, diet and exercise, and as many other factors as we can think of.

Next, we randomly assign each person to either practice meditation every day, three days a week, or not at all. After three months, we measure the stress levels of each person and compare the groups.

How should we measure stress? Well, there are a lot of ways. We could measure blood pressure, or the amount of the stress hormone cortisol in their blood, or by using a paper and pencil measure such as a questionnaire that asks them how much stress they feel.

In this study, the independent variable is meditation and the dependent variable is the amount of stress (however it is measured).

14. Video Games and Aggression

When video games started to become increasingly graphic, it was a huge concern in many countries in the world. Educators, social scientists, and parents were shocked at how graphic games were becoming.

Since then, there have been hundreds of studies conducted by psychologists and other researchers. A lot of those studies used an experimental design that involved males of various ages randomly assigned to play a graphic or non-graphic video game.

Afterward, their level of aggression was measured via a wide range of methods, including direct observations of their behavior, their actions when given the opportunity to be aggressive, or a variety of other measures.

So many studies have used so many different ways of measuring aggression.

In these experimental studies, the independent variable was graphic video games, and the dependent variable was observed level of aggression.

15. Vehicle Exhaust and Cognitive Performance

Car pollution is a concern for a lot of reasons. In addition to being bad for the environment, car exhaust may cause damage to the brain and impair cognitive performance.

One way to examine this possibility would be to conduct an animal study. The research would look something like this: laboratory rats would be raised in three different rooms that varied in the degree of car exhaust circulating in the room: no exhaust, little exhaust, or a lot of exhaust.

After a certain period of time, perhaps several months, the effects on cognitive performance could be measured.

One common way of assessing cognitive performance in laboratory rats is by measuring the amount of time it takes to run a maze successfully. It would also be possible to examine the physical effects of car exhaust on the brain by conducting an autopsy.

In this animal study, the independent variable would be car exhaust and the dependent variable would be amount of time to run a maze.

Read Next: Extraneous Variables Examples

The experiment is an incredibly valuable way to answer scientific questions regarding the cause and effect of certain variables. By manipulating the level of an independent variable and observing corresponding changes in a dependent variable, scientists can gain an understanding of many phenomena.

For example, scientists can learn if graphic video games make people more aggressive, if mediation reduces stress, if Gatorade improves athletic performance, and even if certain medical treatments can cure cancer.

The determination of causality is the key benefit of manipulating the independent variable and them observing changes in the dependent variable. Other research methodologies can reveal factors that are related to the dependent variable or associated with the dependent variable, but only when the independent variable is controlled by the researcher can causality be determined.

Ferguson, C. J. (2010). Blazing Angels or Resident Evil? Can graphic video games be a force for good? Review of General Psychology, 14 (2), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018941

Flannelly, L. T., Flannelly, K. J., & Jankowski, K. R. (2014). Independent, dependent, and other variables in healthcare and chaplaincy research. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy , 20 (4), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.959374

Manocha, R., Black, D., Sarris, J., & Stough, C.(2011). A randomized, controlled trial of meditation for work stress, anxiety and depressed mood in full-time workers. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , vol. 2011, Article ID 960583. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/960583

Rumrill, P. D., Jr. (2004). Non-manipulation quantitative designs. Work (Reading, Mass.) , 22 (3), 255–260.

Taylor, J. M., & Rowe, B. J. (2012). The “Mozart Effect” and the mathematical connection, Journal of College Reading and Learning, 42 (2), 51-66.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2012.10850354

• Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 23 Achieved Status Examples
• Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 25 Defense Mechanisms Examples
• Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 15 Theory of Planned Behavior Examples
• Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 18 Adaptive Behavior Examples

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 23 Achieved Status Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Ableism Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 25 Defense Mechanisms Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Theory of Planned Behavior Examples

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What is the test variable for oobleck?

Gp40439798599837 ∙

A quick tap on the surface of Oobleck will make it feel hard, because it forces the cornstarch particles.

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Independent & Dependent Variables Practice

I have found my students have a great deal of difficulty with the concept of independent and dependent variables. Newer textbooks call these variables “manipulated and responding” but that still doesn’t seem to make it easier.

We practice these scenarios in class and do multiple labs to learn the concepts. Often they are just simple labs that can be done in a short class period. Like this lab on heat storage .

I designed this worksheet as a way to get students to quickly identify the variables in an experiment. Each scenario is only a couple sentence long, such as ” One grape is placed in tap water and another grape is placed in salt water.”

In the chart, students would identify the independent variable as the type of water. Then, identify what responded. In this case, the mass of the grape after a day.

The worksheet design is simple. It’s a quick way to practice variables, but not other aspects of the scientific method. If you want a more robust worksheet on the scientific method, check out “ Early Discoveries in Science .” Students identify variables as well as draw conclusions from observations.

For differentiation, I also have a simpler version (low level) of the worksheet that gives multiple choice options. This version may also be useful for test preparation with other groups.

Grade Level: 8-10 Time Required: 15-20 minutes

Shannan Muskopf

• Activities, Experiments, Online Games, Visual Aids
• Activities, Experiments, and Investigations
• Experimental Design and the Scientific Method

Experimental Design - Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables

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Scientific experiments are meant to show cause and effect of a phenomena (relationships in nature).  The “ variables ” are any factor, trait, or condition that can be changed in the experiment and that can have an effect on the outcome of the experiment.

An experiment can have three kinds of variables: i ndependent, dependent, and controlled .

• The independent variable is one single factor that is changed by the scientist followed by observation to watch for changes. It is important that there is just one independent variable, so that results are not confusing.
• The dependent variable is the factor that changes as a result of the change to the independent variable.
• The controlled variables (or constant variables) are factors that the scientist wants to remain constant if the experiment is to show accurate results. To be able to measure results, each of the variables must be able to be measured.

For example, let’s design an experiment with two plants sitting in the sun side by side. The controlled variables (or constants) are that at the beginning of the experiment, the plants are the same size, get the same amount of sunlight, experience the same ambient temperature and are in the same amount and consistency of soil (the weight of the soil and container should be measured before the plants are added). The independent variable is that one plant is getting watered (1 cup of water) every day and one plant is getting watered (1 cup of water) once a week. The dependent variables are the changes in the two plants that the scientist observes over time.

Can you describe the dependent variable that may result from this experiment? After four weeks, the dependent variable may be that one plant is taller, heavier and more developed than the other. These results can be recorded and graphed by measuring and comparing both plants’ height, weight (removing the weight of the soil and container recorded beforehand) and a comparison of observable foliage.

Using What You Learned: Design another experiment using the two plants, but change the independent variable. Can you describe the dependent variable that may result from this new experiment?

Think of another simple experiment and name the independent, dependent, and controlled variables. Use the graphic organizer included in the PDF below to organize your experiment's variables.

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Dependent Variables (Definition + 30 Examples)

Welcome to a journey through the essential world of dependent variables! Whether you’re an avid learner, a seasoned researcher, or simply curious, unraveling the mysteries of dependent variables is crucial for making sense of scientific discoveries and everyday wonders.

A dependent variable is what we observe and measure in an experiment. It's called "dependent" because it changes based on the alterations we make to another variable, known as the independent variable. Think of it as a series of revealing clues, shedding light on the story of how one thing can affect another.

Embark with us on an enlightening adventure, as we delve into the significance of dependent variables, explore their relationship with independent variables, and uncover how they help us interpret and shape the world around us.

History of Dependent Variables

The concept of dependent variables finds its roots in the early foundations of scientific thought.

The ancient Greeks, notably Aristotle , laid down the groundwork for systematic observation and the study of cause and effect. Aristotle's ideas on causality, although different from today’s understanding, were pivotal in shaping the way we approach scientific inquiry.

Emergence of Experimental Science

The Renaissance period marked a significant shift in scientific thinking. Pioneers like Galileo Galilei and Sir Francis Bacon advocated for empirical observation and experimentation.

This period saw the emergence of experimental science, where the relationships between different variables, including dependent and independent ones, were systematically studied.

Development of Statistical Methods

The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed the development of statistical methods , which played a crucial role in understanding dependent variables.

Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, made significant contributions to the field of statistics and introduced the concept of regression, a foundational element in studying dependent variables.

Modern Day Applications

Today, the concept of dependent variables is integral to research across diverse fields, from biology and physics to psychology and economics. The evolution of research methodologies and statistical tools has allowed scientists and researchers to study dependent variables with increased precision and insight.

Conclusion on Origins

Understanding the origin of dependent variables offers a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of scientific thought and the relentless human pursuit of knowledge.

From the musings of ancient philosophers to the sophisticated research of today, dependent variables have journeyed through time, contributing to the rich tapestry of scientific discovery and progress.

What are Dependent Variables?

Understanding dependent variables is like piecing together a puzzle – it’s essential for seeing the whole picture! Dependent variables are at the core of scientific experiments, acting as the outcomes we observe and measure.

They respond to the changes we make in the independent variables , helping us unravel the connections and relationships between different elements in an experiment .

Dependent Variables in Scientific Experiments

In the realm of scientific experiments, dependent variables play the starring role of the outcome. When scientists alter something, the dependent variable is what reacts to this change.

For instance, if a botanist is examining how different amounts of sunlight (the independent variable) affect plant growth, the growth of the plant is the dependent variable.

Relationship with Independent Variables

Dependent variables and independent variables share a unique dance in the world of science. The independent variable leads, changing and altering, while the dependent variable follows, reacting and showing the effects of these changes.

It’s this intricate relationship that allows scientists and researchers to draw conclusions and make discoveries.

Making Observations and Drawing Conclusions

Observing dependent variables is like watching a story unfold. By carefully measuring and recording how they respond to changes, scientists can draw meaningful conclusions and answer pressing questions.

Whether it’s understanding how temperature affects sea levels or how diet influences health, dependent variables are the narrators of these scientific stories.

But remember, experimenters make errors, and sometimes those errors are based on their biases, or what they want to find or believe they will find, so keeping the variables in check is one way to avoid experimenter bias .

Real-World Applications

The insights gained from studying dependent variables don’t just stay in the lab – they ripple out into the real world!

From developing new medicines to improving educational techniques, understanding dependent variables is pivotal. They help us make informed decisions, solve problems, and enhance the quality of life for people around the globe.

Everyday Examples

In our everyday lives, we encounter countless instances of dependent variables.

When you adjust the brightness of your room to see how well you can read a book, the readability is your dependent variable.

Or, when a chef experiments with ingredients to observe the flavor of a dish, the taste is the dependent variable.

The Impact on Knowledge

Dependent variables are the building blocks of knowledge. They help us test hypotheses, validate theories, and expand our understanding of the universe.

Every observation, every measurement, brings us one step closer to unraveling the mysteries of the world and advancing human knowledge.

By grasping the role of dependent variables, we open doors to a myriad of possibilities, uncovering the secrets of the natural world and contributing to the rich tapestry of scientific discovery.

Dependent Variables in Research

Diving deeper into the realm of dependent variables, we uncover why they hold such an important role in the tapestry of scientific discovery and everyday life.

These variables are the storytellers, the revealers of effects, and the markers of change, helping us navigate the sea of knowledge and make waves of progress.

Scientific Discovery and Innovation

In the laboratory of discovery, dependent variables are the guiding stars. They help scientists and researchers observe the effects of changes, leading to breakthroughs and innovations.

Whether it’s finding a cure for a disease, inventing a new technology, or understanding the mysteries of the universe, dependent variables are at the heart of the eureka moments that shape our world.

Real-World Problem Solving

Outside the lab, the insights gained from dependent variables illuminate the path to solving real-world problems.

They play a crucial role in improving healthcare, education, environmental conservation, and numerous other fields, enabling us to develop solutions that enhance well-being and sustainability.

By understanding how dependent variables react, we can tailor strategies to address challenges and create a positive impact.

Informing Decision-Making

Every day, we make countless decisions, big and small. Dependent variables are like compasses, guiding our choices and actions.

Whether deciding on the best method to grow a garden, choosing a fitness routine, or selecting the right ingredients for a recipe, recognizing the dependent variables helps us make informed and effective decisions to achieve our goals.

Enhancing Understanding and Knowledge

The study of dependent variables enriches our comprehension of the world around us. They provide insights into cause and effect, helping us understand how different elements interact and influence each other.

This deepened understanding broadens our knowledge, fuels our curiosity, and inspires further exploration and learning.

Fostering Curiosity and Exploration

Peeling back the layers of dependent variables uncovers a world of wonder and curiosity. They invite us to ask questions, seek answers, and explore the intricate web of relationships in the natural and social world.

This sense of wonder and exploration drives scientific inquiry and fosters a lifelong love of learning and discovery.

Conclusion on Importance

The importance of dependent variables cannot be overstated. They are the keys that unlock the doors of understanding, the catalysts for innovation and progress, and the guides on our journey through the ever-evolving landscape of knowledge.

As we continue to explore and learn, the role of dependent variables remains central to our quest for understanding and discovery.

Challenges with Dependent Variables

While dependent variables illuminate the path of discovery, working with them can sometimes feel like navigating a labyrinth.

It’s essential to recognize the challenges and considerations that come with the territory, ensuring accurate, reliable, and meaningful outcomes in our pursuit of knowledge.

Measurement Accuracy

In the world of dependent variables, accuracy is king. Measuring outcomes precisely is crucial to avoid distorting the picture. Imagine trying to solve a puzzle with misshaped pieces – it wouldn’t fit together right! Ensuring accurate measurement means the story told by the dependent variable is true to reality.

External Influences

Sometimes, unseen forces can influence our dependent variables. These are called confounding variables , and they can sneak in and alter the outcomes, like a gust of wind turning the pages of a book.

Being aware of and controlling these external influences is essential to maintain the integrity of our observations and conclusions.

Consistency and Reliability

Consistency is the heartbeat of reliable results. When working with dependent variables, it’s vital to maintain consistent methods of measurement and observation. This consistency ensures that the story revealed is trustworthy and that the insights gained can be the foundation for further discovery and understanding.

Ethical Considerations

Exploring dependent variables also brings us face to face with ethical considerations . Whether it’s respecting privacy, ensuring safety, or acknowledging rights, it’s paramount to navigate the journey with integrity and responsibility. Ethical practices build trust and uphold the values that guide the pursuit of knowledge.

Varied Contexts and Applications

Dependent variables are versatile storytellers, revealing different tales in varied contexts and applications. Recognizing the diversity in application and interpretation is like tuning into different genres of stories – each holds unique insights and contributes to the richness of our understanding.

Reflection on Challenges and Considerations

Understanding and addressing the challenges and considerations in working with dependent variables is like sharpening the tools in our scientific toolbox. It strengthens the foundation of our exploration, ensuring that the journey is fruitful, the discoveries are genuine, and the stories told are authentic.

Famous Studies Involving Dependent Variables

The stage of scientific discovery has been graced by numerous studies and experiments where dependent variables played a starring role. These studies have shaped our understanding, answered profound questions, and paved the way for further exploration and innovation.

Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

In the early 20th century, Ivan Pavlov ’s experiments with dogs shone a spotlight on dependent variables. He observed how dogs (the dependent variable) salivated in response to the sound of a bell (the independent variable), leading to groundbreaking insights into classical conditioning and learning.

Sir Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion

Delving back into the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton ’s exploration of the laws of motion involved observing how objects (the dependent variables) moved and interacted in response to forces (the independent variables). His work laid the foundations of classical mechanics and continues to influence science today .

Gregor Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments

In the 19th century, Gregor Mendel ’s work with pea plants opened the doors to the world of genetics. By observing the traits of pea plants (the dependent variables) in response to different genetic crosses (the independent variables), Mendel unveiled the principles of heredity .

The Stanford Prison Experiment

In 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment , led by Philip Zimbardo , explored the effects of perceived power and authority. The behavior of participants (the dependent variable) was observed in response to assigned roles as guards or prisoners (the independent variable), revealing insights into human behavior and ethics.

The Hawthorne Effect

In the 1920s and 1930s, studies at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago observed worker productivity (the dependent variable) in response to changes in working conditions (the independent variables). This led to the discovery of the Hawthorne Effect , highlighting the influence of observation on human behavior.

Reflection on Famous Studies

These famous studies and experiments spotlight the pivotal role of dependent variables in scientific discovery. They illustrate how observing and measuring dependent variables have expanded our knowledge, led to breakthroughs, and addressed fundamental questions about the natural and social world.

Examples of Dependent Variables

1) test scores.

In an educational setting, student test scores often serve as a dependent variable to measure academic achievement.

2) Heart Rate

In health and exercise science, heart rate can be a dependent variable indicating cardiovascular response to activity.

3) Plant Growth

In botany, the growth of plants can be observed as a dependent variable when studying the effects of different environmental conditions.

4) Sales Revenue

In business, sales revenue may be a dependent variable analyzed in relation to advertising strategies.

5) Blood Pressure

In medicine, blood pressure levels can be a dependent variable to study the effects of medication or diet.

6) Job Satisfaction

In organizational psychology, job satisfaction levels of employees may be the dependent variable.

7) Ice Melt Rate

In climate studies, the rate at which ice melts can be a dependent variable in relation to temperature changes.

8) Customer Satisfaction

In service industries, customer satisfaction levels are often the dependent variable.

9) Reaction Time

In psychology, an individual's reaction time can be measured as a dependent variable in cognitive studies.

10) Fuel Efficiency

In automotive studies, the fuel efficiency of a vehicle may be the dependent variable.

11) Population Size

In ecology, the size of animal or plant populations can be a dependent variable.

12) Productivity Levels

In the workplace, employee productivity can be observed as a dependent variable.

13) Immune Response

In immunology, the body’s immune response can be the dependent variable when studying vaccines or infections.

14) Enzyme Activity

In biochemistry, the activity levels of enzymes can be measured as a dependent variable.

15) Market Share

In business, a company’s market share can be the dependent variable in relation to competition strategies.

16) Voter Turnout

In political science, voter turnout can be a dependent variable studied in relation to campaign efforts.

17) Concentration Levels

In cognitive studies, individual concentration levels can be measured as a dependent variable.

18) Pollution Levels

In environmental science, levels of pollution can be a dependent variable in relation to industrial activity.

19) Reading Comprehension

In education, students’ reading comprehension can be the dependent variable.

20) Muscle Strength

In kinesiology, an individual’s muscle strength can be measured as a dependent variable.

21) Website Traffic

In digital marketing, the traffic a website receives can be the dependent variable.

22) Patient Recovery Time

In healthcare, the recovery time of patients can be observed as a dependent variable.

23) Student Attendance

In education, student attendance rates can be a dependent variable.

24) Rainfall Amounts

In meteorology, the amount of rainfall can be a dependent variable.

25) Consumer Spending

In economics, consumer spending levels can be observed as a dependent variable.

26) Energy Consumption

In energy studies, the amount of energy consumed can be a dependent variable.

27) Body Mass Index (BMI)

In health studies, an individual’s BMI can be measured as a dependent variable.

28) Employee Retention

In human resources, employee retention rates can be the dependent variable.

29) Water Quality

In environmental studies, the quality of water can be observed as a dependent variable.

30) Customer Loyalty

In business, customer loyalty can be a dependent variable in relation to brand reputation and service quality.

These examples illustrate the diverse nature of dependent variables and how they are used to measure outcomes across a multitude of disciplines and scenarios.

Real-World Examples of Dependent Variables

Dependent variables are not just confined to textbooks; they dance through our daily lives, telling tales of change and effect. Let’s take a closer look at some real-life scenarios where dependent variables play a key role in telling the story of cause and effect.

In healthcare, dependent variables help doctors and researchers understand the effects of treatments and interventions.

For example, a patient’s blood sugar level is a dependent variable when studying the effectiveness of diabetes medication. Monitoring this variable helps healthcare professionals tailor treatments and manage health conditions effectively.

In the realm of education, dependent variables like test scores and attendance rates help educators gauge the effectiveness of teaching methods and interventions.

By observing these variables, teachers can adapt their strategies to enhance student learning and well-being.

Environmental Conservation

In the world of environmental conservation, dependent variables such as animal population sizes and pollution levels provide insights into the impact of conservation efforts.

These observations guide strategies to protect ecosystems and biodiversity, ensuring a harmonious balance between humans and nature.

Technology and Innovation

In the field of technology and innovation, dependent variables like user engagement and product performance are crucial in developing and refining groundbreaking technologies.

Observing these variables enables innovators to optimize designs, improve user experiences, and drive progress in the digital age.

Fitness and Well-being

In the pursuit of fitness and well-being, dependent variables such as muscle strength and heart rate are observed to measure the effects of different exercise routines and dietary choices.

These observations guide individuals in achieving their health and fitness goals, fostering a sense of well-being and vitality.

Social Sciences

In social sciences, dependent variables like voter turnout and job satisfaction offer insights into human behavior and societal dynamics. Studying these variables helps researchers and policymakers understand societal trends, human motivations, and the intricate tapestry of social interactions.

Business and Economics

In the business and economic landscape, dependent variables such as sales revenue and consumer spending reveal the effectiveness of marketing strategies and economic policies.

Analyzing these variables helps businesses and governments make informed decisions, fueling economic growth and prosperity.

Culinary Arts

In culinary arts, dependent variables like taste and texture are observed to perfect recipes and culinary creations. Chefs experiment with ingredients and cooking techniques, using the feedback from these variables to craft delightful culinary experiences.

Arts and Entertainment

In arts and entertainment, audience reception and ticket sales are dependent variables that offer insights into the appeal of creative works. Artists and creators use this feedback to hone their craft, create meaningful connections with the audience, and contribute to the rich tapestry of culture and creativity.

Conclusion on Real-Life Applications

Exploring the real-life scenarios and applications of dependent variables brings to light the omnipresence and significance of these variables in shaping our world.

From healthcare to the arts, understanding and observing dependent variables enable us to learn, adapt, and thrive in a constantly evolving environment.

Identifying Dependent Variables

Spotting a dependent variable might seem like looking for a needle in a haystack, but with the right tools and know-how, it becomes a fascinating treasure hunt!

Knowing how to identify dependent variables is essential whether you’re conducting an experiment, analyzing data, or just curious about the relationships between different factors.

To be a true dependent variable detective, let’s revisit its definition: a dependent variable is what we measure in an experiment and what changes in response to the independent variable. It’s like the echo to a shout, the reaction to an action.

Relationship with Changes

In the dance of variables, the dependent variable is the one that responds. When something is tweaked, adjusted, or altered (that’s the independent variable), the dependent variable is what shows the effect of those changes. It’s the piece of the puzzle that helps us see the bigger picture.

Tips and Tricks for Identification

Identifying dependent variables can be a breeze with a few handy tips!

First, ask yourself, “What am I measuring or observing?” This is usually your dependent variable.

Next, look for the effect or change that is happening as a result of manipulating something else.

If you’re still unsure, try to phrase your observation as “If we change X, then Y will respond.” Y is typically the dependent variable.

Practice Makes Perfect: Scenarios

Let’s put our knowledge to the test! Can you spot the dependent variables in these scenarios?

• Cooking Time: You’re experimenting with cooking times to see how soft the cookies become.
• Exercise Routine: Trying out different types of exercise routines to see which one increases your stamina the most.
• Plant Fertilizer: Applying different types of fertilizers to your tomato plants to observe which one produces the juiciest tomatoes.
• Study Environment: Testing various study environments to identify which one improves your focus and learning.
• Sleep Duration: Adjusting the number of hours you sleep to observe its impact on your energy level the next day.

Answers and Explanation

Got your answers ready? Let’s see how you did!

• Cooking Time: The softness of the cookies is the dependent variable.
• Exercise Routine: The increase in stamina is what you are measuring, making it the dependent variable.
• Plant Fertilizer: The juiciness of the tomatoes is the dependent variable here.
• Study Environment: Your focus and learning are the dependent variables in this scenario.
• Sleep Duration: The energy level the next day is your dependent variable.

Identifying dependent variables is a skill that sharpens with practice, helping us unravel the wonders of cause and effect in the world around us.

Final Thoughts on Identification

Mastering the art of identifying dependent variables is like gaining a superpower. It allows us to see the world through a lens of relationships and effects, deepening our understanding of how changes in one element can impact another.

In the intricate dance of cause and effect, dependent variables tell tales of outcomes, changes, and responses. From the realm of science to the canvas of art, they shape our understanding of the world and drive progress in countless fields.

The challenges faced in measuring these variables only add layers to their complexity, but the pursuit of knowledge and the joy of discovery make every step of the journey worthwhile.

As we conclude our exploration of dependent variables, we leave with a sense of wonder and curiosity, equipped with the knowledge to observe, question, and explore the world around us.

The stories of dependent variables continue to unfold, and the adventure of learning and discovery is boundless.

Thank you for joining us on this enlightening journey through the world of dependent variables. Keep exploring, stay curious, and continue to marvel at the wonders of the world we live in!

Related posts:

• Independent Variables (Definition + 43 Examples)
• Confounding Variable in Psychology (Examples + Definition)
• Positive Correlation (Meaning + 39 Examples + Quiz)
• 19+ Experimental Design Examples (Methods + Types)
• 45+ Negative Correlation Examples (Definition + Use-cases)

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