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The experimental method involves the manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. The key features are controlled methods and the random allocation of participants into controlled and experimental groups .
An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. An independent variable (the cause) is manipulated in an experiment, and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled.
An advantage is that experiments should be objective. The researcher’s views and opinions should not affect a study’s results. This is good as it makes the data more valid and less biased.
There are three types of experiments you need to know:
A laboratory experiment in psychology is a research method in which the experimenter manipulates one or more independent variables and measures the effects on the dependent variable under controlled conditions.
A laboratory experiment is conducted under highly controlled conditions (not necessarily a laboratory) where accurate measurements are possible.
The researcher uses a standardized procedure to determine where the experiment will take place, at what time, with which participants, and in what circumstances.
Participants are randomly allocated to each independent variable group.
Examples are Milgram’s experiment on obedience and Loftus and Palmer’s car crash study .
A field experiment is a research method in psychology that takes place in a natural, real-world setting. It is similar to a laboratory experiment in that the experimenter manipulates one or more independent variables and measures the effects on the dependent variable.
However, in a field experiment, the participants are unaware they are being studied, and the experimenter has less control over the extraneous variables .
Field experiments are often used to study social phenomena, such as altruism, obedience, and persuasion. They are also used to test the effectiveness of interventions in real-world settings, such as educational programs and public health campaigns.
An example is Holfing’s hospital study on obedience .
A natural experiment in psychology is a research method in which the experimenter observes the effects of a naturally occurring event or situation on the dependent variable without manipulating any variables.
Natural experiments are conducted in the day (i.e., real life) environment of the participants, but here, the experimenter has no control over the independent variable as it occurs naturally in real life.
Natural experiments are often used to study psychological phenomena that would be difficult or unethical to study in a laboratory setting, such as the effects of natural disasters, policy changes, or social movements.
For example, Hodges and Tizard’s attachment research (1989) compared the long-term development of children who have been adopted, fostered, or returned to their mothers with a control group of children who had spent all their lives in their biological families.
Here is a fictional example of a natural experiment in psychology:
Researchers might compare academic achievement rates among students born before and after a major policy change that increased funding for education.
In this case, the independent variable is the timing of the policy change, and the dependent variable is academic achievement. The researchers would not be able to manipulate the independent variable, but they could observe its effects on the dependent variable.
Ecological validity.
The degree to which an investigation represents real-life experiences.
These are the ways that the experimenter can accidentally influence the participant through their appearance or behavior.
The clues in an experiment lead the participants to think they know what the researcher is looking for (e.g., the experimenter’s body language).
The variable the experimenter manipulates (i.e., changes) is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.
Variable the experimenter measures. This is the outcome (i.e., the result) of a study.
All variables which are not independent variables but could affect the results (DV) of the experiment. EVs should be controlled where possible.
Variable(s) that have affected the results (DV), apart from the IV. A confounding variable could be an extraneous variable that has not been controlled.
Randomly allocating participants to independent variable conditions means that all participants should have an equal chance of participating in each condition.
The principle of random allocation is to avoid bias in how the experiment is carried out and limit the effects of participant variables.
Changes in participants’ performance due to their repeating the same or similar test more than once. Examples of order effects include:
(i) practice effect: an improvement in performance on a task due to repetition, for example, because of familiarity with the task;
(ii) fatigue effect: a decrease in performance of a task due to repetition, for example, because of boredom or tiredness.
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In science, a procedure refers to a defined method, process, or set of steps to systematically carry out an experiment, test a hypothesis, or conduct research. If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer: A scientific procedure details how to perform an investigation in a reproducible, standardized way .
In this comprehensive article, we’ll explore the essential role procedures play across scientific disciplines. We’ll look at how detailed protocols lend credibility and enable reproducibility. We’ll also examine key elements of scientific procedures from materials to data analysis.
In the field of science, procedures play a crucial role in ensuring that experiments and studies are conducted in a standardized and consistent manner. By providing step-by-step instructions, procedures help researchers follow a systematic approach to testing and gathering data.
This not only ensures that the experiment can be replicated by other scientists but also allows for accurate comparisons between different studies.
Procedures in science provide researchers with a clear set of instructions on how to carry out a specific experiment or study. These step-by-step instructions outline the necessary materials, equipment, and methods to be used.
By following a standardized procedure, scientists can ensure that the variables being tested are controlled and that the experiment is conducted in a consistent manner across different trials.
For example, if a scientist is investigating the effect of temperature on the growth of plants, a procedure might include specific details on how to set up the experiment, such as the temperature range to be tested, the type of plants to be used, and the duration of the experiment.
By following the procedure precisely, researchers can minimize variations and obtain reliable and accurate data.
Another important aspect of procedures in science is the inclusion of procedural controls. Procedural controls are steps or conditions that are implemented to minimize experimental errors and ensure the validity of the results.
These controls act as a reference point to compare the experimental results against, allowing researchers to identify any potential sources of error.
For instance, in a drug trial, a procedural control might involve the administration of a placebo to a control group. This allows researchers to compare the effects of the actual drug to the effects of the placebo, helping them determine whether the observed changes are due to the drug itself or other factors.
By including procedural controls, scientists can account for variables that may impact the results and ensure that their findings are accurate and reliable. This helps to maintain the integrity of the scientific process and ensures that conclusions drawn from the study are valid.
Procedures are an essential part of the scientific process as they ensure reproducibility of results. In science, reproducibility refers to the ability of other researchers to obtain similar results when they follow the same procedure.
This is crucial for building a strong foundation of knowledge and establishing the validity of scientific findings.
When scientists conduct experiments, they document their procedures meticulously to provide a clear roadmap for others to follow. By replicating an experiment using the same procedure, other researchers can validate the results and confirm the accuracy of the initial findings.
This process helps to eliminate errors and biases, and strengthens the credibility of scientific research.
For example, imagine a study that claims a new drug effectively treats a certain disease. To ensure the validity of the findings, other scientists would need to replicate the study by following the same procedure.
If the results are consistently reproduced, it provides strong evidence that the drug is indeed effective.
Another important aspect of procedures in science is the transparency they provide. Researchers often publish their procedures along with their findings, allowing others to scrutinize and evaluate their work.
This transparency promotes accountability and allows for constructive criticism and improvement of scientific knowledge.
By publishing procedures, scientists also enable the scientific community to build upon their work. Other researchers can use the published procedures as a starting point for further investigations or to explore related questions.
This collaborative approach fosters innovation and accelerates scientific progress.
For example, in the field of genetics, the Human Genome Project published its procedures and findings to provide a comprehensive reference for future research. This transparency allowed scientists from around the world to analyze and interpret the human genome, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in genetics.
Stating the research question and hypothesis.
One of the fundamental elements of scientific procedures is stating the research question and hypothesis. When conducting a scientific experiment, researchers formulate a clear and concise research question that defines the problem they aim to investigate.
This question serves as the foundation of the entire procedure and guides the subsequent steps.
Once the research question is established, scientists develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about the outcome of the experiment. It is based on existing knowledge, observations, and evidence.
The hypothesis provides a framework for the experiment and sets expectations for the results.
For example, let’s say a researcher wants to investigate the effects of caffeine on cognitive performance. The research question could be: “Does consuming caffeine improve cognitive function?” The corresponding hypothesis might be: “Consuming caffeine will enhance cognitive performance compared to a control group.”
Another crucial element of scientific procedures is detailing the materials, methods, and apparatus used in the experiment. This step ensures that the experiment can be replicated by other researchers and allows for the evaluation of its validity and reliability.
The materials section lists all the substances, tools, and equipment used during the experiment. It provides a comprehensive inventory of the items necessary to carry out the research. Including specific brands, models, and quantities can be important for accuracy and consistency in replication.
The methods section outlines the step-by-step procedures followed during the experiment. It includes a clear and concise description of the experimental design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
This section should be detailed enough to allow another scientist to replicate the experiment and obtain similar results.
The apparatus section describes the specific instruments or apparatus used in the experiment. It provides information on the equipment, its specifications, and any adjustments or calibrations made before the experiment.
This section is crucial for ensuring that the equipment used is suitable for the research and that any potential sources of error are accounted for.
For instance, a researcher conducting a study on plant growth might detail the materials used, such as soil, pots, seeds, and water. The methods section would outline the steps followed, including planting the seeds, providing the necessary sunlight and water, and measuring the plant growth over time.
The apparatus section would specify the tools used, such as measuring instruments for height and a light meter for monitoring sunlight exposure.
For more information on scientific procedures, you can visit Science Buddies , a reputable website that provides detailed explanations and resources on various scientific topics.
When it comes to conducting scientific research, writing effective procedures is crucial. These procedures serve as a roadmap for researchers, guiding them through the steps necessary to carry out their experiments accurately and reliably.
Here, we will explore the key elements of writing effective scientific procedures that are clear, thorough, and objective.
Clarity is of utmost importance when writing scientific procedures. It is essential to provide clear and concise instructions that leave no room for ambiguity. Researchers should use precise language, avoiding jargon and technical terms that may confuse readers.
By doing so, they ensure that the procedure can be easily understood and replicated by others in the scientific community.
Thoroughness is another crucial aspect of writing effective scientific procedures. Every step of the experiment should be detailed, leaving no room for assumptions or guesswork. This includes providing accurate measurements, specifying equipment and materials needed, and outlining any safety precautions that need to be taken.
By being thorough, researchers can ensure that their experiments can be replicated accurately and produce reliable results.
Objectivity is also vital when writing scientific procedures. Researchers should strive to maintain an unbiased and neutral tone throughout the procedure. This means avoiding personal opinions or assumptions and sticking to facts and evidence.
By doing so, researchers can ensure that their procedures are objective and can be trusted by the scientific community.
When writing scientific procedures, it is important to follow established protocol guidelines. These guidelines provide a framework for how procedures should be written and help ensure consistency and reliability in scientific research.
Scientists often refer to established protocols, such as those published by reputable organizations like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or the World Health Organization (WHO).
By following these guidelines, researchers can benefit from the expertise and knowledge of the scientific community. Established protocols often include best practices, recommended techniques, and standardized formats for writing procedures.
This not only helps researchers write more effective procedures but also enhances the reproducibility and comparability of scientific experiments.
In summary, scientific procedures are vital to systematic, standardized, and reproducible research. They enable transparency, credibility, and critical analysis of investigations across every scientific field.
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Publishing research results is a fundamental part of the scientific process. Without the dissemination of findings through peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and other outlets, science would fail to progress and build on itself. In this comprehensive article, we’ll examine why sharing results publicly is so vital to the enterprise of science. If you’re short on time,…
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Geography plays a unique role among scientific disciplines. But does its study of Earth’s landscapes and human societies classify it as a bonafide physical science? The quick answer is that while geography relies heavily on physical sciences like geology and meteorology, its inclusion of human geography makes it more of a bridge between physical and…
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Ever wondered why scientists across the world are being lauded for discovering the Covid-19 vaccine so early? It’s because every government knows that vaccines are a result of experimental research design and it takes years of collected data to make one. It takes a lot of time to compare formulas and combinations with an array of possibilities across different age groups, genders and physical conditions. With their efficiency and meticulousness, scientists redefined the meaning of experimental research when they discovered a vaccine in less than a year.
Characteristics of experimental research design, types of experimental research design, advantages and disadvantages of experimental research, examples of experimental research.
Experimental research is a scientific method of conducting research using two variables: independent and dependent. Independent variables can be manipulated to apply to dependent variables and the effect is measured. This measurement usually happens over a significant period of time to establish conditions and conclusions about the relationship between these two variables.
Experimental research is widely implemented in education, psychology, social sciences and physical sciences. Experimental research is based on observation, calculation, comparison and logic. Researchers collect quantitative data and perform statistical analyses of two sets of variables. This method collects necessary data to focus on facts and support sound decisions. It’s a helpful approach when time is a factor in establishing cause-and-effect relationships or when an invariable behavior is seen between the two.
Now that we know the meaning of experimental research, let’s look at its characteristics, types and advantages.
The hypothesis is at the core of an experimental research design. Researchers propose a tentative answer after defining the problem and then test the hypothesis to either confirm or disregard it. Here are a few characteristics of experimental research:
Experimental research is equally effective in non-laboratory settings as it is in labs. It helps in predicting events in an experimental setting. It generalizes variable relationships so that they can be implemented outside the experiment and applied to a wider interest group.
The way a researcher assigns subjects to different groups determines the types of experimental research design .
In a pre-experimental research design, researchers observe a group or various groups to see the effect an independent variable has on the dependent variable to cause change. There is no control group as it is a simple form of experimental research . It’s further divided into three categories:
This design is practical but lacks in certain areas of true experimental criteria.
This design depends on statistical analysis to approve or disregard a hypothesis. It’s an accurate design that can be conducted with or without a pretest on a minimum of two dependent variables assigned randomly. It is further classified into three types:
True experimental research design should have a variable to manipulate, a control group and random distribution.
With experimental research, we can test ideas in a controlled environment before marketing. It acts as the best method to test a theory as it can help in making predictions about a subject and drawing conclusions. Let’s look at some of the advantages that make experimental research useful:
Even though it’s a scientific method, it has a few drawbacks. Here are a few disadvantages of this research method:
Experimental research design is a sophisticated method that investigates relationships or occurrences among people or phenomena under a controlled environment and identifies the conditions responsible for such relationships or occurrences
Experimental research can be used in any industry to anticipate responses, changes, causes and effects. Here are some examples of experimental research :
Experimental research is considered a standard method that uses observations, simulations and surveys to collect data. One of its unique features is the ability to control extraneous variables and their effects. It’s a suitable method for those looking to examine the relationship between cause and effect in a field setting or in a laboratory. Although experimental research design is a scientific approach, research is not entirely a scientific process. As much as managers need to know what is experimental research , they have to apply the correct research method, depending on the aim of the study.
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Methodology
Published on July 31, 2020 by Lauren Thomas . Revised on January 22, 2024.
Like a true experiment , a quasi-experimental design aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable .
However, unlike a true experiment, a quasi-experiment does not rely on random assignment . Instead, subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria.
Quasi-experimental design is a useful tool in situations where true experiments cannot be used for ethical or practical reasons.
Differences between quasi-experiments and true experiments, types of quasi-experimental designs, when to use quasi-experimental design, advantages and disadvantages, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about quasi-experimental designs.
There are several common differences between true and quasi-experimental designs.
True experimental design | Quasi-experimental design | |
---|---|---|
Assignment to treatment | The researcher subjects to control and treatment groups. | Some other, method is used to assign subjects to groups. |
Control over treatment | The researcher usually . | The researcher often , but instead studies pre-existing groups that received different treatments after the fact. |
Use of | Requires the use of . | Control groups are not required (although they are commonly used). |
However, for ethical reasons, the directors of the mental health clinic may not give you permission to randomly assign their patients to treatments. In this case, you cannot run a true experiment.
Instead, you can use a quasi-experimental design.
You can use these pre-existing groups to study the symptom progression of the patients treated with the new therapy versus those receiving the standard course of treatment.
Many types of quasi-experimental designs exist. Here we explain three of the most common types: nonequivalent groups design, regression discontinuity, and natural experiments.
In nonequivalent group design, the researcher chooses existing groups that appear similar, but where only one of the groups experiences the treatment.
In a true experiment with random assignment , the control and treatment groups are considered equivalent in every way other than the treatment. But in a quasi-experiment where the groups are not random, they may differ in other ways—they are nonequivalent groups .
When using this kind of design, researchers try to account for any confounding variables by controlling for them in their analysis or by choosing groups that are as similar as possible.
This is the most common type of quasi-experimental design.
Many potential treatments that researchers wish to study are designed around an essentially arbitrary cutoff, where those above the threshold receive the treatment and those below it do not.
Near this threshold, the differences between the two groups are often so minimal as to be nearly nonexistent. Therefore, researchers can use individuals just below the threshold as a control group and those just above as a treatment group.
However, since the exact cutoff score is arbitrary, the students near the threshold—those who just barely pass the exam and those who fail by a very small margin—tend to be very similar, with the small differences in their scores mostly due to random chance. You can therefore conclude that any outcome differences must come from the school they attended.
In both laboratory and field experiments, researchers normally control which group the subjects are assigned to. In a natural experiment, an external event or situation (“nature”) results in the random or random-like assignment of subjects to the treatment group.
Even though some use random assignments, natural experiments are not considered to be true experiments because they are observational in nature.
Although the researchers have no control over the independent variable , they can exploit this event after the fact to study the effect of the treatment.
However, as they could not afford to cover everyone who they deemed eligible for the program, they instead allocated spots in the program based on a random lottery.
Although true experiments have higher internal validity , you might choose to use a quasi-experimental design for ethical or practical reasons.
Sometimes it would be unethical to provide or withhold a treatment on a random basis, so a true experiment is not feasible. In this case, a quasi-experiment can allow you to study the same causal relationship without the ethical issues.
The Oregon Health Study is a good example. It would be unethical to randomly provide some people with health insurance but purposely prevent others from receiving it solely for the purposes of research.
However, since the Oregon government faced financial constraints and decided to provide health insurance via lottery, studying this event after the fact is a much more ethical approach to studying the same problem.
True experimental design may be infeasible to implement or simply too expensive, particularly for researchers without access to large funding streams.
At other times, too much work is involved in recruiting and properly designing an experimental intervention for an adequate number of subjects to justify a true experiment.
In either case, quasi-experimental designs allow you to study the question by taking advantage of data that has previously been paid for or collected by others (often the government).
Quasi-experimental designs have various pros and cons compared to other types of studies.
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If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Research bias
A quasi-experiment is a type of research design that attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. The main difference with a true experiment is that the groups are not randomly assigned.
In experimental research, random assignment is a way of placing participants from your sample into different groups using randomization. With this method, every member of the sample has a known or equal chance of being placed in a control group or an experimental group.
Quasi-experimental design is most useful in situations where it would be unethical or impractical to run a true experiment .
Quasi-experiments have lower internal validity than true experiments, but they often have higher external validity as they can use real-world interventions instead of artificial laboratory settings.
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COMMENTS
Experimental design create a set of procedures to systematically test a hypothesis. A good experimental design requires a strong understanding of the system you are studying. There are five key steps in designing an experiment: Consider your variables and how they are related; Write a specific, testable hypothesis
Step 1: Define your variables. You should begin with a specific research question. We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology: Example question 1: Phone use and sleep. You want to know how phone use before bedtime affects sleep patterns.
Key Info. Write the experimental procedure like a step-by-step recipe for your science experiment. A good procedure is so detailed and complete that it lets someone else duplicate your experiment exactly! Repeating a science experiment is an important step to verify that your results are consistent and not just an accident.. For a typical experiment, you should plan to repeat it at least three ...
Experimental Design. Experimental design is a process of planning and conducting scientific experiments to investigate a hypothesis or research question. It involves carefully designing an experiment that can test the hypothesis, and controlling for other variables that may influence the results. Experimental design typically includes ...
An experiment is a data collection procedure that occurs in controlled conditions to identify and understand causal relationships between variables. Researchers can use many potential designs. The ultimate choice depends on their research question, resources, goals, and constraints. In some fields of study, researchers refer to experimental ...
Each time that you perform your experiment is called a run or a trial. So, your experimental procedure should also specify how many trials you intend to run. Most teachers want you to repeat your experiment a minimum of three times. Repeating your experiment more than three times is even better, and doing so may even be required to measure very ...
By definition, an experiment is a procedure that tests a hypothesis. A hypothesis, in turn, is a prediction of cause and effect or the predicted outcome of changing one factor of a situation. ... Experimental design is very important because the way you conduct an experiment influences its outcome. For example, if you use too small of an amount ...
The experimental design is a set of procedures that are designed to test a hypothesis. The process has five steps: define variables, formulate a hypothesis, design an experiment, assign subjects ...
Actually, a deeper knowledge on the topic could offer a different point of view. The aim of the present tutorial is to introduce the experimental design to beginners, by providing the theoretical basic principles as well as a practical guide to use the most common designs, from the experimental plan to the final optimization.
Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables. Herein, the first set of variables acts as a constant, used to measure the differences of the second set. The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research.
Three types of experimental designs are commonly used: 1. Independent Measures. Independent measures design, also known as between-groups, is an experimental design where different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable. This means that each condition of the experiment includes a different group of participants.
The six steps of the scientific method include: 1) asking a question about something you observe, 2) doing background research to learn what is already known about the topic, 3) constructing a hypothesis, 4) experimenting to test the hypothesis, 5) analyzing the data from the experiment and drawing conclusions, and 6) communicating the results ...
Key Takeaways. Experimental designs are useful for establishing causality, but some types of experimental design do this better than others. Experiments help researchers isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable by controlling for the effect of extraneous variables.; Experiments use a control/comparison group and an experimental group to test the effects of ...
Experimental designs are a set of procedures that you plan in order to examine the relationship between variables that interest you. To design a successful experiment, first identify: A testable hypothesis. One or more independent variables that you will manipulate.
The experimental method involves the manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. The key features are controlled methods and the random allocation of participants into controlled and experimental groups. What is an Experiment? An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. An ...
Experimental design means planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables. To design a controlled experiment, you need: A testable hypothesis; At least one independent variable that can be precisely manipulated; At least one dependent variable that can be precisely measured; When designing the experiment, you decide:
Introduction. Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure: Start with the broad, general research topic. Narrow your topic down your specific study focus. End with a clear research question.
In science, a procedure refers to a defined method, process, or set of steps to systematically carry out an experiment, test a hypothesis, or conduct research. If you're short on time, here's a quick answer: A scientific procedure details how to perform an investigation in a reproducible, standardized way. In this comprehensive article, we ...
Experimental research is widely implemented in education, psychology, social sciences and physical sciences. Experimental research is based on observation, calculation, comparison and logic. Researchers collect quantitative data and perform statistical analyses of two sets of variables. This method collects necessary data to focus on facts and ...
• Experimental design: Step-by-step procedures in paragraph form: Sample preparation: Experimental controls: Equipment used, including model numbers and year: Important equipment settings (e.g., temperature of incubation, speed of centrifuge) Amount of reagents used: Specific measurements taken (e.g., wing length, weight of organism)
e. An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on ...
With this information, it is easy to create a simple scale between the coded and the uncoded values, as shown in Figure 14.1.13 . A temperature of 35 o C corresponds to a coded level of \(-0.5\) and a coded level of \(+2\) corresponds to a temperature of 60 o C. Figure 14.1.13 . The relationship between the coded factor levels and the uncoded ...
Revised on January 22, 2024. Like a true experiment, a quasi-experimental design aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable. However, unlike a true experiment, a quasi-experiment does not rely on random assignment. Instead, subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria.