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Collagen from human placenta
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Collagen from human placenta
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Collagen from human placenta
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B Y THE TIME children born today are in kindergarten, artificial intelligence ( AI ) will probably have surpassed humans at all cognitive tasks, from science to creativity. When I first predicted in 1999 that we would have such artificial general intelligence ( AGI ) by 2029, most experts thought I’d switched to writing fiction. But since the spectacular breakthroughs of the past few years, many experts think we will have AGI even sooner—so I’ve technically gone from being an optimist to a pessimist, without changing my prediction at all.
After working in the field for 61 years—longer than anyone else alive—I am gratified to see AI at the heart of global conversation. Yet most commentary misses how large language models like Chat GPT and Gemini fit into an even larger story. AI is about to make the leap from revolutionising just the digital world to transforming the physical world as well. This will bring countless benefits, but three areas have especially profound implications: energy, manufacturing and medicine.
Sources of energy are among civilisation’s most fundamental resources. For two centuries the world has needed dirty, non-renewable fossil fuels. Yet harvesting just 0.01% of the sunlight the Earth receives would cover all human energy consumption. Since 1975, solar cells have become 99.7% cheaper per watt of capacity, allowing worldwide capacity to increase by around 2m times. So why doesn’t solar energy dominate yet?
The problem is two-fold. First, photovoltaic materials remain too expensive and inefficient to replace coal and gas completely. Second, because solar generation varies on both diurnal (day/night) and annual (summer/winter) scales, huge amounts of energy need to be stored until needed—and today’s battery technology isn’t quite cost-effective enough. The laws of physics suggest that massive improvements are possible, but the range of chemical possibilities to explore is so enormous that scientists have made achingly slow progress.
By contrast, AI can rapidly sift through billions of chemistries in simulation, and is already driving innovations in both photovoltaics and batteries. This is poised to accelerate dramatically. In all of history until November 2023, humans had discovered about 20,000 stable inorganic compounds for use across all technologies. Then, Google’s GN o ME AI discovered far more, increasing that figure overnight to 421,000. Yet this barely scratches the surface of materials-science applications. Once vastly smarter AGI finds fully optimal materials, photovoltaic megaprojects will become viable and solar energy can be so abundant as to be almost free.
Energy abundance enables another revolution: in manufacturing. The costs of almost all goods—from food and clothing to electronics and cars—come largely from a few common factors such as energy, labour (including cognitive labour like R & D and design) and raw materials. AI is on course to vastly lower all these costs.
After cheap, abundant solar energy, the next component is human labour, which is often backbreaking and dangerous. AI is making big strides in robotics that can greatly reduce labour costs. Robotics will also reduce raw-material extraction costs, and AI is finding ways to replace expensive rare-earth elements with common ones like zirconium, silicon and carbon-based graphene. Together, this means that most kinds of goods will become amazingly cheap and abundant.
These advanced manufacturing capabilities will allow the price-performance of computing to maintain the exponential trajectory of the past century—a 75-quadrillion-fold improvement since 1939. This is due to a feedback loop: today’s cutting-edge AI chips are used to optimise designs for next-generation chips. In terms of calculations per second per constant dollar, the best hardware available last November could do 48bn. Nvidia’s new B 200 GPU s exceed 500bn.
As we build the titanic computing power needed to simulate biology, we’ll unlock the third physical revolution from AI : medicine. Despite 200 years of dramatic progress, our understanding of the human body is still built on messy approximations that are usually mostly right for most patients, but probably aren’t totally right for you . Tens of thousands of Americans a year die from reactions to drugs that studies said should help them.
Yet AI is starting to turn medicine into an exact science. Instead of painstaking trial-and-error in an experimental lab, molecular biosimulation—precise computer modelling that aids the study of the human body and how drugs work—can quickly assess billions of options to find the most promising medicines. Last summer the first drug designed end-to-end by AI entered phase-2 trials for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease. Dozens of other AI -designed drugs are now entering trials.
Both the drug-discovery and trial pipelines will be supercharged as simulations incorporate the immensely richer data that AI makes possible. In all of history until 2022, science had determined the shapes of around 190,000 proteins. That year DeepMind’s AlphaFold 2 discovered over 200m, which have been released free of charge to researchers to help develop new treatments.
Much more laboratory research is needed to populate larger simulations accurately, but the roadmap is clear. Next, AI will simulate protein complexes, then organelles, cells, tissues, organs and—eventually—the whole body.
This will ultimately replace today’s clinical trials, which are expensive, risky, slow and statistically underpowered. Even in a phase-3 trial, there’s probably not one single subject who matches you on every relevant factor of genetics, lifestyle, comorbidities, drug interactions and disease variation.
Digital trials will let us tailor medicines to each individual patient. The potential is breathtaking: to cure not just diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s, but the harmful effects of ageing itself.
Today, scientific progress gives the average American or Briton an extra six to seven weeks of life expectancy each year. When AGI gives us full mastery over cellular biology, these gains will sharply accelerate. Once annual increases in life expectancy reach 12 months, we’ll achieve “longevity escape velocity”. For people diligent about healthy habits and using new therapies, I believe this will happen between 2029 and 2035—at which point ageing will not increase their annual chance of dying. And thanks to exponential price-performance improvement in computing, AI -driven therapies that are expensive at first will quickly become widely available.
This is AI ’s most transformative promise: longer, healthier lives unbounded by the scarcity and frailty that have limited humanity since its beginnings. ■
Ray Kurzweil is a computer scientist, inventor and the author of books including “The Age of Intelligent Machines” (1990), “The Age of Spiritual Machines” (1999) and “The Singularity is Near” (2005). His new book, “The Singularity is Nearer: When We Merge with AI”, will be published on June 25th.
By invitation june 22nd 2024, vladimir putin’s war against ukraine is part of his revolution against the west.
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents
The Biden administration has played dirty and shown staggering incompetence, argues Joe Lonsdale
Or it could try to change the EU from within—which would be worse, reckons Jean Pisani-Ferry
It is more in touch with voters, says the longest-serving female MP—but there is more work to do
He is leading Russia into a new phase of strategic confrontation, says Stephen Covington, a longtime NATO adviser
Bringing gene therapies and obesity drugs to the masses will require financial innovation too, says Steven Pearson
They need to be clear about what opposing populism does and doesn’t mean, argues Yair Zivan
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The European Court of Human Rights listed multiple violations. Its findings paint a grim picture of life under a decade of Russian occupation.
By Lynsey Chutel
The European Court of Human Rights ruled on Tuesday that Russia and its proxy security forces in Crimea have committed multiple human rights violations during its decade-long occupation of the Ukrainian territory.
In a case brought by the government of Ukraine, the court found evidence of the unlawful persecution and detention of those who criticized Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, as well as the systemic repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Crimea. The evidence presented to the court painted a picture of a region under the tight grip of Moscow’s authoritarian control, where any criticism is harshly punished and accountability is nonexistent for the politically connected.
The ruling from Europe’s most important human rights court, based on a case first brought in 2014, was a reminder that the region remains contested. It remains legally part of Ukraine, with deep historical and cultural ties, despite the Kremlin’s coordinated campaign to obliterate that identity under the occupation.
“This decision is the first in which an international judicial body has recognized the Russian Federation as responsible for the policy of large-scale and systematic violations of various human rights and freedoms in the temporarily occupied territory of the Crimean Peninsula,” said Iryna Mudra, deputy head in the office of President Volodymyr Zelensky.
The decision, said Ms. Mudra, who represented Ukraine at the hearing on the case last year in Strasbourg, France, paved the way for individual cases to be brought against Russia.
Between 2014 and 2018, there have been 43 cases of enforced disappearances, with eight people still missing. The disappeared were mostly pro-Ukrainian activists and journalists, or members of Crimea’s Tatar ethnic minority, the court found. Investigations of the disappearances went nowhere, the court added in its judgment.
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Reporting by Elida Moreno; Writing by Sarah Morland; Editing by Brendan O'Boyle and William Mallard
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Four executives from supermarket chains in Myanmar, including a Japanese joint venture official, were arrested for selling rice at inflated prices, state media said on Monday, as the war-torn country's ruling junta struggles to stabilise a spiralling economy.
If you'd like to become a reviewer for the track, or recommend someone, please use this form .
The Datasets and Benchmarks track serves as a venue for high-quality publications, talks, and posters on highly valuable machine learning datasets and benchmarks, as well as a forum for discussions on how to improve dataset development. Datasets and benchmarks are crucial for the development of machine learning methods, but also require their own publishing and reviewing guidelines. For instance, datasets can often not be reviewed in a double-blind fashion, and hence full anonymization will not be required. On the other hand, they do require additional specific checks, such as a proper description of how the data was collected, whether they show intrinsic bias, and whether they will remain accessible. The Datasets and Benchmarks track is proud to support the open source movement by encouraging submissions of open-source libraries and tools that enable or accelerate ML research.
The previous editions of the Datasets and Benchmarks track were highly successful; you can view the accepted papers from 2021 , 2002 , and 2023 , and the winners of the best paper awards 2021 , 2022 and 2023
CRITERIA. W e are aiming for an equally stringent review as the main conference, yet better suited to datasets and benchmarks. Submissions to this track will be reviewed according to a set of criteria and best practices specifically designed for datasets and benchmarks , as described below. A key criterion is accessibility: datasets should be available and accessible , i.e. the data can be found and obtained without a personal request to the PI, and any required code should be open source. We encourage the authors to use Croissant format ( https://mlcommons.org/working-groups/data/croissant/ ) to document their datasets in machine readable way. Next to a scientific paper, authors should also submit supplementary materials such as detail on how the data was collected and organised, what kind of information it contains, how it should be used ethically and responsibly, as well as how it will be made available and maintained.
RELATIONSHIP TO NeurIPS. Submissions to the track will be part of the main NeurIPS conference , presented alongside the main conference papers. Accepted papers will be officially published in the NeurIPS proceedings .
SUBMISSIONS. There will be one deadline this year. It is also still possible to submit datasets and benchmarks to the main conference (under the usual review process), but dual submission to both is not allowed (unless you retracted your paper from the main conference). We also cannot transfer papers from the main track to the D&B track. Authors can choose to submit either single-blind or double-blind . If it is possible to properly review the submission double-blind, i.e., reviewers do not need access to non-anonymous repositories to review the work, then authors can also choose to submit the work anonymously. Papers will not be publicly visible during the review process. Only accepted papers will become visible afterward. The reviews themselves are not visible during the review phase but will be published after decisions have been made. The datasets themselves should be accessible to reviewers but can be publicly released at a later date (see below). New authors cannot be added after the abstract deadline and they should have an OpenReview profile by the paper deadline. NeurIPS does not tolerate any collusion whereby authors secretly cooperate with reviewers, ACs or SACs to obtain favourable reviews.
SCOPE. This track welcomes all work on data-centric machine learning research (DMLR) and open-source libraries and tools that enable or accelerate ML research, covering ML datasets and benchmarks as well as algorithms, tools, methods, and analyses for working with ML data. This includes but is not limited to:
Read our original blog post for more about why we started this track.
Note: The site will start accepting submissions on April 1 5 , 2024.
Q: My work is in scope for this track but possibly also for the main conference. Where should I submit it?
A: This is ultimately your choice. Consider the main contribution of the submission and how it should be reviewed. If the main contribution is a new dataset, benchmark, or other work that falls into the scope of the track (see above), then it is ideally reviewed accordingly. As discussed in our blog post, the reviewing procedures of the main conference are focused on algorithmic advances, analysis, and applications, while the reviewing in this track is equally stringent but designed to properly assess datasets and benchmarks. Other, more practical considerations are that this track allows single-blind reviewing (since anonymization is often impossible for hosted datasets) and intended audience, i.e., make your work more visible for people looking for datasets and benchmarks.
Q: How will paper accepted to this track be cited?
A: Accepted papers will appear as part of the official NeurIPS proceedings.
Q: Do I need to submit an abstract beforehand?
A: Yes, please check the important dates section for more information.
Q: My dataset requires open credentialized access. Can I submit to this track?
A: This will be possible on the condition that a credentialization is necessary for the public good (e.g. because of ethically sensitive medical data), and that an established credentialization procedure is in place that is 1) open to a large section of the public, 2) provides rapid response and access to the data, and 3) is guaranteed to be maintained for many years. A good example here is PhysioNet Credentialing, where users must first understand how to handle data with human subjects, yet is open to anyone who has learned and agrees with the rules. This should be seen as an exceptional measure, and NOT as a way to limit access to data for other reasons (e.g. to shield data behind a Data Transfer Agreement). Misuse would be grounds for desk rejection. During submission, you can indicate that your dataset involves open credentialized access, in which case the necessity, openness, and efficiency of the credentialization process itself will also be checked.
A submission consists of:
Use of Large Language Models (LLMs): We welcome authors to use any tool that is suitable for preparing high-quality papers and research. However, we ask authors to keep in mind two important criteria. First, we expect papers to fully describe their methodology, and any tool that is important to that methodology, including the use of LLMs, should be described also. For example, authors should mention tools (including LLMs) that were used for data processing or filtering, visualization, facilitating or running experiments, and proving theorems. It may also be advisable to describe the use of LLMs in implementing the method (if this corresponds to an important, original, or non-standard component of the approach). Second, authors are responsible for the entire content of the paper, including all text and figures, so while authors are welcome to use any tool they wish for writing the paper, they must ensure that all text is correct and original.
Reviewing will be single-blind, although authors can also submit anonymously if the submission allows that. A datasets and benchmarks program committee will be formed, consisting of experts on machine learning, dataset curation, and ethics. We will ensure diversity in the program committee, both in terms of background as well as technical expertise (e.g., data, ML, data ethics, social science expertise). Each paper will be reviewed by the members of the committee. In select cases where ethical concerns are flagged by reviewers, an ethics review may be performed as well.
Papers will not be publicly visible during the review process. Only accepted papers will become visible afterward. The reviews themselves are also not visible during the review phase but will be published after decisions have been made. Authors can choose to keep the datasets themselves hidden until a later release date, as long as reviewers have access.
The factors that will be considered when evaluating papers include:
The following committee will provide advice on the organization of the track over the coming years: Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Joaquin Vanschoren, Serena Yeung.
Lora Aroyo, Google Francesco Locatello, Institute of Science and Technology Austria Lingjuan Lyu, Sony AI
Contact: datasetsbenchmarks@neurips.cc
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500 Words Essay On Humanity. When we say humanity, we can look at it from a lot of different perspectives. One of the most common ways of understanding is that it is a value of kindness and compassion towards other beings. If you look back at history, you will find many acts of cruelty by humans but at the same time, there are also numerous acts of humanity.
Essay on Humanity in 100 to 300 Words. Humanity could be understood through different perspectives. Humanity refers to acts of kindness, care, and compassion towards humans or animals. Humanity is the positive quality of human beings. This characteristic involves the feeling of love, care, reason, decision, cry, etc.
Long and Short Essays on Humanity for Students and Kids in English. We provide children and students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic "Humanity" for reference. Long Essay on Humanity 500 Words in English. Long Essay on Humanity is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.
In "The Power of the Humanities and a Challenge to Humanists," Richard J. Franke argues that humanistic interpretation "contributes to a tradition of interpretation.". Franke posits that human emotions and values are at the core of humanistic study, offering the ability to explore domains that "animate the human experience.".
10 Lines Essay on Humanity (100-120 Words) 1) Humanity is kindness and sympathy for others. 2) Humanity teaches us to be kind and compassionate towards others. 3) It helps us understand and appreciate the diversity among people. 4) It reminds us to treat everyone with respect and dignity, regardless of their background.
The great poet Rabindranath Tagore truly believed in humanity. These famous humanitarians' acts and ways are great examples for today's generation to help the poor and needy. As good human beings, we should indulge in acts of kindness and giving back. Humanity is all about selfless acts of compassion. Conclusion of the Essay on Humanity
Humanity, a word laden with profound meaning, encapsulates the essence of what it means to be human. It transcends existence, delving into compassion, resilience, and connection that define our species. At its core, humanity embodies the capacity for empathy, the strength to endure adversity, and the innate desire for meaningful relationships.
The humanities include the study of all languages and literatures, the arts, history, and philosophy. The humanities are sometimes organized as a school or administrative division in many colleges and universities in the United States. The modern conception of the humanities has its origin in the Classical Greek paideia, a course of general ...
When it comes to crafting a humanity essay, the choice of topic plays a pivotal role. A truly exceptional essay topic should not only captivate the reader, but also stimulate deep thought and offer a fresh perspective on the subject matter. Here are some innovative tips to help you brainstorm and select a compelling humanity essay topic:
Humanity, the quality that makes us human, is a truly remarkable and defining aspect of our existence. It encompasses our compassion, empathy, and capacity for good. In this essay, we will explore the myriad ways in which humanity shines, using statistics, examples, and expert opinions to illustrate its importance in our world. Acts of Kindness
Conclusion: Embracing the Human Experience. In conclusion, the question of what it means to be human encapsulates the richness, complexity, and beauty of the human experience. From consciousness and relationships to self-awareness and the pursuit of meaning, our journey as humans is characterized by our capacity for thought, emotion, connection ...
Various definitions have been given to the term humanity. Therefore, humanities are the many characteristics and branches of humanities such as theater, human being, art, culture, literature, food, music and the stories that try to bring out the sense in the world as we see it. Get a custom Essay on Defining the Humanities. It is a discipline ...
This essay delves into the importance of studying humanities, including its capacity to foster a profound understanding of humanity, appreciation for cultural diversity, and the ability to engage with complex social issues. Moreover, it explores how the study of humanities contributes to the development of a well-rounded education and promotes ...
Why War and Leader Pride Will Become the End of Humanity. 5. Search for Peace in the Just War Theory. 6. The Inherent Good and Evil of Humanity in The Breadwinner. 7. Nature in Connection to Humanity in Robert Frost's' Work. 8. A Loss of Humanity under the Control of Force in Trojan Women, War and the Iliad, and Survival in Auschwitz. 9.
Humanities essays. What are the humanities? The humanities refer to subjects that study people, their ideas, history, and literature. To put that another way, the humanities are those branches of learning regarding primarily as having a cultural character. For example, one of the UK's academic funding bodies, the Arts & Humanities Research ...
The content of an indexical is whatever it names. For example, if you were to say 'I am here', the word 'here' names the spot where you are sitting. Its linguistic meaning is 'the place where I am when I utter the word "here". ' If 'human' means 'my own natural kind, ' then referring to a being as human boils down to the ...
You should summarize the essay's key point. Rephrase the thesis statement and state its significance. Complete the conclusion with a closing statement or a call to action. Using the steps above, you will be able to compose a good humanity essay. You can structure your humanity essay into a 5-paragraph essay.
Introduction. The answer to origin of humanity can be traced through evolution of culture of religion. Religion has been in existence since the earlier man's period, and records that show that some form of gods were worshipped, which can be found on caves and statutes. In addition, practices by Homo sapiens of burying their dead indicate the ...
Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism is a scholarly, peer-reviewed journal published twice a year by the American Humanist Association. We invite authors to submit papers concerning philosophical, historical, or interdisciplinary aspects of humanism, or that deal with the
In a humanities essay, a strong introduction does most or all of the following: 1. engages the reader's attention. 2. identifies for a reader the essay's critical question/focused topic. 3. provides background information necessary to help readers understand the scope of the topic. 4. explains why that critical question/topic matters.
Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, founded in 1992, is a scholarly, peer-reviewed journal published by the American Humanist Association and The Institute for Humanist Studies. Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism publishes articles about aspects and applications of humanism, in the broad sense of 'philosophical' as a search for self-understanding, life wisdom, and improvingshe the ...
4. The content of the Senior Essay must reflect the author's original research and writing. The topic need not be original, and some familiarity with and attention to existing secondary literature is expected. It is vital, however, that a Senior Essay in the Humanities not be overwhelmed by a review of existing scholarship.
In this audio essay, the sociologist Matthew Desmond interviews a resident of the Water Street Mission shelter in Lancaster, Pa., about what makes it so unique. "Here's a place that is ...
Gene Information. human ... COL4A2(1284), COL4A3(1285), COL4A4(1286), COL4A5(1287), COL4A6(1288) Gene Information. human ... COL5A1(1289) Gene Information. ... View All Related Papers. Questions. Be the first to ask a question . Reviews ★★★★★ No rating value Be the first to write a review . This action will open a modal dialog.
Yet harvesting just 0.01% of the sunlight the Earth receives would cover all human energy consumption. Since 1975, solar cells have become 99.7% cheaper per watt of capacity, allowing worldwide ...
Guest Essay. How to Help Americans Eat Less Junk Food. June 30, 2024, 6:00 a.m. ET. ... Not so long ago, the United States was a world leader in informative food labeling: In the 1960s, Congress ...
The European Court of Human Rights ruled on Tuesday that Russia and its proxy security forces in Crimea have committed multiple human rights violations during its decade-long occupation of the ...
A Panamanian court has acquitted 28 people charged with money-laundering under cases linked to the Panama Papers and "Operation Car Wash" scandals, the country's judicial branch said in a ...
process, and examples of notable past essays. We hope that this information allays many of the concerns you may have. Questions not addressed here may be forwarded directly to the DUS at . paul.grimstad@yale.edu. The Senior Essay in the Humanities is a project that commonly occasions both deep discoveries and lasting self-discoveries.
The previous editions of the Datasets and Benchmarks track were highly successful; you can view the accepted papers from 2021, 2002, and 2023, and the winners of the best paper awards 2021, ... where users must first understand how to handle data with human subjects, yet is open to anyone who has learned and agrees with the rules. This should ...