example of rationale in thesis proposal

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How to Write the Rationale of the Study in Research (Examples)

What is the Rationale of the Study?

The rationale of the study is the justification for taking on a given study. It explains the reason the study was conducted or should be conducted. This means the study rationale should explain to the reader or examiner why the study is/was necessary. It is also sometimes called the “purpose” or “justification” of a study. While this is not difficult to grasp in itself, you might wonder how the rationale of the study is different from your research question or from the statement of the problem of your study, and how it fits into the rest of your thesis or research paper. 

The rationale of the study links the background of the study to your specific research question and justifies the need for the latter on the basis of the former. In brief, you first provide and discuss existing data on the topic, and then you tell the reader, based on the background evidence you just presented, where you identified gaps or issues and why you think it is important to address those. The problem statement, lastly, is the formulation of the specific research question you choose to investigate, following logically from your rationale, and the approach you are planning to use to do that.

Table of Contents:

How to write a rationale for a research paper , how do you justify the need for a research study.

• Study Rationale Example: Where Does It Go In Your Paper?

The basis for writing a research rationale is preliminary data or a clear description of an observation. If you are doing basic/theoretical research, then a literature review will help you identify gaps in current knowledge. In applied/practical research, you base your rationale on an existing issue with a certain process (e.g., vaccine proof registration) or practice (e.g., patient treatment) that is well documented and needs to be addressed. By presenting the reader with earlier evidence or observations, you can (and have to) convince them that you are not just repeating what other people have already done or said and that your ideas are not coming out of thin air. 

Once you have explained where you are coming from, you should justify the need for doing additional research–this is essentially the rationale of your study. Finally, when you have convinced the reader of the purpose of your work, you can end your introduction section with the statement of the problem of your research that contains clear aims and objectives and also briefly describes (and justifies) your methodological approach. 

When is the Rationale for Research Written?

The author can present the study rationale both before and after the research is conducted. 

• Before conducting research : The study rationale is a central component of the research proposal . It represents the plan of your work, constructed before the study is actually executed.
• Once research has been conducted : After the study is completed, the rationale is presented in a research article or  PhD dissertation  to explain why you focused on this specific research question. When writing the study rationale for this purpose, the author should link the rationale of the research to the aims and outcomes of the study.

What to Include in the Study Rationale

Although every study rationale is different and discusses different specific elements of a study’s method or approach, there are some elements that should be included to write a good rationale. Make sure to touch on the following:

• A summary of conclusions from your review of the relevant literature
• What is currently unknown (gaps in knowledge)
• Inconclusive or contested results  from previous studies on the same or similar topic
• The necessity to improve or build on previous research, such as to improve methodology or utilize newer techniques and/or technologies

There are different types of limitations that you can use to justify the need for your study. In applied/practical research, the justification for investigating something is always that an existing process/practice has a problem or is not satisfactory. Let’s say, for example, that people in a certain country/city/community commonly complain about hospital care on weekends (not enough staff, not enough attention, no decisions being made), but you looked into it and realized that nobody ever investigated whether these perceived problems are actually based on objective shortages/non-availabilities of care or whether the lower numbers of patients who are treated during weekends are commensurate with the provided services.

In this case, “lack of data” is your justification for digging deeper into the problem. Or, if it is obvious that there is a shortage of staff and provided services on weekends, you could decide to investigate which of the usual procedures are skipped during weekends as a result and what the negative consequences are. 

In basic/theoretical research, lack of knowledge is of course a common and accepted justification for additional research—but make sure that it is not your only motivation. “Nobody has ever done this” is only a convincing reason for a study if you explain to the reader why you think we should know more about this specific phenomenon. If there is earlier research but you think it has limitations, then those can usually be classified into “methodological”, “contextual”, and “conceptual” limitations. To identify such limitations, you can ask specific questions and let those questions guide you when you explain to the reader why your study was necessary:

Methodological limitations

• Did earlier studies try but failed to measure/identify a specific phenomenon?
• Was earlier research based on incorrect conceptualizations of variables?
• Were earlier studies based on questionable operationalizations of key concepts?
• Did earlier studies use questionable or inappropriate research designs?

Contextual limitations

• Have recent changes in the studied problem made previous studies irrelevant?
• Are you studying a new/particular context that previous findings do not apply to?

Conceptual limitations

• Do previous findings only make sense within a specific framework or ideology?

Study Rationale Examples

Let’s look at an example from one of our earlier articles on the statement of the problem to clarify how your rationale fits into your introduction section. This is a very short introduction for a practical research study on the challenges of online learning. Your introduction might be much longer (especially the context/background section), and this example does not contain any sources (which you will have to provide for all claims you make and all earlier studies you cite)—but please pay attention to how the background presentation , rationale, and problem statement blend into each other in a logical way so that the reader can follow and has no reason to question your motivation or the foundation of your research.

Background presentation

Since the beginning of the Covid pandemic, most educational institutions around the world have transitioned to a fully online study model, at least during peak times of infections and social distancing measures. This transition has not been easy and even two years into the pandemic, problems with online teaching and studying persist (reference needed) . 

While the increasing gap between those with access to technology and equipment and those without access has been determined to be one of the main challenges (reference needed) , others claim that online learning offers more opportunities for many students by breaking down barriers of location and distance (reference needed) .  

Rationale of the study

Since teachers and students cannot wait for circumstances to go back to normal, the measures that schools and universities have implemented during the last two years, their advantages and disadvantages, and the impact of those measures on students’ progress, satisfaction, and well-being need to be understood so that improvements can be made and demographics that have been left behind can receive the support they need as soon as possible.

Statement of the problem

To identify what changes in the learning environment were considered the most challenging and how those changes relate to a variety of student outcome measures, we conducted surveys and interviews among teachers and students at ten institutions of higher education in four different major cities, two in the US (New York and Chicago), one in South Korea (Seoul), and one in the UK (London). Responses were analyzed with a focus on different student demographics and how they might have been affected differently by the current situation.

How long is a study rationale?

In a research article bound for journal publication, your rationale should not be longer than a few sentences (no longer than one brief paragraph). A  dissertation or thesis  usually allows for a longer description; depending on the length and nature of your document, this could be up to a couple of paragraphs in length. A completely novel or unconventional approach might warrant a longer and more detailed justification than an approach that slightly deviates from well-established methods and approaches.

Consider Using Professional Academic Editing Services

Now that you know how to write the rationale of the study for a research proposal or paper, you should make use of Wordvice AI’s free AI Grammar Checker , or receive professional academic proofreading services from Wordvice, including research paper editing services and manuscript editing services to polish your submitted research documents.

You can also find many more articles, for example on writing the other parts of your research paper , on choosing a title , or on making sure you understand and adhere to the author instructions before you submit to a journal, on the Wordvice academic resources pages.

How to Write the Rationale for a Research Paper

• Research Process
• Peer Review

A research rationale answers the big SO WHAT? that every adviser, peer reviewer, and editor has in mind when they critique your work. A compelling research rationale increases the chances of your paper being published or your grant proposal being funded. In this article, we look at the purpose of a research rationale, its components and key characteristics, and how to create an effective research rationale.

Updated on September 19, 2022

The rationale for your research is the reason why you decided to conduct the study in the first place. The motivation for asking the question. The knowledge gap. This is often the most significant part of your publication. It justifies the study's purpose, novelty, and significance for science or society. It's a critical part of standard research articles as well as funding proposals.

Essentially, the research rationale answers the big SO WHAT? that every (good) adviser, peer reviewer, and editor has in mind when they critique your work.

A compelling research rationale increases the chances of your paper being published or your grant proposal being funded. In this article, we look at:

• the purpose of a research rationale
• its components and key characteristics
• how to create an effective research rationale

What is a research rationale?

Think of a research rationale as a set of reasons that explain why a study is necessary and important based on its background. It's also known as the justification of the study, rationale, or thesis statement.

Essentially, you want to convince your reader that you're not reciting what other people have already said and that your opinion hasn't appeared out of thin air. You've done the background reading and identified a knowledge gap that this rationale now explains.

A research rationale is usually written toward the end of the introduction. You'll see this section clearly in high-impact-factor international journals like Nature and Science. At the end of the introduction there's always a phrase that begins with something like, "here we show..." or "in this paper we show..." This text is part of a logical sequence of information, typically (but not necessarily) provided in this order:

Here's an example from a study by Cataldo et al. (2021) on the impact of social media on teenagers' lives.

Note how the research background, gap, rationale, and objectives logically blend into each other.

The authors chose to put the research aims before the rationale. This is not a problem though. They still achieve a logical sequence. This helps the reader follow their thinking and convinces them about their research's foundation.

Elements of a research rationale

We saw that the research rationale follows logically from the research background and literature review/observation and leads into your study's aims and objectives.

This might sound somewhat abstract. A helpful way to formulate a research rationale is to answer the question, “Why is this study necessary and important?”

Generally, that something has never been done before should not be your only motivation. Use it only If you can give the reader valid evidence why we should learn more about this specific phenomenon.

A well-written introduction covers three key elements:

• What's the background to the research?
• What has been done before (information relevant to this particular study, but NOT a literature review)?
• Research rationale

Now, let's see how you might answer the question.

1. This study complements scientific knowledge and understanding

Discuss the shortcomings of previous studies and explain how'll correct them. Your short review can identify:

• Methodological limitations . The methodology (research design, research approach or sampling) employed in previous works is somewhat flawed.

Example : Here , the authors claim that previous studies have failed to explore the role of apathy “as a predictor of functional decline in healthy older adults” (Burhan et al., 2021). At the same time, we know a lot about other age-related neuropsychiatric disorders, like depression.

Their study is necessary, then, “to increase our understanding of the cognitive, clinical, and neural correlates of apathy and deconstruct its underlying mechanisms.” (Burhan et al., 2021).

• Contextual limitations . External factors have changed and this has minimized or removed the relevance of previous research.

Example : You want to do an empirical study to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of tourists visiting Sicily. Previous studies might have measured tourism determinants in Sicily, but they preceded COVID-19.

• Conceptual limitations . Previous studies are too bound to a specific ideology or a theoretical framework.

Example : The work of English novelist E. M. Forster has been extensively researched for its social, political, and aesthetic dimensions. After the 1990s, younger scholars wanted to read his novels as an example of gay fiction. They justified the need to do so based on previous studies' reliance on homophobic ideology.

This kind of rationale is most common in basic/theoretical research.

2. This study can help solve a specific problem

Here, you base your rationale on a process that has a problem or is not satisfactory.

For example, patients complain about low-quality hospital care on weekends (staff shortages, inadequate attention, etc.). No one has looked into this (there is a lack of data). So, you explore if the reported problems are true and what can be done to address them. This is a knowledge gap.

Or you set out to explore a specific practice. You might want to study the pros and cons of several entry strategies into the Japanese food market.

It's vital to explain the problem in detail and stress the practical benefits of its solution. In the first example, the practical implications are recommendations to improve healthcare provision.

In the second example, the impact of your research is to inform the decision-making of businesses wanting to enter the Japanese food market.

This kind of rationale is more common in applied/practical research.

3. You're the best person to conduct this study

It's a bonus if you can show that you're uniquely positioned to deliver this study, especially if you're writing a funding proposal .

For an anthropologist wanting to explore gender norms in Ethiopia, this could be that they speak Amharic (Ethiopia's official language) and have already lived in the country for a few years (ethnographic experience).

Or if you want to conduct an interdisciplinary research project, consider partnering up with collaborators whose expertise complements your own. Scientists from different fields might bring different skills and a fresh perspective or have access to the latest tech and equipment. Teaming up with reputable collaborators justifies the need for a study by increasing its credibility and likely impact.

When is the research rationale written?

You can write your research rationale before, or after, conducting the study.

In the first case, when you might have a new research idea, and you're applying for funding to implement it.

Or you're preparing a call for papers for a journal special issue or a conference. Here , for instance, the authors seek to collect studies on the impact of apathy on age-related neuropsychiatric disorders.

In the second case, you have completed the study and are writing a research paper for publication. Looking back, you explain why you did the study in question and how it worked out.

Although the research rationale is part of the introduction, it's best to write it at the end. Stand back from your study and look at it in the big picture. At this point, it's easier to convince your reader why your study was both necessary and important.

How long should a research rationale be?

The length of the research rationale is not fixed. Ideally, this will be determined by the guidelines (of your journal, sponsor etc.).

The prestigious journal Nature , for instance, calls for articles to be no more than 6 or 8 pages, depending on the content. The introduction should be around 200 words, and, as mentioned, two to three sentences serve as a brief account of the background and rationale of the study, and come at the end of the introduction.

If you're not provided guidelines, consider these factors:

• Research document : In a thesis or book-length study, the research rationale will be longer than in a journal article. For example, the background and rationale of this book exploring the collective memory of World War I cover more than ten pages.
• Research question : Research into a new sub-field may call for a longer or more detailed justification than a study that plugs a gap in literature.

Which verb tenses to use in the research rationale?

It's best to use the present tense. Though in a research proposal, the research rationale is likely written in the future tense, as you're describing the intended or expected outcomes of the research project (the gaps it will fill, the problems it will solve).

Example of a research rationale

Research question : What are the teachers' perceptions of how a sense of European identity is developed and what underlies such perceptions?

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology , 3(2), 77-101.

Burhan, A.M., Yang, J., & Inagawa, T. (2021). Impact of apathy on aging and age-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Research Topic. Frontiers in Psychiatry

Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021). Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: A review. Frontiers in Psychiatry , 11.

CiCe Jean Monnet Network (2017). Guidelines for citizenship education in school: Identities and European citizenship children's identity and citizenship in Europe.

Cohen, l, Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education . Eighth edition. London: Routledge.

de Prat, R. C. (2013). Euroscepticism, Europhobia and Eurocriticism: The radical parties of the right and left “vis-à-vis” the European Union P.I.E-Peter Lang S.A., Éditions Scientifiques Internationales.

European Commission. (2017). Eurydice Brief: Citizenship education at school in Europe.

Polyakova, A., & Fligstein, N. (2016). Is European integration causing Europe to become more nationalist? Evidence from the 2007–9 financial crisis. Journal of European Public Policy , 23(1), 60-83.

Winter, J. (2014). Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Rationale for Research: Writing Tips & Examples

The rationale for research justifies the need for a study and its potential contributions. It highlights gaps in existing knowledge and aims to fill those gaps. A well-crafted rationale increases the chances of publication success and funding approval. The rationale typically follows a logical sequence from literature review to research objectives. Its length varies based on the type of research document, ranging from a few sentences to several pages .

📘 Guidelines for Writing the Rationale for Research

📏 length.

• Scope : The length of the rationale can vary depending on the overall length of the research proposal or paper .
• Detail : Typically, the rationale should be concise and focused, ranging from a few sentences to a page or two(typically 4-10 sentences ).
• Purpose : Aim to provide enough detail to justify the importance and relevance of the study without being overly lengthy or repetitive.

📍 Position

• Placement : The rationale is usually positioned early in the research proposal or paper, often following the introduction or background section.
• Sequence : It should come after the research question or hypothesis has been clearly stated, as the rationale aims to justify why the research question is important and worth investigating.
• Integration : In some cases, the rationale may be integrated into the introduction or background section, rather than being a separate section.

🔗 Transition Words

• Function : Transition words help to connect ideas and create a logical flow in the rationale.
• Contrast/Gaps : “However,” “Despite,” “While,” “Although”
• Logical Connection : “Therefore,” “Thus,” “Consequently,” “As a result”
• Addition of Points : “Moreover,” “Furthermore,” “In addition”
• Purposeful Action : “To address this gap,” “To fill this need,” “To bridge this gap”

📝 Example of a Well-Drafted Rationale

• “Despite the growing prevalence of obesity among children, current interventions have shown limited long-term effectiveness. [Transition: However,] recent studies suggest that family-based interventions targeting both diet and physical activity may be more promising. [Transition: Therefore,] the proposed study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a novel family-based intervention program for treating childhood obesity, which combines nutrition education, physical activity promotion, and parent-child bonding activities. [Transition: Moreover,] the study will assess the long-term maintenance of weight loss and lifestyle changes, which has been a major challenge in previous interventions. [Transition: To address this gap,] the findings of this study could inform the development of more effective and sustainable interventions for childhood obesity, ultimately improving the health and well-being of children and their families.”

In this example, the rationale is concise (one paragraph), positioned after the background information on childhood obesity, and uses transition words ( however, therefore, moreover, to address this gap ) to create a logical flow and connection between ideas.

Rationale for Research Practices: Good vs. Bad

Rationale for research-good research practices across disciplines.

Let’s go deeper into writing a good research rationale. You’ll learn the structure, important parts, and ways to make a strong point. This guide helps both seasoned researchers and beginners. You’ll learn to make your research matter and interest your readers with its significance .

What is a Rationale for Research?

knowledge gap the study wants to fill and its possible contribution to literature .

Overview of the Research Rationale

A solid research rationale starts with careful literature review analysis. This step identifies areas where the knowledge base is incomplete. It makes sure the new research does something novel. 1 The rationale sums up key points from previous studies. It talks about what we’re still not sure about or which results are mixed. It shows how the new study will add to what’s already known.

Significance and Novelty of Research

The research rationale underlines the study’s significance and novelty . It should explain the practical and theoretical benefits the study offers. 2 Take, for example, Cataldo et al.’s (2021) research on social media and teens. This study might discuss its real-world impacts and its input to theories about teen and tech use. 2

Rationales can also show a study’s practical benefits .Like, Burhan et al. (2021) could explain how their study on apathy aids with new elderly care interventions .

When is the Rationale for Research Written?

The rationale for research is key at different times in research. It’s crucial early on or after a study ends. At each point, it has a specific role.

Before the Research: Research Proposal

Before starting a research project, the rationale for research is vital. It’s a big part of the research proposal . Here, the rationale lays out the study’s plan, goals, and significance .

After the Research: Research Paper or Dissertation

After the study is over, the rationale for research goes in the final research paper or dissertation . It explains why the research focused on certain aims and how the results fit the bigger picture.

It doesn’t matter if it’s early or late, the rationale for research is crucial. It shows why the study matters, making readers see its worth for the field.

Basis for Writing the Research Rationale

Creating a strong research rationale starts with a detailed literature review . This means deeply looking into past studies. It helps you spot where there’s not enough information in the current knowledge about your topic.By carefully checking what’s already known, a literature review ensures your study will add something new. It won’t just repeat what others have done before. 1

Literature Review

A thorough literature review is key to solid research reasoning. It lets you pull together the main points from studies that have gone before. This way, you really understand what is known about your study area. 1 This stop you from covering old ground but also shows what needs more looking into. This sets up your research to bring a fresh perspective. 3

Identifying Gaps in Knowledge

Finding where there is still knowledge to be found is one big goal of the literature review . These gaps might be due to different or unclear findings, study restrictions, or lack of research for certain groups. 1 By recognizing these knowledge gaps , your study becomes important. It tries to answer key questions and push the field forward. 3

Avoiding Duplication

Another goal is to make sure you’re not just repeating what’s already known. The literature review is crucial in this. It shows you what’s been done already and lets you check your approach to be unique. 1 This step helps avoid doing work that’s already been covered. It opens the door for new ideas, building on existing knowledge.

Length of the Research Rationale

The length of the research rationale in a research proposal or article is typically a few sentences 1 . But for a thesis or dissertation , it could be a couple of paragraphs.

How long the research rationale length is can change. It depends on the field or how new and unusual the idea is 1 . A very new idea might need more explaining than something continuing existing research 2 .

The prestigious journal Nature specifies that articles should ideally be no more than 6 to 8 pages long, with the introduction being around 200 words including a brief account of the background and rationale of the study.

In some cases like a thesis or a lengthy book study, the research rationale can be quite long. It might even be more than ten pages, depending on the details.

The length of the research rationale is often set by the journal or sponsor’s rules 2 .

Basic Elements of the Research Rationale

A well-crafted research rationale sets the stage for a successful study. It justifies the investigation with solid reasons. This reason should show the importance and originality of the work you want to do.

Literature Review Conclusions

It’s critical to summarize what’s already known in your field. This summary helps put your study in context. It also helps you see what needs to be researched further, known as research gaps and knowledge gaps .

Knowledge Gaps

Looking at past studies should show where we need more information. These areas without enough data give a good reason to continue researching. By finding and talking about these knowledge gaps , you can make sure your study brings something new.

Controversial or Inconclusive Findings

Sometimes, past research doesn’t give clear answers. It might even have different or uncertain results. In these cases, your study could help by clarifying or solving these issues.

Building on Previous Research

Your research should aim to add to what we already know. It can be about any new questions, updating old ideas, or using new technology for more insights. This approach shows the value in your work.

By combining these essential elements, your research’s foundation becomes strong. It makes a clear case for the study’s unique contribution and importance .

Example of a Research Rationale

Abc xyz is a new microalgae species found in fish tanks. It’s getting attention for lots of carotenoids and a special carotenoid profile . Although Abc xyz algae have worried fish farmers, some studies show they could help aquaculture .

In this genus, only a few microalgal species have been studied for carotenoid content . So far, they haven’t found great sources of these healthy compounds. 4 Studying Abc xyz’s carotenoid profile will help us find new and useful carotenoids. They could be a great natural source for aquaculture . 4

Every research rationale should mention previous findings, gaps in knowledge, and new research questions. This is to update what we know and make it better.

A research rationale can be over ten pages in a thesis . It depends on the topic’s depth. 2 Dissertations might have even longer explanations, maybe a few paragraphs.

• Preliminary data from a literature review helps make the study’s reasons clear. It also stops us from repeating things we already know.
• Research that brings together different fields can be very powerful. It makes the work more trustworthy and important.
• Working with well-known partners makes our studies more reliable. It also helps show why our research is needed.

Importance of Describing the Research Rationale

Explaining why you are doing research is key. It shows the big picture and new ideas of your project. When you tell people why you’re studying something, it makes them see how important and needed your work is. It’s important to share your research’s purpose clearly.

Why you are researching something is really important, especially in a research proposal . But, keep it short, a few sentences are enough. However, for a thesis or dissertation , you might get to talk more about it. You could use a couple of paragraphs to explain in more detail.

To build a strong research rationale , start with a deep look at the literature. Studying what’s already out there helps you find where new studies are needed. This way, your research can truly add something new and not just repeat what others have done.

A solid research rationale should talk about key findings from the literature, points not yet looked into, and areas where old studies don’t agree. It should also explain why more research in this area is needed.

Showing the need for your research makes it more important and valuable. By clearly explaining why your work is needed, you increase its chance of getting recognized by researchers.

Writing a Clear and Concise Rationale

To explain your research’s purpose and what it means, crafting a clear and short rationale is key. The problem-solution-rationale model is a good way to do this. First, point out the problem or issue. Then, suggest a solution. Finally, show why that solution is the right one.

Problem-Solution-Rationale Model

The model makes your ideas clear and logical. Start by clearly stating the problem or gap in knowledge. Then, talk about your solution. This could be a new approach or method. At the end, explain why your choice is the best to solve the problem.

Language for Signaling Rationale

Using certain phrases can show your rationale clearly. Phrases like “in order to,” “for the following reasons,” and “the reason this was done” work well. They make your argument stronger and easier to follow.

A good rationale for research is brief but persuasive. It highlights why your work matters. Using the problem-solution-rationale model and clear language can make your rationale effective. This is important for starting off your research on the right foot. 3

Justifying the Rationale

Showing a strong rationale justification is vital for your research to make an impact. It proves why your study matters and what it can offer the world. By explaining your study’s purpose clearly, you can highlight its big role in advancing what we know.

Showing Importance and Significance

To make your research’s rationale stand out, talk about its importance using phrases like “This was important because…” This shows how your study led to important results or met specific needs, making your work more valuable.

Say something like, “This was significant because it explored a topic not studied enough, which is key for moving our understanding forward. Or, “The importance was in challenging common beliefs, giving a new view on the issue we looked into.”

Linking your reasons to real results or filling knowledge gaps strengthens your work’s significance . It shows your study matters and adds real value to your field.

A well-explained rationale not just makes your research more trusted. It also opens doors for more discoveries, pushing knowledge forward.

A strong and clear rationale can help you gain support, be noticed, and create real impact in your area of study and even outside of it.

Tips for Effective Rationale Writing

Writing a good research rationale is key for academics. It helps you talk about your study’s rationale writing tips . You can show why your work matters and how it helps the field. Make sure you explain the “why” of your study clearly. This way, your rationale will catch your audience’s interest.

Getting help from academic writing pros is smart. They offer focused advice and tips on how to show your rationale well. This makes your writing more effective.

Every research rationale should include an overview of conclusions from a literature review , gaps in current knowledge, inconclusive or controversial findings from previous studies, and the need to build on previous research.

When writing your rationale, these rationale writing tips are important to remember:

• Clearly state the gaps in current knowledge that your study will fill.
• Show why your study’s results are crucial and how they can make a difference.
• Talk about how your research adds to what was already known in the field.
• Be clear and convincing to make your study’s importance clear to readers.

The rationale part should be easy to understand and to the point. It should explain the problem, your solution, and why your research matters. Using resources like guides for writing rationales can make your writing stronger.

Use these rationale writing tips and get advice from those with experience. This way, you can create a strong rationale. It will clearly show why your study is important.

Use services of www.editverse.com to write effective Rationale

Editverse.com offers top-notch academic editing services . They help researchers and scholars globally. 5 Their experts work on the rationale section of your papers, making sure it’s clear, coherent, and persuasive.

Making a strong rationale is tough, whether you’re new or experienced. Editverse.com has professional editing just for this. They help you show why your research is important in a clear and impactful way.

Editverse.com’s expert editors will closely look at your rationale. They make sure it: Clearly identifies gaps in existing knowledge Highlights the potential contributions of your study Persuasively justifies the need for your research

Using Editverse.com’s rationale editing makes your research rationale stand out. It boosts the quality of your work, ensuring it grabs your readers’ attention.

Editverse.com’s know-how helps you craft a rationale that shines. It clearly shows your research’s worth and importance.

The rationale for research is key in showing why a study is important. It explains the research’s goal, finds knowledge gaps , and shows its potential. This makes the study stand out for its innovation and value. 1

A strong, well-thought rationale can make your work more likely to be published. It needs to address what’s already known, any debates, and what’s next. By doing this, your research gains more credibility and impact.

No matter if it’s for a proposal, article, or thesis, a powerful rationale is vital. It sets the groundwork for your work’s significance and context. Spending time on this part can greatly enhance your work’s success and recognition in the academic world.

What is the rationale for research?

The rationale for research explains why a study is necessary. It outlines the research’s importance and the gaps it aims to fill. In simple terms, it shows why the study is needed.

When is the research rationale written?

The rationale is set before or after doing the research. Beforehand, it’s part of the research proposal , outlining the project’s goals. After the study, it’s in the final paper, discussing the research’s purpose and outcomes.

What is the basis for writing the research rationale?

Writing a good rationale comes from deep research. A thorough literature review helps find topic gaps. This ensures the research project is new and valuable.

How long should the research rationale be?

In proposals or articles, it’s a few sentences. For a thesis, it might be a couple of paragraphs. The length could vary by the study’s focus or discipline.

What are the basic elements of the research rationale?

Rationales should cover key points: a review’s key conclusions, knowledge gaps, and the research’s unique contributions. The aim is to provide new insights and move the field forward.

Why is it important to describe the research rationale?

Describing the rationale helps to show the research’s value. It explains why the work matters and is important to readers.

How can I write a clear and concise rationale?

Try the problem-solution-rationale model. First, state the issue. Then, explain the solution and its reasons. Using clear language markers can help signal your points.

How can I justify the rationale?

To make your rationale stronger, clearly state the study’s importance. Use phrases like “This was vital because…” to show the reasons behind your study’s significance .

What are some tips for effective rationale writing?

For a strong rationale, focus on the study’s purpose. Getting feedback from academic writing experts can also provide valuable insights into making your rationale compelling.

Can professional editing services help with writing the research rationale?

Yes, services like Editvise can support in improving your rationale section. They ensure it’s clear, logical, and persuasive, meeting top standards.

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Setting Rationale in Research: Cracking the code for excelling at research

Knowledge and curiosity lays the foundation of scientific progress. The quest for knowledge has always been a timeless endeavor. Scholars seek reasons to explain the phenomena they observe, paving way for development of research. Every investigation should offer clarity and a well-defined rationale in research is a cornerstone upon which the entire study can be built.

Research rationale is the heartbeat of every academic pursuit as it guides the researchers to unlock the untouched areas of their field. Additionally, it illuminates the gaps in the existing knowledge, and identifies the potential contributions that the study aims to make.

Table of Contents

What Is Research Rationale and When Is It Written

Research rationale is the “why” behind every academic research. It not only frames the study but also outlines its objectives , questions, and expected outcomes. Additionally, it helps to identify the potential limitations of the study . It serves as a lighthouse for researchers that guides through data collection and analysis, ensuring their efforts remain focused and purposeful. Typically, a rationale is written at the beginning of the research proposal or research paper . It is an essential component of the introduction section and provides the foundation for the entire study. Furthermore, it provides a clear understanding of the purpose and significance of the research to the readers before delving into the specific details of the study. In some cases, the rationale is written before the methodology, data analysis, and other sections. Also, it serves as the justification for the research, and how it contributes to the field. Defining a research rationale can help a researcher in following ways:

1. Justification of a Research Problem

• Research rationale helps to understand the essence of a research problem.
• It designs the right approach to solve a problem. This aspect is particularly important for applied research, where the outcomes can have real-world relevance and impact.
• Also, it explains why the study is worth conducting and why resources should be allocated to pursue it.
• Additionally, it guides a researcher to highlight the benefits and implications of a strategy.

2. Elimination of Literature Gap

• Research rationale helps to ideate new topics which are less addressed.
• Additionally, it offers fresh perspectives on existing research and discusses the shortcomings in previous studies.
• It shows that your study aims to contribute to filling these gaps and advancing the field’s understanding.

3. Originality and Novelty

• The rationale highlights the unique aspects of your research and how it differs from previous studies.
• Furthermore, it explains why your research adds something new to the field and how it expands upon existing knowledge.
• It highlights how your findings might contribute to a better understanding of a particular issue or problem and potentially lead to positive changes.
• Besides these benefits, it provides a personal motivation to the researchers. In some cases, researchers might have personal experiences or interests that drive their desire to investigate a particular topic.

4. An Increase in Chances of Funding

• It is essential to convince funding agencies , supervisors, or reviewers, that a research is worth pursuing.
• Therefore, a good rationale can get your research approved for funding and increases your chances of getting published in journals; as it addresses the potential knowledge gap in existing research.

Overall, research rationale is essential for providing a clear and convincing argument for the value and importance of your research study, setting the stage for the rest of the research proposal or manuscript. Furthermore, it helps establish the context for your work and enables others to understand the purpose and potential impact of your research.

5 Key Elements of a Research Rationale

Research rationale must include certain components which make it more impactful. Here are the key elements of a research rationale:

By incorporating these elements, you provide a strong and convincing case for the legitimacy of your research, which is essential for gaining support and approval from academic institutions, funding agencies, or other stakeholders.

How to Write a Rationale in Research

Writing a rationale requires careful consideration of the reasons for conducting the study. It is usually written in the present tense.

Here are some steps to guide you through the process of writing a research rationale:

After writing the initial draft, it is essential to review and revise the research rationale to ensure that it effectively communicates the purpose of your research. The research rationale should be persuasive and compelling, convincing readers that your study is worthwhile and deserves their attention.

How Long Should a Research Rationale be?

Although there is no pre-defined length for a rationale in research, its length may vary depending on the specific requirements of the research project. It also depends on the academic institution or organization, and the guidelines set by the research advisor or funding agency. In general, a research rationale is usually a concise and focused document.

Typically, it ranges from a few paragraphs to a few pages, but it is usually recommended to keep it as crisp as possible while ensuring all the essential elements are adequately covered. The length of a research rationale can be roughly as follows:

1. For Research Proposal:

A. Around 1 to 3 pages

B. Ensure clear and comprehensive explanation of the research question, its significance, literature review , and methodological approach.

2. Thesis or Dissertation:

A. Around 3 to 5 pages

B. Ensure an extensive coverage of the literature review, theoretical framework, and research objectives to provide a robust justification for the study.

3. Journal Article:

A. Usually concise. Ranges from few paragraphs to one page

B. The research rationale is typically included as part of the introduction section

However, remember that the quality and content of the research rationale are more important than its length. The reasons for conducting the research should be well-structured, clear, and persuasive when presented. Always adhere to the specific institution or publication guidelines.

Example of a Research Rationale

In conclusion, the research rationale serves as the cornerstone of a well-designed and successful research project. It ensures that research efforts are focused, meaningful, and ethically sound. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive and logical justification for embarking on a specific investigation. Therefore, by identifying research gaps, defining clear objectives, emphasizing significance, explaining the chosen methodology, addressing ethical considerations, and recognizing potential limitations, researchers can lay the groundwork for impactful and valuable contributions to the scientific community.

So, are you ready to delve deeper into the world of research and hone your academic writing skills? Explore Enago Academy ‘s comprehensive resources and courses to elevate your research and make a lasting impact in your field. Also, share your thoughts and experiences in the form of an article or a thought piece on Enago Academy’s Open Platform .

Join us on a journey of scholarly excellence today!

Frequently Asked Questions

A rationale of the study can be written by including the following points: 1. Background of the Research/ Study 2. Identifying the Knowledge Gap 3. An Overview of the Goals and Objectives of the Study 4. Methodology and its Significance 5. Relevance of the Research

Start writing a research rationale by defining the research problem and discussing the literature gap associated with it.

A research rationale can be ended by discussing the expected results and summarizing the need of the study.

A rationale for thesis can be made by covering the following points: 1. Extensive coverage of the existing literature 2. Explaining the knowledge gap 3. Provide the framework and objectives of the study 4. Provide a robust justification for the study/ research 5. Highlight the potential of the research and the expected outcomes

A rationale for dissertation can be made by covering the following points: 1. Highlight the existing reference 2. Bridge the gap and establish the context of your research 3. Describe the problem and the objectives 4. Give an overview of the methodology

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17 Research Proposal Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

Learn about our Editorial Process

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 10 Reasons you’re Perpetually Single
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8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

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• Translation

How to write the Rationale for your research

By charlesworth author services.

• Charlesworth Author Services
• 19 November, 2021

The rationale for one’s research is the justification for undertaking a given study. It states the reason(s) why a researcher chooses to focus on the topic in question, including what the significance is and what gaps the research intends to fill. In short, it is an explanation that rationalises the need for the study. The rationale is typically followed by a hypothesis/ research question (s) and the study objectives.

When is the rationale for research written?

The rationale of a study can be presented both before and after the research is conducted. 

• Before : The rationale is a crucial part of your research proposal , representing the plan of your work as formulated before you execute your study.
• After : Once the study is completed, the rationale is presented in a research paper or dissertation to explain why you focused on the particular question. In this instance, you would link the rationale of your research project to the study aims and outcomes.

Basis for writing the research rationale

The study rationale is predominantly based on preliminary data . A literature review will help you identify gaps in the current knowledge base and also ensure that you avoid duplicating what has already been done. You can then formulate the justification for your study from the existing literature on the subject and the perceived outcomes of the proposed study.

Length of the research rationale

In a research proposal or research article, the rationale would not take up more than a few sentences . A thesis or dissertation would allow for a longer description, which could even run into a couple of paragraphs . The length might even depend on the field of study or nature of the experiment. For instance, a completely novel or unconventional approach might warrant a longer and more detailed justification.

Basic elements of the research rationale

Every research rationale should include some mention or discussion of the following: 

• An overview of your conclusions from your literature review
• Gaps in current knowledge
• Inconclusive or controversial findings from previous studies
• The need to build on previous research (e.g. unanswered questions, the need to update concepts in light of new findings and/or new technical advancements). 

Example of a research rationale

Note: This uses a fictional study.

Abc xyz is a newly identified microalgal species isolated from fish tanks. While Abc xyz algal blooms have been seen as a threat to pisciculture, some studies have hinted at their unusually high carotenoid content and unique carotenoid profile. Carotenoid profiling has been carried out only in a handful of microalgal species from this genus, and the search for microalgae rich in bioactive carotenoids has not yielded promising candidates so far. This in-depth examination of the carotenoid profile of Abc xyz will help identify and quantify novel and potentially useful carotenoids from an untapped aquaculture resource .

In conclusion

It is important to describe the rationale of your research in order to put the significance and novelty of your specific research project into perspective. Once you have successfully articulated the reason(s) for your research, you will have convinced readers of the importance of your work!

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Engineering Graduate Studies

Formulating Project Rationale: Designing Arguments

Jump to: Activity Examples

Compelling thesis projects are based on strong arguments: a series of claims that make a convincing case for the significance and impact of your thesis project as well as the effectiveness of your approach. Although this rationale may seem evident to you as researcher, you may need to work to convince your audience, which is why strong persuasive arguments are so important.   

The activities below will guide you to…  

• Identify examples of strong arguments within sample papers.  
• Practice using a logical approach to argument design.  
• Map out the central claims of your research project, and consider how you can best support each with appropriate rationale.  

Important Concepts  

There are various approaches to constructing argument, but for the purposes of generating your thesis claims, we will use  Toulmin’s model.   This model, named for British rhetorician Stephen Toulmin, begins with the three components summarized below: 

Claim:  Assertion that an idea is true/applicable or relevant; takes the form of a recommendation, a point of analysis, an interpretation of data, or a hypothesis that you as an author wish to prove to an audience

Warrant/Justification:  An explanation that connects the evidence to the claim; may be signalled by a causal connector (because, since, consequently, given)   

Grounds/Evidence:  The facts that support this assertion; takes the form of data, testing, modelling, prior research or other scientific principles  

Let’s take a look at how these components are connected in the following example:   

The structure of the model often follows the structure above, but each component is a moving piece. The order of justification and evidence may be switched with minimal wordsmithing and without losing the meaning of the argument.

Toulmin’s model includes three additional components that move beyond these basic building blocks, these are:   

Backing:  Provides further evidence for the claim  

Qualifier:  Acknowledges that the argument is not always true or  limits the argument: may be signalled by words like however, but….  

Rebuttal:  Anticipates a counterargument by acknowledging another perspective   

These last two components are particularly important when drafting your thesis rationale: your gap will often take the form of a qualifier, as you acknowledge the limits of the research to date; your literature review reveals counterarguments, which may also be acknowledged and dealt with in your rationale.   

Let’s take a look at a qualifier and rebuttal for the above argument about EMS response time:   

Suggested Activity – Identifying Arguments in a Research Paper  

Estimated time: 30 min

Using the sample research proposals provided or a published research paper that is of interest to you, notice how the authors utilize Toulmin’s logic to create clear and convincing arguments that support their research objectives. Use the samples to practice identifying the main components of the Toulmin model (claim, justification, and evidence), as well as when a qualifier or rebuttal is used. Was the proposal/article persuasive to you as a reader?  

Suggested Activity – Identifying Arguments in Your Research  

Estimated time: 30 min  

• Refer to the mindmap of your thesis project that you created in the previous module .  
• List the primary arguments that you are or will be making in your thesis project.  
• For each argument, map out and fill in details for the three major components of the Toulmin’s model: claim, justification, evidence.   
• Are there any gaps in the claims that you made that you can fill in? Are there any central claims that you will make during your research that might be missing?  
• Keep the argument outline that you have generated in this activity to use in the next activity.  

Suggested Activity – Mapping Claims on an Argument Continuum  

Estimated time: 45 min  

• Refer to the arguments that you outlined in terms of claim, justification, and evidence in activity 1.  Using the ‘ mapping claims worksheet ’ provided, classify your claims along the continuum from big picture to focused/project specific. Map your claims along the continuum in a logical order of clusters.  

Take a look at the Activity 2 Examples in this module to see samples of mapped claims.  

Big Picture:  Which of your claims are related more to the overall focus and challenges in your field as a whole?

Project Specific: Which of your claims are more specific to your unique thesis project and individual research outcomes?  

• Once your claims are in order on the worksheet, explore ways that you can connect claims together. What are possible ‘linking’ statements that you would use to connect these ideas together to logically move from the bigger picture to the specifics? How do claims relate to one another to build an argument? Do any claims need to be moved in the logic or deleted? Are there repetitions here? Write down and map out some of the links that help you logically move from the big picture to the project specific claims on your worksheet. Move, delete, or adjust claims to improve the flow of logic from general to specific claims to build a more convincing and coherent story for your thesis project.    
• Share your mapped and linked claims with a peer or someone outside of your research group if possible. Were they able to understand the flow of your logic in the order in which you presented your arguments? Are there any claims that are missing, unsupported, or undeveloped?   
• From your own reflections and/or peer feedback, revise the structure or shuffle the order of claims on your continuum to produce a more coherent and logical flow.  

Things to think about…  

• The map that you generate in this module will form the basis of a motivation outline for your research project.   

Activity Examples

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