research project kaise banaen

• Thesis Action Plan New
• Academic Project Planner

Literature Navigator

Thesis dialogue blueprint, writing wizard's template, research proposal compass.

• Why students love us
• Rebels Blog
• Why we are different
• All Products
• Coming Soon

How to Start a Research Project: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

Starting a research project can be a bit overwhelming, especially if it's your first time. But don't worry! This guide will walk you through each step, making the process easier and more manageable. By breaking down the project into smaller tasks, you'll find it much simpler to handle. Let's dive into how you can go from an idea to a well-organized research proposal.

Key Takeaways

• Clearly define your research subject to set a strong foundation.
• Engage stakeholders early to align expectations and gather input.
• Craft a precise research statement to guide your study.
• Establish specific research goals to stay focused.
• Choose a suitable methodology to ensure reliable results.

Defining the Research Subject

Selecting a topic of interest.

The first step in starting your research project is to choose a topic that genuinely interests you. Selecting a topic that excites you will keep you motivated throughout the research process. Begin by brainstorming broad areas of interest and then narrow them down to a specific niche. Consider the practicalities, such as the availability of resources and the scope of your project. If you're struggling to find a topic, consult with your instructor or peers for guidance.

Narrowing Down the Focus

Once you have a general topic, it's essential to narrow it down to a more specific focus. This involves conducting an initial literature review to identify gaps, debates, and questions within your chosen field. By doing so, you can pinpoint a unique angle for your research. Remember, a well-defined focus will make your research more manageable and impactful.

Aligning with Assignment Instructions

It's crucial to ensure that your chosen topic aligns with the assignment instructions provided by your instructor. Review the guidelines carefully to understand the requirements and limitations. This alignment will not only help you meet academic expectations but also make your research more relevant and structured. If in doubt, seek clarification from your instructor to avoid any misunderstandings.

Engaging with Stakeholders

Identifying key stakeholders.

Before starting your research, it's crucial to identify the key stakeholders involved. These are the people who have a vested interest in your project. They can include supervisors, funding bodies, and even the target audience of your research. Understanding who your stakeholders are will help you align your research goals with their expectations.

Conducting Initial Meetings

Once you've identified your stakeholders, the next step is to conduct initial meetings . These meetings are essential for gathering input and setting expectations. During these meetings, discuss the scope of your research, the methodologies you plan to use, and any potential challenges. This is also a good time to ask for any resources or support you might need.

Gathering Input and Expectations

After the initial meetings, gather all the input and expectations from your stakeholders. This will help you refine your research plan and ensure that it meets everyone's needs. Create a summary document that outlines the key points discussed and any agreed-upon actions. This document will serve as a reference throughout your research project.

Crafting a Precise Research Statement

Formulating the main question.

Creating a strong research statement starts with formulating the main question . This question will guide your entire project. Make sure it is clear and specific. For example, if you're studying the impact of WhatsApp on communication, your main question could be, "How does WhatsApp influence daily communication habits?"

Ensuring Clarity and Conciseness

Your research statement should be both clear and concise. Avoid using complex words or jargon. Instead, focus on making your statement easy to understand. A clear and concise statement helps keep your research focused and on track.

Aligning with Research Goals

Finally, ensure that your research statement aligns with your overall research goals. This means that your statement should directly relate to what you aim to achieve with your study. For instance, if your goal is to understand user behavior on WhatsApp, your research statement should reflect this aim.

Establishing Research Goals

Setting clear research goals is a crucial step in any research project. These goals guide your study and help you stay focused on what you aim to achieve. Here’s how to establish effective research goals:

Identifying Key Areas of Exploration

Start by pinpointing the main areas you want to explore. These should be directly related to your research statement. Identifying these key areas will help you stay organized and ensure that your research is comprehensive.

Setting Specific Objectives

Once you have identified the key areas, the next step is to set specific objectives. These objectives should be clear, measurable, and achievable. Pinpointing the major focus of your research will help you stay on track and make your study more manageable.

Aligning Goals with Stakeholder Expectations

It's important to ensure that your research goals align with the expectations of your stakeholders. This alignment will help you gather the necessary support and resources for your project. Conducting initial meetings with stakeholders can provide valuable input and help you refine your goals.

Conducting a Comprehensive Literature Review

Gathering relevant sources.

Before diving into your research, it's crucial to gather all the relevant sources. Start by doing a preliminary search to see if there's enough information available. Use libraries, online databases, and academic journals to find books, articles, and papers related to your topic. This step ensures you have a solid foundation for your research .

Analyzing Existing Research

Once you have your sources, the next step is to analyze them. Skim through the materials to identify key points and different viewpoints. This will help you understand the current state of research in your field. Pay attention to how these sources relate to your research question.

Identifying Research Gaps

Finally, look for gaps in the existing research. These are areas that haven't been explored or questions that haven't been answered. Identifying these gaps can provide a direction for your own research and make your study more valuable. Conducting a comprehensive literature review is vital for putting your research in context and highlighting what your research will add to the field.

Choosing an Appropriate Methodology

Deciding Between Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

When starting your research, you need to decide whether to use qualitative or quantitative methods . Qualitative methods involve first-hand observations like interviews, focus groups, and case studies. These methods are great for exploring complex issues in depth. On the other hand, quantitative methods deal with numbers and logic, focusing on statistics and numerical patterns. They are ideal for testing hypotheses and making generalizable conclusions. Sometimes, a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, can be the best choice.

Selecting Data Collection Tools

Choosing the right tools for data collection is crucial. For qualitative research, you might use interviews, focus groups, or open-ended surveys. For quantitative research, tools like structured surveys, experiments, and statistical software are more appropriate. Make sure your tools align with your research questions and objectives.

Planning Data Analysis Techniques

Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyze it. For qualitative data, look for patterns and themes. Coding and thematic analysis are common techniques. For quantitative data, use statistical methods to test your hypotheses. Software like SPSS or R can help you manage and analyze large datasets. Proper planning of your data analysis techniques ensures that your findings are reliable and valid.

Creating a Detailed Research Plan

Creating a detailed research plan is essential for the success of your project. It helps you stay organized and ensures that you cover all necessary aspects of your research. Here are the key steps to follow:

Outlining the Methodology

Start by outlining the methodology you will use. This includes deciding on qualitative or quantitative methods, selecting tools for data collection, and determining how you will analyze the data. A clear methodology is essential for the credibility of your research.

Creating a Research Timeline

Next, create a timeline for your research activities. Break down your tasks into manageable steps and assign deadlines to each. This will help you stay on track and ensure that you complete your project on time. Use a table to organize your timeline:

Allocating Resources Effectively

Finally, allocate your resources effectively. This includes budgeting for any costs, such as software, travel, or materials, and ensuring you have access to necessary resources like libraries or labs. Proper resource allocation can make a significant difference in the quality and feasibility of your research.

Writing the Research Proposal

Structuring the proposal.

When structuring your research proposal, it's essential to include several key components. Start with a clear title that reflects the main focus of your study. Follow this with an abstract that provides a brief summary of your research objectives, methods, and expected outcomes. The introduction should set the context for your research, explaining the background and significance of your study. Make sure to include a literature review that highlights existing research and identifies gaps your study aims to fill. Finally, outline your research design, detailing the methods and procedures you will use to collect and analyze data.

Including a Literature Review

A comprehensive literature review is crucial for situating your research within the existing body of knowledge. Begin by gathering relevant sources from academic journals, books, and other credible publications. Summarize and synthesize these sources to show how they relate to your research question. Highlight any gaps or inconsistencies in the current literature that your study will address. This section not only demonstrates your understanding of the field but also justifies the need for your research.

Describing the Research Design

The research design section should provide a detailed plan of how you will conduct your study. Start by explaining whether you will use qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Describe the data collection tools you will use, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments. Outline your sampling methods and criteria for selecting participants or data sources. Finally, detail your data analysis techniques, explaining how you will interpret the results to answer your research question. This section should be thorough enough to convince reviewers that your methodology is sound and feasible.

Implementing the Research Project

Collecting data.

Once your research plan is in place, the next step is to start collecting data. This involves gathering the information you need to answer your research questions . Make sure to use the data collection tools you selected during your planning phase. Accurate data collection is crucial for the success of your project.

Analyzing Results

After collecting your data, the next step is to analyze it. This means looking for patterns, trends, and insights that will help you answer your research questions. Use the data analysis techniques you planned earlier. Remember, the goal is to make sense of the data and draw meaningful conclusions.

Adjusting the Plan as Needed

As you collect and analyze data, you might find that some parts of your plan need to be adjusted. This is normal and part of the research process. Be flexible and ready to make changes to your methodology or data collection methods if necessary. Staying adaptable will help you overcome any challenges that arise.

Presenting Your Findings

Organizing the presentation.

When presenting your research findings, it's crucial to structure your presentation logically. Start with an introduction that outlines the purpose of your research and the main questions you aimed to answer. Follow this with a summary of your methodology, highlighting the key methods used for data collection and analysis. Ensure your findings are presented clearly and concisely , using tables and graphs where appropriate to illustrate your points.

Engaging the Audience

To keep your audience engaged, use a mix of visual aids and verbal explanations. Interactive elements like Q&A sessions or live demonstrations can also be effective. Make sure to explain the significance of your findings and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge. This not only keeps the audience interested but also underscores the importance of your work.

Handling Questions and Feedback

Be prepared to handle questions and feedback from your audience. This is an opportunity to clarify any doubts and to demonstrate your deep understanding of the subject. Listen carefully to the questions, and take your time to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned answers. This will not only help in addressing any concerns but also in reinforcing the credibility of your research.

Sharing your research results is a crucial step in your academic journey. It can be tough, but you don't have to do it alone. Our Thesis Action Plan is here to guide you through every step. Ready to make your thesis writing stress-free? Visit our website now and claim your special offer!

In summary, starting a research project can seem overwhelming, but breaking it down into clear, manageable steps can make the process much more approachable. By carefully defining your research topic, engaging with stakeholders, crafting a precise research statement, and establishing clear goals and methodologies, you set a strong foundation for your project. Remember, a well-organized plan not only helps you manage your time and resources effectively but also enhances the credibility and impact of your research. As you embark on your research journey, keep these steps in mind to navigate the process smoothly and achieve your academic goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a research project.

A research project is a detailed study on a specific topic. It involves gathering information, analyzing data, and presenting findings to answer a particular question or solve a problem.

How do I choose a good research topic?

Pick a topic that interests you and has plenty of resources available. Make sure it aligns with your assignment guidelines and is neither too broad nor too narrow.

Why is it important to define the research subject?

Defining the research subject helps you stay focused and organized. It ensures that you have a clear direction and don't get lost in too many ideas.

Who are stakeholders in a research project?

Stakeholders are people who have an interest in your research. They can include funders, academic supervisors, or anyone affected by your study.

What is a research statement?

A research statement is a clear and concise description of the main question or problem your research aims to address.

What are research goals?

Research goals are the specific objectives you aim to achieve with your study. They guide your research and help you stay focused on your main question.

How do I choose the right methodology for my research?

Choosing the right methodology involves deciding how you will collect and analyze data. Consider whether you need qualitative or quantitative data and choose tools and techniques that best suit your study.

What should be included in a research proposal?

A research proposal should include the research subject, a literature review, research questions, methodology, and a timeline. It outlines what you plan to study and how you will do it.

Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: A Fun and Informative Guide

Unlocking the Power of Data: A Review of 'Essentials of Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Excel'

Discovering Statistics Using SAS: A Comprehensive Review

Collaborative Genius: 6 Hacks for Seamless Group Thesis Writing

Understanding the Difference Between Research Objectives and Research Questions

Transitioning Beyond Academia: Life After Completing Your Thesis

Thesis Action Plan

• Blog Articles
• Affiliate Program
• Terms and Conditions
• Payment and Shipping Terms
• Privacy Policy
• Return Policy

© 2024 Research Rebels, All rights reserved.

Your cart is currently empty.

Instant insights, infinite possibilities

How to write a research plan: Step-by-step guide

Last updated

30 January 2024

Reviewed by

Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead

Today’s businesses and institutions rely on data and analytics to inform their product and service decisions. These metrics influence how organizations stay competitive and inspire innovation. However, gathering data and insights requires carefully constructed research, and every research project needs a roadmap. This is where a research plan comes into play.

Read this step-by-step guide for writing a detailed research plan that can apply to any project, whether it’s scientific, educational, or business-related.

• What is a research plan?

A research plan is a documented overview of a project in its entirety, from end to end. It details the research efforts, participants, and methods needed, along with any anticipated results. It also outlines the project’s goals and mission, creating layers of steps to achieve those goals within a specified timeline.

Without a research plan, you and your team are flying blind, potentially wasting time and resources to pursue research without structured guidance.

The principal investigator, or PI, is responsible for facilitating the research oversight. They will create the research plan and inform team members and stakeholders of every detail relating to the project. The PI will also use the research plan to inform decision-making throughout the project.

• Why do you need a research plan?

Create a research plan before starting any official research to maximize every effort in pursuing and collecting the research data. Crucially, the plan will model the activities needed at each phase of the research project .

Like any roadmap, a research plan serves as a valuable tool providing direction for those involved in the project—both internally and externally. It will keep you and your immediate team organized and task-focused while also providing necessary definitions and timelines so you can execute your project initiatives with full understanding and transparency.

External stakeholders appreciate a working research plan because it’s a great communication tool, documenting progress and changing dynamics as they arise. Any participants of your planned research sessions will be informed about the purpose of your study, while the exercises will be based on the key messaging outlined in the official plan.

Here are some of the benefits of creating a research plan document for every project:

Project organization and structure

Well-informed participants

All stakeholders and teams align in support of the project

Clearly defined project definitions and purposes

Distractions are eliminated, prioritizing task focus

Timely management of individual task schedules and roles

Costly reworks are avoided

• What should a research plan include?

The different aspects of your research plan will depend on the nature of the project. However, most official research plan documents will include the core elements below. Each aims to define the problem statement , devising an official plan for seeking a solution.

Specific project goals and individual objectives

Ideal strategies or methods for reaching those goals

Required resources

Descriptions of the target audience, sample sizes , demographics, and scopes

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

Project background

Research and testing support

Preliminary studies and progress reporting mechanisms

Cost estimates and change order processes

Depending on the research project’s size and scope, your research plan could be brief—perhaps only a few pages of documented plans. Alternatively, it could be a fully comprehensive report. Either way, it’s an essential first step in dictating your project’s facilitation in the most efficient and effective way.

• How to write a research plan for your project

When you start writing your research plan, aim to be detailed about each step, requirement, and idea. The more time you spend curating your research plan, the more precise your research execution efforts will be.

Account for every potential scenario, and be sure to address each and every aspect of the research.

Consider following this flow to develop a great research plan for your project:

Define your project’s purpose

Start by defining your project’s purpose. Identify what your project aims to accomplish and what you are researching. Remember to use clear language.

Thinking about the project’s purpose will help you set realistic goals and inform how you divide tasks and assign responsibilities. These individual tasks will be your stepping stones to reach your overarching goal.

Additionally, you’ll want to identify the specific problem, the usability metrics needed, and the intended solutions.

Know the following three things about your project’s purpose before you outline anything else:

What you’re doing

Why you’re doing it

What you expect from it

Identify individual objectives

With your overarching project objectives in place, you can identify any individual goals or steps needed to reach those objectives. Break them down into phases or steps. You can work backward from the project goal and identify every process required to facilitate it.

Be mindful to identify each unique task so that you can assign responsibilities to various team members. At this point in your research plan development, you’ll also want to assign priority to those smaller, more manageable steps and phases that require more immediate or dedicated attention.

Select research methods

Once you have outlined your goals, objectives, steps, and tasks, it’s time to drill down on selecting research methods . You’ll want to leverage specific research strategies and processes. When you know what methods will help you reach your goals, you and your teams will have direction to perform and execute your assigned tasks.

Research methods might include any of the following:

User interviews : this is a qualitative research method where researchers engage with participants in one-on-one or group conversations. The aim is to gather insights into their experiences, preferences, and opinions to uncover patterns, trends, and data.

Field studies : this approach allows for a contextual understanding of behaviors, interactions, and processes in real-world settings. It involves the researcher immersing themselves in the field, conducting observations, interviews, or experiments to gather in-depth insights.

Card sorting : participants categorize information by sorting content cards into groups based on their perceived similarities. You might use this process to gain insights into participants’ mental models and preferences when navigating or organizing information on websites, apps, or other systems.

Focus groups : use organized discussions among select groups of participants to provide relevant views and experiences about a particular topic.

Diary studies : ask participants to record their experiences, thoughts, and activities in a diary over a specified period. This method provides a deeper understanding of user experiences, uncovers patterns, and identifies areas for improvement.

Five-second testing: participants are shown a design, such as a web page or interface, for just five seconds. They then answer questions about their initial impressions and recall, allowing you to evaluate the design’s effectiveness.

Surveys : get feedback from participant groups with structured surveys. You can use online forms, telephone interviews, or paper questionnaires to reveal trends, patterns, and correlations.

Tree testing : tree testing involves researching web assets through the lens of findability and navigability. Participants are given a textual representation of the site’s hierarchy (the “tree”) and asked to locate specific information or complete tasks by selecting paths.

Usability testing : ask participants to interact with a product, website, or application to evaluate its ease of use. This method enables you to uncover areas for improvement in digital key feature functionality by observing participants using the product.

Live website testing: research and collect analytics that outlines the design, usability, and performance efficiencies of a website in real time.

There are no limits to the number of research methods you could use within your project. Just make sure your research methods help you determine the following:

What do you plan to do with the research findings?

What decisions will this research inform? How can your stakeholders leverage the research data and results?

Recruit participants and allocate tasks

Next, identify the participants needed to complete the research and the resources required to complete the tasks. Different people will be proficient at different tasks, and having a task allocation plan will allow everything to run smoothly.

Prepare a thorough project summary

Every well-designed research plan will feature a project summary. This official summary will guide your research alongside its communications or messaging. You’ll use the summary while recruiting participants and during stakeholder meetings. It can also be useful when conducting field studies.

Ensure this summary includes all the elements of your research project . Separate the steps into an easily explainable piece of text that includes the following:

An introduction: the message you’ll deliver to participants about the interview, pre-planned questioning, and testing tasks.

Interview questions: prepare questions you intend to ask participants as part of your research study, guiding the sessions from start to finish.

An exit message: draft messaging your teams will use to conclude testing or survey sessions. These should include the next steps and express gratitude for the participant’s time.

Create a realistic timeline

While your project might already have a deadline or a results timeline in place, you’ll need to consider the time needed to execute it effectively.

Realistically outline the time needed to properly execute each supporting phase of research and implementation. And, as you evaluate the necessary schedules, be sure to include additional time for achieving each milestone in case any changes or unexpected delays arise.

For this part of your research plan, you might find it helpful to create visuals to ensure your research team and stakeholders fully understand the information.

Determine how to present your results

A research plan must also describe how you intend to present your results. Depending on the nature of your project and its goals, you might dedicate one team member (the PI) or assume responsibility for communicating the findings yourself.

In this part of the research plan, you’ll articulate how you’ll share the results. Detail any materials you’ll use, such as:

Presentations and slides

A project report booklet

A project findings pamphlet

Documents with key takeaways and statistics

Graphic visuals to support your findings

• Format your research plan

As you create your research plan, you can enjoy a little creative freedom. A plan can assume many forms, so format it how you see fit. Determine the best layout based on your specific project, intended communications, and the preferences of your teams and stakeholders.

Find format inspiration among the following layouts:

Written outlines

Narrative storytelling

Visual mapping

Graphic timelines

Remember, the research plan format you choose will be subject to change and adaptation as your research and findings unfold. However, your final format should ideally outline questions, problems, opportunities, and expectations.

• Research plan example

Imagine you’ve been tasked with finding out how to get more customers to order takeout from an online food delivery platform. The goal is to improve satisfaction and retain existing customers. You set out to discover why more people aren’t ordering and what it is they do want to order or experience. 

You identify the need for a research project that helps you understand what drives customer loyalty . But before you jump in and start calling past customers, you need to develop a research plan—the roadmap that provides focus, clarity, and realistic details to the project.

Here’s an example outline of a research plan you might put together:

Project title

Project members involved in the research plan

Purpose of the project (provide a summary of the research plan’s intent)

Objective 1 (provide a short description for each objective)

Objective 2

Objective 3

Proposed timeline

Audience (detail the group you want to research, such as customers or non-customers)

Budget (how much you think it might cost to do the research)

Risk factors/contingencies (any potential risk factors that may impact the project’s success)

Remember, your research plan doesn’t have to reinvent the wheel—it just needs to fit your project’s unique needs and aims.

Customizing a research plan template

Some companies offer research plan templates to help get you started. However, it may make more sense to develop your own customized plan template. Be sure to include the core elements of a great research plan with your template layout, including the following:

Introductions to participants and stakeholders

Background problems and needs statement

Significance, ethics, and purpose

Research methods, questions, and designs

Preliminary beliefs and expectations

Implications and intended outcomes

Realistic timelines for each phase

Conclusion and presentations

How many pages should a research plan be?

Generally, a research plan can vary in length between 500 to 1,500 words. This is roughly three pages of content. More substantial projects will be 2,000 to 3,500 words, taking up four to seven pages of planning documents.

What is the difference between a research plan and a research proposal?

A research plan is a roadmap to success for research teams. A research proposal, on the other hand, is a dissertation aimed at convincing or earning the support of others. Both are relevant in creating a guide to follow to complete a project goal.

What are the seven steps to developing a research plan?

While each research project is different, it’s best to follow these seven general steps to create your research plan:

Defining the problem

Identifying goals

Choosing research methods

Recruiting participants

Preparing the brief or summary

Establishing task timelines

Defining how you will present the findings

Should you be using a customer insights hub?

Do you want to discover previous research faster?

Do you share your research findings with others?

Do you analyze research data?

Start for free today, add your research, and get to key insights faster

Editor’s picks

Last updated: 18 April 2023

Last updated: 27 February 2023

Last updated: 22 August 2024

Last updated: 5 February 2023

Last updated: 16 August 2024

Last updated: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 30 April 2024

Last updated: 12 December 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2024

Last updated: 4 July 2024

Last updated: 6 March 2024

Last updated: 5 March 2024

Last updated: 13 May 2024

Latest articles

Related topics, .css-je19u9{-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;row-gap:0;text-align:center;max-width:671px;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}}@media (max-width: 799px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}} decide what to .css-1kiodld{max-height:56px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-1kiodld{display:none;}} build next, decide what to build next, log in or sign up.

Get started for free

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Happiness Hub Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• Happiness Hub
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications

How to Get Started With a Research Project

Last Updated: October 3, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Chris Hadley, PhD . Chris Hadley, PhD is part of the wikiHow team and works on content strategy and data and analytics. Chris Hadley earned his PhD in Cognitive Psychology from UCLA in 2006. Chris' academic research has been published in numerous scientific journals. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 314,224 times.

You'll be required to undertake and complete research projects throughout your academic career and even, in many cases, as a member of the workforce. Don't worry if you feel stuck or intimidated by the idea of a research project, with care and dedication, you can get the project done well before the deadline!

Development and Foundation

• Don't hesitate while writing down ideas. You'll end up with some mental noise on the paper – silly or nonsensical phrases that your brain just pushes out. That's fine. Think of it as sweeping the cobwebs out of your attic. After a minute or two, better ideas will begin to form (and you might have a nice little laugh at your own expense in the meantime).

• Some instructors will even provide samples of previously successful topics if you ask for them. Just be careful that you don't end up stuck with an idea you want to do, but are afraid to do because you know someone else did it before.

• For example, if your research topic is “urban poverty,” you could look at that topic across ethnic or sexual lines, but you could also look into corporate wages, minimum wage laws, the cost of medical benefits, the loss of unskilled jobs in the urban core, and on and on. You could also try comparing and contrasting urban poverty with suburban or rural poverty, and examine things that might be different about both areas, such as diet and exercise levels, or air pollution.

• Think in terms of questions you want answered. A good research project should collect information for the purpose of answering (or at least attempting to answer) a question. As you review and interconnect topics, you'll think of questions that don't seem to have clear answers yet. These questions are your research topics.

• Don't limit yourself to libraries and online databases. Think in terms of outside resources as well: primary sources, government agencies, even educational TV programs. If you want to know about differences in animal population between public land and an Indian reservation, call the reservation and see if you can speak to their department of fish and wildlife.
• If you're planning to go ahead with original research, that's great – but those techniques aren't covered in this article. Instead, speak with qualified advisors and work with them to set up a thorough, controlled, repeatable process for gathering information.

• If your plan comes down to “researching the topic,” and there aren't any more specific things you can say about it, write down the types of sources you plan to use instead: books (library or private?), magazines (which ones?), interviews, and so on. Your preliminary research should have given you a solid idea of where to begin.

Expanding Your Idea with Research

• It's generally considered more convincing to source one item from three different authors who all agree on it than it is to rely too heavily on one book. Go for quantity at least as much as quality. Be sure to check citations, endnotes, and bibliographies to get more potential sources (and see whether or not all your authors are just quoting the same, older author).
• Writing down your sources and any other relevant details (such as context) around your pieces of information right now will save you lots of trouble in the future.

• Use many different queries to get the database results you want. If one phrasing or a particular set of words doesn't yield useful results, try rephrasing it or using synonymous terms. Online academic databases tend to be dumber than the sum of their parts, so you'll have to use tangentially related terms and inventive language to get all the results you want.

• If it's sensible, consider heading out into the field and speaking to ordinary people for their opinions. This isn't always appropriate (or welcomed) in a research project, but in some cases, it can provide you with some excellent perspective for your research.
• Review cultural artifacts as well. In many areas of study, there's useful information on attitudes, hopes, and/or concerns of people in a particular time and place contained within the art, music, and writing they produced. One has only to look at the woodblock prints of the later German Expressionists, for example, to understand that they lived in a world they felt was often dark, grotesque, and hopeless. Song lyrics and poetry can likewise express strong popular attitudes.

Expert Q&A

• Start early. The foundation of a great research project is the research, which takes time and patience to gather even if you aren't performing any original research of your own. Set aside time for it whenever you can, at least until your initial gathering phase is complete. Past that point, the project should practically come together on its own. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• When in doubt, write more, rather than less. It's easier to pare down and reorganize an overabundance of information than it is to puff up a flimsy core of facts and anecdotes. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

• Respect the wishes of others. Unless you're a research journalist, it's vital that you yield to the wishes and requests of others before engaging in original research, even if it's technically ethical. Many older American Indians, for instance, harbor a great deal of cultural resentment towards social scientists who visit reservations for research, even those invited by tribal governments for important reasons such as language revitalization. Always tread softly whenever you're out of your element, and only work with those who want to work with you. Thanks Helpful 8 Not Helpful 2
• Be mindful of ethical concerns. Especially if you plan to use original research, there are very stringent ethical guidelines that must be followed for any credible academic body to accept it. Speak to an advisor (such as a professor) about what you plan to do and what steps you should take to verify that it will be ethical. Thanks Helpful 6 Not Helpful 2

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/research/research_paper.html
• ↑ https://www.nhcc.edu/academics/library/doing-library-research/basic-steps-research-process
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185905
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
• ↑ https://www.unr.edu/writing-speaking-center/student-resources/writing-speaking-resources/using-an-interview-in-a-research-paper
• ↑ https://www.science.org/content/article/how-review-paper

About This Article

The easiest way to get started with a research project is to use your notes and other materials to come up with topics that interest you. Research your favorite topic to see if it can be developed, and then refine it into a research question. Begin thoroughly researching, and collect notes and sources. To learn more about finding reliable and helpful sources while you're researching, continue reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Jun 30, 2016

Did this article help you?

Maooz Asghar

Aug 14, 2016

Jun 27, 2016

Calvin Kiyondi

Apr 24, 2017

Nov 2, 2016

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Don’t miss out! Sign up for

wikiHow’s newsletter

• Privacy Policy

Home » Research Project – Definition, Writing Guide and Ideas

Research Project – Definition, Writing Guide and Ideas

Table of Contents

Research Project

Definition :

Research Project is a planned and systematic investigation into a specific area of interest or problem, with the goal of generating new knowledge, insights, or solutions. It typically involves identifying a research question or hypothesis, designing a study to test it, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings.

Types of Research Project

Types of Research Projects are as follows:

Basic Research

This type of research focuses on advancing knowledge and understanding of a subject area or phenomenon, without any specific application or practical use in mind. The primary goal is to expand scientific or theoretical knowledge in a particular field.

Applied Research

Applied research is aimed at solving practical problems or addressing specific issues. This type of research seeks to develop solutions or improve existing products, services or processes.

Action Research

Action research is conducted by practitioners and aimed at solving specific problems or improving practices in a particular context. It involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, and often involves iterative cycles of data collection and analysis, with the goal of improving practices.

Quantitative Research

This type of research uses numerical data to investigate relationships between variables or to test hypotheses. It typically involves large-scale data collection through surveys, experiments, or secondary data analysis.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research focuses on understanding and interpreting phenomena from the perspective of the people involved. It involves collecting and analyzing data in the form of text, images, or other non-numerical forms.

Mixed Methods Research

Mixed methods research combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative research, using multiple data sources and methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

Longitudinal Research

This type of research involves studying a group of individuals or phenomena over an extended period of time, often years or decades. It is useful for understanding changes and developments over time.

Case Study Research

Case study research involves in-depth investigation of a particular case or phenomenon, often within a specific context. It is useful for understanding complex phenomena in their real-life settings.

Participatory Research

Participatory research involves active involvement of the people or communities being studied in the research process. It emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and the co-production of knowledge.

Research Project Methodology

Research Project Methodology refers to the process of conducting research in an organized and systematic manner to answer a specific research question or to test a hypothesis. A well-designed research project methodology ensures that the research is rigorous, valid, and reliable, and that the findings are meaningful and can be used to inform decision-making.

There are several steps involved in research project methodology, which are described below:

Define the Research Question

The first step in any research project is to clearly define the research question or problem. This involves identifying the purpose of the research, the scope of the research, and the key variables that will be studied.

Develop a Research Plan

Once the research question has been defined, the next step is to develop a research plan. This plan outlines the methodology that will be used to collect and analyze data, including the research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Collect Data

The data collection phase involves gathering information through various methods, such as surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, or secondary data analysis. The data collected should be relevant to the research question and should be of sufficient quantity and quality to enable meaningful analysis.

Analyze Data

Once the data has been collected, it is analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques or other methods. The analysis should be guided by the research question and should aim to identify patterns, trends, relationships, or other insights that can inform the research findings.

Interpret and Report Findings

The final step in the research project methodology is to interpret the findings and report them in a clear and concise manner. This involves summarizing the results, discussing their implications, and drawing conclusions that can be used to inform decision-making.

Research Project Writing Guide

Here are some guidelines to help you in writing a successful research project:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that you are interested in and that is relevant to your field of study. It is important to choose a topic that is specific and focused enough to allow for in-depth research and analysis.
• Conduct a literature review : Conduct a thorough review of the existing research on your topic. This will help you to identify gaps in the literature and to develop a research question or hypothesis.
• Develop a research question or hypothesis : Based on your literature review, develop a clear research question or hypothesis that you will investigate in your study.
• Design your study: Choose an appropriate research design and methodology to answer your research question or test your hypothesis. This may include choosing a sample, selecting measures or instruments, and determining data collection methods.
• Collect data: Collect data using your chosen methods and instruments. Be sure to follow ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants if necessary.
• Analyze data: Analyze your data using appropriate statistical or qualitative methods. Be sure to clearly report your findings and provide interpretations based on your research question or hypothesis.
• Discuss your findings : Discuss your findings in the context of the existing literature and your research question or hypothesis. Identify any limitations or implications of your study and suggest directions for future research.
• Write your project: Write your research project in a clear and organized manner, following the appropriate format and style guidelines for your field of study. Be sure to include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
• Revise and edit: Revise and edit your project for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Be sure to proofread for spelling, grammar, and formatting errors.
• Cite your sources: Cite your sources accurately and appropriately using the appropriate citation style for your field of study.

Examples of Research Projects

Some Examples of Research Projects are as follows:

• Investigating the effects of a new medication on patients with a particular disease or condition.
• Exploring the impact of exercise on mental health and well-being.
• Studying the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student learning outcomes.
• Examining the impact of social media on political participation and engagement.
• Investigating the efficacy of a new therapy for a specific mental health disorder.
• Exploring the use of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.
• Studying the effects of a new agricultural technique on crop yields and environmental sustainability.
• Investigating the effectiveness of a new technology in improving business productivity and efficiency.
• Examining the impact of a new public policy on social inequality and access to resources.
• Exploring the factors that influence consumer behavior in a specific market.

Characteristics of Research Project

Here are some of the characteristics that are often associated with research projects:

• Clear objective: A research project is designed to answer a specific question or solve a particular problem. The objective of the research should be clearly defined from the outset.
• Systematic approach: A research project is typically carried out using a structured and systematic approach that involves careful planning, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
• Rigorous methodology: A research project should employ a rigorous methodology that is appropriate for the research question being investigated. This may involve the use of statistical analysis, surveys, experiments, or other methods.
• Data collection : A research project involves collecting data from a variety of sources, including primary sources (such as surveys or experiments) and secondary sources (such as published literature or databases).
• Analysis and interpretation : Once the data has been collected, it needs to be analyzed and interpreted. This involves using statistical techniques or other methods to identify patterns or relationships in the data.
• Conclusion and implications : A research project should lead to a clear conclusion that answers the research question. It should also identify the implications of the findings for future research or practice.
• Communication: The results of the research project should be communicated clearly and effectively, using appropriate language and visual aids, to a range of audiences, including peers, stakeholders, and the wider public.

Importance of Research Project

Research projects are an essential part of the process of generating new knowledge and advancing our understanding of various fields of study. Here are some of the key reasons why research projects are important:

• Advancing knowledge : Research projects are designed to generate new knowledge and insights into particular topics or questions. This knowledge can be used to inform policies, practices, and decision-making processes across a range of fields.
• Solving problems: Research projects can help to identify solutions to real-world problems by providing a better understanding of the causes and effects of particular issues.
• Developing new technologies: Research projects can lead to the development of new technologies or products that can improve people’s lives or address societal challenges.
• Improving health outcomes: Research projects can contribute to improving health outcomes by identifying new treatments, diagnostic tools, or preventive strategies.
• Enhancing education: Research projects can enhance education by providing new insights into teaching and learning methods, curriculum development, and student learning outcomes.
• Informing public policy : Research projects can inform public policy by providing evidence-based recommendations and guidance on issues related to health, education, environment, social justice, and other areas.
• Enhancing professional development : Research projects can enhance the professional development of researchers by providing opportunities to develop new skills, collaborate with colleagues, and share knowledge with others.

Research Project Ideas

Following are some Research Project Ideas:

Field: Psychology

• Investigating the impact of social support on coping strategies among individuals with chronic illnesses.
• Exploring the relationship between childhood trauma and adult attachment styles.
• Examining the effects of exercise on cognitive function and brain health in older adults.
• Investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on decision making and risk-taking behavior.
• Exploring the relationship between personality traits and leadership styles in the workplace.
• Examining the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating anxiety disorders.
• Investigating the relationship between social comparison and body dissatisfaction in young women.
• Exploring the impact of parenting styles on children’s emotional regulation and behavior.
• Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for treating depression.
• Examining the relationship between childhood adversity and later-life health outcomes.

Field: Economics

• Analyzing the impact of trade agreements on economic growth in developing countries.
• Examining the effects of tax policy on income distribution and poverty reduction.
• Investigating the relationship between foreign aid and economic development in low-income countries.
• Exploring the impact of globalization on labor markets and job displacement.
• Analyzing the impact of minimum wage laws on employment and income levels.
• Investigating the effectiveness of monetary policy in managing inflation and unemployment.
• Examining the relationship between economic freedom and entrepreneurship.
• Analyzing the impact of income inequality on social mobility and economic opportunity.
• Investigating the role of education in economic development.
• Examining the effectiveness of different healthcare financing systems in promoting health equity.

Field: Sociology

• Investigating the impact of social media on political polarization and civic engagement.
• Examining the effects of neighborhood characteristics on health outcomes.
• Analyzing the impact of immigration policies on social integration and cultural diversity.
• Investigating the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in older adults.
• Exploring the impact of income inequality on social cohesion and trust.
• Analyzing the effects of gender and race discrimination on career advancement and pay equity.
• Investigating the relationship between social networks and health behaviors.
• Examining the effectiveness of community-based interventions for reducing crime and violence.
• Analyzing the impact of social class on cultural consumption and taste.
• Investigating the relationship between religious affiliation and social attitudes.

Field: Computer Science

• Developing an algorithm for detecting fake news on social media.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different machine learning algorithms for image recognition.
• Developing a natural language processing tool for sentiment analysis of customer reviews.
• Analyzing the security implications of blockchain technology for online transactions.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different recommendation algorithms for personalized advertising.
• Developing an artificial intelligence chatbot for mental health counseling.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different algorithms for optimizing online advertising campaigns.
• Developing a machine learning model for predicting consumer behavior in online marketplaces.
• Analyzing the privacy implications of different data sharing policies for online platforms.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different algorithms for predicting stock market trends.

Field: Education

• Investigating the impact of teacher-student relationships on academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches for promoting student engagement and motivation.
• Examining the effects of school choice policies on academic achievement and social mobility.
• Investigating the impact of technology on learning outcomes and academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effects of school funding disparities on educational equity and achievement gaps.
• Investigating the relationship between school climate and student mental health outcomes.
• Examining the effectiveness of different teaching strategies for promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Investigating the impact of social-emotional learning programs on student behavior and academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effects of standardized testing on student motivation and academic achievement.

Field: Environmental Science

• Investigating the impact of climate change on species distribution and biodiversity.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different renewable energy technologies in reducing carbon emissions.
• Examining the impact of air pollution on human health outcomes.
• Investigating the relationship between urbanization and deforestation in developing countries.
• Analyzing the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Investigating the impact of land use change on soil fertility and ecosystem services.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different conservation policies and programs for protecting endangered species and habitats.
• Investigating the relationship between climate change and water resources in arid regions.
• Examining the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Investigating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil health and nutrient cycling.

Field: Linguistics

• Analyzing the impact of language diversity on social integration and cultural identity.
• Investigating the relationship between language and cognition in bilingual individuals.
• Examining the effects of language contact and language change on linguistic diversity.
• Investigating the role of language in shaping cultural norms and values.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different language teaching methodologies for second language acquisition.
• Investigating the relationship between language proficiency and academic achievement.
• Examining the impact of language policy on language use and language attitudes.
• Investigating the role of language in shaping gender and social identities.
• Analyzing the effects of dialect contact on language variation and change.
• Investigating the relationship between language and emotion expression.

Field: Political Science

• Analyzing the impact of electoral systems on women’s political representation.
• Investigating the relationship between political ideology and attitudes towards immigration.
• Examining the effects of political polarization on democratic institutions and political stability.
• Investigating the impact of social media on political participation and civic engagement.
• Analyzing the effects of authoritarianism on human rights and civil liberties.
• Investigating the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy decisions.
• Examining the impact of international organizations on global governance and cooperation.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different conflict resolution strategies in resolving ethnic and religious conflicts.
• Analyzing the effects of corruption on economic development and political stability.
• Investigating the role of international law in regulating global governance and human rights.

Field: Medicine

• Investigating the impact of lifestyle factors on chronic disease risk and prevention.
• Examining the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for mental health disorders.
• Investigating the relationship between genetics and disease susceptibility.
• Analyzing the effects of social determinants of health on health outcomes and health disparities.
• Investigating the impact of different healthcare delivery models on patient outcomes and cost effectiveness.
• Examining the effectiveness of different prevention and treatment strategies for infectious diseases.
• Investigating the relationship between healthcare provider communication skills and patient satisfaction and outcomes.
• Analyzing the effects of medical error and patient safety on healthcare quality and outcomes.
• Investigating the impact of different pharmaceutical pricing policies on access to essential medicines.
• Examining the effectiveness of different rehabilitation approaches for improving function and quality of life in individuals with disabilities.

Field: Anthropology

• Analyzing the impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures and identities.
• Investigating the relationship between cultural practices and health outcomes in different populations.
• Examining the effects of globalization on cultural diversity and cultural exchange.
• Investigating the role of language in cultural transmission and preservation.
• Analyzing the effects of cultural contact on cultural change and adaptation.
• Investigating the impact of different migration policies on immigrant integration and acculturation.
• Examining the role of gender and sexuality in cultural norms and values.
• Investigating the impact of cultural heritage preservation on tourism and economic development.
• Analyzing the effects of cultural revitalization movements on indigenous communities.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Figures in Research Paper – Examples and Guide

Research Recommendations – Examples and Writing...

Research Methodology – Types, Examples and...

Research Summary – Structure, Examples and...

Implications in Research – Types, Examples and...

Research Objectives – Types, Examples and...

Illustration by James Round

How to plan a research project

Whether for a paper or a thesis, define your question, review the work of others – and leave yourself open to discovery.

by Brooke Harrington   + BIO

is professor of sociology at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. Her research has won international awards both for scholarly quality and impact on public life. She has published dozens of articles and three books, most recently the bestseller Capital without Borders (2016), now translated into five languages.

Edited by Sam Haselby

Need to know

‘When curiosity turns to serious matters, it’s called research.’ – From Aphorisms (1880-1905) by Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach

Planning research projects is a time-honoured intellectual exercise: one that requires both creativity and sharp analytical skills. The purpose of this Guide is to make the process systematic and easy to understand. While there is a great deal of freedom and discovery involved – from the topics you choose, to the data and methods you apply – there are also some norms and constraints that obtain, no matter what your academic level or field of study. For those in high school through to doctoral students, and from art history to archaeology, research planning involves broadly similar steps, including: formulating a question, developing an argument or predictions based on previous research, then selecting the information needed to answer your question.

Some of this might sound self-evident but, as you’ll find, research requires a different way of approaching and using information than most of us are accustomed to in everyday life. That is why I include orienting yourself to knowledge-creation as an initial step in the process. This is a crucial and underappreciated phase in education, akin to making the transition from salaried employment to entrepreneurship: suddenly, you’re on your own, and that requires a new way of thinking about your work.

What follows is a distillation of what I’ve learned about this process over 27 years as a professional social scientist. It reflects the skills that my own professors imparted in the sociology doctoral programme at Harvard, as well as what I learned later on as a research supervisor for Ivy League PhD and MA students, and then as the author of award-winning scholarly books and articles. It can be adapted to the demands of both short projects (such as course term papers) and long ones, such as a thesis.

At its simplest, research planning involves the four distinct steps outlined below: orienting yourself to knowledge-creation; defining your research question; reviewing previous research on your question; and then choosing relevant data to formulate your own answers. Because the focus of this Guide is on planning a research project, as opposed to conducting a research project, this section won’t delve into the details of data-collection or analysis; those steps happen after you plan the project. In addition, the topic is vast: year-long doctoral courses are devoted to data and analysis. Instead, the fourth part of this section will outline some basic strategies you could use in planning a data-selection and analysis process appropriate to your research question.

Step 1: Orient yourself

Planning and conducting research requires you to make a transition, from thinking like a consumer of information to thinking like a producer of information. That sounds simple, but it’s actually a complex task. As a practical matter, this means putting aside the mindset of a student, which treats knowledge as something created by other people. As students, we are often passive receivers of knowledge: asked to do a specified set of readings, then graded on how well we reproduce what we’ve read.

Researchers, however, must take on an active role as knowledge producers . Doing research requires more of you than reading and absorbing what other people have written: you have to engage in a dialogue with it. That includes arguing with previous knowledge and perhaps trying to show that ideas we have accepted as given are actually wrong or incomplete. For example, rather than simply taking in the claims of an author you read, you’ll need to draw out the implications of those claims: if what the author is saying is true, what else does that suggest must be true? What predictions could you make based on the author’s claims?

In other words, rather than treating a reading as a source of truth – even if it comes from a revered source, such as Plato or Marie Curie – this orientation step asks you to treat the claims you read as provisional and subject to interrogation. That is one of the great pieces of wisdom that science and philosophy can teach us: that the biggest advances in human understanding have been made not by being correct about trivial things, but by being wrong in an interesting way . For example, Albert Einstein was wrong about quantum mechanics, but his arguments about it with his fellow physicist Niels Bohr have led to some of the biggest breakthroughs in science, even a century later.

Step 2: Define your research question

Students often give this step cursory attention, but experienced researchers know that formulating a good question is sometimes the most difficult part of the research planning process. That is because the precise language of the question frames the rest of the project. It’s therefore important to pose the question carefully, in a way that’s both possible to answer and likely to yield interesting results. Of course, you must choose a question that interests you, but that’s only the beginning of what’s likely to be an iterative process: most researchers come back to this step repeatedly, modifying their questions in light of previous research, resource limitations and other considerations.

Researchers face limits in terms of time and money. They, like everyone else, have to pose research questions that they can plausibly answer given the constraints they face. For example, it would be inadvisable to frame a project around the question ‘What are the roots of the Arab-Israeli conflict?’ if you have only a week to develop an answer and no background on that topic. That’s not to limit your imagination: you can come up with any question you’d like. But it typically does require some creativity to frame a question that you can answer well – that is, by investigating thoroughly and providing new insights – within the limits you face.

In addition to being interesting to you, and feasible within your resource constraints, the third and most important characteristic of a ‘good’ research topic is whether it allows you to create new knowledge. It might turn out that your question has already been asked and answered to your satisfaction: if so, you’ll find out in the next step of this process. On the other hand, you might come up with a research question that hasn’t been addressed previously. Before you get too excited about breaking uncharted ground, consider this: a lot of potentially researchable questions haven’t been studied for good reason ; they might have answers that are trivial or of very limited interest. This could include questions such as ‘Why does the area of a circle equal π r²?’ or ‘Did winter conditions affect Napoleon’s plans to invade Russia?’ Of course, you might be able to make the argument that a seemingly trivial question is actually vitally important, but you must be prepared to back that up with convincing evidence. The exercise in the ‘Learn More’ section below will help you think through some of these issues.

Finally, scholarly research questions must in some way lead to new and distinctive insights. For example, lots of people have studied gender roles in sports teams; what can you ask that hasn’t been asked before? Reinventing the wheel is the number-one no-no in this endeavour. That’s why the next step is so important: reviewing previous research on your topic. Depending on what you find in that step, you might need to revise your research question; iterating between your question and the existing literature is a normal process. But don’t worry: it doesn’t go on forever. In fact, the iterations taper off – and your research question stabilises – as you develop a firm grasp of the current state of knowledge on your topic.

Step 3: Review previous research

In academic research, from articles to books, it’s common to find a section called a ‘literature review’. The purpose of that section is to describe the state of the art in knowledge on the research question that a project has posed. It demonstrates that researchers have thoroughly and systematically reviewed the relevant findings of previous studies on their topic, and that they have something novel to contribute.

Your own research project should include something like this, even if it’s a high-school term paper. In the research planning process, you’ll want to list at least half a dozen bullet points stating the major findings on your topic by other people. In relation to those findings, you should be able to specify where your project could provide new and necessary insights. There are two basic rhetorical positions one can take in framing the novelty-plus-importance argument required of academic research:

• Position 1 requires you to build on or extend a set of existing ideas; that means saying something like: ‘Person A has argued that X is true about gender; this implies Y, which has not yet been tested. My project will test Y, and if I find evidence to support it, that will change the way we understand gender.’
• Position 2 is to argue that there is a gap in existing knowledge, either because previous research has reached conflicting conclusions or has failed to consider something important. For example, one could say that research on middle schoolers and gender has been limited by being conducted primarily in coeducational environments, and that findings might differ dramatically if research were conducted in more schools where the student body was all-male or all-female.

Your overall goal in this step of the process is to show that your research will be part of a larger conversation: that is, how your project flows from what’s already known, and how it advances, extends or challenges that existing body of knowledge. That will be the contribution of your project, and it constitutes the motivation for your research.

Two things are worth mentioning about your search for sources of relevant previous research. First, you needn’t look only at studies on your precise topic. For example, if you want to study gender-identity formation in schools, you shouldn’t restrict yourself to studies of schools; the empirical setting (schools) is secondary to the larger social process that interests you (how people form gender identity). That process occurs in many different settings, so cast a wide net. Second, be sure to use legitimate sources – meaning publications that have been through some sort of vetting process, whether that involves peer review (as with academic journal articles you might find via Google Scholar) or editorial review (as you’d find in well-known mass media publications, such as The Economist or The Washington Post ). What you’ll want to avoid is using unvetted sources such as personal blogs or Wikipedia. Why? Because anybody can write anything in those forums, and there is no way to know – unless you’re already an expert – if the claims you find there are accurate. Often, they’re not.

Step 4: Choose your data and methods

Whatever your research question is, eventually you’ll need to consider which data source and analytical strategy are most likely to provide the answers you’re seeking. One starting point is to consider whether your question would be best addressed by qualitative data (such as interviews, observations or historical records), quantitative data (such as surveys or census records) or some combination of both. Your ideas about data sources will, in turn, suggest options for analytical methods.

You might need to collect your own data, or you might find everything you need readily available in an existing dataset someone else has created. A great place to start is with a research librarian: university libraries always have them and, at public universities, those librarians can work with the public, including people who aren’t affiliated with the university. If you don’t happen to have a public university and its library close at hand, an ordinary public library can still be a good place to start: the librarians are often well versed in accessing data sources that might be relevant to your study, such as the census, or historical archives, or the Survey of Consumer Finances.

Because your task at this point is to plan research, rather than conduct it, the purpose of this step is not to commit you irrevocably to a course of action. Instead, your goal here is to think through a feasible approach to answering your research question. You’ll need to find out, for example, whether the data you want exist; if not, do you have a realistic chance of gathering the data yourself, or would it be better to modify your research question? In terms of analysis, would your strategy require you to apply statistical methods? If so, do you have those skills? If not, do you have time to learn them, or money to hire a research assistant to run the analysis for you?

Please be aware that qualitative methods in particular are not the casual undertaking they might appear to be. Many people make the mistake of thinking that only quantitative data and methods are scientific and systematic, while qualitative methods are just a fancy way of saying: ‘I talked to some people, read some old newspapers, and drew my own conclusions.’ Nothing could be further from the truth. In the final section of this guide, you’ll find some links to resources that will provide more insight on standards and procedures governing qualitative research, but suffice it to say: there are rules about what constitutes legitimate evidence and valid analytical procedure for qualitative data, just as there are for quantitative data.

Circle back and consider revising your initial plans

As you work through these four steps in planning your project, it’s perfectly normal to circle back and revise. Research planning is rarely a linear process. It’s also common for new and unexpected avenues to suggest themselves. As the sociologist Thorstein Veblen wrote in 1908 : ‘The outcome of any serious research can only be to make two questions grow where only one grew before.’ That’s as true of research planning as it is of a completed project. Try to enjoy the horizons that open up for you in this process, rather than becoming overwhelmed; the four steps, along with the two exercises that follow, will help you focus your plan and make it manageable.

Key points – How to plan a research project

• Planning a research project is essential no matter your academic level or field of study. There is no one ‘best’ way to design research, but there are certain guidelines that can be helpfully applied across disciplines.
• Orient yourself to knowledge-creation. Make the shift from being a consumer of information to being a producer of information.
• Define your research question. Your question frames the rest of your project, sets the scope, and determines the kinds of answers you can find.
• Review previous research on your question. Survey the existing body of relevant knowledge to ensure that your research will be part of a larger conversation.
• Choose your data and methods. For instance, will you be collecting qualitative data, via interviews, or numerical data, via surveys?
• Circle back and consider revising your initial plans. Expect your research question in particular to undergo multiple rounds of refinement as you learn more about your topic.

Good research questions tend to beget more questions. This can be frustrating for those who want to get down to business right away. Try to make room for the unexpected: this is usually how knowledge advances. Many of the most significant discoveries in human history have been made by people who were looking for something else entirely. There are ways to structure your research planning process without over-constraining yourself; the two exercises below are a start, and you can find further methods in the Links and Books section.

The following exercise provides a structured process for advancing your research project planning. After completing it, you’ll be able to do the following:

• describe clearly and concisely the question you’ve chosen to study
• summarise the state of the art in knowledge about the question, and where your project could contribute new insight
• identify the best strategy for gathering and analysing relevant data

In other words, the following provides a systematic means to establish the building blocks of your research project.

Exercise 1: Definition of research question and sources

This exercise prompts you to select and clarify your general interest area, develop a research question, and investigate sources of information. The annotated bibliography will also help you refine your research question so that you can begin the second assignment, a description of the phenomenon you wish to study.

Jot down a few bullet points in response to these two questions, with the understanding that you’ll probably go back and modify your answers as you begin reading other studies relevant to your topic:

• What will be the general topic of your paper?
• What will be the specific topic of your paper?

b) Research question(s)

Use the following guidelines to frame a research question – or questions – that will drive your analysis. As with Part 1 above, you’ll probably find it necessary to change or refine your research question(s) as you complete future assignments.

• Your question should be phrased so that it can’t be answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
• Your question should have more than one plausible answer.
• Your question should draw relationships between two or more concepts; framing the question in terms of How? or What? often works better than asking Why ?

c) Annotated bibliography

Most or all of your background information should come from two sources: scholarly books and journals, or reputable mass media sources. You might be able to access journal articles electronically through your library, using search engines such as JSTOR and Google Scholar. This can save you a great deal of time compared with going to the library in person to search periodicals. General news sources, such as those accessible through LexisNexis, are acceptable, but should be cited sparingly, since they don’t carry the same level of credibility as scholarly sources. As discussed above, unvetted sources such as blogs and Wikipedia should be avoided, because the quality of the information they provide is unreliable and often misleading.

To create an annotated bibliography, provide the following information for at least 10 sources relevant to your specific topic, using the format suggested below.

Name of author(s):

Publication date:

Title of book, chapter, or article:

If a chapter or article, title of journal or book where they appear:

Brief description of this work, including main findings and methods ( c 75 words):

Summary of how this work contributes to your project ( c 75 words):

Brief description of the implications of this work ( c 25 words):

Identify any gap or controversy in knowledge this work points up, and how your project could address those problems ( c 50 words):

Exercise 2: Towards an analysis

Develop a short statement ( c 250 words) about the kind of data that would be useful to address your research question, and how you’d analyse it. Some questions to consider in writing this statement include:

• What are the central concepts or variables in your project? Offer a brief definition of each.
• Do any data sources exist on those concepts or variables, or would you need to collect data?
• Of the analytical strategies you could apply to that data, which would be the most appropriate to answer your question? Which would be the most feasible for you? Consider at least two methods, noting their advantages or disadvantages for your project.

Links & books

One of the best texts ever written about planning and executing research comes from a source that might be unexpected: a 60-year-old work on urban planning by a self-trained scholar. The classic book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) by Jane Jacobs (available complete and free of charge via this link ) is worth reading in its entirety just for the pleasure of it. But the final 20 pages – a concluding chapter titled ‘The Kind of Problem a City Is’ – are really about the process of thinking through and investigating a problem. Highly recommended as a window into the craft of research.

Jacobs’s text references an essay on advancing human knowledge by the mathematician Warren Weaver. At the time, Weaver was director of the Rockefeller Foundation, in charge of funding basic research in the natural and medical sciences. Although the essay is titled ‘A Quarter Century in the Natural Sciences’ (1960) and appears at first blush to be merely a summation of one man’s career, it turns out to be something much bigger and more interesting: a meditation on the history of human beings seeking answers to big questions about the world. Weaver goes back to the 17th century to trace the origins of systematic research thinking, with enthusiasm and vivid anecdotes that make the process come alive. The essay is worth reading in its entirety, and is available free of charge via this link .

For those seeking a more in-depth, professional-level discussion of the logic of research design, the political scientist Harvey Starr provides insight in a compact format in the article ‘Cumulation from Proper Specification: Theory, Logic, Research Design, and “Nice” Laws’ (2005). Starr reviews the ‘research triad’, consisting of the interlinked considerations of formulating a question, selecting relevant theories and applying appropriate methods. The full text of the article, published in the scholarly journal Conflict Management and Peace Science , is available, free of charge, via this link .

Finally, the book Getting What You Came For (1992) by Robert Peters is not only an outstanding guide for anyone contemplating graduate school – from the application process onward – but it also includes several excellent chapters on planning and executing research, applicable across a wide variety of subject areas. It was an invaluable resource for me 25 years ago, and it remains in print with good reason; I recommend it to all my students, particularly Chapter 16 (‘The Thesis Topic: Finding It’), Chapter 17 (‘The Thesis Proposal’) and Chapter 18 (‘The Thesis: Writing It’).

Consciousness

How to think about consciousness

What is it like to be you? Dive into the philosophical puzzle of consciousness and see yourself and the world in new ways

by Amy Kind

Spirituality and religion

How to find new spiritual practices

Even if religion isn’t for you, there’s a world of rituals and tools to lift yourself up and connect to something greater

by Morgan Shipley

Emerging therapies

How to look after your emotional health

Find out which of your emotional needs you’ve been neglecting and use tips from human givens therapy to address them

by Denise Winn

How to Set Up a Research Project (in 6 Steps)

Written by Casey Scott-Songin

Research projects, 0 comment(s).

It can be really exciting to embark on a research project, but knowing where to start can feel overwhelming! Setting up a research project properly means that you will save yourself a lot of stress, worrying about whether you’ll collect useful information, and will save you time analysing results!

Before you even begin to think about what research method you should use or where to recruit participants , you need to think about the purpose, objectives, and key research questions for your project. Below are the six steps to starting a research project that you can be confident in!

1. Define your purpose

The first thing you need to do is have a clear understanding of the purpose of your project. If you had to summarise why you wanted to do this project in two to three sentences, what would they be?

These should include:

• what problem you are trying to solve
• the context for that problem
• the purpose of the project

The problem you are trying to solve

Think about how to summarise your main problem in one sentence.  Is it that your product is not selling? Are you not sure why some ads are more successful than others? Is it that you are struggling to grow you client list? Or maybe There is a high bounce rate on a particular page on your website. Whatever it is, clearly identify it in one sentence (okay, two sentences maximum). 

The context for that problem

This is the opportunity to think about what you already know. This should be a summary of what data or research you already have access to. This could include analytics from your website or social media pages, previous qualitative research you may have done, or sector or industry research you have access to. Basically, this is the data that has helped you realise you had a problem to begin with. Knowing where you are starting from will help you significantly when you finish your research because you’ll have a clear understanding of where you are coming from in order to define where you want to be in the future.

The purpose of the project

This should be a sentence about why you decided to do this research project in the first place. If you are working with stakeholders and will be using this to get research approved, this sentence should be your commitment that research can help solve the problem you have identified.

2. Clarify your Objectives

This section should focus on what the research will add to the overall project. It should clearly identify the goals you want to achieve by the end of the research project. Try to focus on one or two goals maximum. You will know you have succeeded at the end of the project if you have achieved these goals. 

For example, if the problem you have identified is that you have a high bounce rate on the main sales page on your website, your objectives of the research may be:

• To identify the key problems on the sales page that is resulting in a high number of users leaving without buying anything
• To understand which audiences are most likely to leave without purchasing anything

Finally, you should identify (if you can) what type of outcomes you want to have from this research project. Will you be writing a report? Will it result in a list of recommended changes to your website? Being very clear about what to expect at the end of the project helps stakeholders get on board and support research projects like these.

3. Define your Key Research Questions

A very important step in any research plan is to identify your key research questions. These are very useful and help you narrow the focus of your research project. They are also really useful when you are analysing your data! When you go to write your report, if you use the data to answer the questions you’ve asked for this project, you’ll know you will have done what you set out to do. 

These questions should be the key questions you are hoping to get an answer to. Try to keep to around five to ten questions. Being as specific as possible to help you focus your research project and get the answers you need to solve your problem. 

Key research questions should be as specific as possible to help you focus your research project and get the answers you need to solve your problem. 

These questions could fall into some of the below categories:

• Why is something happening? 
• Why are your customers behaving a certain way? 
• Why is something not being used?
• What are your audiences’ needs?
• What is motivating your users to do something?
• What specific questions do you have about the product or service?
• What questions do you have after looking into the data that is already available?

The questions you write should not be the questions you ask your audiences. These are often complex and overarching questions, and will most likely need to be broken down when asking your audiences in order to collect useful data. 

4. Write out your Hypotheses and Challenge your Assumptions

An often skipped step, but an important one nonetheless, is to think about any hypotheses you have. Do you expect to have any particular outcomes to the research? Go back to your research questions and write down what you think the answers might be. What do you expect your audiences to do, think or feel? These will entirely be your thoughts and don’t necessarily have to be based in data. To make sure it is clear, you should write these starting each sentence with  “I think….”. 

Now take a look at your research questions again. Have you made any assumptions when crafting your research questions? Did you leave anything out because you assumed you knew the answers? Did you assume something would be more important that something else?

In order to make sure your research is as objective as possible, you need to be aware of what biases you are bringing to the research.

Understanding your hypotheses and assumptions is a crucial step to making your research objective. In order to make sure your research is as objective as possible, you need to be aware of what biases you are bringing to the research. These biases will mean you will be more likely to hear some things over other things. This is called confirmation bias, and it can lead to you making some results more or less important than they actually are. 

It’s useful to document these so you can refer back to them throughout the research process. If you lay out all the things you think might inadvertently impact your interpretation of the results, it will help you from letting confirmation bias influence your research. 

5. Choose your Methodology 

Now that you have a good understanding of what your research project is trying to accomplish, it’s time to choose the right research method to get the information you are looking for!

There are two main types of research methods to choose from: quantitative research and qualitative research. 

Quantitative research identifies what your users are doing while qualitative research helps to understand why users do what they do.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research helps to answer the question: What are your consumers/audiences/users doing? These methods can capture large data sets relatively quickly and give a basic understanding of audience behaviours. Having a large data set allows you to provide a strong confidence in findings relatively quickly. You’ll be able to quickly and easily see if any patterns are emerging. 

While quantitative research is very good at capturing what users are doing, it cannot easily capture what users’ underlying decision making processes are. Further, it does not allow you to follow up on unexpected findings, or have the flexibility to investigate different areas on inquiry. 

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research helps to answer the question: Why are users doing what they’re doing? These research methods can provide an in-depth understanding of user behaviours, attitudes and decision making processes. These methods also allow you to have the flexibility to explore unexpected results, which is often where important or insightful data lies. It usually results in much smaller data sets, but the data is often very rich and cn provide a deep dive into the research questions you are hoping to answer.

Qualitative research does not provide a large data set, and analysis can be time consuming. Further, it is often important to make sure you’re project setup is as objective as possible, as it is possible to accidentally skew your data with your own biases. 

Choosing your Research Method

When deciding on a research method, it can be useful to evaluate whether your key research questions fall into one of the following three categories:

If you are looking to collect breadth in data, you are most likely looking to answer questions around what a large group of people think. Some examples of research methods that can provide breadth in data are surveys, task analysis, or card sorting. These are research methods that work best when a wide range or a large quantity of people need to be reached in order to answer your question. They are useful because the methods themselves allow for data to be categorised relatively easily, which helps analyse quickly. These methods are most useful when testing a hypothesis rather than defining a problem. 

If you are looking to understand the context of something, you are most likely trying to get a better understanding of what problems might exist. Research methods that look for context are most useful when there isn’t much knowledge about the subject. They can often help define the questions as well. Context can be captured with qualitative or quantitative methods. Web or social analytics is a good example of understanding context using a quantitative research method.  Qualitative research methods that capture context include participant observations in natural or group settings. Overall, these methods are good at finding out people’s natural behaviours with little intervention – what they do vs. what they say they do. 

Looking for depth in your key research questions most likely means you’ll be using a qualitative research method, such as interviews or focus groups, to answer your questions. These types of research methods allow you to use open questions to dig deeper into answers and explore topics in greater depth. Depth methods allow you to most accurately define a problem you are hoping to solve with your service or product. Methods such as co-creation or participatory design allow for you to work closely with your audiences to design solutions you know they will like. 

If you’d like to learn more about choosing the right research methods, check out my post: How to Choose the Right Research Method for your Project

6. Recruit your Participants

Once you have chosen the research method that would be best for your project, it’s time to think about who you want to speak to, and how you are going to recruit their help to your project. This is often the most difficult task, but it is one of the most critical things to get correct.

How do you recruit participants for your research project?

The first thing you need to do is identify who you would like to speak to. It could be your entire audience, it could be a subset of people, or it could be people who currently don’t engage with you! 

Finding people from your audience

Once you have an idea of who you want to speak to, think about where you might find them. Maybe you have an email list so it’s as simple as reaching out to your current subscribers! If you don’t currently have anyone on your email list, think about where your audience might be. Would they be in a particular facebook group? Maybe they follow you on social media? Reaching out to your audiences on owned channels such as your social media accounts, via email, or even as a pop up on your website can be a really cheap and easy way to speak to your audiences. 

Finding people who don’t know who you are

And if you’re just starting out, or you want to speak to people who don’t currently follow you, you can always recruit through panels. Depending on how many people you’d like to speak to, you can recruit via panels for relatively low costs, and ensure you’ll get participants that will be relevant to your key research questions. Some survey tools (such as Survey Monkey) have panels you can use built right into their software, or you can search for panels in your country (or the country you’re interested in speaking to participants to) to find a company that would be a good partner for your project. 

How many participants is enough?

How many people is enough for your research project will depend entirely on the research method you choose and the complexity of the questions you are trying to answer. For me, I generally try to get at least 100 survey responses if I’m sending out a survey, and anywhere from six to twenty participants for qualitative research methods such as interviews, focus groups, or co-creation. 

Taking slightly more time to set up a research project has huge benefits and means that your results will be as useful as possible and findings and recommendations will come together much easier and quicker than they would otherwise. 

To find out more about a variety of elements that go into research projects in more detail, check out the other posts on my blog !

What steps do you take when starting research?

Let me know in the comments below if you have tried any of the above methods!

And don’t forget to sign up to my newsletter to recieve more on what research methods to choose, research best practice, and a variety of other relevant and informative content!

Share this:

• Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)

You May Also Like…

Presenting Research: Converting Difficult Stakeholders

Here are a few ways you can help stakeholders examine and accept your research findings.

Creative Methodologies: Pinterest Mood Boards

There are many research techniques that can be used to collect qualitative data in order to answer a research...

Why User Research Matters More Than Ever

In a world defined by COVID-19, it’s no question that what “normal” is in our day to day lives has changed. And I...

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

The PMC website is updating on October 15, 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Indian J Anaesth
• v.60(9); 2016 Sep

How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Frequently asked questions

What is a research project.

A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.

Frequently asked questions: Writing a research paper

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them.

In general, they should be:

• Focused and researchable
• Answerable using credible sources
• Complex and arguable
• Feasible and specific
• Relevant and original

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarize the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in Chicago style are to:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Use 1 inch margins or larger
• Apply double line spacing
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch
• Include a title page
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center
• Cite your sources with author-date citations or Chicago footnotes
• Include a bibliography or reference list

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Set 1 inch page margins
• Include a four-line MLA heading on the first page
• Center the paper’s title
• Use title case capitalization for headings
• Cite your sources with MLA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a Works Cited page at the end

To format a paper in APA Style , follow these guidelines:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial
• If submitting for publication, insert a running head on every page
• Apply APA heading styles
• Cite your sources with APA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a reference page at the end

No, it’s not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion . While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

The conclusion of a research paper has several key elements you should make sure to include:

• A restatement of the research problem
• A summary of your key arguments and/or findings
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Ask our team

Want to contact us directly? No problem.  We  are always here for you.

• Email [email protected]
• Start live chat
• Call +1 (510) 822-8066
• WhatsApp +31 20 261 6040

Our team helps students graduate by offering:

• A world-class citation generator
• Plagiarism Checker software powered by Turnitin
• Innovative Citation Checker software
• Professional proofreading services
• Over 300 helpful articles about academic writing, citing sources, plagiarism, and more

Scribbr specializes in editing study-related documents . We proofread:

• PhD dissertations
• Research proposals
• Personal statements
• Admission essays
• Motivation letters
• Reflection papers
• Journal articles
• Capstone projects

Scribbr’s Plagiarism Checker is powered by elements of Turnitin’s Similarity Checker , namely the plagiarism detection software and the Internet Archive and Premium Scholarly Publications content databases .

The add-on AI detector is powered by Scribbr’s proprietary software.

The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.

You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .

• Request new password
• Create a new account

The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project

Student resources.

Examples of Student Research Projects

अच्छी Science Project and Model कैसे बनाएं?

पिछले दिनों अपने बेटे के स्कूल में साइंस फेयर में जाने का मौक़ा मिला वहां जाकर बच्चों के बनाये हुए मोडल और उनका ज्ञान देखकर बड़ी ख़ुशी हुई कि हमारे देश के छोटे-छोटे बच्चे भी विज्ञान और ज्ञान को लेकर कितने जागरूक हैं। कई बच्चों ने भविष्य में हमारे देश कैसा होगा या वो भविष्य में भारत को किस रूप में देखना चाहते हैं, जैसे टॉपिक पर अपने मोडल बनाये थे, जो काफी रोचक थे | कुछ बच्चों ने साफ़ सफाई को लेकर और कचरे के निपटारे को लेकर अपने सुझाव रखे थे, जो उनकी साफ़ सफाई के प्रति जागरूकता को दर्शा रहे थे | यहाँ मैं आप लोगों को कुछ ऐसे टिप्स दे रही हूँ, जो आपको एक अच्छा विज्ञान मॉडल बनाने में मदद कर सकते हैं |

अगर आपको एक अच्छा प्रोजेक्ट बनाना है, तो पहले एक क्लियर व्यू बनाइए कि आप क्या बनाना चाहते हैं। अपने शिक्षक से मार्गदर्शन लीजिये और पूरी जानकारी जुटाइये और कोई ऐसा प्रोजेक्ट सोचिये, जो आपके लिए आसान भी हो और अच्छा भी हो क्यूंकि अगर आपका प्रोजेक्ट अच्छा हुआ, तो ये आपको अच्छी पहचान दिला सकता है। शायद आप प्रदेश स्तर तक के लिए चुन लिए जाएं, तो अपने विज्ञान मॉडल को बस हो जाएगा, जैसे न लेकर पूरी शिद्दत के साथ बनाइए।

जज हमेशा ऐसा आईडिया देखना चाहते हैं कि नया है, कई बार आप बस दूसरो का देखकर या सुनकर कोई भी मॉडल ना लेते हैं। ऐसा न करें और पूरी मेहनत और पूरी रिसर्च से कोई ऐसा प्रोजेक्ट सोचे, जो एक दम नया हो या फिर आप किसी पुराने कांसेप्ट को नए तरीके से भी पेश कर सकते हैं। जैसा कि आप को लगता है कि अगर ये काम ऐसे न कर के इस तरह से किया जाए तो कैसा होगा।

याद है न 3 idiot में एक बात जो बताई गई थी कि रट्टा मार कर नहीं समझ कर कोई काम करेंगे, तो अपने आप एक ही काम को करने के कई तरीके मिल जायेंगे ।

जज को प्रभावित करना

“नवीनता ही सफलता की कुंजी है”  — पर नयेपन के चक्कर में कुछ ऐसा न बनाइए, जो जज को सर खुजाने पर मजबूर कर दें और वो यही सोचते रह जाए कि आखिर आप क्या समझाना चाह रहे हैं ? एक सही मॉडल वो होता है, जिसे देखकर ही उसके बारे में जानने की जागरूकता जाग्रत हो और जज पूरे ध्यान से आपकी बात सुने |

अपने प्रोजेक्ट की पूरी जानकारी रखिये

आपका प्रोजेक्ट जज को ये बताने में सक्षम होना चाहिए की आपको उस विषय की कितनी जानकारी है। आपने उसमे कौन सी थ्योरी और कौन सा सिद्धांत और किन तथ्यों का सहारा लिया है | जज को वही छात्र पसंद आते है, जिन्हें अपने मॉडल से सम्बंधित सिद्धांतो की सही और गहरी जानकारी हो कई बार या अक्सर ऐसा होता की हम इन्टरनेट से या किसी और की मदद से ऐसे प्रोजेक्ट बना लेते हैं, जिनकी हमें ज्यादा जानकारी नहीं होती और जब जज हमसे उस थ्योरी या सिद्धांत को पूछ्ते हैं, तो हम अटक जाते हैं। मैंने भी उस मेले में कई ऐसे बच्चे देखे, जिनका मॉडल काफी अच्छा था पर उन्हें उसके पीछे विज्ञान का कौन-सा सिद्धांत काम कर रहा है। इसकी पूरी जानकारी नहीं थी इसलिए अपने प्रोजेक्ट के बारे में पूरी जानकारी रखिये और इस बात का भी ध्यान रखिये की आपका मॉडल सही से काम करे और सही उपकरण सही जगह पर हो और किस उपकरण का क्या कार्य है, उस प्रोजेक्ट में उसकी क्या एहमियत है, ये सब जानकारी आपको होना चाहिए। और अगर कोई ऐसा बिंदु है, जिसकी जानकारी आपको नहीं है, तो उस बिंदु को अपने प्रोजेक्ट में शामिल मत कीजिये।

अपनी बात को सही रूप से समझाइये

जज को एक पूर्ण मॉडल देखना होता है इसलिए अपनी तैयारी रखिये कोई भी चीज़ आखिरी समय के लिए न रखिये। जब आपका मॉडल काम करके दिखायेगा, तो जज उससे सम्बंधित प्रश्न पूछेंगे और कई बार आपके समझाने के तरीके ही आपके लिए और प्रश्नों के रास्ते खोलते जायेंगे इसलिए जो भी समझाना चाहते हैं, उसे एक दम साफ़ और पूर्ण रूप से समझाइये। आपका उलझना या सवालों का सही तरह से जवाब न दे पाना, आपके मॉडल को लेकर आपकी कम जानकारी कोइंगित करता है। बिल्कुल एक वैज्ञानिक की तरह सोचिये और सोचिये की कौन से बिंदु पर क्या प्रश्न बन सकता है ।

कुछ मजेदार भी हो तो क्या बात है

अगर संभव हो, तो अपने प्रोजेक्ट के उस पहलू को भी बताइये, जो कि मजेदार हो, जैसे कि उसे बनाने का आईडिया आपको कैसे आया और क्या होगा अगर प्रोजेक्ट ठीक से काम न करे या कोई ऐसी चीज़ या बात जो कि आपके प्रोजेक्ट को बोरिंग विज्ञान मॉडल से अलग एक मनोरंजक रूप में भी पेश कर सकें। इससे जज को आपके उस प्रोजेक्ट को लेकर, आपके लगाव का एह्सास होगा और हो सके तो ये भी ज़रूर बताएं कि इस काम को करने की प्रेरणा आपको कहाँ से मिली। पर थोड़े मनोरंजन के साथ।

सही प्रस्तुतीकरण

कई बार कई अच्छे प्रोजेक्ट या मॉडल सिर्फ इसलिए नज़र में नहीं आ पाते क्यूंकि उनका प्रस्तुतीकरण ठीक तरह से या आकर्षक नहीं होता। ये चीज़ मैंने भी नोटिस की कि मेले में कुछ ऐसे प्रोजेक्ट थे, जो काफी ज्ञानवर्धक थे पर उनका प्रस्तुतीकरण इतना प्रभावी नहीं था, जिसकी वजह से उनके ऊपर लोगों का ध्यान उतना नहीं जा रहा था। वहीं कुछ बच्चों ने अपने मॉडल को इतने आकर्षक तरीके से पेश किया था कि साधारण सा प्रोजेक्ट भी लोगों को अपनी और खींच रहा था, तो सिर्फ अच्छा प्रोजेक्ट बनाना ही काफी नहीं वरना उसका सही और सुन्दर प्रस्तुतीकरण भी ज़रूरी है ।

अच्छे अंक लाने के लिए कुछ सुझाव :

• सही उपकरणों का चुनाव
• डाटा की सही व्याख्या
• सही और सटीक जानकारी
• अच्छी खोज और प्रयोग का सम्मिश्रण
• सही रिजल्ट के लिए प्रयोग का कई बार दोहराव
• विश्लेषणात्मक तकनीकों के साथ प्रयोगात्मक परिणामों का विवरण
• प्रयोग का वास्तविक जीवन से सम्बन्ध
• सही वैज्ञानिक तकनीक

कुछ प्रश्न जो आपसे पूछे जा सकते हैं ? जज आपसे उस मॉडल से सम्बंधित कई सवाल पूछ सकते हैं । कुछ प्रश्न, जो आप से.पूछे जा सकते हैं।

• आपको इस प्रोजेक्ट का आईडिया कहाँ से आया ?
• अपनी खोज में आपने क्या पाया ?
• इस उपकरण को बनाने में कितना समय लगा ?
• इस उपकरण को किस तरह बनाया ? ये किस तरह काम करता है ?
• इस उपकरण को अलग-अलग परिणामों के लिए कितनी बार चेक किया है ?
• क्या तुमने कुछ ऐसा भी करके देखा जो काम न कर रहा हो ?
• क्या आप इसके पीछे काम करने वाले वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत को समझा सकते हैं ?
• क्या आपको लगता है कि इस तकनीक का कोई उपकरण काम कर रहा है ?
• अपनी व्याख्या के लिए आपने किस पुस्तक का सहारा लिया ?
• अगर आपको इस प्रोजेक्ट पर आगे काम करने को कहा जाए, तो आप क्या करना चाहेंगे ?

लेखसागर टीम

लेखसागर टीम में रिपोर्टर, पत्रकार, कॉलम्निस्ट और डिजिटल प्रदेश न्यूज़ नेटवर्क्स और इसके संबंधित सहयोगी सदस्य शामिल हैं।

Leave a Comment

एक टिप्पणी पोस्ट करने के लिए आप को लॉग इन करना पड़ेगा।

• अन्वेषण करें हमारे बारे में समुदाय विविध लेख श्रेणियाँ
• श्रेणियाँ (categories) खोजें
• विकिहाउ के बारे में
• लॉग इन/ खाता बनाएं
• शिक्षा और संचार

कैसे प्रस्ताव (proposal) लिखें

यह आर्टिकल लिखा गया सहयोगी लेखक द्वारा Dave Labowitz . डेव लेबोविट्ज़ एक बिजनेस कोच है जो पूर्व-उद्यमियों, एकल उद्यमियों/उद्यमियों की मदद करते हैं और टीम के नेताओं को अपने व्यवसायों और टीमों को शुरू करने, स्केल करने और नेतृत्व करने में मदद करते हैं। अपने कोचिंग करियर की शुरुआत करने से पहले, डेव एक स्टार्टअप एक्जीक्यूटिव थे, जिन्होंने एक दशक से अधिक समय तक उच्च-विकास वाली कंपनियों का निर्माण किया। डेव के “पाथ लेस ट्रेवल्ड” जीवन में हाई स्कूल से ड्रॉप आउट करने, स्मिथसोनियन इंस्टीट्यूट में एक बुक का सह-लेखन, और पेपरडाइन के ग्राज़ियाडियो बिजनेस स्कूल में एमबीए प्राप्त करने जैसे रोमांच शामिल हैं। यहाँ पर 10 रेफरेन्स दिए गए हैं जिन्हे आप आर्टिकल में नीचे देख सकते हैं। यह आर्टिकल ५७,५२२ बार देखा गया है।

एक अच्छा प्रस्ताव या प्रपोजल (proposal) लिखना कई लिहाज से जरूरी होता है, व्यवसाय, स्कूल और बिजनस मैनेजमेंट से लेकर जियॉलॉजी (geology) सभी के लिए यह काफी महत्वपूर्ण योग्यता मानी जाती है। उपयुक्त लोगों को सूचना देकर उनका समर्थन प्राप्त करना एक अच्छे प्रपोजल का लक्ष्य है। अगर आप अपने विचारों और सुझावों को स्पष्ट रूप से, संक्षिप्त में, और आकर्षक रूप से पेश करेंगे, तो संभवतः लोग इनका समर्थन करेंगे। एक प्रभावी और आकर्षक प्रपोजल लिखने की जानकारी कई कार्यक्षेत्र में सफलता प्राप्ति के लिए आवश्यक है। प्रपोजल अनेक प्रकार के होते हैं, जैसे साइंस प्रपोजल और बुक प्रपोजल (book proposals), लेकिन बेसिक गाइडलाइन सभी प्रपोजल्स के लिए एक ही है।

अपने प्रपोजल की योजना बनाना

• आपका प्रपोजल कौन पढ़ेंगा? उनको आपके विषय के बारे में कितनी जानकारी हो सकती है? अपने विषय के बारे में आप क्या परिभाषा या अधिक जानकारी देना आवश्यक मानते हैं?
• अपने प्रपोजल से अपने ऑडीअन्स को आप क्या देना चाहेंगे? अपने ऑडीअन्स को आप क्या जानकारी देना चाहेंगे जिससे वह वही निर्णय लेंगे जो आप चाहते हैं?
• अपने शब्द स्पष्ट लिखें ताकि आप अपने ऑडीअन्स को उम्मीदों और कामनाओं से परिचय करवा सकें। वह क्या सुनना चाहेंगे? उन्हें विषय के बारे में परिचय देने का सबसे उचित तरीका क्या है? आप अपने विषय के बारे में ऑडीअन्स को कैसे समझा पायेंगे?

• आपका विषय किन परिस्थितियों में लागू हो सकता है?
• इस विषय को चुनने के पीछे क्या कारण हैं?
• क्या आप निश्चिंत हैं कि यही सही कारण है, बाकी नहीं? आप इसकी कैसे पुष्टि करेंगे?
• क्या इससे पहले किसी और व्यक्ति ने भी इस विषय के बारे में जानकारी हासिल करने कि कोशिश की है?
• अगर जवाब हाँ है: क्या वह सफल हुए हैं? क्यों?
• अगर जवाब नहीं है: क्यों सफल नहीं हुए हैं?

• अपने प्रपोजल में एक मसले की परिभाषा “और” उसका सुझाव देना आवश्यक है, जिससे रसहीन, संशयी ऑडीअन्स आपके प्रपोजल का समर्थन कर सकें। [५] X रिसर्च सोर्स अपने ऑडीअन्स के मन को जीतना इतना आसान नहीं होगा। क्या आपका सुझाव तार्किक और सहज है? अपने सुझाव को अमल करने का घटनाक्रम क्या है?
• अपने सुझाव को उद्देश्य की तरह लिहाज करने की कोशिश करें। आपका प्राथमिक उद्देश्य वह लक्ष्य है जिसे आपको अपने प्रॉजेक्ट में सिद्ध करना अनिवार्य है। माध्यमिक उद्देश्य वह लक्ष्य हैं जिसे आप सिद्ध करने की उम्मीद करते हैं।
• अपने सुझाव को “नतीजा” (outcomes) और “प्रदेय” (deliverables) के रूप में समझना एक और लाभदायक तरीका है। अपने उद्देश्य के नतीजे परिमाणित अंत हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, अगर आपका प्रपोजल किसी बिजनस प्रॉजेक्ट के लिए है और आपका उद्देश्य “मुनाफा बढ़ाना” है, तो आपका नतीजा “रु. 1,00,000 का मुनाफा कमाना” हो सकता है। प्रदेय ऐसे उत्पाद या सेवा हैं जिसे आप अपने प्रॉजेक्ट के साथ “प्रदान” करते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, विज्ञान प्रॉजेक्ट के प्रपोजल में एक नई दवाई या टीका (vaccine) को “प्रदान” करने का विवरण हो सकता है। ऑडीअन्स प्रपोजल में नतीजे और प्रदेय की खोज करते हैं, क्योंकि किसी प्रॉजेक्ट का “मूल्य” तय करने के लिए यह सबसे आसान तरीकों में से एक माना जाता है। [६] X रिसर्च सोर्स

• शब्दावली (विशिष्ट तकनीकी बोली) अपनाने के बारे में ध्यान रखें। प्रभावशाली रचना शब्दावली (jargon) मुक्त होते हैं जब तक आप किसी विषय को शब्दावली के बिना वर्णन नहीं कर सकते। “श्रमिक संख्या की असंतुलन में सुधार” और “कर्मचारियों को जाने देना” के बीच में अंतर का विचार करें। द्वितीय तथ्य न सिर्फ स्पष्ट और प्रासंगिक है, यह कम शब्दों का इस्तेमाल करता है, ताकि अपने विचारों के बारे में आप ज़्यादा विवरण दे सकते हैं। [७] X रिसर्च सोर्स
• आप लोगों को कैसे यक़ीन दिला सकते हैं? प्रपोजल को विश्वसनीय बनाने के लिए भावुक गुहार का प्रयोग करें, पर इसके लिए अपने दलील को तथ्य के आधार पर निर्भर होना चाहिए। उदाहरण के लिए, बाघ संरक्षण के प्रपोजल में आप चर्चा कर सकते हैं कि कितना दुखद होगा जब आने वाली पीढ़ी के बच्चे कभी बाघ नहीं देख पाएंगे, पर यह “रुकना” नहीं चाहिए। इस दलील को विश्वसनीय बनाने के लिए तथ्य और सुझाव के आधार पर निर्भर होना चाहिए।

• अपने सारांश में आपका मसला, आपका सुझाव, कैसे इसका समाधान निकालेंगे, आपका सुझाव क्यों उचित है, और एक समाप्ति शामिल होनी चाहिए। अगर आप एक कार्यकारी (executive) प्रपोजल तैयार कर रहे हैं, तो आपको बज़ट विश्लेषण और व्यवस्थापन जानकारी को प्रपोजल में शामिल करना होगा।

अपने प्रपोजल को लिखना

• अगर आप किसी अटल सत्य से अपने विषय पर रोशनी डाल सकते हैं तो तुरंत इसे संबोधित करें, इससे शुरू करना आपके लिए सबसे कुशल विचार साबित होगा। जो भी है, निश्चित करें कि आप एक सत्य के साथ शुरू कर रहे हैं और यह आपका अभिप्राय नहीं है।

• अपने मसले का समाधान क्यों निकालने की ज़रूरत है और इसे क्यों अभी सुलझाने की ज़रूरत है, इस विषय पर जोर दें। अगर ऐसे ही छोड़ दिया तो आपके ऑडीअन्स पर क्या असर होगा? सुनिश्चित करें कि आप सारे प्रश्नों का उत्तर शोध और हकीकत के साथ पेश करें। विश्वसनीय स्तोत्र को उदारता से प्रयोग करें।
• अपने प्रपोजल को विशेषक से घेरा या उलझन करने या इधर-उधर की बातें करने की कोशिश न करें। इस अनुभाग के ज़रिये अपने ऑडीअन्स को विश्वास दिलाना चाहिए कि एक मसला है, और वह महत्वपूर्ण है। “मुझे भरोसा है कि मेरे प्रपोजल से ज़िले की गरीबी पर काफी असर पड़ेगा” लिखने से आपके ऑडीअन्स को किसी बात पर विश्वास नहीं होगा। सीधा और संक्षिप्त रहें। “इस प्रस्तावित योजना से ज़िले में गरीबी को हटाना उल्लेखनीय है,” ज़्यादा विश्वसनीय है।

• अपने विचारों के असर के बारे में चर्चा करें। जिन विचारों की उपयुक्तता सीमित हैं वह ऑडीअन्स में उत्सुकता नहीं भर सकते, जितनी उन विचारों की उपयुक्तता, उतना ही व्यापक उसका असर हो सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए: “टूना मछली के व्यवहार के बारे में बेहतर ज्ञान प्राप्त करने से हम एक ज़्यादा विस्तृत अनुशासन करने की योजना बना सकते हैं और भविष्य की पीढ़ी को टूना मछली कैन करना पक्का कर सकते हैं।”
• अपने प्रपोजल में आप क्या करना चाहेंगे उतना ही महत्वपूर्ण है जितना कि आप “क्यों” वह करना चाहेंगे। मान लेते हैं कि आपके ऑडीअन्स संशयी हैं और वह आपके विचारों से प्रत्यक्ष मूल्य पर सहमत नहीं हैं। अगर आप 2000 टूना मछली पकड़ कर-शोध करके-उन्हें छोड़ने का प्रपोजल पेश करते हैं, तो क्यों? क्या इससे बेहतर कोई विकल्प है? अगर यह महंगा विकल्प है, तो इससे सस्ता विकल्प को क्यों नहीं चुन सकते? पूर्वानुमान करके और ऐसे प्रश्नों का उत्तर तैयार करने से आपके ऑडीअन्स को पता चलेगा कि आपने अपने विचारों के हर पहलू पर गौर किया है।
• आपके प्रपोजल को पढ़ने के बाद आपके ऑडीअन्स को लगना चाहिए कि आप इस मसले का कुशलतापूर्वक हल निकाल सकते हैं। जो भी आप अपने प्रपोजल में पेश करते हैं, उसमें पूरी तरह से सिर्फ मसले या उसके समाधान के बारे में होना चाहिए।
• बड़े पैमाने पर प्रपोजल का शोध करें। जितने ज़्यादा उदाहरण और तथ्य आप अपने ऑडीअन्स को पेश करेंगे, उतना बेहतर होगा – यह ज़्यादा विश्वसनीय होगा। अपने अभिप्राय का त्याग करें और दूसरों के ठोस शोध पर भरोसा करें।
• अगर आपके प्रपोजल में पेश किए गए सुझाव सफल साबित नहीं हो सकता है, तो वह सुझाव उचित नहीं है। अगर आपका सुझाव सहज नहीं है, तो उसे बाहर निकाल दें। अपने सुझाव के परिणाम के बारे में भी ध्यान रखें। अगर हो सके तो अपने सुझाव का पूर्व-निरीक्षण करें और उसे बदलने की कोशिश करें।

• आप अपना प्रॉजेक्ट कब शुरू करने की कल्पना कर रहे हैं? आपके प्रॉजेक्ट की प्रगति का रफ्तार क्या होगा? हर कदम पिछले कदम पर कैसे आधारित होगा? क्या कुछ चीजों को एक-साथ कर सकते हैं? जितना हो सके कुशल बने ताकि अपने ऑडीअन्स को विश्वास दिला सकें कि आप आवश्यक कार्य करके आये हैं और उनका निवेश व्यर्थ नहीं जाएगा।
• सुनिश्चित कर लें कि आपका प्रपोजल आर्थिक रूप से सुदृढ़ है। अगर आप अपने प्रपोजल को किसी कंपनी या व्यक्ति को पेश कर रहे हैं, तो उनके बज़ट पर ध्यान रखें। अगर वह आपके प्रपोजल का खतरा नहीं उठा सकते, तो आपका प्रपोजल समुचित नहीं है। अगर प्रपोजल उनके बज़ट से तालमेल रखता है, तो उनके समय और पैसे का मूल्य शामिल करना न भूलें।

• अगर आपके प्रपोजल में कुछ अतिरिक्त तथ्य हैं जो सही मायने में अनुरूप नहीं हैं, तो आप एक अतिरिक्त अनुभाग (appendix) को जोड़ें। परंतु आप यह भी जानते हैं कि जितना मोटा आपका प्रपोजल होगा, लोग इसे देखकर डर जाएंगे। अगर आपको संदेह है, तो इस भाग को शामिल न करें।
• अगर आपके प्रपोजल में दो से ज़्यादा अनुभाग है, तो उन्हें क, ख, आदि से नामांकन करें। यह आप तब इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं जब आपके पास आंकड़ा पत्रक (data sheet), पुनः प्रकाशित उल्लेख (reprint of articles), या समर्थन पत्र (letters of endorsement) जैसे दस्तावेज़ हैं। [१३] X रिसर्च सोर्स

• एक (या दो) लोगों को अपने प्रपोजल पर नज़र डालने को कहें। वह प्रपोजल में समस्याओं को चिन्हांकित कर सकते हैं जिसे आपने नजरंदाज किया होगा। ऐसी समस्याएं होंगे जिन्हें आप पूरी तरह से संबोधित करना भूल गए होंगे या ऐसे प्रश्न जिन्हें आपने खुला छोड़ दिया है।
• शब्दावली (jargon) और पिष्टोक्ति (clichés) का प्रयोग न करें! इससे ऑडीअन्स को लगेगा कि आप आलसी है और उनके समझने में बाधा डाल सकते हैं। जहाँ छोटे शब्द का इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं वहां लंबे शब्द का इस्तेमाल न करें। [१६] X रिसर्च सोर्स
• जहाँ तक हो सके कर्मवाच्य (passive voice) का प्रयोग करना टालें। कर्मवाच्य में “करना होगा” जैसे क्रियावाचक शब्द का प्रयोग होता है और आपके अर्थ अस्पष्ट हो जाएंगे। इन दो वाक्यों की तुलना करें: “खिड़की नीरस व्यक्ति (zombie) द्वारा तोड़ी गई है” और “नीरस व्यक्ति (zombie) ने खिड़की तोड़ी।” पहले वाक्य में आपको पता नहीं है कि “किसने” खिड़की तोड़ी: नीरस व्यक्ति ने तोड़ी? या फिर नीरस व्यक्ति खिड़की के पास खड़ा था जो टूटी हुई थी? दूसरे वाक्य में, वास्तव में आपको पता है कि कौन तोड़ रहा है और यह महत्वपूर्ण क्यों है।

• आपकी ओर से कोई भी गलती आपको कम शिष्ट और विश्वसनीय दिखाई देगी, जिससे ऑडीअन्स आपके प्रपोजल को समर्थन देने के आसार कम हो जाते हैं।
• निश्चित करें कि प्रपोजल लिखने के गाइडलाइन के अनुसार आपने फॉर्मेट किया है।
• ऐसे शब्द का प्रयोग करें जो ऑडीअन्स आसानी से समझ सकें। छोटे वाक्य का प्रयोग करें जो स्पष्ट और प्रासंगिक है।
• किसी भी आर्थिक या अन्य साधन के बारे में चर्चा सावधानी से करनी चाहिए और होने वाले अपेक्षित खर्च की वास्तविक तस्वीर दिखाएं।

संबंधित लेखों

• ↑ http://orsp.umich.edu/proposal-writers-guide-overview
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20080628094326_727.pdf
• ↑ http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~ebrown/pracguid.htm
• ↑ http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04016/nsf04016.pdf
• ↑ ५.० ५.१ http://www.dailywritingtips.com/how-to-write-a-proposal/
• ↑ http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/wordsuggestions/jargonfree.cfm
• ↑ १३.० १३.१ http://orsp.umich.edu/proposals/pwg/pwgcomplete.html
• ↑ http://www.forbes.com/sites/augustturak/2013/02/18/how-to-write-a-plan-or-proposal-that-rocks/
• ↑ http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apmp.org/resource/resmgr/podcasts/clear_prop_writing.pdf

विकीहाउ के बारे में

• प्रिंट करें

यह लेख ने कैसे आपकी मदद की?

सम्बंधित लेख.

• हमें कॉन्टैक्ट करें
• यूज़ करने की शर्तें (अंग्रेजी में)
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

हमें फॉलो करें

Project Report Kya hai और प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएँ, 10+ Free Download

जिस प्रकार मनुष्य अपने स्वरूप का दर्शन दर्पण के माध्यम से करता है, अपने व्यक्तित्व की जानकारी आईना से प्राप्त करता है, उसी प्रकार प्रत्येक बिजनेस, व्यापार, व्यवसाय का जानकारी हमें प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के माध्यम से प्राप्त होती है, तो आज हम Project report kya hai, Project Report क्या है और प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएँ की जानकारी प्राप्त करेंगे.

Table of Contents

Project Report kya hai

DPR क्या है, DPR बनाने के तरीके

DPR का पूरा नाम Detailed Project Report जिसे हिंदी में विस्तृत परियोजना रिपोर्ट कहा जाता है, यह एक टूल है जिसके माध्यम से किसी भी परियोजना के तकनीकी एवं वित्तीय जानकारी का विवरण उपलब्ध होता है जिस माध्यम से हम किसी भी व्यवसाय के लगने वाले पूंजी, श्रम, भूमि भवन, श्रम शक्ति एवं व्यवसाय के प्रमोटरों की जानकारी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं.

डीपीआर का मुख्य Objective किसी Project की व्यवहार्यता का विश्लेषण करना है. यह वित्तपोषकों को Project के बारे में गहराई से जानकारी देता है. प्रत्येक प्रोजेक्ट के लिए डीपीआर तैयार अनिवार्य होता है, या परियोजना का नीव होता है इसलिए इसे सावधानी पूर्वक तैयार किया जाना चाहिये.

Project Report क्या है

Project Report जिसे हिंदी में परियोजना प्रतिवेदन कहा जाता है, प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट किसी भी बिजनेस के लिखित विवरण होता है, जिसमें प्रस्तावित के बिजनेस, व्यवसाय के Work Plan तैयार किया जाता है, जिसमें व्यवसाय के स्वामी, स्थाई संपत्ति, वित्तीय संसाधन, कच्चा माल, ब्रेक इवन प्वाइंट और लाभ हानि का विस्तृत जानकारी तैयार किया जाता है.

प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएँ

जब भी हम नए व्यवसाय, बिजनेस स्टार्ट करने के बारे में सोचते हैं तो सबसे पहले हमारे मन में ख्याल आता है प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएं, प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण रिपोर्ट है जो कि हमारे व्यवसाय का मूल आधार है इसलिए प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट सावधानी से और गुणवत्तापूर्ण तैयार करना जरूरी है तो आज हम आपको प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएं के उत्तर में आपको नीचे कुछ पॉइंट देने जा रहे हैं जिनके अनुसार हम मुझे तो रिपोर्ट तैयार कर सकते हैं –

• उद्यमी का नाम
• शैक्षिक योग्यता
• व्यवसाय का नाम
• प्रस्तावित व्यवसाय का विवरण
• प्रोजेक्ट का स्थान
• टारगेट ग्राहक के विवरण
• प्रतिमाह बेचे जाने वाले विक्रय उत्पाद की सूची
• भूमि और भवन
• संयंत्र, उपकरण और मशीनरी का जानकारी
• कच्चे माल की खरीद हेतु
• कच्चे माल की उपलब्धता
• स्वयं का पूंजी
• बैंक से लोन
• अन्य अन्य स्रोत से
• कच्चा माल की जानकारी
• मजदूरी एवं वेतन
• स्टेशनरी एवं अन्य सामान
• समविच्छेद बिंदु का विश्लेषण
• लोन रीपेमेंट की जानकारी
• लाभ हानि का विश्लेषण

ऊपर लिखे हुए महत्वपूर्ण चरणों के माध्यम से आप एक पावरफुल प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार कर सकते हैं जिसे हम बैंक लोन और अन्य सरकारी योजनाओं का लाभ आसानी से प्राप्त कर सकते हैं.

Downland Project Report Format

Project Report क्या है यहां पर हम आपको आपके प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार करने के लिए एक पावर एम एस एक्सेल (MS Excel) Project Report Format देने जा रहे हैं, जोकि ऑटोमेटिक कैलकुलेशन करके प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार कर देगा जो कि हमारे PMEGP Portal द्वारा विकसित किया गया है –

>> EDP Training Online PMEGP 2022- Udyami Mobile App Certificate Downlod

Downloads Project Report Format

Project Report बनाने के उद्देश्य : Project Report क्या है

Project Report क्या है और प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएँ

1. Bank Loan प्राप्त करने हेतु

परियोजना प्रतिवेदन अर्थात Project Report बनाने का मुख्य उद्देश्य अधिकतर Bank Loan प्राप्त करने के लिए होता है. Bank Loan हेतु आवेदन प्रस्तुत करते समय हमें Bank Manager को को अपने प्रोजेक्ट के डीटेल्स देने होते जिनके अनुसार से Bank Manager द्वारा हमारे Bank Loan को Sanction किया जाता है.

2. सरकारी योजनाओं की सब्सिडी प्राप्त करने हेतु

Project Report बनाने का उद्देश्य Government Scheme से Subsidy प्राप्त करने के लिए भी तैयार किया जाता है, जब हम बैंक से Bank Loan प्राप्त करते हैं, तो कुछ सरकारी स्कीम जैसे PMEGP लोन लेने पर हमें 35 पर्सेंट का सब्सिडी प्राप्त होता है, जिसके लिए हमें Project Report अपने जिले के जिला व्यापार एवं उद्योग केंद्र (DIC) में सबमिट करना होता है.

3. प्रोजेक्ट के कार्य योजना बनाने में सहायक

प्रस्तावित व्यवसाय बिजनेस की रूपरेखा प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा ही तैयार होता है, प्रस्तावित प्रोजेक्ट में लगने वाले लागत, स्थाई संपत्ति, कच्चा माल, विभिन्न प्रकार के खर्चे और प्रॉफिट एंड लॉस की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार किया जाता है.

4. व्यवसाय की समीक्षा करने हेतु

Project Report क्या है, प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा प्रस्तावित व्यवसाय के चयन आसानी से किया जा सकता है, आपके क्षेत्र में उपलब्ध विभिन्न प्रकार के व्यवसाय का चयन करने के लिए हमें सभी संभावित व्यवसाय का प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार करना होगा, तैयार करने के बाद सभी प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट को आकलन करने के बाद ही हम सबसे सटीक और सफल होने वाले व्यवसाय का चयन कर पाएंगे.

5. प्रोजेक्ट के लाभ हानि की जानकारी प्राप्त करने हेतु

परियोजना प्रतिवेदन अर्थात Project Report के द्वारा हम अपने प्रस्तावित व्यवसाय बिजनेस का लाभ हानि का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर सकते हैं जिससे हमें भविष्य में होने वाले हानि लाभ की जानकारी हो पाएगा इसलिए प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट बनाना जरूरी है.

Project Report हमारे व्यवसाय, व्यापार, बिजनेस का आधार स्तंभ जिनके अनुसार हम अपने व्यवसाय व्यापार को आगे बढ़ा पाएंगे इसलिए सही और सटीक प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट बनाना अति आवश्यक है.

Project Report की विशेषताएँ : Project Report क्या है

• बाजार की मांग और पूर्ति का ज्ञान
• मार्केट की स्थिति की जानकारी
• निर्णय लेने में सहायक
• व्यवसाय की वास्तविक स्थिति का ज्ञान
• व्यवसाय के क्रय विक्रय रणनीतियों को ज्ञान
• प्रोजेक्ट के सपोर्टर और प्रमोटर की जानकारी

प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट या परियोजना प्रतिवेदन बनाने के लाभ :

• प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा Bank Loan और Govt. Subsidy कल आप प्राप्त किया जा सकता है.
• परियोजना प्रतिवेदन अर्थात प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा अपने व्यवसाय के बारे में जानकारी दूसरों तक आसानी से भेजा और दिया जा सकता है.
• गुणवत्तापूर्ण प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा इन्वेस्टर को आकर्षित किया जा सकता है
• प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट बनाने से हमें व्यापार में लगने वाले लागत की सटीक जानकारी प्राप्त होता है.
• परियोजना प्रतिवेदन बनाने से व्यापार-व्यवसाय में होने वाले विभिन्न खर्चों की जानकारी सही तरीके से प्राप्त हो पाती है.
• Project Report के द्वारा हमें व्यापार में लगने वाले कच्चा माल की लागत और मात्रा का ज्ञान होता है.
• व्यापार के प्रतिमाह के Sales Capacity की जानकारी प्राप्त होती है
• व्यापार-व्यवसाय और बिजनेस को स्टार्ट करने के लिए भूमि भवन, अनिवार्य पूंजी और अन्य सरकारी नियमों की जानकारी प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के माध्यम से प्राप्त होती है.
• प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट के द्वारा व्यवसाय के भविष्य में होने वाले लाभ हानि और Loan Repayment की योजना तैयार किया जा सकता है.
• प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट व्यवसाय का आईना होता है जिसके द्वारा हम व्यवसाय के वास्तविक ज्ञान प्राप्त कर सकते हैं.

प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट या परियोजना प्रतिवेदन तैयार करते समय ध्यान रखने वाली सावधानियां

Project Report क्या है और प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट कैसे बनाएँ के संबंध में जब हम प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट तैयार करते हैं तो हमें कुछ निम्नलिखित सावधानियां रखनी होती है –

• सही और सटीक जानकारी पॉजिटिव रिपोर्ट में प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए जिससे कि हमारे व्यवसाय व्यापार की वास्तविक और सटीक जानकारी प्राप्त हो किसी भी प्रकार का गलत जानकारी प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट में शामिल ना करें.
• बाजार के मांग के अनुरूप प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट बनानी चाहिए.
• ग्राहकों को ध्यान में रखकर परियोजना प्रतिवेदन तैयार करना चाहिए.
• कच्चा माल की मात्रा की सटीक जानकारी दिया जाना चाहिये.
• प्रतिमाह के अनुसार योजना तैयार करें.
• सेल्स प्राइस का सटीक अनुमान बाज़ार मूल्य के अनुसार करना चाहिए.
• व्यापार और व्यवसाय की जोखिम का अनुमान सटीक और सही तरह से लगाए.
• भविष्य में Project में होने उतार चढाव को ध्यान रखे.
• Future में Market के Demand & Supply में होने वाले परिवर्तन को ध्यान में रख कर प्रोजेक्ट रिपोर्ट बनाये.
• Break Event Point का सही से Analysis करे.

दोस्तों आशा करता हूं Project Report kya hai, Project Report क्या है के बारे में आपको जानकारी प्राप्त हो गया होगा यदि किसी भी प्रकार का समस्या आता है तो आप हमें नीचे कमेंट करके जरूर बताएं जिससे आपका सहयोग किया जा सके.

Read More –

>> Tally Full Cours e With GST in Hindi.

>> Tally Prime Notes in Hindi, GST, Voucher Entry, PDF Download

Tally Full Course, MS Excel Full Course , MS Word की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिए आप हमारे Telegram को ज्वाइन कर लेटेस्ट जानकारी प्राप्त कर सकते हैं.

Leave a Comment जवाब रद्द करें

अगली बार जब मैं टिप्पणी करूँ, तो इस ब्राउज़र में मेरा नाम, ईमेल और वेबसाइट सहेजें।